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Germany was the first Western nation to formally implement an object designed to assist with the identification of wounded and dead soldiers, introducing theRekognitionmarke in 1869 following the trial of an identity disc system in 1866. A new design, the Erkennungsmarke, was introduced in 1878, shaping the systems utilized in later wars. The German experience of wearing identifying objects would later influence the identification systems of other European armies, including France and Britain; ultimately resulting in the addition of new articles within the 1906 Geneva Convention to reflect changing attitudes and expectations towards those who died fighting for their country. The Erkennungsmarke presented the possibility of identification, even where immediate burial was not possible, thus facilitating the development of German military burial cultures. This paper explores the development and use of Erkennungsmarken between 1866–1918, information which can assist with the identification of German soldiers recovered during archaeological works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die aktuelle deutschsprachige Kriegs- und Heimkehrerliteratur, wie sie insbesondere in der Folge des Afghanistan- und Irakkrieges entstanden ist. Der Einsatz der US-Armee (Irakkrieg) und der Bundeswehr (Afghanistankrieg) wird zum neuen Erzählstoff. Deutschsprachige Autoren schreiben nach langer Abwesenheit des Genres in der Literatur erneut Heimkehrromane. Damit bringen sie Irritationen in gesellschaftliche und politische Systeme und hinterfragen verbindliche Toleranzvorstellungen. In den theoretischen Mittelpunkt des Artikels wird die Denkfigur der 'ontologischen Unsicherheit' gestellt. Die Daseinserfahrung der Figuren der analysierten Romane ist durch die Empfindung permanenter Angst und das Gefühl des ständigen Bedrohtseins gekennzeichnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physics, experimental setup, and analysis of results involved in Walther Bothe and Peter Jensen's mistaken 1941 measurement of the capture cross section for thermal neutrons by carbon are examined. Their experiment, while well‐conceived and executed, was corrupted by the presence of unappreciated impurities. This erroneous measurement was crucial as it prompted a decision by German military administrators to abandon graphite as a possible moderator for a nuclear pile in favor of heavy water, a decision which set their program back irreparably. In early 1941, Walther Bothe measured the cross‐section for capture of thermal neutrons by graphite as part of the wartime German nuclear program. The graphite contained impurities, which resulted in a large cross‐section and its rejection as a moderating material. This paper analyses the experiment and speculates on the nature of the impurities that may have been involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asia Minor Studies is the property of Asia Minor Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Amme Idaresi Dergisi is the property of Public Administration Institute for Turkey & the Middle East (TODAIE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following the end of World War II the U.S. Army Map Service distributed maps captured from the German military to research libraries across the United States, where they have remained largely hidden collections. One focus of the University of California Berkeley's German World War II captured maps digitization project has been the creation of detailed metadata for the German military map series. Data-rich catalog records with information about source maps and the need to do authority work for related corporate bodies provided entry points for exploring issues of provenance. The topographic map series that make up the bulk of this collection reflect the fragmentary nature of German cartographic history, with varying contributing corporate bodies, diverse source material, and a range of sophistication and technique. All of these characteristics evolved between 1936 and 1945 when the Nazi regime ramped up production of military maps. The authors make the case that it is worth the time and effort for libraries to invest in creating rich bibliographic descriptions for these map series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is intended to discuss the artwork "Parthenon of Books" by Argentine artist Marta Minujín by analyzing the contexts that dialogue with the artwork: the burning of books during German Nazism and the military dictatorship in Argentina. The analysis is based in the curatorial proposal of documenta 14 to displace from its hegemonic center (the city of Kassel) to the South (in Athens). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology & Space / Sociologija i Prostor is the property of Institut za drustvena istrazivanja u Zagrebu (Institute for Social Research of Zagreb) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Crimen: Journal for Criminal Justice is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

»Die militärischen Ursprünge der Arbeitsschutzgesetzgebung im deutschen Kaiserreich«. Prussia, and since its founding in 1871 the German Empire, were pioneers in the introduction of general conscription and one of the largest military powers in Europe. At the same time, the German Empire was seen as a pioneer in public social policy. Using the example of labor protection, this article examines whether and to what extent connections existed between general conscription, power ambitions of governments, and social protection. It seeks to determine what role military reasons played in the expansion of German labor protection by analyzing the military's influence on legislation between the early 19th century and the end of the First World War. This examination will show that military arguments have gained great importance over time but have never, with the exception of the First World War, been the dominant motive for welfare reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) is the property of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Which organisational activities promote effective military emulation? Which variables facilitate and impede the emergence of these activities? Drawing upon the academic literatures on military change and management studies, as well as semi-structured interviews within the British and German militaries, this article identifies five key organisational activities which promote effective inter-organisational doctrinal learning. In doing so, the article improves understanding of the contribution that management studies can make to multi-disciplinary scholarship on military learning. The article examines the variables which