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HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Analysis) is a method of safety analysis, which is widely used in chemical processes. The conventional methods for safety analysis consist of human based safety analysis and computer aid safety analysis. All of them are off-line and qualitative and it is difficult to carry out on-line safety analysis. On-line safety analysis based on scenario object model was proposed for chemical processes. The scenario object model was built using ontology, by which the safety information can be transferred, reused and shared effectively. Deviation degree and qualitative trend were added to the model. Based on the model and new inference algorithm, on-line safety analysis can be implemented for chemical processes. Once a fault or abnormal event occurs, the causes can be traced and the consequences can be predicted. At the same time, semi-quantitative safety analysis is carried out. The resolution can be improved and it can help the operators handle the problems in time and effectively. The method was used for safety analysis of a reactor process and the effectiveness of the method was proved.

Background: Late medieval England underwent intensive urbanisation, particularly in its largest city: London. Urban dwellers were exposed to factors such as high population density, elevated risk of infection, unsanitary living conditions and precarious food supplies. Aim: To assess whether the urban environment was more detrimental to health than the rural environment, this study compares risks of mortality and survival, as proxies for health, in medieval urban vs rural England. Subjects and methods: This study uses samples from rural St. Peter’s cemetery in Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire (c. 1150–1500) and urban St. Mary Spital cemetery in London (c. 1120–1539). Cox proportional hazards analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis are used to assess differences in mortality and survival between urban and rural environments, including differences between sexes. Results: The results indicate that urban adults faced elevated risks of dying and reductions in survivorship. Specifically, urban females faced elevated risks of dying and reductions in survivorship, while the risks for males were similar in both environments. Discussion: These results suggest that the effects of urbanisation in medieval England varied by sex. Deleterious conditions associated with urbanisation in London were hazardous for adults, particularly females who may have migrated into London from rural areas for labour opportunities.

Background and aims: Metro driving is one of the newest jobs in Iran. Therefore, there are few studies were conducted on the tasks and hazards of metro drivers. The objective of this study was task and hazard analysis of metro drivers to recommend control measures. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Metro organization in Tehran during 2012-2013. In this mixed method study, data generation was made through field observations, document reviews, individual interviews, focus group interviews and focus group discussions. Many models and techniques include Task Analysis, Organizational Accident Model, Energy Model, Human Factor Analysis and Classification, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Event Tree Analysis, Management Oversight and Risk Tree, Risk Priority Number, and Lower and Upper Control Levels were used to data analysis. Results: Metro driving has both many tasks and hazards. Most hazards were under upper control level while Automatic Train Protection (ATP) was active. In contrast, when ATP was inactive, most hazards were over upper control level. Conclusion: Commitment to customer over commitment to safety was root cause of all of systematic failures and hazards in metro driving job and operation. Establishment of permit-to-work system can control many of hazards while ATP is inactive.

Abstract A once‐per‐century geoelectric hazard map is created for the U.S. high‐voltage power grid. A statistical extrapolation from 31 years of magnetic field measurements is made by identifying 84 geomagnetic storms with the Kp and Dst indices. Data from 24 geomagnetic observatories, 1,079 magnetotelluric survey sites, and 17,258 transmission lines are utilized to perform a geoelectric hazard analysis with the most comprehensive data publicly available. With these data, we estimate once‐per‐century geoelectric fields at the magnetotelluric survey sites and calculate the theoretical voltages within transmission lines in the U.S. power grid. Once‐per‐century geoelectric field strengths span more than 3 orders of magnitude from a minimum of 0.02 V/km at a site in Idaho to a maximum of 27.2 V/km at a site in Maine, with nearly 30% of the surveyed land area exceeding 1 V/km. We show the influence that geoelectric field polarization has on geoelectric hazards when viewed on a power transmission network. The calculated transmission line voltages can approach 1,000 V in some transmission lines. Four regions in the United States with particularly notable geoelectric hazards are identified and discussed: the East Coast, Pacific Northwest, Upper Midwest, and the Denver metropolitan area.

