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Rissoella elatior (Golikov, Gulbin & Sirenko, 1987) (Figs 2 A–D, 3A–H) Jeffreysina elatior Golikov, Gulbin & Sirenko, 1987: 35, pl. 3, fig. 6; Kantor & Sysoev, 2006: 248, pl. 123, fig. D (holotype 36525/1; Moneron Island, Russia). Type material not available for analyses. Jeffreysiella elatior — Hasegawa, 2017: 398, 1063, pl. 355, fig. 6. Material examined. Thirteen mature specimens (ICHUM RT1001, RT 1002, RO 1001, RO 1002, RO 1003, RSH 1001, RSH 1002, RK1001, RK1002, RM 1001, RSU 1001, RSE 1001, and RSE 1002). For information on specimens collection locality and GenBank accession numbers see Table 1. Description. Shell minute (800–1270 µm) but relatively larger if compared to other species described here, thin, fragile, translucent or whitish opaque, elongate (width about 63% of length), with narrow umbilicus, spire of about 25% of total length (Fig. 4A). Protoconch smooth, slightly pointed, of approximately one whorl, without sculpture at suture (Figs. 4B, C). Teleoconch smooth except for faint markings of growth lines; with deep suture; up to 3 ½ convex whorls; aperture simple, entire, semicircular, slightly shorter or almost 50% of total length. Operculum typical of family (Fig. 4D). Head–foot opaque white, with slender oral lobes and longer cephalic tentacles. Mantle brown or black pigmented, with black patch centrally placed on dorsal portion of body whorl. Black patch hardly recognized in specimens with black mantle (Figs. 3 B–D). Radular formula 15–16 × 2.1.R.1.2 (Fig. 4E). Central tooth wide (width about 61% of length), with 7–8 sharp cusps, latter gradually increasing in size from left to right until 6th (or in some cases 7th); right-most cusp slightly smaller than left ones. Group of 10–13 minute secondary cusps encircling upper margin of last right cusp (Figs. 4E, F). Lateral teeth elongate-triangular (width about 78% of length), each with large, sharp, smooth median cusp, and 8–12 smaller cusps along inner and outer margins (Figs. 4E, G). Inner marginal teeth represented by small, curved plates (width about 93% of length), each with large, sharp, smooth median cusp, flanked by 4–5 (along inner margin) or 5–7 (along outer margin) smaller cusps (Figs. 4E, H). Outer marginal teeth reduced, simple, plate-like (width almost 200% of length) (Figs. 4E, H). Distribution and microhabitat. Originally reported from the northern part of the Sea of Japan (Moneron Island) (Golikov et al. 1987), Russia, and subsequently reported to be widely distributed along the Japanese Archipelago from Hokkaido to Miyako Island, Okinawa (Hasegawa 2017). Material in this study was collected from Rumoi to Setana on the Sea of Japan; and on the Pacific coast near Muroran, Japan. It was found on various algae including the coralline algae Corallina spp. Remarks. Although the type specimens of Rissoella elatior have not been examined in this work, our newly sampled material agrees with the original description of this species (Golikov et al. 1987), as well as the photograph of the holotype (Kantor & Sysoev 2006: pl. 123, fig. D). In some specimens (Fig. 3A) the mantle coloration is brighter than others (Figs. 3 B–D), the former being pale brown with yellowish white asymmetrical patches and a brown patch centrally placed on the dorsal portion of the body whorl., Published as part of Chira Siadén, Luis E., Wakeman, Kevin C., Webb, Stephen C., Hasegawa, Kazunori & Kajihara, Hiroshi, 2019, Morphological and molecular diversity of rissoellids (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) from the Northwest Pacific island of Hokkaido, Japan, pp. 415-431 in Zootaxa 4551 (4) on pages 418-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2623029, {"references":["Golikov, A. N., Gulbin, V. V. & Sirenko, B. I. (1987) Prosobranch from Moneron Island shelf (Sea of Japan). I. Orders Patelliformes-Calyptraeiformes. In: Fauna and Distribution of Molluscs, North Pacific and Polar Basin, edited by A. Kafanov. Far Eastern Science Center of the USSR Academy of Science, Moscow, pp. 20 - 40.","Kantor, Y. I. & Sysoev, A. V. (2006) Marine and Brackish Water Gastropoda of Russia and Adjacent Countries: An Illustrated Catalogue. KMK Scientific Pres Ltd., Moscow, 371 pp., 140 pls.","Hasegawa, K. (2017) Rissoellidae. In: Okutani, T. (Ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. 2 nd Edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 398 + 1063."]}

Rissoella sp. 1 (Figs 3J, 3K) Material examined. Two mature specimens: ICHUM RSH 4001, RSH 4002; Shakotan, Hokkaido, Japan, 43°18′06.2″N 140°35′55.6″E, 25 August 2017. Both specimens were used for DNA extraction. For further information on specimens collection locality and GenBank accession numbers see Table 1. Remarks. Shell minute, thin, fragile, translucent or whitish, elongate. Head–foot translucent white; with very short round oral lobes, long cephalic tentacles with tapering tip, translucent as well. Mantle pigmented in light brown with three or four big yellowish asymmetrical patches. Big black patch, with few small whitish blotches inside, centrally placed on the dorsal portion of body whorl. Visceral mass dark brown to black, with several elongate whitish blotches (Figs. 3J, K). Distribution and microhabitat. Found in Shakotan, Hokkaido, Japan; in the subtidal zone on red algae Gelidium spp.

Rissoella sp. 1 (Figs 3J, 3K) Material examined. Two mature specimens: ICHUM RSH 4001, RSH 4002; Shakotan, Hokkaido, Japan, 43��18���06.2���N 140��35���55.6���E, 25 August 2017. Both specimens were used for DNA extraction. For further information on specimens collection locality and GenBank accession numbers see Table 1. Remarks. Shell minute, thin, fragile, translucent or whitish, elongate. Head���foot translucent white; with very short round oral lobes, long cephalic tentacles with tapering tip, translucent as well. Mantle pigmented in light brown with three or four big yellowish asymmetrical patches. Big black patch, with few small whitish blotches inside, centrally placed on the dorsal portion of body whorl. Visceral mass dark brown to black, with several elongate whitish blotches (Figs. 3J, K). Distribution and microhabitat. Found in Shakotan, Hokkaido, Japan; in the subtidal zone on red algae Gelidium spp., Published as part of Chira Siad��n, Luis E., Wakeman, Kevin C., Webb, Stephen C., Hasegawa, Kazunori & Kajihara, Hiroshi, 2019, Morphological and molecular diversity of rissoellids (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) from the Northwest Pacific island of Hokkaido, Japan, pp. 415-431 in Zootaxa 4551 (4) on page 423, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2623029

Rissoella japonica Chira & Hasegawa, n. sp. (Figs 3 G���I, 6A���G) Rissoella sp.��� Hasegawa, 2000: 700 -701, plate 349, fig. Rissoellidae-1; Hasegawa, 2017: 398, 1063, pl. 355, fig. 5. Type material. Holotype: adult, 0.9 mm (ICHUM RK2001); Kamoenai, Hokkaido, Japan, 43��08���10.5���N 140��25���43.1���E, 6 November 2016. Paratypes: 3 specimens (ICHUM RK2002, RO2001, RO2002) from Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido, Japan; 1 specimen (RSH2001); Shakotan, Hokkaido, Japan. For information on specimens collection locality and GenBank accession numbers see Table 1. ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E3102674-B307-40F6-A700-7696AE32FCA8 Etymology. The species name, Rissoella japonica, refers to the geographical distribution from where the species was found. Diagnosis. Protoconch with rippled sculpture at suture. Radula, central tooth with 10-13 sharp cusps on cutting edge. Lateral teeth narrow, with median ridge becoming basal process, and outer lateral projection on base; cutting edge with major median cusp, flanked by 5-6 (along outer margin) or 7-9 (along inner margin) sharp cusps. Marginal teeth similar in shape to lateral one but smaller, cutting edge with median cusp, flanked by 3-5 smaller sharp cusps on each side. Description. Shell minute (764���1091 ��m), thin, fragile, translucent or whitish opaque, elongate (width about 67% of length), with narrow umbilicus, spire of about 30% of total length (Fig. 6A). Protoconch smooth, of about 1 whorl, with rippled sculpture along suture (Figs. 6B, C). Teleoconch smooth, with distinct growth lines, deep suture, about 2 �� convex whorls; aperture simple, entire, semicircular, slightly longer than 50% of total length. Operculum typical of family (Fig. 6D). Head���foot dark brown with colorless sole; oral lobes and tentacles dark brown. Mantle dark brown or black pigmented, with black patch placed slightly to left on dorsal portion of body whorl (Figs. 3 G-I). Radular formula 11-13 �� 1.1.R.1.1 (Fig. 6E). Central tooth higher than wide (width about 48% of length), cutting edge with 10���13 sharp cusps of different sizes (Figs. 6E, F). Lateral teeth narrow (width about 23% of length), with median ridge becoming basal process, outer lateral projection on base; cutting edge with larger median cusp, flanked by 5���6 (along outer margin) or 7���9 (along inner margin) sharp cusps (Figs. 6E, G). Marginal teeth with similar shape to lateral one but smaller (width about 33% of length); cutting edge with median cusp, flanked by 3���5 smaller sharp cusps on each side (Figs. 6E, G). Distribution and microhabitat. In the Sea of Japan from Otaru to Setana, Japan. It was found in the intertidal zone on various algae including the coralline algae Corallina spp. Remarks. Both R. japonica n. sp. and R. elatior occur sympatrically in some localities, and they might be confused. However, they can be distinguished by the head-foot coloration (being dark brown in R. japonica n. sp. and white in R. elatior) and the radula morphology, as well as by conchological characters such as spire/total length and aperture/total length ratios. Based on radula morphology, R. japonica n. sp. belongs to a group containing the type species of Rissoella s.s., R. diaphana illustrated by Thiele (1929 ���1935; as R. glabra), in having a symmetrical configuration with five teeth per row. Rissoella japonica n. sp. can be distinguished from R. diaphana by the relatively narrower and smaller central tooth., Published as part of Chira Siad��n, Luis E., Wakeman, Kevin C., Webb, Stephen C., Hasegawa, Kazunori & Kajihara, Hiroshi, 2019, Morphological and molecular diversity of rissoellids (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) from the Northwest Pacific island of Hokkaido, Japan, pp. 415-431 in Zootaxa 4551 (4) on page 423, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2623029, {"references":["Hasegawa, K. (2000) Rissoellidae. In: Okutani, T. (Ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 700 - 701.","Hasegawa, K. (2017) Rissoellidae. In: Okutani, T. (Ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. 2 nd Edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 398 + 1063.","Thiele, J. (1929 - 1935) Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1154 pp."]}

