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The existence of a lingua franca for science constitutes a problem for those who do not have that language, and entails a scant dissemination of research in minority languages. When the vital languages ​​are not mastered in the dissemination of a discipline, one can speak of language barriers. In the journals studied, we found a polarization of citations in the Spanish and English languages ​​(94.49%). Furthermore, all the citations refer to only 8 languages: Spanish, English, Catalan, Galician, French, Italian, Portuguese, German. We believe that this is an impoverishment of scientific communication, a symptom of growing globalization, for which a good part of the studies in minority languages ​​go completely unnoticed. However, the results obtained are not entirely due to the authors' language skills, as other factors such as the accessibility of the publications or the existence of a sufficient Corpus of research in Spanish have an influence, which mean that it is not necessary to go to all of them. languages.

Web 2.0 has raised new expectations from the library users : after reading a book, they wish to rate it, provide some comments or review about it and tag it for themselves or for others. They also expect to discover other interesting books thanks to the contribution of other people. Those functions, summarized under OPAC 2.0, are now provided by several Integrated Library Systems (ILS), at least partially. But, due to the slow development of some products, other paths were also explored: Content Management Systems (CMS) or specific software. CMS does provide the required functionalities like tagging and commenting. Some pioneers thus decided to develop a new Web OPAC based on CMS. Another approach was to build an OPAC that is independent from any ILS and which offers the required functionalities. In this paper, we propose to review the options available for the librarians wishing to offer Web 2.0 functionalities to their users. We also provide a synthesis of our own experience in implementing an OPAC 2.0 into our Library.

Six topics related to search engines and web positioning such as: -- Structure and functions of a search engine -- The life cycle of a web campaign positioning -- Fundamentals of Marketing in search engines -- Technological monitoring and competitive intelligence for SEO-SEM -- Search engines and presentation of results in group -- Looking for maps are available in a unique document (82 pages) that presents and discusses the above items, presents proposals for activities and facilitates references, resources and basic bibliography of each item. The document (pdf) has been edited and published by the authors themselves licensed under Creative Commons, in turn Teachers in the Online Master Search Engines and SEO.

Περιέχει το πλήρες κείμενο During the epoch of latest rapid evolutions in information society, the publishing, journalistic and information communities generally, in their attempt to organize and handle news information, use broadly recognized metadata standards. Their goal is the encoding, the documentation, the exchange of data and the development of interoperability between big organizations’ technological platforms. For the fulfillment of this aim some standards contribute, such as NewsML, Nitf, Prism, XMLNews, IPTC 7901, which have come to light after the long-term research efforts and the international cooperative schemes of important information and news organizations. The principal goal of the poster is the inspection of the above-mentioned standards and the encoding of a certain newspaper object with the implementation of the worldwide-recognized news standard, NewsML. Especially, the encoding constitutes a very creative and interesting process, because of the contemporary technologies demanded for its materialization. The main solicitude of this poster is to end up to some enlighten conclusions as far as the importance of news standards is concerned for the management of news information and the provision of personalized services to the end-users, and moreover to prove that news standards can be a substantial aid in the area of Library and Information Science, concerning knowledge management.

This paper examines the use of non subject related tags in social bookmarking tools. Previous studies of tagging determined that many common tags are not directly subject related but are in fact affective tags dwelling on a user’s emotional response to a document or are time and task…Cet article examine l’utilisation de l’étiquetage par mots-clés qui ne sont pas directement rattachés aux sujets. Des études précédentes sur l’étiquetage ont déterminé que beaucoup d’étiquettes communes ne sont pas directement rattachées au sujet mais sont plutôt des étiquettes affectives liées à l’état émotionnel des utilisateurs…

Classifying the communication domain according to the theory of integrative levels. In order to organize a collection of web articles in the domain of communication studies, some knowledge organization systems have been considered, including folksonomies, the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), the Bliss Bibliographic Classification 2nd edition (BC2), and the Broad System of Ordering (BSO). Special attention is paid to the Integrative Level Classification (ILC), a system under development allowing an interdisciplinary approach to information. This seems especially suitable for the domain of communication, where several levels of reality are involved at the same time, like those of signals, societies, organizations, cultures, and recorded knowledge. The theory of levels of reality as developed by James Feibleman, Nicolai Hartmann and others, and applied to classification by the Classification Research Group, is illustrated. Tentative ILC notation for a sample of articles dealing with mass communication is constructed and discussed.

This study concerns the construction of a faceted thesaurus for Islam vocabulary, with a specific focus to words dealing with Islam ideological speaking. Those words mostly arise from Islamic doctrine and tradition and are strategically used by Islamistic groups. The work is made up of three chapters: the first introduces the whole project purposes, recipients and usages; the second describes the methodological apparatus, with particular regard to faceted classification; the third shows a prototype of the thesaurus; the Intruduction provides some corollary information useful for a better contextualization of the study.

