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An integrated approach has been used to analyse the dependence of three Mediterranean species, A. unedo L., Q. ilex L., and P. latifolia L. co-occurring in a coastal dune ecosystem on two different water resources: groundwater and rainfed upper soil layers. The approach included leaf level gas exchanges, sap flow measurements and structural adaptations between 15 May and 31 July 2007. During this period it was possible to capture different species-specific response patterns to an environment characterized by a sandy soil, with a low water retention capacity, and the presence of a water table. The latter did not completely prevent the development of a drought response and, combined with previous studies in the same area, response differences between species have been partially attributed to different root distributions. Sap flow of A. unedo decreased rapidly with the decline of soil water content, while that of Q. ilex decreased only moderately. Midday leaf water potential of P. latifolia and A. unedo ranged between −2.2 and −2.7 MPa throughout the measuring period, while in Q. ilex it decreased down to −3.4 MPa at the end of the season. A. unedo was the only species that responded to drought with a decrease of its leaf area to sapwood area ratio from 23.9±1.2 (May) to 15.2±1.5 (July). While A. unedo also underwent an almost stepwise loss on hydraulic conductivity, such a loss did not occur for Q. ilex, whereas P. latifolia was able to slightly increase its hydraulic conducitivity. These differences show how different plant compartments coordinate differently between species in their responses to drought. The different responses appear to be mediated by different root distributions of the species and their relative resistances to drought are likely to depend on the duration of the periods in which water remains extractable in the upper soil layers.

Tesi di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze Ecologiche, XX Ciclo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico In this study we aimed to expand our earlier understanding on the mechanisms associated with drought tolerance within Coffea canephora. Two cultivars of C. canephora, robusta (drought-sensitive) and kouillou (drought-tolerant) were grown in 24-L pots until 12-month old, when an irrigation and a drought treatment were applied. Plants were droughted until predawn water potential ( Ψpd) reached 3.5 MPa, when they were re-watered. Physiological variables were evaluated over the course of drying whereas morphological traits were assessed at the end of the experiment. Under control conditions, robusta showed less dense crowns with larger leaf area (60%), larger biomass accumulation (45%), and larger leaf area to root surface ratio (21%) than kouillou. Internal water stress developed faster in robusta than in kouillou after withholding irrigation. Kouillou, but not robusta, was able to adjust osmotically, although both cultivars showed decreased tissue elasticity (chiefly in kouillou) under drought. Under control conditions, apparent hydraulic conductance KL, long- term transpiration rate (E), rate of net carbon assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll conductance (gm) all were larger in robusta than in kouillou. During the course of drying, decreases in A, gs and gm were stronger in the former. However, the larger stomatal sensitivity to decreasing Ψpd in robusta was not translated into larger decreases in E. Regardless of cultivars and treatments, changes in gm paralleled those of gs. Treatments affected only slightly some of the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Cellular damages were more pronounced in droughted plants of robusta than in those of kouillou. Leaf area was halved, but only in stressed plants of robusta. The lower drought tolerance of robusta in comparison to kouillou was associated with higher absolute values of gs, E and KL, shallower root system and larger shoot-to-root ratio, larger vulnerability towards cavitation and cellular damages for a given water potential. Neste estudo, investigaram-se as estratégias morfológicas e fisiológicas envolvidas na tolerância diferencial à seca em Coffea canephora, utilizando-se duas cultivares, Apoatã e Clone 120, respectivamente das variedades robusta e kouillou. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos, em casa de vegetação. Após um ano de cultivo, aplicaram-se dois tratamentos: plantas permanentemente irrigadas (plantas-controle) e plantas submetidas à desidratação, imposta pela suspensão da irrigação (déficit hídrico), até que as plantas desidratadas atingissem um potencial hídrico na antemanhã (Ψam) de, aproximadamente, -3,5 MPa, quando foram então reirrigadas. Foram medidos o potencial hídrico da folha, as trocas gasosas e a fluorescência da clorofila a, a condutância hidráulica entre o solo e a folha (KL) e o extravazamento de eletrólitos, a cada duas dias. Curvas pressão-volume foram obtidas a Ψam próximos de -2,0 MPa e -3,5 MPa. As cultivares estudadas exibiram diferenças morfológicas marcantes: Apoatã, com copa mais aberta, acumulou mais biomassa (45%), teve copa mais alta (11 cm), e área foliar maior (60%), em relação ao Clone 120. A razão área foliar/superfície radicular foi 21% superior no Apoatã em relação à do Clone 120. O déficit hídrico severo ( Ψam = -3,5 MPa) foi atingido aos 10 e 14 dias após a suspensão da irrigação, no Apoatã e no Clone 120, respectivamente. Observou-se ajustamento osmótico no Clone 120, mas não no Apoatã. O déficit hídrico acarretou aumentos no módulo global de elasticidade (ε) em ambas as cultivares. Contudo, ε foi maior (70%) no Clone 120 que no Apoatã. As plantas-controle do Apoatã exibiram maiores valores de KL, taxa transpiratória (E), taxa líquida de assimilação de CO2 (A), condutância estomática (gs) e condutância mesolífica (gm). Ao longo do ciclo de desidratação, os decréscimos em A, gs e em gm foram mais pronunciados no Apoatã que no Clone 120. A maior sensibilidade estomática do Apoatã à redução de Ψam não se traduziu em maiores decréscimos em E. Os tratamentos aplicados afetaram somente ligeiramente algumas variáveis de fluorescência da clorofila a. Os danos celulares aumentaram em 20% nas plantas estressadas do Apoatã em relação aos das plantas estressadas do Clone 120. Observou-se, ao fim do experimento, desfolhamento substancial (~50%), porém apenas nas plantas estressadas do Apoatã. A menor tolerância à seca, no Apoatã, em relação ao Clone 120, foi associada a maiores valores absolutos de gs e KL, sistema radicular menos profundo e maior razão parte aérea/sistema radicular, bem como, maior vulnerabilidade à cavitação e danos celulares para um dado potencial hídrico.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The sustainable development of northern agroecosystems requires, among other factors, the use of species adapted to region the edafoclimtic conditions. Plants able to support water deficits are more indicated, considering to no regular distribution of pluviometric precipitation the high evapotranspiration are characteristic northest region of Brazil. The present work was carried out to determine the ecofisiologic and biochemistry behavoir of three cultivars of basil, Ocimum basilicum L. (Maria Bonita, Mara and Genovese) cultivated under water stress. The ecofisiologics variables were: hidric potential of leaves, photossintesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance; the biochemitry variables were: soluble carbohydrates and proteins, totals cloroplasts, tenor of essential oil and percentage of linalool. The varibles were analyzed in plants with four months of aged, cultivated in 24 vases of 17L, in greenhouse, having two treatments: T0 (control) and T1 (experimental group), with four repetitions. The variables were evaluated at 08:30 to 10:30 hours every two days, during 15 days in October 2005. In base of results it was identifyed that basil presents mechanisms of adaptation under water stress minimizing the water lose. Mara’and Maria Bonita’cultivars presented more adaptaded under water stress in comparison with ‘Genovese’cultivar. In relation to the essential linalool content the three cultivars kept their yield even under water stress. It was observed the geraniol presence in Maria Bonita cultivar. O desenvolvimento sustentável dos agroecossistemas nordestinos requer, dentre outros fatores, o uso de espécies adaptadas às condições edafomorfoclimáticas da região. Plantas capazes de suportar déficits hídricos são mais indicadas, uma vez que a distribuição irregular da precipitação pluviométrica, aliada a alta evapotranspiração são características do Nordeste brasileiro. O presente trabalho objetiva determinar o comportamento ecofisiológico e análise bioquímica de três cultivares de manjericão, Ocimum basilicum L.(‘Maria Bonita’, ‘Mara’ e ‘Genovese’) quando cultivadas sob estresse hídrico. As variáveis ecofisiológicas foram: potencial hídrico foliar, fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática; e as bioquímicas foram: carboidratos solúveis, proteínas solúveis, cloroplastos totais e teor de óleo essencial e de linalol no óleo essencial. As variáveis ecofisiológicas e bioquímicas foram analisadas quando as plantas apresentavam 4 meses de idade. Cultivadas em 24 vasos de 17 L, em estufa agrícola, sendo 2 tratamentos: T0 (testemunha) e T1 (grupo experimental), com 4 repetições. As variáveis ecofisiológicas foram avaliadas entre 08:30 a 10:30 horas, em dias alternados, durante 15 do mês de outubro de 2005. Com base nos resultados obtidos, constatou-se que o manjericão apresenta mecanismos de adaptação, que sob condição de estresse hídrico, diminuem as perdas de água. As cultivares ‘Mara’ e ‘Maria Bonita’ apresentaram adaptadas às condições de estresse hídrico quando comparadas com a cultivar ‘Genovese’. Em relação ao teor linalol as três cultivares mantiveram as suas produtividades mesmo sob condição de estresse. Observou-se também, a presença de geraniol no óleo essencial da cultivar Maria Bonita.

