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Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis are pathogens of honey bees that cause nosemosis, a disease implicated in colony losses worldwide. They are obligate intracellular pathogens infecting the midgut epithelial cells of adult honey bees. Although N. ceranae was originally a pathogen specific of Apis cerana, currently, it is found in Apis mellifera throughout most of the world. Due to their confined environments, which limited pathogen transmission and dissemination, islands are unique places for epidemiological studies. There are only a few Varroa destructor-free and possibly even fewer N. ceranae-free honey bee sanctuaries in the world, with the Azores being one. Even though with the exception of Santa Maria and Flores, nosemosis has been present in the Azores since 2008, the causal species has yet to be identified. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and infection levels of Nosema spp. in the Azorean honey bees. In 2014/2015, 474 colonies were sampled on Faial, Flores, Pico, Graciosa, São Jorge, São Miguel, Santa Maria, and Terceira. Additionally, São Jorge, Santa Maria, Faial, and Terceira were re-sampled in 2020 with a total of 91 colonies. DNA was extracted, and the diagnosis and Nosema spp. loads were obtained by multiplex PCR and RT-qPCR. The findings indicate that N. ceranae appears to be the dominant species in the Azores. N. apis was only detected in 2014/2015 with a very low prevalence (5.1%). N. ceranae prevalence varied between 2.7%, on São Jorge, and 50.7%, on Pico. In 2020, N. ceranae positive colonies increased significantly on Terceira (57.1%) and São Jorge (50.0%). N. ceranae was not detected on Santa Maria in both periods. Average infection levels in positive N. ceranae colonies were usually medium to high (>10-7 ng/μl), with São Jorge colonies displaying the greatest infection intensity (>10-5 ng/ μl). This study highlights the Azores archipelago as a unique place for beekeeping, with islands free of N. ceranae and V. destructor, which are two important stressors that afflict honey bees in the world. Financial support was provided by Portuguese funds through FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) in the framework of the project BeeHappy (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029871). ARL was supported by a PhD scholarship (SFRH/BD/143627/2019) from the FCT. FCT provided financial support by national funds (FCT/MCTES) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O MEDIBEES - “Monitorização das subespécies de abelhas do Mediterrâneo e a sua resiliência às mudanças climáticas para o melhoramento sustentável dos agroecossistemas” – é um projeto científico financiado pela Comissão Europeia, no âmbito do programa PRIMA SECTION 1 2020 FARMING RIA (tópico 1.2.1-2020 “Genetic conservation and animal feeds; sub-tópico A - Conservation and valorization of local Animal Genetic Resources). O projeto teve início em maio de 2021, terminará em abril de 2024 e é coordenado por Raquel Martín-Hernández, investigadora do Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental de Marchamalo, Espanha. Para além deste centro de investigação, e do Centro de Investigação de Montanha (Instituto Politécnico de Bragança), fazem parte do consórcio MEDIBEES o Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (Itália), University of Malta (Malta), University of Namik Kemal (Turquia), M'Hamed Bougara University of Boumerdès (Argélia), Lebanese University (Líbano), National Agricultural Research Center (Jordânia) e Jordanian Beekeepers Union. O MEDIBEES é financiado pela Comissão Europeia através do programa PRIMA SECTION 1 2020 FARMING RIA (tópico 1.2.1-2020 “Genetic conservation and animal feeds; sub-tópico A - Conservation and valorization of local Animal Genetic Resources). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Apis mellifera is represented by 31 presently acknowledged subspecies that are native to Asia, Africa, and Europe. Approximately 40% of that richness evolved in the Mediterranean region, as the result of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Understanding and preserving such diversity will help to promote the honey bee’s resilience to climate change and biotic stressors, which is the main goal of the MEDIBEES project. This goal will be addressed by the following objectives: a) elucidate the genetic background of the Mediterranean subspecies, b) uncover the genetic basis of their adaptation to the local conditions, c) evaluate the respective conservation status, and d) assess their resilience to climate change. To that end, over 1300 geo-referenced colonies representing 9 subspecies (A. m. ligustica, A. m. siciliana, A. m. ruttneri, A. m. sahariensis, A. m. intermissa, A. m. syriaca, A. m. anatoliaca, A. m. caucasia and A. m. meda) are being sampled in 6 Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Italia, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta and Turkey). The samples will be whole-genome sequenced using Illumina technology. These newly generated genome datasets will be combined with those previously obtained for A. m. iberiensis from Spain and Portugal, and the data will be subjected to a battery of analytical tools. Here, we describe how the massive whole-genome dataset will be scrutinized to fully address the MEDIBEES objectives. This project promises to generate unprecedented knowledge on the differential vulnerability and resilience of the Mediterranean honey bee subspecies to the main environmental stressors typical of this region. MEDIBEES - Monitoring the Mediterranean Honey Bee Subspecies and their Resilience to Climate Change for the Improvement of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems; BEEHAPPY ([POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029871]; FCT and COMPETE/QREN/EU). MEDIBEES is part of the PRIMA program supported by the European Union. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