In traditional library indexing systems, the indexer was an individual trained in the rules of information organisation to assign keywords for important information about the physical media and the subject matter of the content. While other groups have been involved in creating index terms (for example, journal article authors who are asked to provide keywords with their submitted articles), these keywords generally have a small circulation and are not widely used. Collaborative tagging systems such as CiteULike (http://www.citeulike.org) allow users to participate in the classification of journal articles by encouraging them to assign useful labels to the articles they bookmark. Studies comparing the terminology used in tagging journal articles to indexer assigned controlled vocabulary terms suggest that many tags are subject related and could work well as index terms or entry vocabulary (Hammond et al 2005; Kipp 2006; Kipp and Campbell 2006; Kipp 2007a). Some authors suggest that user classification systems demonstrate what vocabulary users actually use to describe concepts and that this could be incorporated into the system as entry vocabulary to the standard thesaurus terms (Mathes 2004; Morville 2005). However, the world of folksomonies includes relationships that would never appear in a library classification or thesaurus including time and task related tags, affective tags and the user name of the tagger (Kipp 2007b; Kipp and Campbell 2006; Kipp 2006). These short term and highly specific tags and relationships suggest important differences between user indexing systems and professional indexing systems which must be considered in examining the usability of tagging systems for resource discovery. Users searching online catalogues and databases often express admiration for the idea of controlled vocabularies and knowledge organisation systems, but find it difficult to adapt their vocabulary to the thesaurus and find the search process frustrating. (Fast and Campbell 2004) Additionally, controlled vocabulary indexing has proven costly and has not proven to be truly scalable when dealing with digital information, especially on the web. Morville (2005) suggests that tagging systems could scale along with digital information on the web allowing for some indexing of currently unindexed web materials. This study explores how users make use of an indexing system for enabling retrieval by performing an information retrieval study on a social bookmarking system and a more traditional online database in order to examine user search behaviour on the two different systems. This study asks the following questions: Do tags appear to enhance resource discovery? Do users feel that they have found what they are looking for? How do users find searching social bookmarking sites compared to searching more classically organised sites? Do users think that tags assigned by other users are more intuitive? Do tagging structures facilitate information retrieval? How does this compare to traditional structures of supporting information retrieval? The searchers were asked to search Pubmed and CiteULike for information on a specific assigned topic. Screen capture software, a think aloud protocol and an exit interview were used to capture the impressions of the users when faced with traditional classification or user tags. This data was analysed to explore the use of indexing terms by the participants as well as their use of other features in each system that support information finding and refinding. Participants selected their own keywords for searches on both tools. At the end of the search process, participants were asked to make a list of what terms they would now use if asked to search for this information again. Three sets of data were thus available for analysis: sets of initial and final keywords selected by the user, the recording of the search session and think aloud, and recorded exit interviews after the search session, all of which can be analysed to examine user impressions of the search process and the utility of the keywords in the process. Participants tended to prefer the search experience on the system used first, regardless of previous experience with either system. All users used multi word keywords initially, which is unsurprising as they are in training to be librarians. At the end of the search process, when users were asked to generate a new list of keywords they would now use for the search, many separated their list of final keywords by tool showing an awareness of the need to adapt a search to different systems. Items such as the presence of full metadata, abstracts and even full text links to articles were lauded while lack of vocabulary terms, and especially missing abstracts were deemed to be impediments to search. Participants found related article links and other newer features of systems to be a significant enhancement to the search process and some participants reported or were seen using tags or user names in CiteULike for similar purposes. Many of the participants in this study made use of the related articles links provided by PubMed and discussed the possibilities presented by MeSH in Pubmed and the tags on CiteULike but did not find that the structures were in place to fully support browsing of related items by keyword or combination of keywords. As shown by Ockerbloom (2006) these webs of related items can be built automatically using existing thesaurus structures and displayed to the user. This suggests that the use of indexing structures to link related items would be worthwhile to users if they are able to see the connections between items as they browse.

This study deals with the impact Information Technology has been producing in the services promoted by libraries and documentation centers. It also presents the concept of content syndication, conveyed by the RSS formats (Really Simple Syndication), and it aims at identifying possible contributions to the work developed by the professionals who work in this area. Its main goal was to raise some RSS premises and its potential of use in dissemination of information services. After going through a bibliographical review around the topic, it was noticed that there was little production in the national literature as well as the lack of a set of considerations which can support the incorporation of emerging technologies, such as RSS, so that they can be evaluated and adopted efficiently inside the paradigm of the so called Library 2.0.

The work defines the theoretical aspects of library science, its philosophical basics and principles, the purposes that must be kept in mind, abstracting from the technology used in a library. The book deals with information organization and bibliographic universe, in particular using the bibliographic entities defined in FRBR, at first. Then, it analyzes all the specific languages by which works and subjects are treated. This work, already acknowledged as a classic, organizes, synthesizes and make easily understood the whole complex of knowledge, practices and procedures developed in the last 150 years.

This work presents the suggestion of a Music Microthesaurus, MiMu, with terms based in articles found in the Teclado & Áudio magazine and in references from the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, aiming the specialization of music-related subject representations, therefore seeking better indexing and retrieval of desired information. It also features a literature review concerning aspects of music-related documentation, emphasizing the librarian’s role in that process and issues related to the retrieval of information taking into account the various supports of music documents. The review includes a referential approach to the main themes of documentary languages, analyzing natural and controlled languages, schemes of documentary classifications, exemplifying of some that are used in music, and concept theory and terminology. It presents definitions and functions of thesauruses, given the origins of terms and their applications, exemplifying the collection of terms, the categorization and the process of relationships, as well as the thesaurus’ presentation and considerations about the applicability of specific software. In the methodology, the main orientations, steps and examples adopted in the making and structuring of the MiMu, as well as a research done as a pre-test, consisting of the creation of an article index by librarians, using samples of the Teclado & Áudio magazine and the final report from the thesaurus as an assistance to the task. It presents appendixes containing a report concerning the collection of terms, forms, a table and a frame comprising a research overview and the MiMu’s report in alphabetic order. Its considerations include drawbacks to this work’s planning, such as the absence of the indexing subject in the literature review and the need for deep researches in music-related Library Science works. MiMu is considered an important contribution to the subject in focus, though it needs to be reviewed by a diversified group of researchers, by projects of divulgation and expansion, so that it potentially becomes a specialized music thesaurus, as a whole.

This thesis deals with social tagging used for indexing of library holdings. Social tagging is the process by which users add metadata in form of free keywords to resources. The emerging pool of tags is called folksonomy. This paper describes how folksonomies work and illustrates potential features of social tagging in libraries. It becomes clear that folksonomies cannot keep up with traditional cataloguing methods in some respects, but allow various new possibilities. Therefore social tagging cannot replace subject indexing, but may complement it. This is proved by examples of public and academic libraries which already apply social tagging.

