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Existing literature on the work of sports chaplains focuses primarily on practitioner accounts of chaplaincy within elite sports settings. While these narratives provide useful descriptions of personal experience and practical application, they are largely devoid of theological grounding. This paper seeks to address this imbalance by putting forward a theology of sports chaplaincy that emphasises the missional nature of this ministry. We begin by contextualising mission within the doctrine of the Trinity. We then move to an exploration of the incarnational nature of chaplaincy. In line with the work of established missiological scholars, the concept of missio Dei is located as one possible way of understanding the mission and role of the chaplain in post-Christendom in western industrial society. The paper concludes by identifying sports chaplains as key missiological agents within the context of both amateur and elite sport.

The term ‘mass tourism’ can simply be an empirical description of tourism enjoyed by many in modern, industrial societies. However, in context, it often refers to more than this. The ‘mass’ involves an aggregation of individuals, and involves assumptions and inferences about those individuals and their society. Hence mass tourism is, in an important sense, a social construct. It is therefore surprising that there is little consideration of this aspect of ‘mass tourism’ and its corollary, the ‘mass tourist’ in relevant literature. The article develops a provisional periodisation of mass tourism in social thought, linking constructions of the mass to the politics of the day. It has an exploratory character, suggesting themes for contestation and/or further research. It indicates changes in the view of mass tourism, but also important continuities relating to an assumption of a lack of agency on the part of mass tourists.

Over the past decades, in many countries of Europe and America, the concept of “archaeology of settlements” has been actively developed, which is based on the recognition of the enormous role of ancient settlements in the process of studying and reconstructing the socio-economic institutions of various diverse human groups and entire nations. This fully applies to the settlements of the south of Eastern Europe — first of all, to the territory of modern Ukraine — in medieval times. In this area, numerous cities, castles, open settlements have been recorded, the history of which in many cases has a centuries-old extent. First of all, it concerns urban centers, which is established on the basis of written and archaeological data. Many of them carry out archaeological research, but the volumes of modern field work, are clearly insufficient to obtain new information for further reconstruction of their development in space and time. Moreover, they are concentrated mainly only in areas of modern construction work, and not where it is necessary for a common understanding of life here over the centuries. At the same time, the issue of the interaction of composite structures in different territories and at different times remains relevant, which is especially important for explaining the effect of different mechanisms of functioning of all different-time state organisms: Kievan Rus, the Ukrainian Cossack State, or as a part of various foreign entities — the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Samogitian, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, etc. However, in general, all available information convincingly confirms the feudal nature of social structures of the middle ages time among indigenous population under consideration, in this case, territory. In connection with the mentioned above, the clarification of the terminology currently used should undoubtedly be adjusted for its conformity with the new refined model of perception of a specific social structure, which has been constantly developing in a civilizational sense over the past many centuries under the conditions of an agricultural society, which undoubtedly left its mark on all social structures (including settlement) throughout the medieval period in the life of every nation. It is necessary to constantly remember and clarify for oneself the fundamental differences between agricultural and subsequent industrial societies, each of which had distinctive main features, although in some details both could overlap in some ways.

South Korea’s fertility rate declined rapidly beginning in the late 1970s. By 2005, it had fallen to an all-time low of 1.08 per woman. This shift has contributed to a significant and continuing increase in the ratio of elderly to working-age population. In 2006 and 2010, the Korean government instituted policy plans intended to support child-rearing in the context of a modern industrialized society. However, increases in fertility rates during the years that followed were slight and inconsistent. In 2016, the government presented its Third Initiative for Low Fertility and Aging Society, but this program has been criticized, especially for focusing, like the earlier plans, too narrowly on financial subsidies rather than addressing culture and infrastructure as well. The present study examines these policy responses and compares them to the case of Japan, where a substantial reversal in the recent low fertility trend appears to have followed targeted, broad-based policies from both the central and regional governments, as well as voluntary programs by employers. The study recommends that Korea, like Japan, should not only engage multiple stakeholders but should broaden the scope of policy responses to account for the research-supported interrelationship among factors associated with education, culture, and economics.