El fin de este trabajo es concienciar al alumnado acerca del cambio climático a través del uso de las canciones en las clases de francés. A la hora de trabajar este tema, los profesores suelen aportar documentos como gráficos, estadísticas y textos con una infinidad de cifras y porcentajes. Por lo que puede ser un contenido complejo, complicado o tedioso para el alumnado, y más aún para el primer ciclo de secundaria. Por este motivo, llevaremos a cabo un trabajo de innovación con una propuesta didáctica centrada en la sensibilización al cambio climático a través de la canción, un recurso que puede ser motivador a la vez que enriquecedor y ameno para los alumnos. Esta situación de aprendizaje se realizará en el IES Benito Pérez Armas e irá orientada a 1º ESO. L'objectif de ce travail est de sensibiliser les élèves au changement climatique par l'utilisation de chansons dans les cours de français. Lorsqu'ils travaillent sur ce sujet, les enseignants fournissent souvent des documents tels que des graphiques, des statistiques et des textes comportant un nombre infini de chiffres et de pourcentages. Il peut donc s'agir d'un contenu complexe, compliqué ou fastidieux pour les élèves, et encore plus pour le premier cycle de l'enseignement secondaire. Pour cette raison, nous réaliserons un travail d'innovation avec une proposition didactique axée sur la sensibilisation au changement climatique à travers la chanson, une ressource qui peut être motivante ainsi qu'enrichissante et agréable pour les élèves. Cette situation d'apprentissage sera réalisée dans l'IES Benito Pérez Armas pour les élèves de la 1 ère ESO

Beekeeping provides a livelihood for hundreds of thousands of beekeepers in the Mediterranean area. This activity relies on a number of different indigenous subspecies, adapted to the very diverse and harsh conditions of the region. Climate change is expected to increase the stress factors affecting bees, especially in this region, reducing both pollination efficiency and production potential. Unfortunately, our ability to address this problem is limited by the incomplete knowledge of the natural adaptation mechanisms developed by the different subspecies. In order to increase the knowledge base for future selection programs to improve bee populations for environmental changes, the MEDIBEES project is being developed. It includes 9 partners from 8 Mediterranean countries on all three shores of the Mediterranean, covering 10 local subspecies of A. mellifera, which represents a remarkable and poorly known proportion of the genetic diversity. The project aims to: a) unravel the differential genetic background of Mediterranean subspecies, b) understand their adaptation to local conditions, and c) characterize their resistance to climate change. To achieve the objectives, colonies belonging to the local subspecies will be studied phenotypically to determine their behavior under environmental conditions, covering survival, sensitivity to pests/pathogens, behavior, physiology and reproduction which will be completed by gene expression and transcriptomic assays. In addition, complete genomes of field and laboratory samples will be sequenced to find genes putatively involved in adaptation and to develop new genetic tools to characterize honey bee populations according to their resistance to environmental stress factors. This effort will encourage the use of local subspecies, to make them more attractive and avoid importing foreign breeds, and will lay the foundation for future selection programs. Besides, the valorization of honey by both promoting its use and developing quality labels, and the evaluation of beekeeping by-products as modifiers of soil fertility and biota are also approached to help the beekeepers improve the sustainability of their farms in an economical and environmental sound manner., peer-reviewed