This study deals with four species of marine microgastropods of the family Rissoellidae. Rissoella elatior (Golikov, Gulbin & Sirenko, 1987), R. golikovi (Gulbin, 1979), R. japonica n. sp., and Rissoella sp. 1 were collected in different locations around the island of Hokkaido, Japan. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the general morphology of the shell and radula, and a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was amplified for 26 specimens. Rissoella elatior is morphologically characterized by a highly asymmetrical radula with a deep notch encircled by 10–13 minute secondary cusps on the left dorsal margin of the central tooth. Rissoella golikovi is characterized by a skeneiform shell and possession of three teeth per row on the radula. Rissoella japonica n. sp. shows five teeth per row on the radula; central tooth higher than wide; lateral and marginal teeth narrow with an outer lateral projection at the base; all teeth presenting numerous small cusps on the cutting edge. Rissoella sp. 1 is distinguished from R. japonica n. sp. in having i) very short oral lobes, ii) a mantle with a large, black patch and whitish blotches inside, and iii) different color patterns associated with the visceral mass. Although Rissoella sp. 1 probably represents an undescribed species, additional specimens are needed to complete its description. This study represents a first molecular approach to the family Rissoellidae. Studies of traditional morphological characters indicated four species, the addition of COI data raised the count to eight potential species, suggesting the occurrence of cryptic species among rissoellids.

A new species of Rhopalias Stiles & Hassall, 1898 is described from the small intestine of the Common opossum, Didelphismarsupialis Linnaeus from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Rhopaliasoochisp. nov. is morphologically very similar to the type species of the genus, Rhopaliascoronatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Stiles & Hassall 1898, a species widely distributed in opossums across Mexico. A molecular phylogenetic analysis using a mitochondrial gene (cox1), and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), of specimens of R.coronatus collected in several localities of Mexico revealed that those from the Yucatán Peninsula, originally recorded on morphological grounds as R.coronatus actually represented an independent genetic lineage. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses were performed for each data set independently, and for the concatenated data set (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 + cox1). All phylogenetic analyses showed that the specimens from Yucatán represented a monophyletic lineage, with high bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities. In addition, the genetic divergence estimated between R.oochisp. nov. and two species of Rhopalias, R.coronatus, and R.macracanthus Chandler, 1932 that also occur in Mexican marsupials ranged between 7–8% and 16–17%, for cox1, and between 0.1–0.2% and 7% for the ITS region, respectively. The molecular evidence gathered in this study (reciprocal monophyly in both phylogenetic analyses, and estimated genetic divergence) suggested that the specimens found in the intestine of D.marsupialis originally reported as R.coronatus from Yucatán, actually represent a new species. Morphological evidence was found through light and scanning electron microscopy to support the species distinction based on molecular data.

Early detection of non-indigenous species is crucial to reduce, mitigate, and manage their impacts on the ecosystems into which they were introduced. However, assessment frameworks for identifying introduced species on the Pacific Coast of South America are scarce and even non-existent for certain countries. In order to identify species’ boundaries and to determine the presence of non-native species, through morphological examinations and the analysis of the plastid ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL-5P) gene, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among species of the class Florideophyceae from the coast of Ancash, Peru. The rbcL-5P dataset revealed 10 Florideophyceae species distributed in the following four orders: Gigartinales, Ceramiales, Halymeniales, and Corallinales, among which the Asian species, Melanothamnus japonicus (Harvey) Díaz-Tapia & Maggs was identified. M. japonicus showed a pairwise divergence of 0% with sequences of M. japonicus from South Korea, the USA, and Italy, the latter two being countries where M. japonicus has been reported as introduced species. Our data indicate a recent introduction event of M. japonicus in Peru, and consequently, the extension of its distribution into South America. These findings could help to adopt management strategies for reducing the spread and impact of M. japonicus on the Pacific Coast of South America.

Acanthococcus punctatae Juárez & González sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Type material. Holotype: adult female located centrally on the slide, marked with a red circle. Argentina, Mendoza, Potrerillos surroundings (32°57'59" S, 69°14'45" W), on Zuccagnia punctata, -/ XI/1940, Ruiz Leal col., 1(9) (CALyT). Paratypes: the other 8 specimens on the holotype slide plus: same host, collector and locality data as holotype slide but dated -/ VI/1928, 1(4) (CALyT). Species diagnosis, adult female. Dorsal setae conical, variable in size, all smaller than marginal setae; medial plate present. Ventral surface with sparse quinquelocular pores; cruciform pores present; other types of dermal pores absent; translucent pores on metacoxae present in small groups; frontal lobes present. Description. Slide-mounted adult female body oval, about 1.7 (1.70–1.92) mm long, 1.18 (0.9–1.25) mm wide. Anal lobes membranous, but with a sclerotized bar along anterior and lateral part of outer margin; each about 60 (41–50) µm long, 41 (42–43) µm wide, with 3 dorsal conical setae of similar length, each about 36 (29) µm, and 2 ventral flagellate setae: anterior seta about 48 (31) µm long, posterior seta about 24 (36) µm long; apical setae about 162 (149–152) µm; medial plate present, triangular. Dorsal surface: setae narrow and conical, each with a slightly rounded apex, variable in size, each 8–27 (7–19) µm long, smaller than marginal setae, scattered; largest in cephalic region and in lateral areas of thorax, smaller on abdomen. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, each about 5 (5) µm wide, 20 (20) µm long; internal ductule with a terminal gland, abundant on margin and sub-margin of abdomen, less abundant on thorax. Microtubular ducts sparse, of type B. Anal ring with six setae and a single row of pores. Margin: with two conical setae on each abdominal segment, each with a slightly rounded apex; variable in size, largest 29–40 (43–54) µm long, smallest 12–19 (19–27) µm long; larger setae distributed regularly along margin of thorax and cephalic region. Ventral surface: setae of 2 types present: flagellate setae, each about 36 (36) µm long, numerous, with 10–12 setae in a line across each abdominal segment and also present medially in thoracic and cephalic regions; enlarged setae, each about 24 (24) µm long, present along body margin singly on each segment. Suranal seta flagellate, each about 51 (70) µm long. Macrotubular ducts abundant, each about 24 (24) µm long and 5 (5) µm wide, some on abdominal segments narrower, each about 2 (2) µm wide. Microtubular ducts absent. Quinquelocular pores, each about 5 (5) µm diameter, present close to spiracles and sparsely throughout abdomen. Cruciform pores present on margins of thoracic and cephalic regions. Other types of pores absent. Spiracles each about 41 (19–29) µm long, 24 (5–10) µm wide. Legs well developed; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: each coxa about 72 (36) µm long; trochanter + femur about 125 (72) µm; tibia about 67 (38) µm, with 5 setae; tarsus about 84 (60) µm; claw about 24 (22) µm long. Mesothoracic legs: each coxa about 82 (41) µm long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 137 (77) µm; tibia about 79 (48) µm; tarsus about 96 (67) µm; claw about 48 (24) µm long. Metathoracic legs: each coxa about 84 (41) µm long, with microspinules and with 15– 20 pores distributed in small groups; trochanter + femur about 149 (84) µm; femur with 5 setae; tibia about 84 (48) µm, with 4 setae; tarsus about 103 (96) µm; claw about 24 (24) µm long. Antennae each about 206 (195) µm long, with 7 segments, third segment longest, about 24 (24–31) µm long, without setae. Frontal lobes present. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube not sclerotized. Observations. The specimens seen in this study were identified by Lizer y Trelles as Eriococcus diversispinus (Leonardi), but we did not find the type material of this species in either of the collections studied, nor did Miller & Gimpel (2000), who wrote: “Notes: According to S. Marotta (personal communication, June 5, 1996) ‘I have not found any specimens, on slide or dried, of Eriococcus diversispinus ’ ”. In addition, there is no depository cited for the type specimens in the original description. Miller & Gimpel (2000) cite Mendoza, Luján, Los Papagallos, as the type locality of E. diversispinus, but in the study of Leonardi (1911), the type locality is given as Cacheuta, Mendoza. The original description of E. diversispinus by Leonardi (1911) is very poor, and the type locality of A. punctatae sp. nov. is not the same as that cited by Leonardi (1911) or by Miller & Gimpel (2000). In order to avoid further confusion, we have opted to describe this species as new. Distribution. Argentina; South American Transition Zone, Monte Province. Comments. Adult female A. punctatae sp. nov. resemble those of A. perplexus Hempel. Both species have pores on the metacoxae distributed in small groups, the same type of dorsal setae, and both lack a sclerotized anal tube. They differ in that A. perplexus has (character-states for A. punctatae in brackets): (i) large dorsal conical setae throughout the entire surface (restricted to cephalic region and lateral areas of thorax), (ii) two types of microtubular ducts (of type B only), and (iii) no frontal lobes (frontal lobes present). According to their respective descriptions, A. diversispinus and A. punctatae sp. nov. are found on the same host, and (i) have a similar oval body shape, (ii) the same conical-shaped dorsal setae, and (iii) both have two enlarged setae along the margin of each abdominal segment. However, A. diversispinus has six-segmented antennae, an anal ring with eight setae and anal lobes each with three ventral setae, whereas A. punctatae sp. nov. has seven-segmented antennae, an anal ring with six setae and anal lobes each with two ventral setae. Etymology. The name of this species refers to the specific epithet of the host plant, Zuccagnia punctata.