This work presents the elaboration of a Nutrition Microthesaurus, with terms based in the basic bibliography of the discipline of the University of Brasilia Nutrition course, to help in the indexing and recovery specialised information in the respective area. It also features a literature review approaching aspects of nutrition-related documentation and representation of the knowledge, bringuing a referential theory about the documentary languages, schemes of classification, terminology in thesauruses context and so, presents histotical, definitions and functions of thesauruses, the process of collection of terms, the categorization and the formation of relationships as well as the appearance’ presentations. In the methodology, the main stages and examples adopted in the structuring and construction microthesaurus are explained, through the delimitation of subjects that covered it, sources uded, description of target public, categorization, standardization of the words, relationships, software used and way of presentation. Presents in appendix, the counter of colletion of terms. Its final considerations include the attention about the importance the work’s planning, such as the scarceness in the literature review of contents related to Nutrition. Microthesaurus is considered an important contribution to the subject in focus, though it needs to be reviewed by information and specilised professionals, for the constitution possible specialised thesaurus, as a whole.

Report RefViz software and its application to a set of documents on national parks in the databases of Web of Science.

VIRTUEAL READING ROOM. POSSIBILITIES OF A USER-FRIENDLLY PRESENTATION OF COLLECTIONS VIA INTERNET. Three strategies are focused: First the representation of bookshelves such as the DeweyBrowser of OCLC, second the representation of spatiality such as the „Infosystem“ of the Philological Library of the Freie Universität Berlin, and third the communicative facet such as the platform LibraryThing. An adequate website architecture, information visualization and elements of library 2.0 can contribute to explore spaces virtually and accentuate real reading rooms.

INTRODUCTION Medical professionals seek to capture papers which can be located via keyword or free text search in digital libraries or on the web but are also interested in finding material that has not yet been indexed in on-line databases. Search engines provide a multitude of results [1]. Social bookmarking, where users tag items for their own use, offers a way to locate new and relevant information. CiteULike (citeulike.org), a social bookmarking service, allows articles to be tagged with useful keywords for later retrieval. RELATED STUDIES A previous study [2] compared social bookmarking to existing information organisation structures and found similarities in terminology use and intriguing differences. A sample of articles tagged on CiteULike was examined for contextual differences in keyword usage between users of social bookmarking sites, authors and indexers. Many tags were related to thesaurus terms (descriptors), but were not formally in the thesaurus. [2] This study examines how term usage patterns in tags, keywords and descriptors suggest a similar (or differing) context between users, authors and intermediaries. METHODOLOGY This study examines the use of tags on CiteULike from three medical or biology journals (JAMA, Proteins, and Journal of Molecular Biology) indexed in Pubmed. 1299 unique articles were retrieved from Citeulike; Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were collected from Pubmed. Articles were analysed using standard informetric techniques to examine the use of user assigned tags and their Pubmed assigned MeSH index terms. Data was analysed for term usage and categorised to see what contextual clues users expose in their tag use. RESULTS Articles were tagged by up to 14 users (average 2-4). 1449 unique tags were used in the data set. Some articles were heavily tagged by users (max. 29, min. 1, median 2). Descriptors were more heavily assigned to articles (2746 unique descriptors). Articles had, on average, 10 descriptors assigned (max. 40, min. 2). Some tags occurred frequently: protein_structure (140), no-tag (134), and protein (114). By journal, tags were: docking (Proteins, 85), no-tag (JAMA, 20), and protein_structure (J Mol Biol, 52). No-tag (system assigned) indicated no tag assigned. Descriptors were more heavily reused than tags, for example: 'Models, Molecular' (550), Protein Conformation (363), and Humans (341). By journal, descriptors were: 'Models, Molecular' (Proteins, 252), 'Models, Molecular' (J Mol Biol, 235), and Humans (JAMA, 137). DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Comparison of tag and descriptor lists shows many of the same similarities and differences as the previous study [2]. Many user terms were related to the author and intermediary terms but not in the thesaurus (e.g. 'diet' and 'fat' used separately in the tag lists where they were linked as 'dietary fats' in the thesaurus). Terms such as 'human' and 'family-studies' show users tagging biology articles are interested in methodology and user groups associated with articles. This study has system design implications for accessing, indexing and searching document spaces. Users express frustration trying to narrow search results. Controlled vocabularies help narrow a search to a manageable size but can be expensive. User tagging could provide additional access points to traditional controlled vocabularies and the associative classifications necessary to tie documents and articles to time and task relationships among other novel items.

TOLEDO,PROJECT MEMO,E-TEN programme, TOLEDO, MEMORIA PROYECTO, Programa E-TEN

This paper examines the tagging practices evident on CiteULike, a research oriented social bookmarking site for journal articles. Articles selected for this study were health information and medicine related. Tagging practices were examined using standard informetric measures for analysis of bibliographic information and analysis of term use. Additionally, tags were compared to descriptors assigned to the same article.

Ethics can be considered a reflection about the principles and laws which lead the human conduct and has its centre point in the values which are principles of morality devoted to specific conducts. Considering that such a few studies on information ethics are devoted to knowledge organization and representation (KOR) it intends. To identify, conceptualize and classify the ethical values that can be considered in KOR activities. For that, the theoretical approaches of Hudon, 1997, García Gutiérrez, 1998, 2002, Beghtol, 2002, 2005, Van der Walt, 2004, Thellefsen; Thellefsen, 2004 and Bair, 2005 were analyzed in order to obtain a systematization of ethical values and problems in KOR. The results showed that the predominant ethical values are: cultural hospitality, cultural warrant, fidelity of information representation / labeling, record updating and cooperation, multilinguism (as a reflex of multiculturalim), social and professional responsibility in information representation and respect to the logics of knowledge domains. It was also observed that the denying of such values lead to ethical problems like: bias, inaccuracies, omissions, prejudices, censorship, literal translations, lack of systematizion, as well as the belief on the neutrality and universality of KOR processes, products and tools.