El mieloma múltiple (MM) es una neoplasia hematológica caracterizada por la expansión de células plasmáticas clonales con inmunofenotipo aberrante. A día de hoy, existe evidencia de asociación entre dicho inmunofenotipo y el pronóstico del paciente que sufre la enfermedad. No obstante, con los avances en el tratamiento y los nuevos fármacos empleados (inhibidores del proteosoma e inmunomoduladores), dicha asociación podría verse modificada. El objetivo de este proyecto fue describir si dicha asociación sigue siendo válida en la actualidad. Para ello, realizamos un estudio observacional descriptivo con una muestra compuesta por 77 pacientes diagnosticados de MM en el HUNSC, desde febrero de 2017 hasta febrero de 2020. Se clasificó a los pacientes según el inmunofenotipo presentado y se valoró la progresión de la enfermedad tras el tratamiento. Finalmente, se concluyó que, aún incluyendo los nuevos fármacos en el tratamiento del MM, la asociación entre el inmunofenotipo y la evolución del paciente parece seguir guardando correlación. Sin embargo, sería necesario un tamaño muestral mayor para afirmar dicha asociación Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic neoplasm characterized by the expansion of clonal plasma cells with aberrant immunophenotype. To date, there is evidence of an association between immunophenotype and the prognosis of the patient suffering from the disease. However, with advances in treatment and new drugs used (proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulators), this association could be modified. The objective of this project was to describe whether this association is still valid today. To do this, we carried out a descriptive observational study with a sample made up of 77 patients diagnosed with MM at the HUNSC, from February 2017 to February 2020. The patients were classified according to the immunophenotype presented and the progression of the disease after the treatment. Finally, it was concluded that, even including the new drugs in the treatment of MM, the association between the immunophenotype and the evolution of the patient seems to continue to be correlated. However, a larger sample size would be necessary to affirm this association.

MEDIBEES is a PRIMA funded project that aims to identify honeybee colonies and subspecies that are most resilient to climate change and common pathogens throughout the Mediterranean region. Honeybees are critical to sustainable agricultural systems and the project aims to contribute to sustainability in the context of the increased desertification of the region due to climate change. As part of this project an intensive investigation of beekeeping was carried out within the consortium, with the objectives of 1) understanding the main practices in place, 2) identifying trends and challenges faced by beekeepers. This would help guide the consortium in framing research questions that are rooted in the requirements of the stakeholders. A questionnaire was therefore developed and circulated among beekeepers from Algeria, Egypt, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Portugal, Spain and Turkey in late June 2021. To date, over 1300 detailed responses have been collected. This study has yielded an important first profile of the nature of the apicultural industry for many of these participating countries. In this presentation, a description of the socio-demographics and the diverse management practice in place among beekeepers across the Mediterranean will be presented. In addition, important first-time data on the distribution of hives, the main sources of losses including current biotic and abiotic threats, the characteristics and ecological trends of both native and introduced honey bee subspecies in the different geographical regions will be described as experienced by the major stakeholders ie beekeepers. Finally, notably and overwhelmingly, beekeepers from the Mediterranean region list changes in weather patterns as the major factor affecting colony losses and profitability. This was followed closely by indiscriminant use of agricultural insecticides and urbanisation., peer-reviewed

Globally honeybees are threatened by a plethora of biotic and abiotic stressors. One factor of great concern is climate change due to its direct impact on wild and agricultural ecosystems. Indeed beekeeping, with its symbiotic interdependence with vegetation, is an industry that will be strongly affected by climate change. Although the Mediterranean is a region that is highly vulnerable to climate change, no study has comprehensively analysed the possible effects on honeybees. The MEDIBEES project aims to remedy this situation by studying the honeybee subspecies native to the Mediterranean region and their resilience to climate change, in an attempt to safeguard the beekeeping sector. In this framework, the following approaches were adopted to determine the common Practices, Challenges and Problems in the region and to identify scientific gaps and solutions expected by beekeepers: Review of the effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on honeybee colonies as well as legislation in the MEDIBEES consortium to identify common threats; Study of current challenges, priority areas considered by beekeepers as important to survive as an industry, beekeeping practices and existing resources in each country to determine common trends and challenges across the Mediterranean; Analysis of the responses to a questionnaire distributed among 1160 beekeepers to obtain information on stakeholder practices, challenges faced and the main problems encountered. In this way, a profile of beekeeping activity and beekeepers in the region was obtained. The main challenges and problems identified were: a) changes in weather patterns that could be affect colony dynamics, production losses and increasing mortality; b) of incidence of pathogens in the area (Varroa destructor, Nosema ceranae, SBV and DWV) and the lack of training programmes to control them; c) agricultural insecticides and acaricide residues. As main areas of interest, beekeepers pointed out the possible existence of adapted ecotypes, the need for training to distinguish between hybrids and purebreds, and the study of the effect that climate change will have on phenology and plant availability and on changes in the distribution areas of pathogens in the area. This project is part of the PRIMA programme supported by the European Union., peer-reviewed