Acanthococcus diversispinus (Leonardi) Eriococcus diversispinus Leonardi 1911: 15 ���17. Eriococcus diverspinus, Hoy 1963: 86. Error of specific epithet. Acanthococcus diverspinus, Miller & Gimpel 1996: 600. Error of specific epithet. Type material. Argentina. Mendoza, Luj��n, Los Papagallos (32��52'3" S, 68��51'42" W), on Zuccagnia punctata, unknown date, collector and depositary (Miller & Gimpel, 2000). Diagnosis. Slide-mounted adult female with dorsal setae conical; 2 setae on margin on either side of each segment on abdomen; antenna 6 segmented; anal ring with 8 setae, and anal lobe with 3 ventral setae (Modified from Leonardi 1911). Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region, Chaco subregion, Chaco province., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Leonardi, G. (1911) Contributo alla Conoscenza delle Cocciniglie della Repubblica Argentina. Bolletino Della Real Scuola Uppere di Agricoltura Portici, Series 2, 10, 3 - 50.","Hoy, J. M. (1963) A Catalogue of the Eriococcidae of the World. New Zealand Department of Science and lndustrial Research Bulletin, 150, 1 - 260.","Miller, D. R. & Gimpel, M. E. (1996) Nomenclatural changes in the Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98 (3), 597 - 606.","Miller, D. R. & Gimpel, M. E. (2000) A Systematic Catalogue of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Intercept Ltd., Andover, 589 pp."]}

Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin, Bai, Ming (2017): A catalogue of Burmite inclusions. Zoological Systematics 42 (3): 249-379, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715

3.134 Genus Grinnellia Christiansen & Nascimbene, 2006 Grinnellia Christiansen & Nascimbene, 2006: 319. Type species: Grinnellia ventis Christiansen & Nascimbene, 2006., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 282, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

189) Grinnellia ventis Christiansen & Nascimbene, 2006 Grinnellia ventis Christiansen & Nascimbene, 2006: 320. Type specimen(s). H: AMNH Bu 0117A, specimen 2 (AMNH). Additional materials. One possible fragment, same data as specimen 3 (AMNH)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 282, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

Acanthococcus gracielae González & Claps Acanthococcus gracielae González & Claps 2011: 267 –268. Material examined. Holotype: Argentina, Salta, Río Colorado (24°48'0″ S, 62°27'0″ W), unknown host, 6/XI/ 1993, M.C.G. Willink col. (IFML). Paratypes: 3 adult females with the same data as the holotype. Additional material examined. Argentina, Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán (26° 49′ 0″ S, 65° 13′ 0″ W), on “tatané” Chloroleucon tenuiflorum, -/5/2015, Claps & Moreno col., 2(5); on “churqui” Acacia caven, same date and collector, 2(4) (IFML). Diagnosis. Slide-mounted adult female with abundant dorsal conical setae in transverse lines on abdominal and thoracic segments; symmetrical macrotubular ducts; numerous microtubular ducts of type B on both surfaces; marginal setae undifferentiated from dorsal setae; metacoxa each with approximately 50 pores, 30 on dorsal surface and 20 on ventral surface; anal lobes with 2 ventral setae (González & Claps 2011). Observations. Severe attacks have been noted on urban trees of Chloroleucon tenuiflorum (Fig. 5), an unusual phenomenon among eriococcids in Argentina. Such attacks can damage hosts. Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region, Chaco subregion, Chaco province.

Palisada crustiformans (McDermid) A.R.Sherwood, A.Kurihara & K.W.Nam comb. nov. Fig. 4; Table 2 Basionym Laurencia crustiformans McDermid, Phycologia 28: 352, fgs 2–8 (McDermid 1989). Type material Holotype USA: Hawaii, KM 2050 (BISH) (Abbott 1999: 384). Type locality Lualualei Beach Park, Oahu, Hawaii. Other material examined USA: Hawaii, Isaac Hale Beach Park, Hawaii Island, 24 Jan. 2008, A. Kurihara ARS03327 / BISH 766726 (BISH). Distribution Recorded from Hawaii and Tahiti. Remarks The Palisada crustiformans (Fig. 4) specimen included in this study was sterile and matched previous descriptions by McDermid (1989) concerning vegetative characters. In particular, secondary pit connections between cortical cells were observed (Fig. 4C). Small structures that may or may not be ‘corps en cerise’, were also observed in cortical cells (Fig. 4B–C)., Published as part of Florence Rousseau, Delphine Gey & Akira Kurihara, 2017, Molecular phylogenies support taxonomic revision of three species of Laurencia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), with the description of a new genus, pp. 1-19 in European Journal of Taxonomy 269 on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.269, http://zenodo.org/record/889397, {"references":["McDermid K. J. 1989. Laurencia crustiformans sp. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the Hawaiian Islands. Phycologia 28: 352 - 359. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2216 / i 0031 - 8884 - 28 - 3 - 352.1","Abbott I. A. 1999. Marine Red Algae of the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii."]}

291) Disphaerocephalus constrictus Cockerell, 1917 Disphaerocephalus constrictus Cockerell, 1917a: 361. Type specimen(s). H: No. 19112, nymph (probably penultimate instar) (NHML)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 302, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. 1917 a. Arthropods in Burmese amber. American Journal of Science (4), 44: 360 - 368."]}

Acanthococcus riojensis Ju��rez & Gonz��lez sp. nov. Type material. Holotype: female located towards the right of the preparation, marked with a red circle. Argentina, La Rioja, road to Chilecito (29��13'21" S, 67��29'13" W), 28/IV/1991, on Acacia, M.C.G. Willink col., 1(2) (IFML). Paratypes: 1 (1+2 second-stage female nymphs, with same data as holotype slide) (IFML). Species diagnosis, adult female (Fig. 3). Dorsal setae conical and numerous; macrotubular ducts symmetrical; microtubular ducts of both types A and B present. Margin with single conical seta on each abdominal segment. Ventral surface with a line of small, conical setae in submargin; microtubular ducts of both types present, sparse; legs long and slender; metathoracic coxae with sparse pores. Description. Body of slide-mounted adult female oval, 1.59 (1.35���1.50) mm long, 0.80 (0.73���0.80) mm wide. Anal lobes enlarged, partially sclerotized, each about 98 (58) ��m long, 49 (43) ��m wide; dorsal surface with 3 conical setae: inner posterior seta about 43 (41) ��m, inner anterior seta about 41(50) ��m, outer seta about 24 (29) ��m long; ventral surface with 2 flagellate setae, anterior about 65 (48) ��m and posterior about 72 (84) ��m long; apical setae each about 179 (177) ��m long. Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: with straight or slightly curved conical setae, each with slightly rounded apices; variable in size, each 19���53 (19���49) ��m long, larger setae on margin and in lateral and medial longitudinal lines, latter reaching as far posteriorly as abdominal segment V. Smaller conical setae distributed over thoracic and abdominal surface and medially on segments VI, VII and VIII. Microspinules present medially on abdominal segments. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, barely visible, each about 14 (14) ��m long, 5 (5) ��m wide. Microtubular ducts distributed over entire surface and on margin, of both types A and B present, type A most numerous. Anal ring with 6 setae, each 50���79 (62���89) ��m long, with a single row of pores. Margin: with one conical seta on either side of each abdominal segment, each about 48 (36) ��m long; setae undifferentiated from dorsal setae on thorax and cephalic region. Ventral surface: setae of three types present: flagellate setae, abundant over entire ventral surface, of variable length, each 36���72 ��m, longest between antennae; straight conical setae, of similar size to those on dorsum, each 12���19 ��m long, present along sub-margin; and small, marginal spinose setae, each 12���19 ��m long, extending from cephalic region to about abdominal segment V. Suranal setae flagellate. Microspinules present medially on abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores present on abdominal segments, each about 5 (5) ��m diameter; also sparsely present near spiracles and antennal bases; trilocular pores restricted to near spiracles. Cruciform pores sparse submarginally on thoracic segments, extending posteriorly to abdominal segment IV. Macrotubular ducts sparse, each about 12 (12) ��m long, 5 (5) ��m wide. Microtubular ducts of both type A and B present, sparse on thorax and margin, absent elsewhere. Spiracles each about 48 (38) ��m long, 24 (24) ��m wide. Legs well developed, large but slender; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: coxa about 108 (108) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 168 (144) ��m; tibia about 100 (84) ��m, with 5 setae; tarsus about 115 (108) ��m; claw about 36 (31) ��m long. Mesothoracic legs: coxa about 144 (72) ��m long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 199 (156) ��m; tibia about 125 (103) ��m; tarsus about 132 (120) ��m; claw about 36 (31) ��m long. Metathoracic legs: coxa about 120 (103) ��m long, with microspinules and about 10 irregularly-shaped pores; trochanter + femur about 211 (168) ��m; femur with 4 setae, without pores; tibia about 139 (108) ��m, with 4 setae; tarsus about 149 (103) ��m; claw about 36 (36) ��m long. Antenna about 205 (210) ��m long, with 7 segments; third segment longest, without setae. Frontal lobes present, smaller than first antennal segment. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with two pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Comments. Acanthococcus riojensis sp. nov. resembles A. microspinus Koz��r & Konczn�� Benedicty in the types of setae, the presence of frontal lobes and the presence of small medial setae on the posterior abdominal segments (Koz��r & Konczn�� Benedicty 2008). However, the two species differ in that A. microspinus exhibits (character-states for A. riojensis in brackets); (i) larger dorsal setae, each 36���67 ��m long (19���53 ��m long); (ii) larger dorsal setae not forming longitudinal lines (forming longitudinal lines); (iii) only one type of microtubular duct (two types), and (iv) a 2-segmented labium (3 segmented). Second nymphal instar (considered to be male) (Fig. 4). Description. Body mounted on slide oval, 1.0 (1.0���1.2) mm long, 0.5 (0.5���0.97) mm wide. Anal lobes enlarged; dorsal surface with 3 conical setae: inner posterior seta about 36 (36) ��m long, inner anterior seta about 36 (36) ��m long and outer seta about 19 (24���29) ��m long; ventral surface with two flagellate setae, anterior seta about 36 (53) ��m, posterior seta about 53 (60) ��m long; apical seta very long, about 168 (168) ��m. Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: setae conical, slender, straight or slightly curved, with slightly rounded apex, varying in size, each 12���36 (19���36) ��m long, similar to or smaller than marginal setae, smallest setae present submarginally and interspersed amongst largest setae. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, each about 14 (14) long, 5 (5) ��m wide, very sparse and barely visible. Microtubular ducts of type B present on margin and dispersed sparsely throughout. Anal ring with 6 setae, each 67���80 (67���84) ��m long, and a single row of pores. Margin: with one marginal seta on either side of each abdominal segment, similar in size to larger dorsal setae. Ventral surface: flagellate setae present throughout, each 12���53 (19���60) ��m long. Straight conical setae present submarginally along entire margin, each 14���30 (19���36) ��m long. Quinquelocular pores each about 5 (5) ��m in diameter, and trilocular pores present on abdominal segments and near each spiracle. Cruciform pores sparse marginally on thoracic segments. Macrotubular ducts present sparsely near margin, each about 12 (12) ��m long, 5 (5) ��m wide. Microtubular ducts absent. Spiracles each about 43 (36) ��m long and 26 (24) ��m wide. Legs welldeveloped, long and slender; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: coxa about 96 (106) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 124 (127) ��m; tibia about 79 (94) ��m, with five setae; tarsus about 100 (103) ��m; claw about 29 (26) ��m long. Mesothoracic legs: coxa about 84 (108) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 156 (151) ��m; tibia about 103 ��m; tarsus about 120 ��m; claw about 31 ��m long. Metathoracic legs: coxa about 96 (103) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 156 (175) ��m; femur shorter than tarsus, with 4 setae; tibia about 108 (110) ��m, tarsus about 132 (139) ��m; claw about 31 (36) ��m long. Meso- and metacoxae both with microspinules. Antenna 7 segmented, about 175 (192) ��m long, third segment longest, about 31 (31) ��m. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Observations. Usually, second-instar male Acanthococcus have macrotubular ducts and 7-segmented antennae, and second-instar females lack macrotubular ducts and have 6-segmented antennae (Miller et al. 1992, Hodgson & Trencheva 2008, Koz��r et al. 2008). Based on these characters, we consider our specimens to be like second instar males, although one of the second-stage nymphs has large, irregular pores on the metathoracic coxae, a character present in adult females. Distribution. Argentina, South American Transition Zone, Monte province. Etymology. The name riojensis refers to the province La Rioja, in Argentina, where the species was found., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on pages 46-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Kozar, F. & Konczne Benedicty, Z. (2008) Description of three new genera, five new species and some additional data on the taxonomy and distribution of Neotropic Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Bolletino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura, Series II, 40 (2), 117 - 144.","Miller, D., Liu, T. X. & Howell, J. O. (1992) A new species of Acanthococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from sundew (Drosera) with a key to the instars of Acanthococcus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 94 (4), 512 - 523.","Hodgson, C. & Trencheva, K. (2008) A new species of Eriococcus (Hemiptera: Sternorryncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) and redescriptions of Eriococcus roboris Goux and E. thymelaeae Newstead, with a key to the Eriococcus species on Quercus in the western Paleartic. Zootaxa, 1959, 1 - 38."]}