Based on the historical data of meteorological disasters in East China during 2004–2015, the overall characteristics, interannual variations and the hazards of meteorological disasters in different provinces of East China were analyzed. The results indicated that flood disaster (including landslide and mud-rock flow) induced by rainstorms had caused the largest affected area and total failure area of crops, and also caused the largest number of affected people and collapsed houses. Strong convection weather (including gale, hail, thunder and lightning) disaster resulted in the largest number of deaths and typhoon disaster caused the greatest direct economic losses. There were significant decreasing trends in the affected area and the total failure area of crops, and the number of affected people and deaths during 2004–2015, while the direct economic loss caused by meteorological disasters showed no significant trend in East China. The hazards of meteorological disasters had obvious regional differences. In the northern part of East China, the hazards of drought and strong convection weather disasters were higher, but in the southern part, there were higher hazards of flood disaster. In the eastern coastal areas of East China, the hazards of typhoon disaster were higher. Hazard analysis of meteorological disasters has important significances for disaster prevention and mitigation, risk management and crisis response.

The article discusses how major climatic impact drivers, including rising sea levels, intensifying storms and increasing precipitation rates, increase the likelihood of hazardous flooding in the city of Providence in Rhode Island. Topics covered include how the city and its healthcare infrastructure face growing risks from climate change, the climatic impact on the city and the causes of flooding.

ABSTRACT The increase in runoff volume due to urban sprawl has imposed a challenge to current urban drainage systems and future projects in order to add sustainable strategies for effective flood control especially in consolidated urban areas that would require retrofitting of urban areas with additional social and economic costs. This study is aimed at evaluating alternatives of drainage solutions in a consolidated urban area in the Federal District of Brazil, located in Savanna region, based on the reduction of peak flow and flooded volume in the areas exposed to flood hazard. Different solutions based on the concepts of Low Impact Development (LID) were simulated, showing that the current traditional drainage system is not in compliance with local regulations in the Federal District. In addition, the use of permeable pavements and stormwater ponds could reduce at least 46% of the flooded volume. When placed along with the drainage network, not only at the outlet, stormwater ponds were able to reduce the flooded volume and its hazard and damages. However, LIDs solutions were not able to completely eliminate floods in the region. Structural changes, as resizing the conduits into the drainage systems in the area, could improve the drainage system effectiveness avoiding floods and respective hazards and damages.

The food safety is the main concern of the politicians and inhabitants in whole Europe. According the currently valid legislation the food should be save. The food should be safe from all aspects: chemical, microbiological, physical and radiological. Physical hazard/foreign body in food is perceived by public as something to be very simply solved by food business operators. However, foreign body is the biggest single source of customer complaints received by food business operators, retailers and enforcement authorities. In even the best-managed processes, the accidental presence of unwanted items could occasionally occur. Foreign body in food is believed to be a matter of concern to all food business operators. However, the level of inclusion of physical hazards by Czech food business operators in the hazard analysis is still low. Consumers experience with foreign bodies in food or even health problems caused by foreign bodies is continuing high level. Consumer complaints regarding foreign bodies reported from food products should be an important question for the food industry that should implement corrective actions to prevent such unwanted events.

The Intelligent Railway Driving Assistance System (IRDAS) is a novel kind of onboard system that relies on its own situational awareness function to ensure the safety and efficiency of train driving. In such systems, the use of situational awareness brings about a new fault-free safety problem, i.e., the safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF). It is essential to analyze the SOTIF-related hazardous factors for ensuring a safe train operation. In this paper, a hazard analysis approach is proposed to capture and evaluate SOTIF-related hazardous factors of IRDAS. This approach consists of an extended STPA-based hazardous factor identification part and a complex network-based hazardous factor evaluation part. In the first part, an extended control structure of STPA is designed for the modeling of the situational awareness process, followed by a new classification of SOTIF-related causal scenarios to assist the identification of causal scenarios. In the second part, a modeling method for heterogeneous complex networks and some customized topological indexes are proposed to evaluate the hazardous factors identified in the STPA causal analysis. The outcomes of the approach can help develop targeted hazard control strategies. The proposed approach has been applied to a new IRDAS operating in Tsuen Wan Line of Hong Kong MTR. The result shows that the approach is effective for the analysis of hazardous factors and is helpful for the formulation of hazard control strategies.