Póster presentado al 19th Christmas Meeting, celebrado en el Instituto de Neurociencias (IN-CSIC-UMH) los días 20 y 21 de diciembre de 2022., Grant PGC2018-101055-B-100.

Os Açores são um local único para estudos epidemiológicos da abelha devido à distribuição heterogénea de um dos principais responsáveis pelo seu declínio mundial: Varroa destructor. Ademais, o fungo Nosema ceranae e vários vírus têm sido apontados como um problema sanitário. Assim, este é o primeiro estudo epidemiológico nos Açores para avaliar o estatuto da N. ceranae e os mais importantes vírus das abelhas: BQCV1, SBV2, CBPV3, LSV4, DWV5, AKI6 e BeeMLV7. Analisaram-se 474 amostras de oito das nove ilhas em 2014/2015 e 92 de quatro ilhas em 2020. O ADN e ARN foram extraídos e o diagnóstico e carga viral foram obtidos por RT-qPCR. Apenas Flores e Sta Maria não têm Nc, nas restantes ilhas a carga é variável, ocorrendo um aumento significativo em S. Jorge e Terceira em 2020. Os vírus BQCV e LSV estão em todas as ilhas amostradas sendo as cargas virais significativamente diferentes entre elas. Relativamente ao LSV, Flores apresentou a carga mais baixa e Pico a mais elevada. SBV existe apenas no Faial e Pico, sem diferenças nas cargas. CBPV tem prevalências baixas, tendo sido detetado no Pico, S. Miguel, Graciosa, Terceira, Faial, com cargas elevadas, à exceção de Graciosa e Pico. S. Jorge e Terceira não têm DWV, sendo que as restantes têm prevalências variáveis e cargas virais diferentes em ambos os anos. AKI e BeeMLV não foram detetados. Este estudo mostra que os Açores são um local privilegiado para a apicultura, com várias ilhas livres dos principais patógenos que afligem a abelha melífera no mundo. Este estudo foi financiado pelo programa COMPETE 2020—POCI (Programa Operacional para a Competividade e Internacionalização) e pelos fundos portugueses através da FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) no âmbito do projeto BeeHappy (POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 029871). Os autores agradecem ainda à FCT pelo apoio financeiro ao CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) através de fundos nacionais FCT/MCTES. Ana Rita Lopes agradece a bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/143627/2019) concedida pela FCT. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Uno de los grandes problemas de los centros educativos en la actualidad es el acoso escolar, el cual se manifiesta con: bajo rendimiento del alumnado, agresiones entre iguales, absentismo, baja autoestima, depresión o suicidios (en casos más excepcionales). Por ello, se ha indagado diversas publicaciones sobre el acoso escolar, seleccionando los documentos que se centran en el objetivo principal de este proyecto que es conocer qué es el acoso escolar, las causas en la etapa de la Educación Primaria, así como las consecuencias que éste provoca, como también la relevancia que tiene la inteligencia emocional en las aulas a través de la educación emocional. No obstante, es de suma importancia orientar a los docentes mejor respecto al tema a tratar, cómo intervenir en él, cómo llegar a gestionarlo, ya que a raíz de ello proceden la mayor parte de las directrices educativas que el alumnado aprende. Finalmente, se ha de reseñar que para el presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado los recursos que se han empleado han sido extraídos de las plataformas de “Dialnet y Punto Q”, ya que estas ofrecen un amplio abanico de información del cual se ha enriquecido el presente estudio de revisión teórica. One of the major problems in schools today is bullying, which manifests itself in: low student performance, aggression among peers, absenteeism, low self-esteem, depression or suicide (in more exceptional cases). For this reason, several publications on bullying have been researched, selecting the documents that focus on the main objective of this project, which is to know what bullying is, the causes in the Primary Education stage, as well as the consequences it causes, and the relevance of emotional intelligence in the classroom through emotional education. However, it is of utmost importance to guide teachers better on the subject to be dealt with, how to intervene in it, how to manage it, since most of the educational guidelines that students learn come from it. Finally, it should be noted that for this Final Degree Project the resources used have been extracted from the "Dialnet and Punto Q" platforms, since they offer a wide range of information from which this theoretical review study has been enriched.