Genus Ohelopapa F.Rousseau, Martin-Lescanne, Payri & L.Le Gall gen. nov. Fig. 3; Table 2 English diagnosis With the characters of the genus Laurencia such as four pericentral cells, but lacking secondary pit connections between cortical cells and ‘corps en cerise’ inclusions in cortical cells. Etymology Ohelopapa means “strawberry” in Tahitian, an allusion to the Tahitian origin, the red color, and the many stolons developed by Ohelopapa fexilis. Type species Ohelopapa fexilis (Setch.) F.Rousseau, Martin-Lescanne, Payri & L.Le Gall comb. nov. Sole species presently included in the genus., Published as part of Florence Rousseau, Delphine Gey & Akira Kurihara, 2017, Molecular phylogenies support taxonomic revision of three species of Laurencia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), with the description of a new genus, pp. 1-19 in European Journal of Taxonomy 269 on page 8, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.269, http://zenodo.org/record/889397

Ohelopapa Fexilis (Setch.) F.Rousseau, Martin-Lescanne, Payri & L.Le Gall comb. nov. Fig. 3; Table 2 Basionym Laurencia fexilis Setch., University of California Publications in Botany 12: 101, pl. 19, fgs 1���6 (Setchell 1926) (in Tahitian algae collected by Setchell W.A., Setchell C.B. & Parks H.E., 1926). Type material Holotype FRANCE: French Polynesia, Tahiti, UC261333 deposited at the Jepson Herbaria (JEPS, University of California, Berkeley). Original material is also preserved in SAP fde Masuda et al. (1999, 2006). Type locality Reef at Tahara Mountain, Tahiti. Other material examined FRANCE: French Polynesia, Tahiti, reef at Tahara Mountain [type locality], 24. Mar. 2007, Andr�� Pham 01A-07/UPF4223 (UPF). Distribution Tropical regions in the Pacifc (Setchell 1926; Cribb 1983; Masuda et al. 1999), in the Indian Ocean (Silva et al. 1996) and on coasts of Japan (Masuda et al. 2006). Remarks Ohelopapa fexilis (Fig. 3A) specimens included in this study matched previous descriptions where anatomical features were thoroughly illustrated (Setchell 1926; Masuda et al. 1999, 2006). Notably, we observed, in the outermost cortical layer, translucent cells without secondary pit connections, whereas the inner cortical layer (just below this) consisted of pigmented cells with secondary pit connections (Fig. 3B). This anatomical character was highlighted by Fujii & Cordeiro-Marino (1996) for C. translucidus (M.T.Fujii & Cord.-Mar.) Garbary & J.T.Harper. Based on molecular data, Fujii et al. (2006) showed that C. translucidus pertains to genus Laurencia rather than to Chondrophycus. Interestingly, Masuda et al. (2006) used the absence of secondary pit connections between superfcial cortical cells as a new argument to support the distinction between L. fexilis and another morphologically similar species, L. tropica Yamada. It would be interesting in the future to test with molecular characters whether L. tropica belongs to the genus Ohelopapa and also to analyse the taxonomic signifcance of the presence of an outermost cortical layer formed of translucent cells without secondary pit connections., Published as part of Florence Rousseau, Delphine Gey & Akira Kurihara, 2017, Molecular phylogenies support taxonomic revision of three species of Laurencia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), with the description of a new genus, pp. 1-19 in European Journal of Taxonomy 269 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.269, http://zenodo.org/record/889397, {"references":["Setchell W. A. 1926. Tahitian algae collected by W. A. Setchell, C. B. Setchell and H. E. Parks. University of California Publications in Botany 12: 61 - 142.","Masuda M., Abe T., Kawaguchi S. & Phang S. M. 1999. Taxonomic notes on marine algae from Malaysia I. Six species of Rhodophyceae. Botanica Marina 42: 449 - 458. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1515 / BOT. 1999.052","Abe T., Kurihara A., Kawaguchi S., Terada R. & Masuda M. 2006. Preliminary report on the molecular phylogeny of the Laurencia complex (Rhodomelaceae). Coastal Marine Science 30: 209 - 2013. Available from http: // repository. dl. itc. u-tokyo. ac. jp / dspace / handle / 2261 / 5634 [accessed 24 Nov. 2016].","Cribb A. B. 1983. Marine Algae of the Southern Great Barrier Reef. Part I. Rhodophyta. Handbook no. 2. Australian Coral Reef Society, Brisbane.","Silva P. C., Basson P. W. & Moe R. L. 1996. Catalogue of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Fujii M. T. & Cordeiro-Marino M. 1996. Laurencia tanslucida sp. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil. Phycologia 35: 542 - 549. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2216 / i 0031 - 8884 - 35 - 6 - 542.1","Fujii M. T., Guimaraes S. M. P. B., Gurgel C. F. D. & Fredericq S. 2006. Characterization and phylogenetic affnities of the red alga Chondrophycus fagelliferus (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) from Brazil on the basis of morphological and molecular evidence. Phycologia 45 (4): 432 - 441. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2216 / 04 - 33.1"]}

Genus Ohelopapa F.Rousseau, Martin-Lescanne, Payri & L.Le Gall gen. nov. Fig. 3; Table 2 English diagnosis With the characters of the genus Laurencia such as four pericentral cells, but lacking secondary pit connections between cortical cells and ‘corps en cerise’ inclusions in cortical cells. Etymology Ohelopapa means “strawberry” in Tahitian, an allusion to the Tahitian origin, the red color, and the many stolons developed by Ohelopapa fexilis. Type species Ohelopapa fexilis (Setch.) F.Rousseau, Martin-Lescanne, Payri & L.Le Gall comb. nov. Sole species presently included in the genus.