Article examines views and current conceptions of theory of modernization applied to the so called “Eastern societies” and more to the Ottoman Empire as the most prominent non-European political actor and one of few states that survives the domination of the “West” during XIX century. Due to its origins in 1960’s, theory of modernization encompassed wide and numerous ideas, theories and concepts in desperate attempt to clarify, how backward and generally weak, comparing to its Eastern neighbors-rivals European civilization (mainly Western European) became economically and so force politically stronger and suddenly turned the tables, enslaved almost all the world for century. Europeans created new or renovate old institutions (frequently in spite of themselves) to became fitter than their competitors in worldwide struggle for wealth, both political and economic. Theory of modernization tries to explain when, how and by whom these changes were incentivized. It took a few decades to create various and rarely views depends on scholar’s scientific methodology and research methods, ideological preferences and ethnicity. Simultaneously, such European-based theories were applied to the non-Western societies due to find out the reasons of their second-rate positions, which appeared obvious to anyone in the last quarter of the XIX century. Author tries to apply a methodic instrument given by theory of modernization to analyze the process of reforms in XVIII century Ottoman Empire and what their efforts in political, economical and moreover mental spheres lead them into a trap of vicious circle of reform. The main question, were the innovations, provided by Ottomans a simple westernization (in the meaning of mindless compilation of European-created institutions) or in was straight purpose to emulate “Western” societies – to become stronger and sufficient, using their own resource and methods.

The role of working women has changed throughout the world due to economic conditions and social demands. This has resulted in a scenario in which working women have tremendous pressure to develop a career as robust as their male counterparts while sustaining active engagement in personal life. The ever-increasing work pressure is taking a ring on the working women leaving them with less time for themselves. The increasing responsibilities on the personal front with the technological blessings like advanced mobile phones, notepads, etc. that keeps work life integrated with personal life also creates stress on personal and professional fronts in this knowledge age. This affects the person’s physical, emotional and social well-being. Thus, achieving work life balance is a necessity for working women to have a good quality of life. This paper is an attempt to explore the tough challenges faced by working women in maintaining a balance between their personal and professional life. The various factors affecting the work-life balance of married working women have been examined in this study. The tool used for the study is the manual on work–life balance of The Industrial Society. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and it was found that the problems faced by the working women of Pune Maharashtra state in terms of work-life balance are quite high. The results also indicate that the work-life balance of individuals affect their quality of life.

In this article, from the standpoint of anthropocentrism, social history, the history of everyday life, the problem of energy supply to residents of Ukrainian cities during the years of Nazi occupation is analyzed. Energy in an industrial society is one of the most important sectors of the economy, ensuring the functioning of industry, transport, water supply and sanitation, lighting and heating of homes. It plays a particularly important role in the life of cities, because the city’s infrastructure is the center of population, industry and transport, high-rise buildings, and its normal operation without electricity is impossible. The study reveals the features of the restoration and operation of power plants, street lighting in cities, the cost of electricity, its availability for different groups of the urban population. Aspects of the functioning of urban electric vehicles are also discussed in the article. It is proven that the lack of electricity was felt throughout the entire period of occupation. Its absence restrained the restoration of communal services. Electricity was used primarily by German military units, Volksdeutsche, enterprises and official institutions. The methods of lighting and heating homes that were used by citizens during the years of occupation are considered. In the most difficult period in the winter of 1942, the local population was completely deprived of the right to use electricity at home. Violent measures (up to the execution) were threatened for violation of the order. The reverse situation was observed among the Wehrmacht soldiers who did not save electricity. In general, energy supply could not meet the needs of either the civilian population or industry, especially in the cold periods of the year. The reasons for this situation were the Soviet scorched earth tactics, the evacuation of all resources to the east of the USSR, the Reich’s policy of looting and removal of electrical equipment, the lack of fuel and the general energy crisis in Germany as a result of the failure of the blitzkrieg. In their turn, the Nazis themselves, when retreating, also resorted to scorched earth tactics, which, along with heavy fighting and moving of the front line, completely deprived the population of electricity at the final stage of occupation and the Soviet-German war.

Downshifting is a phenomenon of the postmodernity. It could not exist in neither pre-industrial nor industrial society. If classical philosophy of postmodernism has debunked the idea of progress in theory, downshifters do this in practice. Downshifting has multiple causes. Resent restructurizations in organizations limited the possibility of the traditional vertical career path for many people. The process of globalization and familiarization with Eastern cultures has shown the arbitrariness of success as a major meaning of the human being’s life. The movement of people from centers of megalopolises to the outskirts and suburban areas enabled to realize the possibility of the life outside the “benefits of civilization”. The spread of freelancing has also become an important factor that allowed people to implement the life strategy of downshifting.Analysis of the Internet space (downshifting communities in social networks, content analysis of posts and comments about downshifting, online publications, etc.) revealed trends related to this strategy of professional and personal development. In particular, interest in downshifting is growing among various age audiences. In recent years, much very young man who have not yet begun their professional career actively discussed this social phenomenon and ideologically supported downshifting. It is also notable, the change in the popularity of different types of downshifting in Russia.Downshifting strategy regardless of the number of people who have use it, demonstrates a real understanding of social space as a multidimensional entity and limitations of the outdated and seemingly axiomatic ideas of the social dynamics.