Aniba rosaeodora is an Amazonian tree species that belongs to the family Lauraceae. Due to intense exploitation for extraction of essential oils (mainly linalol), A. rosaeodora is now considered an endangered species. On the other hand, there is little information about its ecophysiology which would be useful to support future forest planting programs. Hence, the effect of different light intensities on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of young plants of A. rosaeodora was studied. Nine-month-old plants were subjected to four light treatments (T1= 10 a 250 µmol.m-2.s-1 / control; T2=500 to 800, T3=700 to 1000 and T4=1300 to 1800 µmol.m-2.s-1 / full sunlight). Allometric variables, gas exchange, contents of pigments and chlorophyll a fluorescence were analysed. As to the relative growth rates, it was found that plants of A. rosaeodora showed higher biomass accumulation when grown under intermediary irradiance conditions (T2). The best photosynthetic performance was achieved under conditions of T3. When growth was correlated with photosynthesis, it was found that plants under treatments T2 and T3 presented better responses in comparison with the lowest (T1) and highest (T4) light extremes. The highest pigment contents were obtained for plants in the shade (T1) and the lowest for those exposed to full sunlight (T4). The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was found that only plants in the shade treatment (T1) presented no stress from high irradiance. These findings suggest that both treatments (T1 and T4) altered the function of the A. rosaeodora plants, inhibiting photosynthesis and growth. Plants of A. rosaeodora developed photo-protection mechanisms under full sunlight. However, the species presented better photosynthetic response and biomass gain under intermediary irradiance conditions, displaying relative physiological plasticity, during the seedling phase. Essa espécie arbórea da Amazônia, Aniba rosaeodora Ducke, pertence à família das Lauraceae. Em vista da intensa e desordenada exploração, visando à extração de óleos essenciais (linalol), o pau-rosa figura na lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Poucos estudos ecofisiológicos têm sido feito no sentido de subsidiar futuros programas de plantios florestais. Dessa forma, pesquisou-se o efeito de diferentes irradiâncias sobre as características fotossintéticas e de crescimento em plantas de A. rosaeodora, na fase juvenil. Plantas com nove meses foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos de luz (T1 = 10 a 250 µmol.m-2.s-1 / controle; T2 = 500 a 800, T3 = 700 a 1.000 e T4 = 1.300 a 1.800 µmol.m-2.s-1 / pleno sol). Analisaram-se variáveis alométricas, trocas gasosas, teores de pigmentos cloroplastídicos e a fluorescência da clorofila a. Quanto ao crescimento relativo, observou-se que plantas de A. rosaeodora exibiram maior acúmulo de biomassa quando crescidas sob condições intermediárias de irradiância (T2). O melhor desempenho fotossintético foi induzido por T3. Quando se correlacionou crescimento com fotossíntese, percebeu-se que as plantas submetidas aos tratamentos T2 e T3 exibiram melhores respostas em comparação com os extremos de menor (T1) e maior irradiâncias (T4). Os maiores teores de pigmentos cloroplastídicos foram obtidos nas plantas sob sombra (T1) e os menores teores encontrados naquelas expostas a pleno sol (T4). Quanto à eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm) observou-se que apenas as plantas do tratamento de sombra (T1) não apresentaram estresse por alta irradiância. Os resultados sugerem que ambos os tratamentos (T1 e T4) alteraram a funcionalidade das plantas de A. rosaeodora, inibindo a fotossíntese e o crescimento. A pleno sol, plantas de A. rosaeodora desenvolveram mecanismos de fotoproteção. No entanto, a espécie apresentou melhor resposta fotossintética e ganho de biomassa em condições intermediárias de irradiância, demonstrando relativa plasticidade fisiológica, durante o estádio juvenil.