Acanthococcus riojensis Juárez & González sp. nov. Type material. Holotype: female located towards the right of the preparation, marked with a red circle. Argentina, La Rioja, road to Chilecito (29°13'21" S, 67°29'13" W), 28/IV/1991, on Acacia, M.C.G. Willink col., 1(2) (IFML). Paratypes: 1 (1+2 second-stage female nymphs, with same data as holotype slide) (IFML). Species diagnosis, adult female (Fig. 3). Dorsal setae conical and numerous; macrotubular ducts symmetrical; microtubular ducts of both types A and B present. Margin with single conical seta on each abdominal segment. Ventral surface with a line of small, conical setae in submargin; microtubular ducts of both types present, sparse; legs long and slender; metathoracic coxae with sparse pores. Description. Body of slide-mounted adult female oval, 1.59 (1.35–1.50) mm long, 0.80 (0.73–0.80) mm wide. Anal lobes enlarged, partially sclerotized, each about 98 (58) µm long, 49 (43) µm wide; dorsal surface with 3 conical setae: inner posterior seta about 43 (41) µm, inner anterior seta about 41(50) µm, outer seta about 24 (29) µm long; ventral surface with 2 flagellate setae, anterior about 65 (48) µm and posterior about 72 (84) µm long; apical setae each about 179 (177) µm long. Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: with straight or slightly curved conical setae, each with slightly rounded apices; variable in size, each 19–53 (19–49) µm long, larger setae on margin and in lateral and medial longitudinal lines, latter reaching as far posteriorly as abdominal segment V. Smaller conical setae distributed over thoracic and abdominal surface and medially on segments VI, VII and VIII. Microspinules present medially on abdominal segments. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, barely visible, each about 14 (14) µm long, 5 (5) µm wide. Microtubular ducts distributed over entire surface and on margin, of both types A and B present, type A most numerous. Anal ring with 6 setae, each 50–79 (62–89) µm long, with a single row of pores. Margin: with one conical seta on either side of each abdominal segment, each about 48 (36) µm long; setae undifferentiated from dorsal setae on thorax and cephalic region. Ventral surface: setae of three types present: flagellate setae, abundant over entire ventral surface, of variable length, each 36–72 µm, longest between antennae; straight conical setae, of similar size to those on dorsum, each 12–19 µm long, present along sub-margin; and small, marginal spinose setae, each 12–19 µm long, extending from cephalic region to about abdominal segment V. Suranal setae flagellate. Microspinules present medially on abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores present on abdominal segments, each about 5 (5) µm diameter; also sparsely present near spiracles and antennal bases; trilocular pores restricted to near spiracles. Cruciform pores sparse submarginally on thoracic segments, extending posteriorly to abdominal segment IV. Macrotubular ducts sparse, each about 12 (12) µm long, 5 (5) µm wide. Microtubular ducts of both type A and B present, sparse on thorax and margin, absent elsewhere. Spiracles each about 48 (38) µm long, 24 (24) µm wide. Legs well developed, large but slender; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: coxa about 108 (108) µm long; trochanter + femur about 168 (144) µm; tibia about 100 (84) µm, with 5 setae; tarsus about 115 (108) µm; claw about 36 (31) µm long. Mesothoracic legs: coxa about 144 (72) µm long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 199 (156) µm; tibia about 125 (103) µm; tarsus about 132 (120) µm; claw about 36 (31) µm long. Metathoracic legs: coxa about 120 (103) µm long, with microspinules and about 10 irregularly-shaped pores; trochanter + femur about 211 (168) µm; femur with 4 setae, without pores; tibia about 139 (108) µm, with 4 setae; tarsus about 149 (103) µm; claw about 36 (36) µm long. Antenna about 205 (210) µm long, with 7 segments; third segment longest, without setae. Frontal lobes present, smaller than first antennal segment. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with two pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Comments. Acanthococcus riojensis sp. nov. resembles A. microspinus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in the types of setae, the presence of frontal lobes and the presence of small medial setae on the posterior abdominal segments (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008). However, the two species differ in that A. microspinus exhibits (character-states for A. riojensis in brackets); (i) larger dorsal setae, each 36–67 µm long (19–53 µm long); (ii) larger dorsal setae not forming longitudinal lines (forming longitudinal lines); (iii) only one type of microtubular duct (two types), and (iv) a 2-segmented labium (3 segmented). Second nymphal instar (considered to be male) (Fig. 4). Description. Body mounted on slide oval, 1.0 (1.0–1.2) mm long, 0.5 (0.5–0.97) mm wide. Anal lobes enlarged; dorsal surface with 3 conical setae: inner posterior seta about 36 (36) µm long, inner anterior seta about 36 (36) µm long and outer seta about 19 (24–29) µm long; ventral surface with two flagellate setae, anterior seta about 36 (53) µm, posterior seta about 53 (60) µm long; apical seta very long, about 168 (168) µm. Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: setae conical, slender, straight or slightly curved, with slightly rounded apex, varying in size, each 12–36 (19–36) µm long, similar to or smaller than marginal setae, smallest setae present submarginally and interspersed amongst largest setae. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, each about 14 (14) long, 5 (5) µm wide, very sparse and barely visible. Microtubular ducts of type B present on margin and dispersed sparsely throughout. Anal ring with 6 setae, each 67–80 (67–84) µm long, and a single row of pores. Margin: with one marginal seta on either side of each abdominal segment, similar in size to larger dorsal setae. Ventral surface: flagellate setae present throughout, each 12–53 (19–60) µm long. Straight conical setae present submarginally along entire margin, each 14–30 (19–36) µm long. Quinquelocular pores each about 5 (5) µm in diameter, and trilocular pores present on abdominal segments and near each spiracle. Cruciform pores sparse marginally on thoracic segments. Macrotubular ducts present sparsely near margin, each about 12 (12) µm long, 5 (5) µm wide. Microtubular ducts absent. Spiracles each about 43 (36) µm long and 26 (24) µm wide. Legs welldeveloped, long and slender; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: coxa about 96 (106) µm long; trochanter + femur about 124 (127) µm; tibia about 79 (94) µm, with five setae; tarsus about 100 (103) µm; claw about 29 (26) µm long. Mesothoracic legs: coxa about 84 (108) µm long; trochanter + femur about 156 (151) µm; tibia about 103 µm; tarsus about 120 µm; claw about 31 µm long. Metathoracic legs: coxa about 96 (103) µm long; trochanter + femur about 156 (175) µm; femur shorter than tarsus, with 4 setae; tibia about 108 (110) µm, tarsus about 132 (139) µm; claw about 31 (36) µm long. Meso- and metacoxae both with microspinules. Antenna 7 segmented, about 175 (192) µm long, third segment longest, about 31 (31) µm. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Observations. Usually, second-instar male Acanthococcus have macrotubular ducts and 7-segmented antennae, and second-instar females lack macrotubular ducts and have 6-segmented antennae (Miller et al. 1992, Hodgson & Trencheva 2008, Kozár et al. 2008). Based on these characters, we consider our specimens to be like second instar males, although one of the second-stage nymphs has large, irregular pores on the metathoracic coxae, a character present in adult females. Distribution. Argentina, South American Transition Zone, Monte province. Etymology. The name riojensis refers to the province La Rioja, in Argentina, where the species was found.

292) Disphaerocephalus swinhoei (Cockerell, 1917) Enicocephalus swinhoei Cockerell, 1917a: 364. Henicocephalus fossil: Jeanel, 1942: 293. Disphaerocephalus swinhoei: Stys, 1969: 358. Type specimen(s). H (? ♂): No. 19113 (NHML)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 302, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. 1917 a. Arthropods in Burmese amber. American Journal of Science (4), 44: 360 - 368."]}

Acanthococcus punctatae Ju��rez & Gonz��lez sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Type material. Holotype: adult female located centrally on the slide, marked with a red circle. Argentina, Mendoza, Potrerillos surroundings (32��57'59" S, 69��14'45" W), on Zuccagnia punctata, -/ XI/1940, Ruiz Leal col., 1(9) (CALyT). Paratypes: the other 8 specimens on the holotype slide plus: same host, collector and locality data as holotype slide but dated -/ VI/1928, 1(4) (CALyT). Species diagnosis, adult female. Dorsal setae conical, variable in size, all smaller than marginal setae; medial plate present. Ventral surface with sparse quinquelocular pores; cruciform pores present; other types of dermal pores absent; translucent pores on metacoxae present in small groups; frontal lobes present. Description. Slide-mounted adult female body oval, about 1.7 (1.70���1.92) mm long, 1.18 (0.9���1.25) mm wide. Anal lobes membranous, but with a sclerotized bar along anterior and lateral part of outer margin; each about 60 (41���50) ��m long, 41 (42���43) ��m wide, with 3 dorsal conical setae of similar length, each about 36 (29) ��m, and 2 ventral flagellate setae: anterior seta about 48 (31) ��m long, posterior seta about 24 (36) ��m long; apical setae about 162 (149���152) ��m; medial plate present, triangular. Dorsal surface: setae narrow and conical, each with a slightly rounded apex, variable in size, each 8���27 (7���19) ��m long, smaller than marginal setae, scattered; largest in cephalic region and in lateral areas of thorax, smaller on abdomen. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, each about 5 (5) ��m wide, 20 (20) ��m long; internal ductule with a terminal gland, abundant on margin and sub-margin of abdomen, less abundant on thorax. Microtubular ducts sparse, of type B. Anal ring with six setae and a single row of pores. Margin: with two conical setae on each abdominal segment, each with a slightly rounded apex; variable in size, largest 29���40 (43���54) ��m long, smallest 12���19 (19���27) ��m long; larger setae distributed regularly along margin of thorax and cephalic region. Ventral surface: setae of 2 types present: flagellate setae, each about 36 (36) ��m long, numerous, with 10���12 setae in a line across each abdominal segment and also present medially in thoracic and cephalic regions; enlarged setae, each about 24 (24) ��m long, present along body margin singly on each segment. Suranal seta flagellate, each about 51 (70) ��m long. Macrotubular ducts abundant, each about 24 (24) ��m long and 5 (5) ��m wide, some on abdominal segments narrower, each about 2 (2) ��m wide. Microtubular ducts absent. Quinquelocular pores, each about 5 (5) ��m diameter, present close to spiracles and sparsely throughout abdomen. Cruciform pores present on margins of thoracic and cephalic regions. Other types of pores absent. Spiracles each about 41 (19���29) ��m long, 24 (5���10) ��m wide. Legs well developed; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: each coxa about 72 (36) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 125 (72) ��m; tibia about 67 (38) ��m, with 5 setae; tarsus about 84 (60) ��m; claw about 24 (22) ��m long. Mesothoracic legs: each coxa about 82 (41) ��m long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 137 (77) ��m; tibia about 79 (48) ��m; tarsus about 96 (67) ��m; claw about 48 (24) ��m long. Metathoracic legs: each coxa about 84 (41) ��m long, with microspinules and with 15��� 20 pores distributed in small groups; trochanter + femur about 149 (84) ��m; femur with 5 setae; tibia about 84 (48) ��m, with 4 setae; tarsus about 103 (96) ��m; claw about 24 (24) ��m long. Antennae each about 206 (195) ��m long, with 7 segments, third segment longest, about 24 (24���31) ��m long, without setae. Frontal lobes present. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube not sclerotized. Observations. The specimens seen in this study were identified by Lizer y Trelles as Eriococcus diversispinus (Leonardi), but we did not find the type material of this species in either of the collections studied, nor did Miller & Gimpel (2000), who wrote: ���Notes: According to S. Marotta (personal communication, June 5, 1996) ���I have not found any specimens, on slide or dried, of Eriococcus diversispinus ��� ���. In addition, there is no depository cited for the type specimens in the original description. Miller & Gimpel (2000) cite Mendoza, Luj��n, Los Papagallos, as the type locality of E. diversispinus, but in the study of Leonardi (1911), the type locality is given as Cacheuta, Mendoza. The original description of E. diversispinus by Leonardi (1911) is very poor, and the type locality of A. punctatae sp. nov. is not the same as that cited by Leonardi (1911) or by Miller & Gimpel (2000). In order to avoid further confusion, we have opted to describe this species as new. Distribution. Argentina; South American Transition Zone, Monte Province. Comments. Adult female A. punctatae sp. nov. resemble those of A. perplexus Hempel. Both species have pores on the metacoxae distributed in small groups, the same type of dorsal setae, and both lack a sclerotized anal tube. They differ in that A. perplexus has (character-states for A. punctatae in brackets): (i) large dorsal conical setae throughout the entire surface (restricted to cephalic region and lateral areas of thorax), (ii) two types of microtubular ducts (of type B only), and (iii) no frontal lobes (frontal lobes present). According to their respective descriptions, A. diversispinus and A. punctatae sp. nov. are found on the same host, and (i) have a similar oval body shape, (ii) the same conical-shaped dorsal setae, and (iii) both have two enlarged setae along the margin of each abdominal segment. However, A. diversispinus has six-segmented antennae, an anal ring with eight setae and anal lobes each with three ventral setae, whereas A. punctatae sp. nov. has seven-segmented antennae, an anal ring with six setae and anal lobes each with two ventral setae. Etymology. The name of this species refers to the specific epithet of the host plant, Zuccagnia punctata., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on pages 44-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Miller, D. R. & Gimpel, M. E. (2000) A Systematic Catalogue of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Intercept Ltd., Andover, 589 pp.","Leonardi, G. (1911) Contributo alla Conoscenza delle Cocciniglie della Repubblica Argentina. Bolletino Della Real Scuola Uppere di Agricoltura Portici, Series 2, 10, 3 - 50."]}