A once‐per‐century geoelectric hazard map is created for the U.S. high‐voltage power grid. A statistical extrapolation from 31 years of magnetic field measurements is made by identifying 84 geomagnetic storms with the Kp and Dst indices. Data from 24 geomagnetic observatories, 1,079 magnetotelluric survey sites, and 17,258 transmission lines are utilized to perform a geoelectric hazard analysis with the most comprehensive data publicly available. With these data, we estimate once‐per‐century geoelectric fields at the magnetotelluric survey sites and calculate the theoretical voltages within transmission lines in the U.S. power grid. Once‐per‐century geoelectric field strengths span more than 3 orders of magnitude from a minimum of 0.02 V/km at a site in Idaho to a maximum of 27.2 V/km at a site in Maine, with nearly 30% of the surveyed land area exceeding 1 V/km. We show the influence that geoelectric field polarization has on geoelectric hazards when viewed on a power transmission network. The calculated transmission line voltages can approach 1,000 V in some transmission lines. Four regions in the United States with particularly notable geoelectric hazards are identified and discussed: the East Coast, Pacific Northwest, Upper Midwest, and the Denver metropolitan area. Key Points: Conductivity structure of Earth imparts more than 3 orders of magnitude difference in geoelectric hazards for the United StatesEstimated geoelectric fields for a once‐per‐century geomagnetic storm are predicted to exceed 1 V/km at 30% of the surveyed land areaThe geoelectric field amplitude and polarization couple into the power grid to produce almost 1,000 V in some transmission lines [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the difference of the methodologies between ISO 22000:2005 and ISO 22000:2018. Compared to the methodology of food safety management system ISO 22000:2005, the methodology of ISO 22000:2018 has not been seen yet. The methodology established in this study was based on the differences of ISO 22000:2018 and ISO 22000:2005 and the abundant experiences of author toward the counseling of verification. The high-level structural management of ISO 22000:2018 can be integrated with other management systems. The risk which was assessed through the severity and possibilities could be converted into an opportunity according to the new method of risk evaluation of ISO 22000:2018 based on the CODEX HACCP. Relatedly, through the implementation of the HACCP system, the key regulatory terms relevant for adherence to ISO 22000:2018 have been added and revised. In particular, the new regulations state that the members of food safety management committees must either possess the expertise required to determine hazards or seek the assistance of outside experts when necessary. This regulation must be effectively implemented in the FSMS of small- and medium-sized enterprises throughout the world. In addition, the key terms and definitions of ISO 22000:2018 such as critical control points, prerequisite programs, and operation prerequisite programs are more clearly defined and consistent with the standard operating procedures of effective food safety management systems. ISO 22000:2018 also pays greater attention to the two "plan, do, check, action" (PDCA) cycles including food safety management system and food safety level. These two PDCA cycles emphasize the need for independent operation but should also be implemented such that they have close synergy and harmony with each other. This methodology was used for the verification of ISO 22000:2018 of seven factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum daily rainfall, maximum wind speed, and storm surge frequency during the typhoon period were obtained based on the main landing paths of typhoons in Fujian Province, China. Methods such as the Pearson III probability distribution function, information diffusion theory, and entropy weight theory were used to analyze the hazard of the disaster-causing factors of typhoons with different landing paths. The results show that the hazard of typhoon disasters in Fujian Province gradually decreases from the eastern coastal area to the western inland area, but the hazards notably differ between different landing paths. The dominant factor affecting the hazards of typhoon disasters in Fujian Province is the typhoon rainstorm. The hazard analysis of typhoon disasters based on different landing paths can provide more specific and reliable information for the comprehensive risk assessment of typhoon disasters. Furthermore, it can provide a more scientific decision basis for the customization of disaster reduction plans in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The STPA has been applied for systemic analysis of an anesthesiological process. • Qualitative research has been used to elicit knowledge for the STPA. • The STPA allowed identifying functional risk areas in the process. • A list of control actions has been defined to reduce systemic risks. Anesthesiological practices are complex activities with inherent risks. Hazard assessment techniques based on cause-effect links and linear reasoning do not adequately represent the actual behavior of modern socio-technical systems, which are characterized by tight couplings and interactions among technical, human and organizational aspects. Analysing hazards following a linear perspective may result in a not completely effective management of process safety. This paper discusses the need for a systemic analysis for healthcare practices, applying such perspective to an anesthesiological process. More specifically, it aims to define process hazards, and unsafe control actions for preoperative and intraoperative anesthesiological activities, extending simple cause-effect reasoning through the System Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) and its hazard analysis technique, i.e. System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA). The outcomes of the study based on qualitative research techniques point out the relevance of a systemic approach, with implications for process management. It is argued that the adoption of strict procedures to constraint the variability of everyday work represents a valuable solution only for some specific tasks, while for many others variability has to be accepted as a means to enhance patient safety in a healthy work environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to improve underwater vehicles in the coming decades has arisen from their increase in numbers and the movement away from the fields of marine research to marine tourism. This study explores the causes of submarine incidents from 1900 to 2009, using the SPSS 17.0 program to distinguish and decompose patterns. The results show that the root causes of such setbacks are flooding and sinking, fire, and explosion. In fact, even the most advanced atomic submarines were plagued by the problem of defects and human error. Given the camouflage innovations created by submarines, governments should consider establishing international agreements with different countries, similar to flight identification zones but for submarines, to offset the imaginable potential impact. In addition, the preparation and training of all diving vehicle managers should be strengthened because human error is one of the main drivers of submarine setbacks. Therefore, avoiding such mistakes is the basis for successful endeavors. The survey results presented during this inspection can increase