Thirty-month-old 'Pêra' orange trees grafted on 'Rangpur' lemon trees grown in 100 L pots were submitted to water stress by the suspension of irrigation. CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (g s) values declined from the seventh day of stress, although the leaf water potential at 6:00 a.m. (psipd) and at 2:00 p.m. (psi2) began to decline from the fifth day of water deficiency. The CO2 intercellular concentration (Ci) of water-stressed plants increased from the seventh day, reaching a maximum concentration on the day of most severe stress. The carboxylation efficiency, as revealed by the ratio A/Ci was low on this day and did not show the same values of non-stressed plants even after ten days of rewatering. After five days of rewatering only psi pd and psi2 were similar to control plants while A, E and g s were still different. When psi2 decreases, there was a trend for increasing abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the leaves. Similarly, stomatal conductance was found to decrease as a function of decreasing psi2. ABA accumulation and stomatal closure occurred when psi2 was lower than -1.0 MPa. Water stress in 'Pera´ orange trees increased abscisic acid content with consequent stomatal closure and decreased psi2 values. Laranjeiras 'Pêra' de dois anos e meio de idade enxertadas em limoeiros 'Cravo' foram cultivadas em vasos de 100 L com solo e submetidas ao estresse hídrico, pela suspensão da irrigação. Valores de assimilação de CO2 (A), transpiração (E) e condutância estomática (g s) começaram a declinar a partir do sétimo dia de estresse, embora o potencial da água na folha às 6 a.m. (psipd) e às 2 p.m. (psi2) começaram a declinar a partir do quinto dia de deficiência hídrica. A concentração interna de CO2 (Ci) das plantas estressadas aumentou a partir do mesmo dia, atingindo uma concentração máxima no dia de estresse mais severo. Assim, a eficiência de carboxilação dessas plantas, verificada pela relação A/Ci foi menor nesse dia, não ocorrendo recuperação dessa razão mesmo dez dias após a reidratação. Até o quinto dia após a reirrigação, somente o psipd e o psi2 se recuperaram, sendo semelhantes aos das plantas controle. Quando o potencial da água na folha diminuiu, ocorreu uma tendência de aumento da concentração de ácido abscísico (ABA) nas folhas; da mesma forma, foi possível verificar que a condutância estomática diminuiu em função do decréscimo em psi2. O acúmulo de ABA e o fechamento estomático ocorreram quando psi2 foi menor que -1.0 MPa. A deficiência hídrica em laranjeiras 'Pêra' aumentou o conteúdo de ABA, com conseqüente fechamento estomático e decréscimo em psi2.