Publicado en: La interdisciplinariedad y la transdisciplinariedad en la organización del conocimiento científico. Actas del VIII Congreso ISKO-España, León, 18, 19 y 20 de Abril de 2007. Universidad de León: Secretariado de Publicaciones, 2007: pp. 411-421., [ES] En las bases de datos bibliográficas, los sistemas de trabajo tradicionales han recurrido mayoritariamente a la clasificación manual de cada artículo o documento individual. Sólo en casos excepcionales se recurría a la asignación de un epígrafe clasificatorio para la revista, afectando consecuentemente a todos sus artículos. Sin embargo, este modo de trabajo puede ser una alternativa más utilizada en el futuro inmediato ante la necesidad de automatizar los procesos de carga de datos. Sobre esta hipótesis, se plantea el problema de la interdisciplinariedad y el mantenimiento de perfiles disciplinares por parte de las publicaciones. Se realiza un análisis basado en las revistas españolas de las áreas de Humanidades. Se analizará la definición temática que realiza la propia publicación, su relación con el sistema de clasificación y la distribución temática porcentual de sus artículos en la base de datos ISOC. Se pretende extraer conclusiones prácticas sobre la viabilidad de un sistema de base de datos bibliográfica de actualización automática con asignación de clasificaciones a través del título de revista., [EN] In the bibliographical databases, the traditional work systems have resorted mainly to the manual classification of each article or individual document. Only some database producers used to assign a classification heading to the journal, which affected consequently all its articles. Nevertheless, this way of work can be a more useful alternative in the immediate future because of the need of automating the data load processes. Taking this hypothesis as a starting point, the problem of the interdisciplinary nature of the research as well as the maintenance of disciplinary profiles by the journals are considered. An analysis based on the Spanish journals in the Humanities is made. The subject definition made by the publication, its relation with the classification system and the subject distribution by percentage of its articles in the ISOC database, will be analyzed. Practical conclusions will be drawn on the viability of a bibliographical database system automatically updated, with allocation of classification headings through the journal title.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a concise survey of current developments within German-speaking terminology work in the domain of knowledge organisation and an analysis of and comparison between two recently re-edited printed publications and the Wikipedia portal devoted to this subject. In the first part, key concepts are defined and located within the subject matter and a theoretical framework is provided. In the second part, the field 'thesaurus' is singled out in order to exemplify terminology work. A catalogue of criteria in both form and content is developed in order to analyse and compare entries related to this field, permitting conclusions in terms of the different treatment of the field in the abovementioned publications. In doing so, various aspects of terminology work are taken into account: Firstly, the methodical level dealing with models and processes applied, secondly, the organisational level scrutinising the ways terminology is produced and thirdly, the functional level dealing with the outcomes. In the second part, special emphasis is put on this latter aspect, by analysing and comparing entries pertinent to the field in terms of macrostructure, microstructure, and mediostructure. Furthermore, consistency of definitions is looked into. The comparative part of the thesis demonstrates differences between the publications by applying the catalogue of criteria to the treatment of ‘thesaurus’. These differences are ascribed to constitutive factors of each publication, such as methods of production (non-collaborative vs. collaborative) or the anticipated user (expert vs. non-expert).

XXVII International Sunbelt Social Network Conference. V Mesa Hispana para el análisis de redes sociales. Corfu (Greece), May 2, 2007. La representación intelectual de una disciplina científica es un aspecto crítico en los trabajos bibliométricos. En esta investigación se presentan los resultados de un estudio bibliométrico con los mapas elaborados que representan los vínculos intelectuales de naturaleza estructural en la disciplina de la Medicina. Se han realizado a partir del análisis de 22499 documentos contenidos en el Web of Knowledge producidos en la Comunidad de Madrid, durante el período comprendido entre 1995 y 2003. Se ha empleado la técnica de cocitación de clases y categorías, utilizando en la visualización técnicas de redes sociales. El objetivo del trabajo, ha sido representar y examinar las relaciones disciplinares que se producen en este dominio a partir de la coocurrencia de la categorías temáticas de las revistas en las que publican sus investigaciones. Para ello, se han construido mapas heliocéntricos de cocitación de clases y tambien de categorías con el software Pajek, con técnicas que descubren la estructura de la red intelectual de la disciplina. Los mapas resultantes muestran los amplios vínculos temáticos internos y externos que posee la disciplina y pueden ser interpretados como una representación que muestra las dimensiones intelectuales del dominio tal y como queda reflejada en las publicaciones científicas de los investigadores. Intellectual representation of a scientific discipline is often a critical aspect of bibliometric research. A cocitation analisys about Madrid´s scientific production in Medicine was conducted over a time period spanning the years 1995-2003 from 22499 Web of Knowledge`s documents. The object of the work reported here has been to represent and to examine the intellectual relations that take place in this domain from the co-occurrence data of the thematic categories of the scientific journals in which researchers publish its results. We use Journal Citation Reports (JCR) categories as units of cocitation and measurement for the construction of heliocentric maps. Applying visualization techniques and social network analysis using Pajek, we presented three maps. The resulting maps shows the intellectual range of bonds that the discipline has and could be interpreted like a representation that shows the intellectual dimensions of the domain as it is reflected in scientific publications of researchers.

The InfoCenter is the library's main point of contact and provides information and support in searches for literature and other sources of information. Reference services are provided by staff members from all departments of the library, therefore it's difficult to keep everyone up-to-date. For this reason, we decided to implement a knowledge management tool for reference librarians. We analysed our information material in print and electronic form and investigated the reference librarians' information needs. Then we compared different technologies for information management and decided to set up a wiki. The steps from analysing the starting position, defining criteria for the new system, choosing a tool and setting up the wiki are described. Finally, first impressions of the use of the wiki are given.

This document describes the Ontology Learning experiments we performed in order to recommend a set of ontology learning techniques to enhance the ontology engineering process in the fisheries domain in place at FAO. Experiments have been conceived in the wider context of the WorkPackage 7 of the NeOn Project. The main contribution of this document to WP7 is a set of recommendations and best practices to exploit semi-automatic technique to acquire knowledge either from domain specific documents and existing ontologies. The basic criterion for success indication adopted is the reduction of the development time required for the Ontology Engineering process actually in place at FAO. After a brief overview of WP7, the document addresses the following issues: to describe the state of the art in ontology learning and; to set up an evaluation case study in the fisheries domain; to identify suitable techniques which can be profitably applied to fit the user’s requirements; to evaluate such techniques in the use case scenario, and, finally, to provide a set of recommendations indicating the most reliable techniques to be included in the ontology engineering lifecycle.