This article aims to review international literature on the current trends and challenges of cardiovascular epidemiology, including the emergence of new risk factors. The transformative impact of omics technologies on epidemiology, advantages and limitations of meta-epidemiology, as well as the role of mobile technologies and electronic medical records in maintaining and improving the cardiovascular health of the population are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the importance of continuity between the results acquired in the epidemiological studies and the programs aimed at the improvement of community health. The authors conclude that critical events make a significant impact on cardiovascular health. These events include changes in the lifestyle of people living in the industrial society, globalization, migration processes, and explosive development of new technologies and industries. Since these changes occur in parallel to the transformation of existing and emergence of new cardiovascular risk factors, then continuous research and control measures are required. Revolutionary changes in the field of biomedical technologies and advances in the epidemiological methodology translate into expanding the international terminology. New terms are continuously emerging at the junction of transforming areas of research. Therefore, along with the implementation of new biomedical technologies, the authors find it necessary to update and expand the vocabulary used in Russia in epidemiology and related disciplines.

This article will see the problem of pluralism through multi- dimensional approach. The plural society is not only the characteristic of modern industrial society, but also the characteristic of Islamic society, since the Prophet (PBUH) era. Normatively, al-Quran clearly rejects the exclusif way of life. In todays life, admitting diversity but having no will to create harmony will cause an unendless problem. Pluralism is the divine design which must be applied in manner and action. This must not stop in the discourse, but more practical. Human being is not merely a homo pluralist, who appreciate the diversity, but homo multiculturalist, who believe that in a plural relation there must be build real actions based on equality and justice.

The paper considers viewpoints on the stages of social development. It is based on the position of E. Toffler, who distinguishes three stages: agricultural, industrial and informational. The concept of sanctions is given as a measure of influence on the subjects of law, the purpose of which is either to suppress, eliminate, condemn undesirable actions (negative sanctions), or to stimulate desirable behavior (positive sanctions). Sanctions in law are analyzed in an evolutionary way, that is, in relation to the mentioned periods of development of society. In agrarian society, the death penalty was the main type of punishment, as society and the government itself were not notable for humanity. The society kept growing: since the XVIII century the barbaric ways of its implementation began to disappear, and since the twentieth century the process of abolition of death penalty began in many countries. In an industrial society, the main burden falls on the deprivation of liberty. But with the development of society, the amount of imprisonment sentences has reduced and replaced by less stringent sanctions (fines, mandatory work). In the information society the nature of sanctions is changing dramatically: 1) the physical impact on offenders is replaced by mental; 2) the negative impact on the subjects of law gradually gives way to a positive impact on them. The paper analyzes in detail the sanctions in the information society: 1) deprivation/non-provision of work; 2) forced publicity (defamation) as the placement of negative information in the public space, which is associated with the loss of reputation; 3) promotion as a measure of influence on the subject, associated with the onset of favorable consequences for him, applied for merits in achieving particularly significant results. All types of incentive sanctions are considered: material incentives; moral incentive, which aims to provide a person with increased attention, recognition, respect, raising his authority; provision of benefits, i.e. certain advantages, additional rights; reward for outstanding services.

Dans ce dossier sont rassemblés des témoignages de professionnelles – infirmières, psychologue et sociologues de formation – travaillant au quotidien avec des personnes qui ont été diagnostiquées comme souffrant du « syndrome de Diogène ». Ce syndrome, qui fait encore l’objet d’une controverse nosographique et clinique, est parfois défini comme un trouble associant une tendance à l’accumulation d’objets dénués de valeur d’usage (syllogomanie), une forte négligence de l’hygiène physique et domestique, ainsi qu’un isolement social prononcé. Une continuité particulière semble ainsi s’établir entre ces personnes et les choses déchues dont elles s’entourent, contamination à la fois symbolique et sensible (par les odeurs qui se transmettent au corps, par les vêtements négligés, etc.), jusqu’à les rendre ensemble « immondes » et « irrécupérables » aux yeux de l’entourage et du voisinage. Les témoignages recueillis ici permettent ainsi de questionner la mise en place, dans les discours comme dans les pratiques, d’un continuum entre des choses et des individus placés hors du monde, perçus et gérés comme ne pouvant y être réintégrés, ou alors au prix d’efforts obstinés. Here are gathered a series of accounts coming from professionals – nurses, psychologists, sociologist, urbanist – working with people diagnosed as suffering from the “Diogenes Syndrome”. This syndrome, which comprehension is still controversial, is often defined as a trouble combining a tendency to compulsive hoarding (syllogomania), a great neglect of oneself and of one’s habitation, and a pronounced social isolation. Between these persons and the fallen objects they gather and share their lives with, a type of continuity appears, symbolic as well as concrete (by the smells, the clothes, etc.), to such an extent that they both become “irrecoverable” in the eyes of their relatives and of their neighbourhood. Thus, these accounts are a way of questioning a hypothetical continuum, discursive as well as practical, between people and things placed out of the world, seen and handled as if they couldn’t be reintegrated in it, or else at a very great cost.