MEDIBEES is a PRIMA funded project that aims to identify honeybee colonies and subspecies that are most resilient to climate change and common pathogens throughout the Mediterranean region. Honeybees are critical to sustainable agricultural systems and the project aims to contribute to sustainability in the context of the increased desertification of the region due to climate change. As part of this project an intensive investigation of beekeeping was carried out within the consortium, with the objectives of 1) understanding the main practices in place, 2) identifying trends and challenges faced by beekeepers. This would help guide the consortium in framing research questions that are rooted in the requirements of the stakeholders. A questionnaire was therefore developed and circulated among beekeepers from Algeria, Egypt, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Portugal, Spain and Turkey in late June 2021. To date, over 1300 detailed responses have been collected. This study has yielded an important first profile of the nature of the apicultural industry for many of these participating countries. In this presentation, a description of the socio-demographics and the diverse management practice in place among beekeepers across the Mediterranean will be presented. In addition, important first-time data on the distribution of hives, the main sources of losses including current biotic and abiotic threats, the characteristics and ecological trends of both native and introduced honey bee subspecies in the different geographical regions will be described as experienced by the major stakeholders ie beekeepers. Finally, notably and overwhelmingly, beekeepers from the Mediterranean region list changes in weather patterns as the major factor affecting colony losses and profitability. This was followed closely by indiscriminant use of agricultural insecticides and urbanisation. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Nosema ceranae is a highly prevalent pathogen of Apis mellifera, which is distributed worldwide. However, there may still exist geographically isolated areas that remain free of this pathogen. While Nosema spp. spores have been identified in samples from the Azores archipelago since early 2000’s, whether those spores matched N. apis or N. ceranae was unknown until this study. To address this question, we used molecular tools (multiplex PCR and real-time qPCR) to scrutinize 474 colonies sampled from eight islands in 2014/2015 and 91 from four islands in 2020. The findings revealed that N. ceranae was not only present but also the dominant species in the Azores. In 2014/2015, N. apis was rare and N. ceranae prevalence varied between 2.7% in São Jorge and 50.7% in Pico. In 2020, N. ceranae prevalence increased significantly (p < 0.001) in Terceira and São Jorge, which also showed higher infection levels. The spatio-temporal patterns suggest that N. ceranae colonised the archipelago recently, and it rapidly spread across other islands, where at least two independent introductions might have occurred. Flores and Santa Maria have escaped the N. ceranae invasion, and it is remarkable that Santa Maria is also free of Varroa destructor, which makes it one of the last places in Europe where the honey bee remains naive to these two major biotic stressors. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

No âmbito do projeto MEDIBEES - Monitorização das subespécies de abelhas do Mediterrâneo e a sua resiliência às mudanças climáticas para o melhoramento sustentável dos agroecossistemas – realizou-se um inquérito, entre outubro e novembro de 2021, com o objetivo ultimo de se caracterizar e compreender a atividade apícola e os seus principais problemas em Portugal, relativamente a outros países da bacia Mediterrânea. Este inquérito foi simultaneamente implementado em Espanha, Itália, Malta, Turquia, Argélia, Líbano e Jordânia, países parceiros no consorcio MEDIBEES. O inquérito foi divulgado em Portugal através de correio eletrónico, enviado para todas as associações de apicultores listadas no portal da FNAP, do Facebook e de contactos telefónicos. O MEDIBEES é financiado pela Comissão Europeia através do programa PRIMA, SECTION 1 2020 FARMING RIA. Os autores agradecem ainda à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) pelo apoio financeiro do CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020), através de fundos nacionais FCT/MCTES. Dora Henriques é financiada através do projeto “BeeHappy: Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Health in the Azores: comparing ePidemiological Patterns in a unique natural laboratorY” (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029871). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Memoria ID-147. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2020-2021.