the safety of underwater traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new systems approach to safety, called STPA, was demonstrated. • STPA was found to holistically analyze system safety. • The method highlights interactions between humans, hardware, and software. • STPA identified a larger set of causal scenarios than FMEA. In recent years, technology in the medical industry has been advancing to provide safe and systematic medical care. However, medical technologies and treatments have also become more complicated, presenting new challenges for the traditional approaches used to engineer safety-critical systems. This research compares one of the most popular approaches in the medical device industry, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), with a relatively new method, System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), in the context of a tomographic treatment system. STPA is found to be an effective means to ensure the quality of TomoTherapy and to conduct a holistic hazard analysis including both human and technical factors. A comparison of STPA and FMEA results found that STPA can identify a larger set of causal scenarios. The interactions of humans, hardware, and software were highlighted through the new STPA approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to perform hazard analysis based on the HACCP principles on the meatball production of a popular bakso restaurant in Malang City that has had 200 franchises spread in 15 provinces in Indonesia. This analysis was conducted to control the potential biological, chemical, and physical hazards in every stage of the manufacturing chain, from production to serving to consumers. Data were collected through survey and close observation into the production kitchen. The HACCP steps performed were the identification of hazards, determination of CCPs, setting of critical limits, and formulation of corrective actions. The results showed that the phases considered as critical control points are the raw material receipt, meatball shaping by hand, meatball draining, storage, distribution, and serving. The major hazard identified in each process is the growth of pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By considering the integrity of microcosmic and comprehensive geomorphological features, this article intends to develop a quantitative method for regional risk assessment of debris flow by analyzing the in-depth relations among hazard-forming environments, disaster factors and elements at risk. Taking the debris flows in the Longxi River Basin in China as a case study, an approach based on the hydrological response unit (HRU) is proposed by establishing both a model and system for regional risk assessment to analyze the hazard of debris flows and the exposure and vulnerability of elements at risk. The HRU-based approach consists of 11 disaster factors: topographic slope; relative elevation difference; lithology; channel gradient; fault; disturbed area; rainfall; and the type, location, fragility and economic value of the elements at risk. Specifically, a hazard integrated model is built by considering the hazard factors and their corresponding weights to evaluate the hazard level of debris flow. Through determining the type, quantity, distribution, economic value and fragility of hazard-affected objects in a region, methods are established to determine the exposure and vulnerability of different elements at risk. Validated by using a field study of actual debris flows, a debris-flow risk map is obtained, and the assessment results are in accordance with the actual disaster situation. The analyses show that the distributions of zones with high risk and above (i.e., where hazard densities and economic activities are considerably high) are closely correlated with the topographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the debris flow catchment. These findings suggest that the assessment results provide scientific support for planning measures to prevent or reduce debris flow hazards; thus, the presented method may serve as a pertinent guidance for regional risk assessment of debris flows in both the Longxi River Basin and beyond. • Hydrological response unit (HRU) can sufficiently describe the comprehensive characteristics of geomorphology and hazard-forming conditions related to debris flow. • A factor system was quantified and built to analyze the in-depth relations among natural environments, disaster factors and elements at risk. • An HRU-based and quantitative approach for evaluating regional risk debris-flow effectively improves the reasonability and applicability of risk assessment of debris flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The population of Roman Britain are renowned for having elevated nitrogen (δ15) stable isotope values, which have been interpreted as evidence for the increased consumption of marine products. However, such results are now understood to also reflect episodes of stress and disease, suggesting that new interpretations are warranted. Aim: To test a novel approach which combines hazard mortality analysis and stable isotope data to determine whether there is a relationship between age-at-death, elevated δ15N values and mortality risk. Subjects and methods: This study used published osteological and dietary stable isotope data for nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) of 659 1st–5th century AD individuals aged >12 years old excavated from Roman cemeteries in Britain. The relationship between diet and mortality risk was assessed using the Gompertz hazard model, and differences in median reported isotope values between the sexes was determined using a Mann Whitney test. Results: It was discovered that higher δ15N levels are associated with elevated risks of mortality, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for δ13C, and males had higher median δ13C and δ15N values. Conclusion: This study successfully demonstrated that stable isotope data can be integrated into hazard models, allowing one to connect diet and mortality in past populations. It supports the findings of other isotope studies which have established that individuals with childhood stress/trauma will have different isotope patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rockfall hazard is a very common phenomenon mainly occurring in mountainous slopes, coastal cliffs, volcanoes, riverside, and trenches. In the present research, a model is developed for hazard analysis of seismic rockfalls on a regional scale. For this purpose, three models including Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP), and radial basis function artificial neural network (RBF) were utilized. Firooz Abad-Kojour earthquake of 2004 was used as the benchmark and the model base. The rockfall-susceptible zones predicted by ANFIS, MLP, and RBF methods were compared with the database (distribution map) of seismic rockfalls. The results showed a good overlap between MLP-predicted rockfall hazard zones and database (distribution map) of seismic rockfalls. To evaluate the statistical results of ANFIS, MLP, and RBF models, the verification parameters with high accuracy such as density ratio, quality sum (Qs), and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve were employed. By analyzing the hazard maps and considering the Qs index obtained by ANFIS (26.76) and MLP (49.19), and RBF (13.84), it could be observed that the calculated Qs of MLP were higher than those of ANFIS and RBF. Moreover, based on the obtained value of the area under the curve from ANFIS (0.984), MLP (0.986), and RBF methods (0.884), it is seen that the MLP network, compared to ANFIS and RBF models, provided a higher accuracy in hazard analysis of rockfalls caused by the earthquake of Firooz Abad-Kojour of 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedded real-time systems are extensively used in safety-critical environments，such as transportation，aerospace and nuclear power systems. Although system design may not have any defects ？ random failures due to wear of physical components or sudden changes in the environment can cause system hazards during operation. Currently，the hazard analysis methods based on failure propagation model either only consider failure propagation time or just failure probability，and do not comprehensively analyze the impact of the failure propagation time and the failure probability on the hazard analysis. Timed failure propagation graphs (TFPGs) are usually used to model the failure propagation process in the design phase o£ a safety-critical system，which includes failure propagation delay modeling. Considering the effect o£ the uncertainty of failure propagation path on the probability of the hazard occurrence，we propose a hazard analysis method，which uses the probabilistic-TFPGs to model the failure propagation process. We also design an analysis algorithm to obtain the correlation between occurrence time and occurrence probability. Finally，a case is given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the present work a promising method for elemental impurities quantification, such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in medicinal plants, called Multi-Wavelength Calibration - MWC, is shown. Calibration and quantification are performed with only two solutions. The first solution contains sample and a standard solution of known concentration of each analyte (1:1 v−1), and the second solution contains sample and a blank sample solution (1:1 v−1). The method was validated using addition and recovery tests, and content quantification of each analyte in SRM 1570a and SRM 1575a. The recoveries obtained were between 96.90–99.90% and relative standard deviation of 1.40%. The results obtained in the quantification of SRMs demonstrate excellent method accuracy. The levels of elemental impurities present in medicinal plants had concentrations above that allowed for As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb, and higher concentrations for arsenic, when compared to the maximum limits allowed by the Brazilian Pharmaceutical, World Health Organization, National Sanitation Foundation International and European Medicines Agency. The results demonstrated that the MWC is a fast, accurate and highly sensitive alternative to the methods used by the main regulatory agencies to determine elemental impurities in medicinal and phytotherapeutic plants. Highlights • Promising quantification method • Rapid method of analysis and detection of toxic metals • Highly sensitive and efficient matrix-matching calibration method • Quantifying elemental impurities in phytotherapeutic plants in order to meet the main international regulatory agencies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As our society becomes more and more dependent on IT systems, failures of these systems can harm more and more people and organizations. Diligently performing risk and hazard analysis helps to minimize the potential harm of IT system failures on the society and increases the probability of their undisturbed operation. Risk and hazard analysis is an important activity for the development and operation of critical software intensive systems, but the increased complexity and size puts additional requirements on the effectiveness of risk and hazard analysis methods. This paper presents a qualitative comparison of two hazard analysis methods, failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) and system theoretic process analysis (STPA), using case study research methodology. Both methods have been applied on the same forward collision avoidance system to compare the effectiveness of the methods and to investigate what are the main differences between them. Furthermore, this study also evaluates the analysis process of both methods by using a qualitative criteria derived from the technology acceptance model (TAM). The results of the FMEA analysis were compared to the results of the STPA analysis, which were presented in a previous study. Both analyses were conducted on the same forward collision avoidance system. The comparison shows that FMEA and STPA deliver similar analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Losses of stiffer buildings resulted higher because of their higher seismic hazard. • Losses for the studied buildings are less than estimated for RC frame buildings. • Losses are mainly due to the cases of non-collapse. • Repair costs of partitions contributed the most to the total loss of the buildings. This research paper evaluates the effect of lateral stiffness on expected economic losses in reinforced concrete shear wall buildings designed following current Chilean standards, including DS60 and DS61. Economic losses were evaluated for a group of four 20-story archetype buildings located in Santiago, Chile. The methodology developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center was considered to estimate economic losses. The expected annual loss (EAL) and the present value (PV) of the losses in 50 years were used as measures of economic loss. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, which considered the seismicity of central Chile, was performed to estimate both metrics. The results show that when the lateral stiffness of the building increases, the EAL also increases. This implies that stiffer buildings are more vulnerable from an economic point of view. This counter-intuitive finding results from the higher seismic hazard of stiffer buildings and the minimum design base shear required by DS61 that governed the design of the studied buildings. Additionally, it was found that the EAL and the PV of losses in 50 years for the four archetypes do not exceed 0.3% and 7.8% of the total construction cost of the buildings, respectively. These monetary losses are relatively low, which is consistent with the outstanding seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear wall buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unmanned merchant vessel seems to be escaping from the stage of idea exploration. Once the concept proofs its safety, it may become a part of maritime reality. Although the safety aspect of such a ship has been addressed by a handful of scholars, the problem remains open. This is mainly due to lack of knowledge regarding actual operational circumstances and design of unmanned ships, which are yet to be developed. In the attempt of bridging this gap, the risk analysis associated with unmanned ships needs to be carried out, where all relevant hazards and consequences are assessed and quantified in systematic manner. In this paper we present the results of a first step of such analysis, namely the hazard analysis associated with the unmanned ships. The list of hazards covers various aspects of unmanned shipping originating from both design and operational phases of vessel’s life. Subsequently the hazards and related consequences are organized in a casual manner, resulting in the development of a structure of a risk model.