VIII Congreso ISKO. León (España), 18, 19 y 20 de Abril de 2007. En esta comunicación se presentan los resultados de un estudio bibliométrico sobre las relaciones estructurales en la clase temática de la Biología Molecular, Celular y Genética a partir de la producción científica en este campo en la Comunidad de Madrid, en el período comprendido entre 1995 y 2003, mediante un análisis de cocitación y de colaboración científica institucional, empleando técnicas de redes sociales. El objetivo del trabajo, ha sido examinar las relaciones disciplinares e institucionales que se producen en este campo científico. Para ello, se han construido mapas heliocéntricos de cocitación de categorías, mediante técnicas que descubren la estructura de la red intelectual de la disciplina y mapas de colaboración institucional para explorar la red social de instituciones que colaboran en la producción científica en este dominio. Publicado

The natural language is understood as the language spoken and corresponded with the aim that communication exists between one or several persons. The interpretation of the natural language makes it the brain, starts interpreting certain sensory income, like to see or to hear some sign of alarm; the brain turns the information codified in a symbolic set or language. The principal reason of the processing of the natural language is to construct systems and mechanisms that allow the communication between persons and machines by means of natural languages.

Representing large amount of data graphically using cluster techniques aids to discover knowledge as result of analyzing different kind of text documents as e-mails, web search results, medical data, and so on. Today business environment is some times unpredictable and require making tough decisions quickly and this involve search large volume of data about consumer product development, quality control management, or marketing, determining patterns and relationships.

The current poster approaches the situation of the development of repositories that use the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) protocol for data collection. This work studies the current state of their implantation in Spain. In order to do so, the existing projects in the official records have been studied using a methodology beyond the existing records of repositories.

Despite the fact that electronic publishing is a common activity to scholars electronic journals are still based in the print model and do not take full advantage of the facilities offered by the Semantic Web environment. This is a report of the results of a research project with the aim of investigating the possibilities of electronic publishing journal articles both as text for human reading and in machine readable format recording the new knowledge contained in the article. This knowledge is identified with the scientific methodology elements such as problem, methodology, hypothesis, results, and conclusions. A model integrating all those elements is proposed which makes explicit and records the knowledge embedded in the text of scientific articles as an ontology. Knowledge thus represented enables its processing by intelligent software agents The proposed model aims to take advantage of these facilities enabling semantic retrieval and validation of the knowledge contained in articles. To validate and enhance the model a set of electronic journal articles were analyzed.

This study describes an experience with the organization of the iconographic knowledge of the TECPAR - Paraná technology Institute- archives in an attempt to retrieve historically relevant materials and images in the a computerized system. These materials had not been previously organized from any historical or archivist point of view, and are currently in an “information chaos” . First, a detailed intra and extra institutional time line (66 years) was established as the basis for identifying the contents of the historical images. Data on primary in house documents and on the interviews carried out with TECPAR retired professionals were crossed , producing specific ancillary knowledge , and a critical comparison with similar institutional images , published or not, was also done. Next, a set of descriptive categories regarding information retrieval of the images under study was created, after reviewing other similar works carried out in Brazil. Preliminary results are illustrated by practical examples taken from the project , showing the possibility of organizing iconographic knowledge under initial difficult conditions.

The task to identify a subset of about 400 terms highly relevant to crop wild relatives was performed as a continuation to an earlier project where a set of about 11400 term was extracted from on-line sources. Terms with high relevance were grouped into themes, roughly corresponding to Agrovoc (top level) categories, or indicatives of the thematic sources from which the terms were collected (biological, geographical on-line dictionaries etc), with an attempt to balance the number of terms between the groups. For the import into the ontology structure the themes were converted to namespaces in order to preserve the grouping and allow manipulation within ontology client programs on terms based on namespace grouping. Before the import the namespaces were slightly modified and adapted to some other existing ontologies. In addition to selecting relevant terms and definitions, definition of vertical and horizontal relationships between the terms was performed. Terms were also linked to sources (uris) through Dublin Core extensions of the ontology structure. The export from sql to rdf/owl was done with a script written in Perl that extracted the terms, descriptions, sources from the database, plus vertical hierarchy, term synonyms and other variants, as well as some simple horizontal relationships and produced an import file for Protégé in rdf/owl format. The resulting subset of terms was provided as a number of files; a main file containing core structure, object and data type definitions and term data in separate files per namespace, suitable for import by an ontology client program such as Protégé.

In the Information age, the creation, absorption and diffusion of knowledge become fundamental tasks that all economic agents need to master. As a consequence, knowledge management is at the heart of the dynamic evolution of today's institutions. In addition, institutions organize themselves into networks that share information and knowledge worldwide according to pre-established sets of rules that define property rights. Developing and using novel mechanisms that facilitate establishing such webs of knowledge emerge as key activities for attaining widespread success in the XXI Century. These mechanisms define ways for knowledge creators and receivers to interact and to share information. The implementation of these mechanisms usually requires both heavy technology and large numbers of people whose costs need to be carefully accounted for. Different ways to sustainably provision such costs have been analyzed in recent times and concepts like open access, open source and free software developed along with the idea of installing large, and distributed, digital repositories of information over broadband communication systems. Europe as a whole and European countries individually are steadily moving along a coherent path that can certainly lead to establishing world-class Pan-European knowledge management programs and structures as ways to help fulfill the objectives of a renewed Lisbon agenda. Policy making in this respect can now work as the best trigger to support and propel next steps. Additional effort to raise the issue of open access digital repositories to the top of national and regional political agendas must thus become a priority.