facilitate the emergence of activities which support effective inter-organisational doctrinal learning through a case study of Bundeswehr doctrinal absorptive capacity during ISAF. It also explores the impact of these activities on doctrine development. The article demonstrates the crucial importance of active and well-informed civilian oversight of the activities which support military learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Engineer / Hadmérnök is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the defensive war in September 1939, Uniejów and its region were the site of fierce fighting between the troops of the Polish Army "Poznań" and German 8th Army. The tactical significance of Uniejów was due to the bridge across the river Warta, which was of key importance for Polish troops marching from the state border to Warsaw. The fights took place on 6-7 September. The Detachment of Marian Frydrych, commanding officer of 60th Regiment of Wielkopolska Infantry of 25th Infantry Division prevented German troops of 30th Infantry Division from seizing and destroying the bridge, which meant safe crossing for Polish soldiers. The authors are the first in Polish historiography to make use of documents from German military archives and to present the fights from the German army perspective. It also was possible to clear up the question of defeating 1st Battalion of 29th Kaniov Rifle Regiment near Uniejów in the evening of 7 September. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armeegruppe “Heinrici”, i.e. army-sized military formation that was named after its commander, Colonel General Gotthard Heinrici, was later retitled to the 1st Panzer Army (1. Panzerarmee) when General Walther Nehring took its command. During 10 to 23 March 1945, the army was involved in the first phase of the Battle of Moravská Ostrava during which fought against 4th Ukrainian Front, Soviet army group, that opened offensive with its goal to defeat German forces and to break into central Moravia. Based on the newly gained pieces of information in documents of German Military Archives (Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv) that enable the access to the decision-making process of German command, the study tries to describe the course of the battle from the point of view of German forces and to answer the question why did the Soviets failed to fulfil their task despite their numerical superiority in men and in equipment. The reasons were that German command was aware of Soviets aims and even the exact time of offensive of 4th Ukrainian Front; they also concentrated their units in the main direction of Soviet advancement; and especially they were able to relocated their units according to the development at the battlefield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current conflicts are increasingly carried out in hybrid forms, including attacks on technical networks and campaigns aimed at influencing public opinion. The Bundeswehr has responded to this development by pooling its capabilities in this field and combining them in the new Cyber and Information Domain Service. On par with the classic service branches--Army, Air Force, and Navy--this service, with its approximately 14,500 members, makes an important contribution to the whole-of-government security provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) is the property of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There have been a lot of researches on social memory literature in Germany in recent years. For writers, Germany is a state with a wide range of materials in terms of historical matters. Especially the historical process that Germany went through between 1933 and 1945 is still on the agenda. The writers of historical novels, who take the subject from the historical events of this period, interpret these events from their own point of view and also attach importance to the individual's narrative. In this way, the historical facts narrated in the family as a whole destroy the taboos through literary expression. The way of the reassessment of the history which was forgotten or was made to forget has been opened with this trend called Erinnerungsliterat in Germany while Social Memory in Turkey. Tanja Dückers' historical novel "Himmelskörper" in German Literature is characteristic of social memory literature. The theme of the novel was based on the Wilhelm Gustloff German military transport ship called, which was submerged by Russian submarine in the Second World War. We aimed with this research to study this novel and to reflect a social reality of Germany experienced in the World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although historiography often attributes the German military leadership a high responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War, the action of the German military attaché in Paris, Detlof von Winterfeldt, has so far been ignored. This article shows how Winterfeldt assessed the strengths and weaknesses of the French army and describes how his reporting influenced the General Staff's evaluations in Berlin. It examines the concrete effects of his reporting on German military policies and military planning before 1914 to ascertain whether the General Staff relied on Winterfeldt's reports and if so, what difference they made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The last 10 years have seen an increase in the number of suicides in the US Armed Forces. Accordingly, the topic of suicides in the German military has received a lot of attention in media and science alike.Methods: This study retrospectively examined all suicides (N = 107) committed by active, nonretired German military personnel from 2010 to the end of 2014, analyzing archived medical records. In a second step, these data were compared to a representative German Armed Forces survey conducted in 2012 (N = 1,549).Results: The following risk groups for suicide were identified: male (OR = 9.6), single (OR = 7.8), aged over 45 years (OR = 4.0), short period of service (<2 years; OR = 2.7), and low level of education (OR = 2.2). Surprisingly, military personnel with little experience in deployments abroad (<2 missions) showed double the risk (OR = 2.0) compared to those who had been deployed more than once.Discussion: Multiple robustness checks show that being single, aged over 45 years, and having obtained a low level of education exhibit the most robust effects on suicide risk.Conclusion: Efforts should be made to develop and evaluate risk group-focused prevention programs. We conclude, that further studies should be initiated to show differences of risk groups between lethal and nonlethal suicidal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]