In the last decades, critical systems have increasingly been developed using computers and software even in space area, where the project approach is usually very conservative. In the projects of rockets, satellites and its facilities, like ground support systems, simulators, among other critical operations for the space mission, it must be applied a hazard analysis. The ELICERE process was created to perform a hazard analysis mainly over computer critical systems, in order to define or evaluate its safety and dependability requirements, strongly based on Hazards and Operability Study and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis techniques. It aims to improve the project design or understand the potential hazards of existing systems improving their functions related to functional or non-functional requirements. Then, the main goal of the ELICERE process is to ensure the safety and dependability goals of a space mission. The process, at the beginning, was created to operate manually in a gradual way. Nowadays, a software tool called PRO-ELICERE was developed, in such a way to facilitate the analysis process and store the results for reuse in another system analysis. To understand how ELICERE works and its tool, a small example of space study case was applied, based on a hypothetical rocket of the Cruzeiro do Sul family, developed by the Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço in Brazil.

A corridor is an area located between two or more protected areas that are important to support the sustainability of the protected areas. This study is aimed at assessing landslide and drought hazard in the corridor area between Mt. Merapi National Park (MMNP) and Mt. Merbabu National Park (MMbNP) as a part of the corridor management strategy. The corridor area of MMNP and MMbNP comprises four sub-districts in Central Java Province, namely, Sawangan, Selo, Ampel, and Cepogo. A spatial analysis of ArcGIS 10.1 software was used to assess landslide hazard map and the Thorntwaite-Matter Water Balance approach was used to assess drought hazard map. The results have shown that three villages in Cepogo Sub-district and all villages in Selo Sub-district are highly prone to landslide hazard. Furthermore, two villages in Cepogo Sub-district and four villages in Selo Sub-district are prone to drought hazard. This study suggests that these villages should initiate a program called conservation village model based on disaster mitigation for mitigating future landslide and drought disasters.