This study tested the hypothesis that dissipative efficiency of tropical tree species could be an ecological advantage in the forest succession process. Daily leaf gas exchanges of a pioneer species (Guazuma ulmifolia) and a late successional species (Cariniana legalis) were evaluated under well-irrigated conditions and by withholding irrigation. Analyses of network connectance (Cg) and plant autonomy (At) were carried out in order to assess metabolic network changes in response to environmental perturbation. As a global estimation of latent heat dissipation, the capacity to both maintain and cool leaf temperature in response to air temperature changes (deltaT = TºCair - TºCleaf) was evaluated. The changes observed in both the systemic parameters (Cg and At) and the physiological ones brought about by water deficit, associated with discrepant growth rates between both species, suggested that the initial formation of gap canopies composed by pioneer species could simply be a result of the higher photosynthetic rates of these species, and not necessarily because late successional species cannot cope with such a heterogeneous environment as that of a gap. Our results indicate that, in the absence of water constraints, the highest CO2 assimilation rates of pioneer species are supported by the efficiency of the whole dissipative structure, involving both degradation and dissipative processes. As a practical result, our study suggests the deltaT analysis in order to evaluate the efficiency of dissipative structures and as a aid in characterizing functional groups. Este estudo testou a hipótese de que maior eficiência dissipativa de espécies arbóreas tropicais poderia apresentar vantagem ecológica no processo de sucessão florestal. Medidas diárias de trocas gasosas de uma espécie pioneira (Guazuma ulmifolia) e de uma espécie secundária tardia (Cariniana legalis) foram realizadas em plantas irrigadas e com deficiência hídrica. Análises da conectância da rede de trocas gasosas (Cg) e da autonomia (At) da planta em relação ao ambiente foram realizadas com o objetivo de verificar mudanças metabólicas na rede em resposta à deficiência hídrica. Como estimativa global da dissipação de calor latente, foi avaliada a capacidade de manutenção e resfriamento da temperatura foliar diante das mudanças na temperatura do ar (deltaT = TºCar - TºCfolha). As mudanças observadas nos parâmetros sistêmicos (Cg e At) e fisiológicos em resposta à perturbação ambiental, associadas à discrepante taxa de crescimento entre as espécies, sugeriram que a formação inicial do dossel de uma clareira por espécies pioneiras poderia ser resultado das maiores taxas de fotossíntese dessas espécies, e não necessariamente decorrentes do fato de as espécies secundárias tardias não suportarem o ambiente heterogêneo da clareira. Nossos resultados indicam que os maiores valores de assimilação de CO2 das espécies pioneiras são conseqüência da maior eficiência da estrutura dissipativa como um todo, envolvendo os processos de degradação e dissipação de energia, desde que não haja restrição hídrica. Como resultado prático, nosso estudo sugere a análise de deltaT para avaliar a eficiência da estrutura dissipativa e auxiliar na caracterização dos grupos funcionais.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:49:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0006-87052002000300005.pdf: 176918 bytes, checksum: 3c6b6c53305f1a083909669bac9d6af1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:49:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0006-87052002000300005.pdf: 176918 bytes, checksum: 3c6b6c53305f1a083909669bac9d6af1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:45:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0006-87052002000300005.pdf: 176918 bytes, checksum: 3c6b6c53305f1a083909669bac9d6af1 (MD5) S0006-87052002000300005.pdf.txt: 36669 bytes, checksum: c57c4c97f44db6894708344c02ffd6f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:04:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0006-87052002000300005.pdf: 176918 bytes, checksum: 3c6b6c53305f1a083909669bac9d6af1 (MD5) S0006-87052002000300005.pdf.txt: 36669 bytes, checksum: c57c4c97f44db6894708344c02ffd6f6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:04:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0006-87052002000300005.pdf: 176918 bytes, checksum: 3c6b6c53305f1a083909669bac9d6af1 (MD5) S0006-87052002000300005.pdf.txt: 36669 bytes, checksum: c57c4c97f44db6894708344c02ffd6f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-12-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A Região do Planalto Ocidental Paulista tem se destacado como pólo produtor de borracha natural. Visando fornecer informações sobre a adaptação dos clones de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Wildd. ex. Adr. de Juss) Müell. Arg.] RRIM 600, GT 1, RRIM 701, IAN 873 e