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The authors present a new approach to culture and cognition, which focuses on the dynamics through which specific pieces of cultural knowledge (implicit theories) become operative in guiding the construction of meaning from a stimulus. Whether a construct comes to the fore in a perceiver's mind depends on the extent to which the construct is highly accessible (because of recent exposure). In a series of cognitive priming experiments, the authors simulated the experience of bicultural individuals (people who have internalized two cultures) of switching between different cultural frames in response to culturally laden symbols. The authors discuss how this dynamic, constructivist approach illuminates (a) when cultural constructs are potent drivers of behavior and (b) how bicultural individuals may control the cognitive effects of culture.

A new Optimal Harmonic Power Flow (OHPF) method is proposed in this paper. This new OHPF is designed to minimize the MW losses and the total harmonic voltage distortion while satisfying the power flow equations, harmonic power flow equations, security constraints and harmonic standard, etc. A two-level algorithm is used to solve the problem: the master level determines the settings of compensators and taps; the slave level includes subproblems which involve cases of fundamental and harmonic frequencies separately. The test results for two power systems show the applicability of the proposed method. Keywords: Optimization, Power Flow, Harmonics, Two-level Algorithm.

Lay dispositionism refers to lay people's tendency to use traits as the basic unit of analysis in social perception (L. Ross & R. E. Nisbett, 1991). Five studies explored the relation between the practices indicative of lay dispositionism and people's implicit theories about the nature of personal attributes. As predicted, compared with those who believed that personal attributes are malleable (incremental theorists), those who believed in fixed traits (entity theorists) used traits or trait-relevant information to make stronger future behavioral predictions (Studies 1 and 2) and made stronger trait inferences from behavior (Study 3). Moreover, the relation between implicit theories and lay dispositionism was found in both the United States (a more individualistic culture) and Hong Kong (a more collectivistic culture), suggesting this relation to be generalizable across cultures (Study 4). Finally, an experiment in which implicit theories were manipulated provided preliminary evidence for the possible causal role of implicit theories in lay dispositionism (Study 5).

This paper investigates the impacts of different three-phase transformer connections and load models on unbalance in power systems. New three-phase transformer models are presented. These models are derived from a new primitive impedance matrix incorporated with positive, negative and zero sequence elements. The constant power and constant impedance load models are discussed. The three-phase models are implemented in a general-purpose optimization software package. Two power systems are used to illustrate the test results. The test results provide assistance to engineers in understanding the effect of different connections on the transformers. This paper also emphasizes that a proper load model should be used; otherwise, an incorrect solution will be obtained. Keywords: three-phase transformer, load model, optimization.

Some researchers consider evaluative processes as a foundation of social perception. Different approaches of social knowing that were linked to theories on the nature of personality include trait diagnosis and evaluative encoding of social information and focusing on understanding emotions, goals and beliefs. These methods explain how people understand the social world consistent with the cognitive processes they engage in.

The APLC (Active Power Line Conditioner) is a type of active power filter that compensates the voltage waveform distortion caused by harmonics in power systems. This paper presents a new approach based on an optimization theory to investigate the determination of locations and sizes of APLCs. The objective is to minimize the new APLC injection currents and the voltage distortion while satisfying the harmonic standard. The test result for an 18-bus distribution system shows the applicability of the proposed method.

A two-level approach is presented to solve the problem of 'optimal' short-term (one day) scheduling of reactive power controllers in this paper. The entire problem is decomposed into two levels: the master and the slave levels. The master level deals with minimization of the depreciation cost of compensators and EHV transformer taps in order to reduce the control action for compensators and EHV transformer taps white satisfying operating constraints. The slave level treats minimization of capitalized MW tosses white satisfying system security constraints. The slave level also treats OLTCs and determines scheduling of the generator voltages. These two levels interact through linear constraints in the iteration process. A practical 265-bus system, namely Taiwan Power System, are used to serve as a sample to show the applicability of the presented approach. KEYWORDS: VAr controller scheduling, Optimal power flow, Decomposition method.

Discriminative facility is the basic component in information processing, social intelligence and adaptive behaviour that relates to one's sensitivity to the needs, thoughts, and feelings of others in social situations. Relating discriminative facility to social competence in daily interactions, a study shows discriminative conditional encoding to be positively related to quality social behaviour while a second study shows the usefulness of discriminative facility in selecting monitoring or blunting strategies in stressful situations.

Reactive power planning in transmission systems through the use of expert systems and algorithms is given. The location and ratings of compensators are calculated considering system emergencies and voltage stability problems. The technique presented could deal with fixed and variable costs and discrete devices. Two expert systems are used, the Systems Analysis and Curve Selection examines the operating conditions and chooses the system power curves for analyzing voltage stability. The VAR Planning Expert System selects the location and rating of the compensators.

In this study, optimal methodologies including multi-objective optimization are proposed for allocation of automatic and fixed capacitors in the real distribution system on a daily basis. Minimizing the cost of energy loss and switching operation of the capacitors as the significant factors are considered correspondingly. Capacitors as a reactive power compensator have been recognized in the power system for a long time before. Their impact on voltage improvement as well as the loss of energy reduction significantly has been investigated to not only enhance the network's power quality but provides profit by cost savings for utility managers. Such an approach could be obtainable via their optimum consideration in power system planning and operation. In this research, two methodologies are proposed for placement and sizing of both automatic and fixed types of capacitors. The first methodology exploits two steps mechanism for capacitor allocation in which, optimum locations and sizes are identified via inexpensive sensitivity analysis and epsilon multi-objective genetic algorithm (∊-MOGA), respectively. However, successful application results are obtained, the second methodology utilizing only ∊-MOGA for both sizing and placement is compared to the first methodology to prioritize each method. The simulations are performed in MATLAB® through its efficient application on the complex real 162-bus distribution network. The detailed discussions and conclusion based on the obtained results are extended in this paper accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]