This paper examines the tagging practices evident on CiteULike, a research oriented social bookmarking site for journal articles. Tagging practices were examined using standard informetric measures for analysis of bibliographic information and term use. Additionally, tags were compared to author keywords and descriptors assigned to the same article.Cette communication examine les pratiques d’étiquetage par mots-clés qui sont utilisés sur CiteULike, un service d’étiquetage social, pour les articles de périodiques. Ces pratiques de marquage ont été examinées en utilisant les mesures informétriques habituellement utilisées pour l’analyse d’information bibliographique et d’utilisation de mots-clés. En outre, les étiquettes ont été comparées aux mots-clés utilisés par les auteurs et aux descripteurs attribués à ces mêmes articles.

The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines, used for the electronic encoding of literary and linguistic texts and since 2001 based on the XML syntax, are constantly being more and more adopted by various digitalization projects. As the number of TEI digital texts and collections is growing, also the availability of software tools able to "manipulate" this kind of texts is increasing, and the choice is now much wider than it was just a few years ago. Each tool has its own peculiarities, which should be evaluated and confronted against the characteristics of the texts being encoded and the general needs and aims of the project of which the digital library is part. What this paper wants to analyze is the possibility of a classification of the actually available TEI Management Systems, using the Topic Maps technology, an ISO standard for the management and representation of knowledge.

Latent semantic indexing (LSI) is a model which deals with the information retrieval by indexing terms in common semantic contexts. This terms organization uses specialized Mathematic calculations which result in the simulated analysis generally done by a human being. (Human being organize different related critter and semantic terms) with the memory capacity and machine storage.

This paper presents the partial results of a preliminary study about the usage of one service of automatic notification of electronic scientific journals. The concept of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) is discussed from the perspective of a system that aims at increasing the level of relevance in the information recovery for the user. The potentialities of a recent technology, known as Web Syndication, for the distribution and gathering of digital contents are also explored. The advantages, ways of usage and circumstantial obstacles for its implementing are discussed as well. For testing, 10 electronic journals related to Information Science were chosen. They were put together into just one thematic area by RSS feeds. The results of the proposed model show that the technology which was used increases the systems of selective dissemination of information. Time saving with the receiving of the selected content provides a relevant advantage to the usage of this kind of ser-vice, which is able to gather, in just one environment, several contents produced by different sources. As a con-sequence, the user has no need to access each homepage individually.

The proliferation of distributed digital libraries and repositories has increased the need for improved interoperability between terminologies in order to facilitate user access to the discrete heterogeneous digital objects held therein. The emergence of the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) Core is a useful development in this context. In this paper we describe a SKOS Core approach to implementing a web services (i.e. M2M) terminology server employing terminology mapping and using SKOS Core to wrap terminology responses. Aspects advantageous to this approach are explored, as are issues and areas for future research.

Background The question of findability is an old one and led directly to the creation of cataloguing and classification systems for the organisation of knowledge. However, such systems have not proven to be truly scalable when dealing with digital information and especially information on the web. Can the user created categories and classification schemes of tagging be used to enhance findability in these new environments? Much speculation has been advanced on the subject but so far no empirical studies have been done. This study looks at the use of tags as an aid to findability. In essence, this is an examination of some of the questions of classic information retrieval research in a new context. Proponents of tagging often suggest that tags could provide at worst an entry vocabulary for traditional classification systems and at best a complete replacement for such systems. One method for judging the usefulness of a classification system for enabling retrieval is to perform an information retrieval study on the system with volunteer searchers. Many such experiments have been conducted in the library science literature and increasingly these studies are performed on web search engines as more and more users search the web first. Studies by Leighton and Srivastava (1999), Clarke and Willet (1997), Su (2003b) all evaluated a variety of search engines using standard evaluation methods from earlier non web information retrieval systems such as recall and precision, but many also suggested alternative methods for evaluating the effectiveness of a search engine given that recall and precision cannot truly be calculated. (Tang and Sun 2003; Vaughan 2004) A key component in all modern information retrieval studies is the relevance judgements of users of the retrieval system. (Cosijn and Ingwersen 2000; Tang and Sun 2003; Oppenheim et al. 2000) Therefore, this study would place a great emphasis on the relevance judgements of the participants. As noted above, relevance judgements are often used to enable the calculation of metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of information retrieval systems. In all studies examining information retrieval systems using keyword or index term searches, there is an implicit evaluation of the effectiveness of classification terms. In evaluating classification terms, it is important to evaluate not only the retrieval effectiveness of the search term, in terms of how many relevant documents were retrieved, but also in terms of how long it took the user to think of using this term in this context and whether or not the user thought the term was appropriate or useful for the document. One way to examine the potential uses of tags in the search process would be to compare the search experience between social bookmarking tools and other methods of information retrieval such as retrieval via controlled vocabulary or retrieval via free text search. Research Questions Do tags appear to enhance findability? Do users feel that they have found what they are looking for? How do users find searching social bookmarking sites compared to searching more classically organised sites? Do users think that tags assigned by other users are more intuitive? Do tagging structures facilitate information retrieval? How does this compare to traditional structures of supporting information retrieval? Methodology and Analysis In order to compare the usability of tags versus traditional classification schemes, a study will be conducted using volunteer searchers. These searchers would be asked to search an electronic journal database and a social bookmarking site for information on a specific topic. Screen capture software, a think aloud protocol and an exit interview will be used to capture the impressions of the users when faced with traditional classification or user tags and their usefulness in the search process. While information concerning the usability of the systems themselves for searching may be of interest, data collection will be focused on a comparison of the terms entered by the participants. A sample size of 20 participants for the study should allow for the collection of data until saturation is reached, in other words until no further new information is being collected. Since this is an exploratory study, 20 participants should provide a good selection for the collection of data. Each participant will search for information using both the traditional on-line database with assigned descriptors and a social bookmarking site. This study will ask users to use pubmed (an on-line database) in comparison to citeulike (a social bookmarking tool) to find academic articles on given topics. Participants will be asked to perform the searches in the order specified so that their use of a social bookmarking site first versus an on-line database can be randomised. Participants will be divided into two groups. One group will search the social bookmarking tool first while the other group will use the on-line database first. Participants will be assigned a topic for which they will search for articles. These topics will be articulated as short paragraphs describing an information need. Participants will select their own keywords for both the on-line database and the social bookmarking tools and then provide relevance judgements of the results. Initially, participants will be asked to provide a list of words they consider relevant as an initial search set. Each search will produce a result set of bibliographic information. The participant will be asked to select the top 10 articles from the result set and assign a relevance score to the article based on an examination of the available information. The available information may include the title, tags and abstract as well as the full text of the article via links to an on-line database. At the end of each search, participants will be asked to make a list of what terms they would now use if asked to search for this information again. Participants will not have access to their initial set of search terms at this time to eliminate the learning effect. Three sets of data will be available for analysis: sets of initial and final keywords selected by the user, the recording of the search session and think aloud, and recorded exit interviews after the search session. Each set of data can be analysed to examine user impressions of the search process from the perspective of the keywords (tags or index terms respectively). Both traditional and newly suggested measures for evaluating information retrieval systems will be used to compare the two systems on standard efficiency measures. Additionally, keywords and tags chosen by users will be compared and examined to see how they are related (or not). Keywords and tags assigned to articles judged relevant by the users will be compared to those used for articles judged to be less relevant or not relevant. It is expected that this preliminary study will provide some insights into user's choices of preliminary keywords for searching. One of the questions that users will be asked is to describe how they selected their initial search terms. They will also be asked to compare their initial search terms to their final search terms.