PB 235, em São José do Rio Preto (SP), realizaram-se avaliações de alguns caracteres de sua biologia, pelo acompanhamento das trocas gasosas e mensuração do desenvolvimento vegetativo durante os primeiros 18 meses após o enxerto sobre Tjir 16. A altura de RRIM 600 atingiu, em média, 3,74 m e o diâmetro do caule de IAN 873 e RRIM 600, 2,50 cm. PB 235 apresentou o menor índice relativo de crescimento durante o período. No período úmido, os valores das trocas gasosas não diferiram significativamente entre os clones, com valores médios da taxa fotossintética de 9,45 mmol.m-2.s-1; para a taxa de transpiração, 3,84 mmol.m-2.s-1, e para a condutância estomática, de 0,096 mol.m-2.s-1. Diferenças entre os valores de trocas gasosas ocorreram apenas no período seco, com redução mais acentuada para PB 235. Considerando o conjunto dos caracteres analisados, o desempenho dos clones IAN 873 e RRIM 600 foi superior, e do clone PB 235, inferior. The region of São Paulo Occidental Plateau is well known for its part as a major producer of natural rubber. In order to obtain information about adaptation of rubber tree clones [Hevea brasiliensis (Wildd. ex. Adr. de Juss) Müell. Arg.] RRIM 600, RRIM 701, IAN 873, PB 235 and GT 1, in the city of São José do Rio Preto some biologic characteristics were evaluated. Analysis were performed by monitoring gas exchanges and by measuring vegetative development, during the 18 months after engraft on the Tjir 16 clonal rootstocks. The height of RRIM 600 reached a mean of 3,74 m, and the diameter of the stem of IAN 873 and RRIM 600 reached the mean of 2,50 cm. Clone PB 235 presented the lowest relative growth during the period. During the wet period, the values of the gas exchange did not show significant variation among the clones; the mean value of photosynthetic rates was 9,45 mmol.m-2.s-1; of transpiration rates was 3,84 mmol.m-2 s-1, and of stomatic conductance was 0,096 mol.m-2 s-1. Differences in values of gas exchanges were observed only during the dry period, with notably large reduction for clone PB 235. The characteristics analyzed lead to the conclusion that performances of clones IAN 873 and RRIM 600 were superior, and that of clone PB 235 were inferior. UNESP PIBIC CNPq UNESP Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica UNESP PIBIC UNESP Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica

Chemical and physical interactions among trace gases (CH4, N2O, VOCs) contribute towards greenhouse effects. This paper by using a original simulation model analyses the annual trends of net photosynthesis, transpiration, and water use efficiency, the total primary production and finally the emission of monoterpenes from orange groves located in the Burriana plain (Spain). The net photosynthetic rate showed a bell-shaped trend with maximum average values of 3.5 µmolCO2 m-2 s-1 calculated for the months of June and July. The canopy transpiration rate reached maximum values of approximately 2.5 mmolH2O m-2 s-1. Monoterpene emissions displayed a relevant increase during spring time reaching the highest values of approximately 70 ng monoterpene · m2 s-1 during the summer period and a progressive decrease during the successive months. The loss of carbon by monoterpene emissions for the different plant organs is evaluated at approximately 0.404% of the total carbon fixed by photosynthesis (559.77 gC m-2 y-1) On a fractionated basis the contribution of the leaves is 0.083%, those of the fruits is 0.243% (for a period lasting from July to December), and only for the May period 0.079% for the flowers.

The climatic changes predicted for the next century need to better understand the effects of water stress on the ecophysiological response of the plants in the Mediterranean areas. Gas exchanges, water potential and Leaf Area Index measurements were carried out during three years summer campaigns. Moreover remotely sensed analysis were performed to analyse vegetation indices. Measurements performed at leaf level on the four species have shown in Fraxinus ornus L. a reduction of more than 50% in net CO2 assimilation in the hottest hours of the day. The two species belonging to Quercus genus showed a more costant assimilation rate, where the evergreen Mediterranean Stone Pine shows a reduction in net photosynthesis during midday hours. Leaf area index average data from field measurements have enabled to discriminate broadleaf deciduous communities (LAI=4.21±0.53) from coniferous evergreen communities (LAI=3.2±0.28). Remote sensing vegetation index results conducted on a multitemporal basis are in agreement with the response obtained from the field functional and structural data. The multiscale integrated experimental approach applied in this study seems a useful tool to define more clearly the ecological response of the main woody species of the Circeo National Forest and their sensitivity to global changes.