Acanthococcus haywardi Ju��rez & Gonz��lez sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype: adult female placed towards the right of the slide, marked with a red circle. Argentina, Santiago del Estero, Park (27��46'54" S, 64��15'2" W), on Acacia caven, -/ XI/1943, Hayward col. 1(2) (IFML). Species diagnosis, adult female. Dorsal setae each conical with an acute apex; macrotubular ducts symmetrical and very large. Margin with 2 setae on each abdominal segment and on metathorax. Ventral surface with enlarged conical setae absent; microtubular ducts absent; quinquelocular, trilocular and cruciform pores sparse; metathoracic coxa with about 50 pores; metathoracic tibia with 4 setae and prothoracic tibia with 5 setae. Description. Slide-mounted adult female: body oval, 1.20 (1.10) mm long, 0.80 (0.88) mm wide. Anal lobes elongated, each 62 (60) ��m long, 45 (43) ��m wide, with 3 dorsal conical setae of different lengths: anterior inner seta 31 ��m, posterior inner seta 52 ��m and outer seta 38 ��m long; each lobe also with two flagellate ventral setae, anterior seta 22 ��m and posterior seta 31 ��m long (setae not visible on paratype specimen). Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: conical setae each straight or slightly curved with an acute apex, smaller than those on margin, sizes varying from 15���35 (17���31) ��m long, larger setae located in cephalic region and smaller setae in lines one or two wide, parallel to intersegmental lines; present over entire surface. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical and very long, each about 34 (29) ��m long, 5 (5) ��m wide, distributed throughout. Microtubular ducts of both type A and B present, sparse, scattered throughout. Anal ring with 8 setae, each about 72 (72) ��m long, plus a single row of pores. Margin: conical setae present around entire margin, with two setae of different sizes on each abdominal segment and on metathorax, longer seta 34���42 (30���41) ��m long, and shorter seta about 23 (18���22) ��m long. Ventral surface: with numerous long, narrow flagellate setae of varying lengths, each 38���72 (36���96) ��m long, present on abdominal segments and on medial area of thorax; largest setae located on cephalic region. Enlarged conical setae absent. Suranal setae flagellate, each 48���60 (46���50) ��m long. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, narrow and very long, each about 29 (24) ��m long and 5 (5) ��m wide, scattered over entire surface; ducts on abdominal segments narrower. Microtubular ducts absent. Quinquelocular pores, each about 5 (5) ��m diameter, present close to spiracles and sparse across all abdominal segments. Trilocular pores restricted to near spiracles. Cruciform pores sparse, present marginally in cephalic and thoracic regions. Spiracles each about 60 (46) ��m long, 28 (14) ��m wide. Legs well developed, large in relation to body size; claws each with a denticle; claw and tarsal digitules of equal size, narrow and with slightly expanded apices. Prothoracic legs: coxae each about 113 (120) ��m long; trochanter + femur each about 180 (168) ��m; tibia each about 91 (91) ��m, with 5 setae; tarsi each about 108 (106) ��m; claw about 29 (29) long. Mesothoracic legs: coxae each about 120 (120) ��m long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 180 (187) ��m long; tibia about 120 (120) ��m long; tarsi each about 132 (120) ��m; claw about 38 (38) ��m long. Metathoracic legs: coxae each about 136 (127) ��m long, with microspinules and with about 50 irregularly-shaped pores; trochanter + femur about 191 (186) ��m; femur with 5 setae and 10���12 marginal pores; tibia about 132 (98) ��m long with 4 setae; tarsi each about 140 (108) ��m; claw about 24 (24) ��m long. Antennae each about 196 (166) ��m long, with 7 segments, third segment longest, about 48 (48) ��m long, without setae. Frontal lobes absent. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region; Chaco subregion; Chaco province. Comments. The adult female of A. haywardi Juarez & Gonz��lez sp. nov. resembles that of A. dubius (Cockerell), but differs in that the latter species has (character-states for A. haywardi in brackets): (i) five setae on the metathoracic tibiae (four); (ii) six setae on the prothoracic tibiae (five); (iii) dorsal setae arranged in longitudinal bands (in lines parallel to intersegmental lines); (iv) one type of microtubular ducts (two types); (v) several cruciform pores on the abdomen (absent); (vi) ventral conical setae present (absent), and (vii) that it lacks a sclerotized anal tube (anal tube present). Although A. dubius, which has been recently found in Brasil on Calliandra sp. and in Venezuela on Prosopis sp. (Foldi & Koz��r 2007), is a highly variable species, the above combination of character-states is considered to be sufficient to separate the two species. Etymology. The name of the species is dedicated to Kenneth Hayward, British entomologist, who worked in Argentina in the 20th century and is internationally recognized for his contribution to agricultural entomology., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on pages 42-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Foldi, I. & Kozar, F. (2007) New species and new records of Eriococcus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from South America. Zootaxa, 1573, 51 - 64."]}

Acanthococcus gracielae Gonz��lez & Claps Acanthococcus gracielae Gonz��lez & Claps 2011: 267 ���268. Material examined. Holotype: Argentina, Salta, R��o Colorado (24��48'0��� S, 62��27'0��� W), unknown host, 6/XI/ 1993, M.C.G. Willink col. (IFML). Paratypes: 3 adult females with the same data as the holotype. Additional material examined. Argentina, Tucum��n, San Miguel de Tucum��n (26�� 49��� 0��� S, 65�� 13��� 0��� W), on ���tatan����� Chloroleucon tenuiflorum, -/5/2015, Claps & Moreno col., 2(5); on ���churqui��� Acacia caven, same date and collector, 2(4) (IFML). Diagnosis. Slide-mounted adult female with abundant dorsal conical setae in transverse lines on abdominal and thoracic segments; symmetrical macrotubular ducts; numerous microtubular ducts of type B on both surfaces; marginal setae undifferentiated from dorsal setae; metacoxa each with approximately 50 pores, 30 on dorsal surface and 20 on ventral surface; anal lobes with 2 ventral setae (Gonz��lez & Claps 2011). Observations. Severe attacks have been noted on urban trees of Chloroleucon tenuiflorum (Fig. 5), an unusual phenomenon among eriococcids in Argentina. Such attacks can damage hosts. Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region, Chaco subregion, Chaco province., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Gonzalez, P. & Claps, L. E. (2011) Redescripcion de una especie y descripcion de dos especies nuevas de Acanthococcus Signoret (Hemiptera, Eriococcidae) de la region Neotropical. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (2), 206 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000020"]}

293) Disphaerocephalus macropterus Cockerell, 1917 Disphaerocephalus macropterus Cockerell, 1917a: 364. Type specimen(s). H: NHML In.19123(1) (NHML)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 302, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. 1917 a. Arthropods in Burmese amber. American Journal of Science (4), 44: 360 - 368."]}

Osmundea caspica (Zinova & Zaberzhinskaya) Maggs & L.M.McIvor comb. nov. Fig. 5; Table 2 Basionym Laurencia caspica Zinova & Zaberzhinskaya, Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii 1968: 30 ���32 (Zinova & Zaberzhinskaja 1968). Type material AZERBAIJAN: Jun. 1962, K.M. Petrov, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute (LE), Saint-Petersburg. Type locality Svinoy, Sangi-Mugan Island, Baku Archipelago, Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan. Other material examined AZERBAIJAN: Sangachal Bay, Sep. 2003, ERT Caspian Contractors BM001062596 (BM). Distribution Recorded from the Black Sea (Bulgaria and Romania) and Caspian Sea (Guiry & Guiry 2016), both of which are low salinity bodies of water. Description The description of L. caspica is published in Russian in a book that is not widely available, so here we provide the following description. Thalli were 5���11 cm high, growing from a solid discoid basal holdfast; erect axes terete, about 1 mm in diameter, irregularly branched to three orders, with blunt apices, similar in general habit to Laurencia obtusa with the exception of the holdfast (Fig. 5A). In surface view of the cortex of live thalli, there were no ���corps en cerise���; in surface view of preserved and stained cortical preparations, secondary pit connections were absent (Fig. 5B). In transverse section of axes, pericentral cells were not distinguishable, and the cortical cells were comparatively large and slightly radially elongated (Fig. 5C). Lenticular thickenings were absent in medullary cells. Mature non-reproductive thalli, tetrasporophytes and males were collected but females are unknown. Tetrasporangia 80���110 ��m in diameter occurred in bands below the apices of lateral branches. They were produced adaxially from random epidermal cells, cut off laterally from the mother cells. Spermatangial receptacles were terminal and open cup-shaped. Spermatangial structures were of the flament type (Nam et al. 2000); spermatangial flaments were unbranched, bearing numerous elongate spermatangia, and terminating in single large round to ovoid cells up to 40 ��m in diameter (Fig. 5D���E)., Published as part of Florence Rousseau, Delphine Gey & Akira Kurihara, 2017, Molecular phylogenies support taxonomic revision of three species of Laurencia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), with the description of a new genus, pp. 1-19 in European Journal of Taxonomy 269 on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.269, http://zenodo.org/record/889397, {"references":["Zinova A. D. & Zaberzhinskaja E. B. 1968. Species rhodophytorum Maris Caspici novae. Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii 1968: 28 - 33.","Guiry M. D. & Guiry G. M. 2016. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Available from http: // www. algaebase. org [accessed 20 Jan. 2016].","Nam K. W. & Choi H. G. 2000. A detailed morphological study of the type species of Osmundea (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta). Botanica Marina 43: 291 - 297. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1515 / BOT. 2000.031"]}