Book review of Vanda Broughton, Essential thesaurus construction. London: Facet Publishing, 2006. - v+296p., ISBN 1-85604-565-X. This book is for anyone concerned with the job of document analysis, description, and organization for retrieval.

A comparative analysis of the treatment that interdisciplinary subjects receive in the subject authority files of the main Spanish university and public OPACs is offered. The subject headings assigned to monographs published in Spain in 2005 on family violence, health education, information literacy and consumer protection were studied, four topics of a multidisciplinary nature which are nowadays of great relevance and public interest. Bookswere selected when those terms or other synonyms appeared in the title or subject fields of the bibliographic records. The analyzed catalogues were the Collective Catalogue of the State Public Libraries, the National Library of Spain Catalogue, the University Libraries Network’s Collective Catalogue and the CSIC Bibliographic Catalogue of the Scientific Research High Council’s Library Network. The concepts were defined, and the terminologicalequivalences and authority entries in English and French were analyzed. Thereafter, the behaviour of these concepts in the subject headings authority files used in the aforementioned catalogues were studied, this is: Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia para las Bibliotecas Públicas, Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Red de Bibliotecas del CSIC y Autoridades de Materia de la Biblioteca Nacional. Finally, the number of occurrences in the subject and in the title fields were compared

Based on an online survey dedicated to readers and editors of french-spoken blogs, the analysis draws the portrait of these characters. Three different profiles are excerpted : The common-user, the editor, and the non-reader. Knowing that, we can propose some ideas for the "French-spoken Libraries Blogosphere" to improve itself.

Purpose Social Classification or tagging is increasingly a subject of interest in library and information science (and related fields) as social bookmarking tools such as del.icio.us have become increasingly popular. Simple visualisations such as sorting tags by frequency or displaying tag clouds in which tag size denotes popularity suggest that tagging systems form interesting new taxonomies or folksonomies of related terms. This study examines these tagging systems seeking elements of convergence and divergence with traditional cataloguing and classification theory and practice. Scope This study examines the use of unusual tags which do not fit the mould of traditional cataloguing and classification, namely, that they are not subject related. These tags include two major categories: ● affective (emotional) tags ● time and task related tags. Examples of affective tags include interesting, fun and cool. Examples of time and task related tags include @toread, todo, and tobuy. Approach Data has been collected from del.icio.us, citeulike and connotea via python scripts designed to gather information on specific tags or URLs. The data used for this study is part of a larger study by Kipp and Campbell (2006) examining patterns in tagging. Analysis of this data showed approximately 16% of tags were time and task related. Time and task or affective tags were located in multidimensional scaling graphs of cotag (coword) data. (Kipp and Campbell 2006) Findings Many users of del.icio.us, citeulike and connotea appear to want to store more than just the subject of the documents they are bookmarking. Tags such as @toread, tobuy, todo, fun and cool suggest that users see their relationship to these documents in different ways. While the latter tags express an emotional connection to the document, the former show evidence of a desire to attach personal information management information to documents. This desire to combine personal information management and document classification echoes findings in document use research at Xerox in which users categorised items in order to better understand their relationship to other items and to tasks the users wished to perform. (Sellen and Harper 2002) Implications A large part of library science research is involved in the examination of how users seek and use information. Another important aspect of this is how they relate to information. (Bates 1998, 1048) Findings from this study suggest that users relate information to time related tasks, activities and their own emotional reactions.

The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of multimodal trivariate thematic maps by utilizing auditory and haptic displays. With two different modes of display (color only displays and multimodal displays with color, audio, and haptic), the completion time of tasks and the recall (retention) rate were measured in two separate experiments. In terms of the completion time, with minimal learning experience, participants could accomplish the tasks at the same level of speed in both modes. For the recall rate, multimodal displays have much higher recall rates. It is speculated that the natural quantitative hierarchies in auditory and haptic displays provide an advantage in the use of multimodal displays. These findings confirmed the possibility of using auditory and haptic displays in visually dominant geographic information systems (GIS) for multi-variate thematic maps.

The GovStat Statistical Interactive Glossary (SIG) is designed to allow users of government statistical websites to consult definitions of statistical terms while continuing their current task of browsing statistical websites. In this paper,we present results from two studies of the SIG that evaluated the effectiveness of the SIG presentations. We specifically focus on two areas: the effects of three presentation formats (text only, graphics + text, animation + text) on user performance and preferences, and the effects of three levels of controls for animations on user performance and preferences. Our findings have implications for designers of just-in-time help, as well as raising questions for future research.