The aim of this work is to analyze the effects of a) short-term treatments with different concentrations of O 3 (daily 6-hour fumigation with 0, 65, 175 and 300 ppb for 3-4 days); and b) a medium term treatment with O 3 (150 ppb three times a week for thirty days on the whole) and CO 2 (700 ppm) on gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and peroxidase activity in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) leaves. The results show that net photosynthesis, transpiration, F V /F M ratio and POD activity were not influenced until an O 3 concentration of 300 ppb was reached. At this threshold, significant alterations in these physiological and biochemical parameters were found. The treatment with +CO 2 +O 3 showed an increase of net photosynthesis suggesting thus an antagonistic effect of CO 2 with regard to O 3 -induced injuries, while CO 2 alone increased photosynthesis and decreased transpiration but induced no effects on F V /F M ratio or peroxidase activity. From out data, holm oak shows a resistance to episodes of photochemical O 3 stress, that in the Mediterranean region can reach peaks of > 100 ppb. This response is likely to be due to the inorpho-anatomic structure of holm oak leaves and their sclerophyllous adaptations. This might leads holm oak to adopt a stress tolerance strategy with regard to leaf response to O 3 , the effects of which cannot be ameliorated by an increase of atmospheric CO 2 .

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a tree species that can be used in the recovery of degraded areas, as it exhibits rapid growth and has a very expansive root system, facilitating water uptake from the deeper layers of the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate photosynthesis and enzymatic activity in S. terebinthifolius seedlings under conditions of water deficit and their potential to recover following re-irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under a plastic covering where plants were distributed into two groups: Group 1 - control plants, where irrigation was maintained at 70% of the water retention capacity, and Group 2 - stressed plants, where irrigation was suspended until the photosynthetic rate neared zero, followed by rehydration for 12 days, then a further suspension of irrigation. At the beginning of the experiment and during the suspension of irrigation and rehydration, plants were evaluated for gas and antioxidant enzyme exchanges. Hydric stress significantly reduced photosynthesis, stomatal transpiration conductance, carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco, and the chlorophyll content of the S. terebinthifolius plants. Following rehydration, plants recovered the carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco, but not the photosynthetic rate. Antioxidant enzyme activity increased in both the aerial part and the root in response to water deficit.

This study aimed to evaluate the growth and physiology of citrus scion/rootstock combinations irrigated with saline water until the pre-flowering stage. The experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters with capacity for 150 dm3, in randomized block design in a 2 x 10 factorial scheme, corresponding to two electrical conductivities of water (S1 = 0.3 and S2 = 3.0 dS m-1) and ten scion/rootstock combinations (nine hybrids and one commercial variety) grafted with Tahiti lime, in three repetitions and one plant per plot. Grafted seedlings were transplanted one year after sowing, subjected to salt stress from 15 days after transplanting until the pre-flowering period, and evaluated for gas exchanges and growth. The irrigation with 3.0 dS m-1 saline water did not influence the photosynthetic activity of the studied citrus scion/rootstock combinations until the pre-flowering. The genotype Santa Cruz Rangpur lime (LCRSTC) was more sensitive to irrigation water salinity in terms of growth. The least sensitive combinations to salinity were Tahiti lime grafted onto TSKFL x (LCR x TR) - 018, TSKFL x TRBK - 011 and TSKFL x TRBK - 30. RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e a fisiologia de combinações copa/porta-enxertos de citros irrigados com água salina até a fase de pré-floração. O experimento foi realizado em lisímetros de drenagem com capacidade de 150 dm3, em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 10, correspondendo a duas condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (S1 = 0,3 e S2 = 3,0 dS m-1) e dez combinações copa/porta-enxerto (nove híbridos e uma variedade comercial) enxertados com limeira acida Tahiti, com três repetições e uma planta por parcela. As mudas enxertadas foram transplantadas após um ano do semeio, sendo o estresse salino iniciado aos 15 dias após o transplantio, perdurando até o período de pré-floração, avaliando-se trocas gasosas e o crescimento. A irrigação com água salina de 3,0 dS m-1 não influencia a atividade fotossintética das combinações copa/porta-enxerto de citros estudadas até a pré-floração. O genótipo Santa Cruz limão-cravo (LCRSTC) foi mais sensível à salinidade da água de irrigação quanto ao crescimento. As combinações menos sensíveis à salinidade foram compostas pelo Tahiti enxertado com o TSKFL x (LCR x TR) - 018, TSKFL x TRBK - 011 e TSKFL x TRBK - 30.