Acanthococcus siambonensis Gonz��lez & Nicosia Acanthococcus siambonensis Gonz��lez & Nicosia 2014: 4 ���6. Material examined. Holotype: Adult female. Argentina, Tucum��n, Raco, El Siamb��n (26��42'13" S, 65��26'33" W), on Acacia sp., XI/1991, Willink col. 1(1) (IFML). Paratypes: 4 (8 + 1 second-stage nymph (undetermined sex), with same collection data (IFML). Additional material examined. Argentina, Tucum��n, Burruyac��, Piedra Tendida (26��26'27" S, 64��55'34" W), on Acacia aroma, 19/VIII/1989, M.C.G. Willink col., 3(5) (IFML). Entre R��os, Federal, 1 km of Arroyo Federal Chico (30��58'14" S, 58��50'15" W), on Acacia caven, 1/XI/1998, L. Claps col. 4(9) (IFML). Diagnosis. Slide-mounted adult female with dorsal surface with spinose setae; cruciform pores present in cephalic and thoracic regions. Margin with 1seta on either side of each abdominal segment. Ventral surface with flagellate and enlarged spinose setae; cruciform pores abundant along entire margin and submargin; multilocular pores, each with 7 loculi, present on abdomen; metacoxa with approximately 70 pores on both surfaces (Gonz��lez & Nicosia 2014). Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region, Chaco subregion, Chaco and Pampa provinces., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749

Two red algal classes, the Florideophyceae (approximately 7,100 spp.) and Bangiophyceae (approximately 193 spp.), comprise 98% of red algal diversity in marine and freshwater habitats. These two classes form well-supported monophyletic groups in most phylogenetic analyses. Nonetheless, the interordinal relationships remain largely unresolved, in particular in the largest subclass Rhodymeniophycidae that includes 70% of all species. To elucidate red algal phylogenetic relationships and study organelle evolution, we determined the sequence of 11 mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 5 florideophycean subclasses. These mtDNAs were combined with existing data, resulting in a database of 25 florideophytes and 12 bangiophytes (including cyanidiophycean species). A concatenated alignment of mt proteins was used to resolve ordinal relationships in the Rhodymeniophycidae. Red algal mtDNA genome comparisons showed 47 instances of gene rearrangement including 12 that distinguish Bangiophyceae from Hildenbrandiophycidae, and 5 that distinguish Hildenbrandiophycidae from Nemaliophycidae. These organelle data support a rapid radiation and surprisingly high conservation of mtDNA gene syntheny among the morphologically divergent multicellular lineages of Rhodymeniophycidae. In contrast, we find extensive mitochondrial gene rearrangements when comparing Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae and multiple examples of gene loss among the different red algal lineages.

International audience; Acrodiscus Zanardini is a poorly known monotypic endemic Mediterranean genus based on A. vidovichii (Menegh.) Zanardini. Rarely reported, its reproductive structures have remained undocumented, leaving its exact taxonomic position uncertain. Solely on the basis of its vegetative structure, Zanardini provisionally placed it in the family Cryptonemiaceae of the order Cryptonemiales (currently the Halymeniaceae of the Halymeniales), although he was uncertain as to whether the new genus actually belonged to that family or should instead be included in the Gigartinaceae of the Gigartinales (where Meneghini had originally placed it). In the present study we have extensively sampled A. vidovichii and documented its vegetative and tetrasporangial features. As well, we provide molecularsequence data (COI-5P, rbcL, LSU) that indicate its phylogenetic affinities. We confirm Acrodiscus as a member of the Halymeniaceae and its status as an independent genus. Searches of several institutional herbaria have allowed us to locate and lectotypify Meneghini’s Chondrus? vidovichii by the discovery of his original material now held at the Herbarium Horti Pisani (Pisa, Italy).