Knowledge workers who want to apply knowledge visualization have to determine which visualization tool suits their needs best. The aim of this thesis is to outline a catalogue of criteria to be used for evaluation of visualization tools' suitability for being used by methods of knowledge management. The thesis starts with a theoretical part that is based on a review of different approaches to knowledge management and information visualization. Information on different methods of the knowledge management as well as visualization tools is given. The research part was worked out using information gathered from an analysis of different approaches to the evaluation of visualization tools. In conclusion, it was found that there exist several criteria which can be used to evaluate the suitability of visualization tools for being used by methods of the knowledge management. The findings show that the weighting of the criteria is very important in order to ensure that the results can be compared to each other.

Subject category cocitation (SCC) and its representation through social networks has been shown to be a well-suited technique for the visualization and analysis of large scientific domains. The combination of SCC and PathfinderNetworks (PFNET) with prune values r = ∞ and q = n - 1 highlights the salient structure of the analyzed domain. This paper examines both the possible loss of structural information in the peripheral zones as a consequence of PFNET aggressivity due to the radical pruning conditions established and how it is solved and enhanced through heliocentric or second-level maps. Despite the above, large scientific domain maps are a highly valuable tool due to its capability to show the development of a scientific domains over time, reveal differences and similarities among domains, as well as suggest potential trends in them.

The present work has calculated the minimum Open Archive Impact Factors and Open Archive Immediacy Index for the Physics Classes of arXiv.org as calculated for traditional journals in Journal Citation Reports of Institute of Scientific Information using Science Citation Index without the citation by the classes itself. The calculated Impact Factors reveal that High-Energy Physics classes of arXiv.org (‘hep-th’, ‘hep-lat’, ‘hep-ex’, and ‘hep-ph’) have made more impact on scientific community than any other classes except for the class ‘nucl-ex’. The Impact Factors for the year 2003 are: ‘hep-th’ (0.999), ‘nucl-ex’ (0.806), ‘hep-lat’ (0.766), ‘hep-ex’ (0.73), ‘hep-ph’ (0.719), ‘nucl-th’ (0.338), ‘quant-ph’ (0.334), ‘cond-mat’ (0.313), ‘astro-ph’ (0.195), ‘math-ph’ (0.162), ‘physics’ (0.061), and ‘gr-qc’ (0.002). It has been found that if the period for getting the citations to the open archive classes is considered one year as against two years for journal articles the rank of the classes are same. The immediacy of citing the Open Archives is also high for the High-Energy Physics classes. The Immediacy Indexes for the year 2003 are: ‘hep-ex’ (0.619), ‘hep-th’ (0.454), ‘hep-ph’ (0.44), ‘hep-lat’ (0.263), ‘nucl-ex’ (0.238), ‘quant-ph’ (0.202), ‘nucl-th’ (0.185), ‘cond-mat’ (0.168), ‘astro-ph’ (0.094), ‘math-ph’ (0.075), ‘physics’ (0.03), and ‘gr-qc’ (0.002). Definitely, the impact is much more than what is concluded from the calculated factors as the self-citations are not taken into the study. The above arguments may be strengthened if the study could use the web-tools like ‘Citebase’, ‘Citeseer’ etc.

Se analiza la utilización del lenguaje de marcado XML y las tecnologías asociadas en el desarrollo de servicios de administración electrónica para automatizar la codificación, integración e intercambio de información electrónica. La metodología empleada para la aplicación de las tecnologías XML ha sido diversa dependiendo de los objetivos de la organización y las necesidades del servicio de administración electrónica. Existen diferentes alternativas para la aplicación de las tecnologías XML en los servicios de administración electrónica: la utilización del lenguaje de marcado XML en sentido estricto, la utilización de un lenguaje basado en XML pero orientado a la administración electrónica, como GovML, o bien, la utilización de lenguajes de marcado específicos para realizar tareas de administración electrónica particulares, como UBL y EML. Se concluye que las tecnologías basadas en XML pueden tener ciertas aplicaciones estratégicas dentro de una organización, entre ellas cobran especial relevancia, la automatización eficiente de la cadena de suministro, el retorno de inversiones a medio plazo, la gestión de los activos intangibles de la organización, y el desarrollo de servicios innovadores de administración electrónica. Sin embargo, la tecnología XML por sí misma no reporta valor a la organización, su valor depende de cómo se utilice esta tecnología dentro de la organización.

This paper analyzes the tagging patterns exhibited by users of del.icio.us, to assess how collaborative tagging supports and enhances traditional ways of classifying and indexing documents. Using frequency data and co-word analysis matrices analyzed by multi-dimensional scaling, the authors discovered that tagging practices to some extent work in ways that are continuous with conventional indexing. Small numbers of tags tend to emerge by unspoken consensus, and inconsistencies follow several predictable patterns that can easily be anticipated. However, the tags also indicated intriguing practices relating to time and task which suggest the presence of an extra dimension in classification and organization, a dimension which conventional systems are unable to facilitate. (The paper is available from http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00008315/)

INTRODUCTION: Citation indexes are produced by counting de-contextualised citations, which result from the transformation of references into citations, generating two different objects -two different signs-. This causes an ambiguity of both signs which is relevant for citation indexes and for science evaluation. METHODOLOGY: Two methods were used: 1) Qualitatively: It is performed a semiotic analysis in order to distinguish between bibliographic references and citations in terms of electronic reference linking. 2) Quantitatively: Citations and references were counted within a relevant sample of papers from different scientific disciplines. RESULTS: Tthe number of bibliographic references is higher than the number of citations in the 100 % of the sample articles analysed. In many cases, the number of references is twice as the number of citations. The 30,1 % of the citations were referenced several times, for were counted just once. DISCUSSION: By considering references instead of citations, the following bibliometric laws and indicators are affected: Bradford / De Solla’s law, direct academic journal citations, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, impact factor and h-index. A semiotic ambiguity between references and citations causes a relevant error in science evaluation that can be avoided by the use of electronic reference linking.