Acrodiscus vidovichii (Menegh.) Zanardini Figs 1���7; Tables 1���2 Memorie del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 14: 201 (1868). ��� Chondrus? vidovichii Menegh. in Savi, Sezione di Botanica , e Fisiologia Vegetabile, Adunanza del d�� 16 Settembre 1841. In: Atti della terza Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani tenuta in Firenze: 427 (1841). ��� Cryptonemia vidovichii (Meneghini) Zanardini, Saggio di classificazione naturale delle Ficee: 42 (1843). ��� Euhymenia dichotoma (J.Agardh) K��tz. var. vidovichii Menegh. ex K��tz., Tabulae phycologicae; oder, Abbildungen der Tange. Vol. 17: 22, tab. 72 (1867). ��� Lectotype (designated here): Dalmatia [��ibenik, Croatia], Jul. 1841, Vidovich folder 742.4, n.11, fragments at the top and at the bottom left (PI!) (Fig. 7). Cryptonemia dichotoma J.Agardh, Algae maris Mediterranei et Adriatici: 100 (1842). ��� Cryptonemia (section Acrodiscus) dichotoma J.Agardh, Species genera et ordines algarum: 225 (1851). ��� Euhymenia dichotoma (J.Agardh) K��tz., Species algarum: 742 (1849). ��� Type: France, Nice, near St. Hospice, 1841, J. Agardh s.n. (LD, BM!, BM000619430, PC!, PC0523534). Acrodiscus vidovichii Zanardini f. cochlearis Erceg., Acta Adriatica IV: 76 (1949). syn. nov. ��� Type: Adriatic, Croatia. Description Thalli up to 10 cm in length, the blade segments typically 1���3 cm long by (4���)7(���10) mm broad by 200���250 ��m thick (Fig. 1), compressed to flattened, thin, membranous-fleshy, dark red in color, erect from a very short cuneate stipe with a discoid holdfast, the blades subdichotomously branched, linear and slightly channeled, the apices broadly rounded (Figs 1 C���D, 2A, 3A). Constrictions occasional between forks (Fig. 1D) and especially at sites of branching (Fig. 1B, D); proliferous blades frequent at constrictions (Fig. 1B) or from lower stipes (Fig. 1 B���D). Fronds multiaxial (Fig. 2A), the cortex anticlinal (Fig. 2 A���B), the medulla densely filamentous (Fig. 2D); cortical filaments 5- or 6-layered, pseudo-dichotomously branched, the cells subspherical to ellipsoid (Fig. 2B), progressively smaller outwardly, 5���9 ��m in diameter proximally, 2���3 ��m in diameter at surface (Fig. 2B) and evenly spaced or slightly paired (Fig. 2C). Subsurface cortical cells secondarily pit-connected; short longitudinal multicellular ���bridges��� sometimes linking adjacent cortical cells or growing into the medulla from the transition zone between cortex and medulla; stellate (���ganglionic��� sensu Womersley & Lewis 1994) and refractive medullary cells or filaments absent. Medulla occupying half of the blade sections, composed of interwoven longitudinal or, less commonly, oblique and transverse filaments ca 5 ��m in diameter (Fig. 2D). Female and male reproductive structures not observed. Tetrasporangia developing in eliptical nemathecia located subapically (Fig. 3A). Tetrasporangial filaments usually three-celled, the terminal cell a cruciate/ decussate-cruciate tetrad (30���)33(���35) ��m long by 12���15 ��m wide (Fig. 3 C���D); subapical cells ellipsoid, bearing two simple or once-dichomous sterile filaments that surround the sporangia (Fig. 3C); basal cells deltoid, sterile nemathecial paraphyses four-celled (Fig. 3C), the proximal cells narrowly falcate, the terminal cells smaller in diameter and subspherical (Fig. 3C). Distribution and habitat Acrodiscus is uncommon but widely distributed across the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 4; see also Guiry & Guiry 2016; Manghisi et al. 2010a); it is a sciaphilous species, found throughout the year on rocky substrata from depths of 0��� 50 m. Tetrasporophytes were collected in spring and autumn (Table 1). Taxonomic history In the year following Meneghini���s (Savi 1841) proposal of Chondrus? vidovichii from Dalmatia [collected by Vidovich, fide Zanardini (1868)], J. Agardh (1842) described Cryptonemia dichotoma from collections near Nice. Zanardini (1843) soon after regarded Chondrus? vidovichii and Cryptonemia dichotoma as conspecific and a true member of Cryptonemia, creating Cryptonemia vidovichii based on Meneghini���s prior naming. Apparently disregarding Zanardini���s (1843) proposals, K��tzing (1849) transferred C. dichotoma to his own new genus Euhymenia, which is now regarded as synonymous with Kallymenia (Guiry & Guiry 2016). Next, J. Agardh (1851), ignoring K��tzing���s Euhymenia, put Cryptonemia vidovichii into his newly proposed section Acrodiscus of Cryptonemia, along with Phyllophora crenulata J.Agardh and C. denticulata J.Agardh, on the base of their morphology and the presence of subapical tetrasorangial sori. K��tzing (1867) then made Meneghini���s species a variety of J. Agardh���s Cryptonemia dichotoma, thus not acknowledging the synonymy of the two as had been advocated by Zanardini (1843). Soon afterwards, Zanardini (1868) removed Cryptonemia vidovichii (which he still regarded as synonymous with C. dichotoma) from the genus Cryptonemia and placed it into a newly created one, Acrodiscus, named after the section made by J. Agardh. De Toni (1905) transferred J. Agardh���s C. crenulata and C. denticulata to Acrodiscus (as A. crenulatus (J.Agardh) De Toni and A. denticulatus (J.Agardh) De Toni), although both are currently regarded as genuine species of Cryptonemia (Guiry & Guiry 2016). In 1949, Ercegović proposed Acrodiscus vidovichii f. cochlearis, arguing that the specimens from Dalmatia (Croatia) had ���spoon-shaped���, rather than the flattened fronds described by several other workers (Ardissone 1883; Hauck 1885; Preda 1908; Zanardini 1868). Ercegović overlooked, however, the fact that populations from throughout the Mediterranean had been described as both compressed-flat or plane (Ardissone 1883; Hauck 1885; Kylin 1956; Savi 1841; Preda 1908; Zanardini 1868) and with bent/curved sub-grooved margins (Agardh 1842; Aleem 1993; De Toni 1905; Feldmann 1939). In our experience, freshly collected specimens normally have bent/curved margins but flatten once pressed on herbarium sheets; younger and thinner specimens, on the other hand, can be planar throughout and usually adhere to paper, whereas older, more coriaceous specimens may remain canaliculate and nonadherent. We therefore find little reason to recognize a separate forma cochlearis. Lectotypification Chondrus? vidovichii Menegh. was validly published in what is commonly reported as Menghini���s Algologia Dalmatica (Guiry & Guiry 2016) in Atti della terza Riunione degli Scienziati italiani tenuta in Firenze nel Settembre 1841 (Savi 1841). Indeed, the latter is a congress acta in the form of a book with various sections. During the meeting of the Botany and Plant Physiology group, Meneghini showed his manuscript to the assembly. The secretary of the group, Pietro Savi, recorded the meeting events in the acta, and transcribed part of Meneghini���s manuscript, reportedly titled Algologia Dalmatica, including its novelties. With specific reference to Chondrus? vidovichii, Savi copied the Latin diagnosis and noted the lack of reproductive structures, and made reference to an illustration that does not appear in the acta. No holotype is designated, nor is there an iconotype that might serve as one. In the Library of Natural and Environmental Sciences of the University of Pisa, Italy, we found numerous manuscript documents belonging to Meneghini, among them the original complete manuscript of the so-called Algologia Dalmatica, actually Alghe Dalmate, enumerate ed illustrate dal professor Giuseppe Meneghini (Fig. 5 A���B), along with plates including his illustration of Chondrus? vidovichii (Fig 6). Unfortunately, the manuscript was never published. Interestingly, in other documents there is evidence that: a) Meneghini received material from Dalmatia (Croatia) collected either by Vidovich in Sebenico (��ibenik), by Sandri in Zara (Zadar), or by Stalio in Spalato (Split); b) Menegnini received material from Vidovich in July 1841 (including a Chondrus?); and c) Meneghini dedicated to Vidovich all the new species collected by him. Consequently, it can be inferred that the type material should have been collected by Vidovich in Sebenico in July 1841. Finally, we found that the Herbarium Horti Botanici Pisani (PI) holds a number of Meneghini specimens. In a folder labelled ��� 742. 4. Euhymenia dichotoma Kg. ��� is an envelope and three sheets numbered ���11���. The envelope contains ten specimens of A. vidovichii, three of them on numbered sheets (224, 778, 783). Two of the three sheets (upper and lower left) each have a fragment of the specimen drawn in the abovementioned plate (Fig. 7). Consequently, we designate as type material of Chondrus? vidovichii Meneghini the two fragments on two of the ���11��� sheets that were portions of the single specimen he illustrated in the unpublished figure accompanying his manuscript. Phylogenetic analyses The DNA barcode region was generated for 15 samples from different Mediterranean localities, including the type area; the sequences are now lodged in BOLD and Genbank (Table 1). Divergence among generated sequences ranged from 0���3 bp (0���0.53%), which is a typical level of within-species variation. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from both rbc L and LSU markers (Fig. 8 and trees not shown) resolved three strongly supported supergeneric lineages within the Halymeniales: a) one of A. nitidissima J.Agardh and species of Pachymenia J.Agardh; b) a second comprised of Polyopes J.Agardh and Glaphyrosiphon intestinalis (Harv.) Leister & W.A.Nelson; and c) a third consisting of Grateloupia C.Agardh, Yonagunia Kawag. & Masuda, Pachymeniopsis Yamada ex Kawab., Prionitis J.Agardh, Phyllymenia J.Agardh, Mariaramirezia M.S.Calderon, G.H.Boo, A.Mansilla & S.M.Boo, Kintokiocolax Tak.Tanaka & Nozawa and Dermocorynus P.Crouan & H.Crouan. The relationships among the remaining halymeniacean genera included in our analyses were poorly or not resolved. Cryptonemia J.Agardh was polyphyletic and Thamnoclonium K��tzing was paraphyletic in rbc L analyses, and the genus Halymenia C.Agardh was polyphyletic in both rbc L and LSU trees. The exact alliance of Acrodiscus was uncertain, as it varied depending on the phylogenetic reconstruction methods and the marker. In rbc L analyses, A. vidovichii was included in an unsupported lineage encompassing Felicinia marginata (Roussel) Manghisi, L.Le Gall, Ribera, Gargiulo & Morabito and Corynomorpha prismatica (J.Agardh) J.Agardh. This assemblage in turn grouped with particular, especially type, species of Halymenia, Cryptonemia, Carpopeltis F.Schmitz, Codiophyllum J.E.Gray, Spongophloea Huisman, De Clerck, Prud���homme & Borow., Thamnoclonium K��tz., Epiphloea J.Agardh and Gelinaria Sond. In LSU trees, Acrodiscus grouped with Corynomorpha and species of Pachymeniopsis, Dermocorynus, Grateloupia and Prionitis. In concatenate LSU- rbc L analyses (Fig. 8), it was sister to Corynomorpha with variable degrees of support, both genera being included in a deeper lineage encompassing Felicinia Manghisi, L.Le Gall, Ribera, Gargiulo & Morabito, Halymenia, Cryptonemia, Gelinaria, Epiphloea and Isabbottia M.S.Balakr., Published as part of Manghisi, Antonio, Gall, Line Le, Bonillo, C��line, Gargiulo, Gaetano M., Ribeira, M. Antonia & Morabito, Marina, 2017, An assessment of the taxonomic status of the Mediterranean endemic genus Acrodiscus Zanardini (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta), pp. 1-24 in European Journal of Taxonomy 267 on pages 10-17, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.267, http://zenodo.org/record/3823200, {"references":["Womersley H. B. S. & Lewis J. A. 1994. Family Halymeniaceae Bory 1828: 158. In: Womersley H. B. S. (ed.) The Marine Benthic Flora of Southern Australia. Part IIIA. Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae (Acrochaetiales, Nemaniales, Gelidiales, Hildebrandiales and Gigartinales sensu lato): 167 - 218. 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Five species of helminth endoparasite (two digeneans, Brachyphallus crenatus (Rudolphi, 1802) and Lecithaster gibbosus (Rudolphi, 1802); two cestodes, plerocercoids of Nybelinia surmenicola (Okada in Dollfus, 1929) and a tetraphyllidean; and an acanthocephalan, post-cystacanths of Bolbosoma sp.) were found in adults of Arctic lampreys Lethenteron camtschaticum (Tilesius, 1811) arriving in the lower part of the middle reaches of a river in Hokkaido, Japan, for spawning after a period of growth in the sea. These parasites are all common species previously reported from various marine fishes in the North Pacific and all have complex life-cycles involving host-to-host transmission via a predator-prey relationship. To have become infected with these food-borne parasites, Arctic lampreys need to have ingested various body parts of infected prey fishes at sea. Consequently, the endoparasites recovered suggest that the Arctic lamprey has a role as a predator in marine ecosystems.

International audience; Tunisia is located at a key position in the Mediterranean Sea where it constitutes a transitional area between the eastern and western basins benefitting from rich habitat diversity. The most recent inventory of marine macrophytes dated back to 1987 with an update in 1995, however these inventories were performed with identification based on morphological observations, which can be misleading for many seaweed species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the Tunisian macroalgal flora using DNA barcoding methods. Our target was to carry out a survey of macroalgae, to reveal cryptic species and allochthonous introductions, and to identify taxa with problematic taxonomy. COI-5P sequence analysis resolved 26 genetic species, including two new reports and three alien species. Of the remaining taxa, several displayed cryptic diversity relative to species reported from the Mediterranean versus from other geographical regions with taxonomic and nomenclature updates provided where possible. The aim of the present paper was to provide a DNA barcode-assisted floristic list of florideophycean algae collected along the Tunisian coast.

Background The red algae (Rhodophyta) diverged from the green algae and plants (Viridiplantae) over one billion years ago within the kingdom Archaeplastida. These photosynthetic lineages provide an ideal model to study plastid genome reduction in deep time. To this end, we assembled a large dataset of the plastid genomes that were available, including 48 from the red algae (17 complete and three partial genomes produced for this analysis) to elucidate the evolutionary history of these organelles. Results We found extreme conservation of plastid genome architecture in the major lineages of the multicellular Florideophyceae red algae. Only three minor structural types were detected in this group, which are explained by recombination events of the duplicated rDNA operons. A similar high level of structural conservation (although with different gene content) was found in seed plants. Three major plastid genome architectures were identified in representatives of 46 orders of angiosperms and three orders of gymnosperms. Conclusions Our results provide a comprehensive account of plastid gene loss and rearrangement events involving genome architecture within Archaeplastida and lead to one over-arching conclusion: from an ancestral pool of highly rearranged plastid genomes in red and green algae, the aquatic (Florideophyceae) and terrestrial (seed plants) multicellular lineages display high conservation in plastid genome architecture. This phenomenon correlates with, and could be explained by, the independent and widely divergent (separated by >400 million years) origins of complex sexual cycles and reproductive structures that led to the rapid diversification of these lineages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0299-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.