Living in the same society often leads us to build particular relation between each other. Getting married is one of those particular relations we build. But we get married for good and for worse. It is an enterprise full of problems and difficulties and only if you experience it that you can better understand. In Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence a series of miseries and dangers of marriage has been enumerated as well as family life, and the issue of children education, etc. The novel not only provides some of the most vivid descriptions of life in an unsettled industrial society, but also illustrates certain studies of human relationships within which frustrations, happiness, disappointment and pleasures of family life both absorb and renew enormous amounts of energy in almost everyone’s life. The main aim of this paper is to explore in different ways, the tumultuous family life and suggest effective steps for harmonious family life.

The goal is to study the process of interdisciplinary interaction of historical science with social, humanand natural sciences, the changing configuration of interdisciplinary fields and the redistribution ofthe intra-disciplinary hierarchy of scientific disciplinesSignificance is in the process of interdisciplinary interaction of historic sciences with such complexsciences-integrators as mathematics, informatics and institutionalization of them on the junction of quantitativehistory and historical informatics that had been stipulated besides objective inner developmentregularities of a historic science, strong influence of processes of mathematization, informatization andcomputerization on all branches of research cognition, swift growth of tendencies to the integration ofsocial and natural sciences in conditions of humanity transition from industrial society to informational.Findings – discovery is revealed in the fact that the objective character of interdisciplinary approachto the historical investigation in the second half of 20th century was linked first, with the realizing ofonly “brunch” disciplinary approach insufficiency in research theoretical mastering of historic reality andvivid inclination to integral, systematic consideration of historical objects, phenomena and processes;secondly, with difficulties in operating with immense amount of knowledge and swiftly growing flowof new information; thirdly, including mass historical sources into research circulation; fourth, with thenecessity of application parallel with descriptive, quantitative and formalized methods of analyses ofhistorical sources, especially of mass character, and effective use of new informational technologies inthe process of revising and presenting source information knowledge.

L’inaptitude au travail concernerait aujourd’hui près d’un million de salariés en France, dont plusieurs dizaines de milliers sont chaque année déclarés totalement inaptes et finalement licenciés. Dispositif de protection de la santé des salariés, l’inaptitude conduit finalement à exclure les plus âgés ou abîmés, parfois à cause de la nature du travail exercé. Alors que les entreprises y sont contraintes par la loi, peu de salariés sont en effet reclassés en interne sur un autre poste, compatible avec leur état de santé. Grâce à l’analyse des parcours de vingt salariés jugés « inaptes », notre enquête vise à comprendre le processus qui conduit une partie d’entre eux vers le chômage et l’exclusion. En fait, le licenciement pour inaptitude vient toujours clore un parcours long et complexe, qui commence par une atteinte à la santé, et qui est ensuite ponctué d’arrêts maladie (longs ou fréquents), engendrant parfois isolement et conflits, mais aussi des retours plus ou moins réussis. Les aménagements et les restrictions apparaissent plus ou moins respectés selon les univers productifs et peuvent conduire ainsi malades et accidentés au licenciement et à une situation éprouvante de chômage et de recherche d’emploi. Today about one million French employees are unfit for work. Every year, a hundred thousand of these are deemed totally unfit for work and eventually dismissed. Although they have a legal obligation to do so few companies actually redeploy them to another post compatible with their state of health. Recognition of unfitness for work is a system for protecting workers’ health, but it ultimately leads to the oldest or most infirm being excluded (sometimes due to the nature of the work they do). Tracking twenty employees deemed unfit for work, the survey seeks to explain the process which consigns some of them to unemployment and exclusion. Dismissal on the grounds of incapacity is always the culmination of a long and complicated process which starts with a health problem, and is then followed by long and frequent periods of sick leave, which can result in isolation and conflict, and also by attempts to return to work with variable degrees of success. The provisions and restrictions seem to be respected to different extents in different workplaces. All this culminates in the dismissal of sick or injured employees and leads to a stressful situation of unemployment and job-seeking.

Introduction . The study of the social picture of life, especially in the field of trade, is becoming increasingly relevant. Purpose . The tasks of this article are the following: to determine the relation of the influences of traditional and industrial society on the formation of the Makhnivka city at the end of the 18th century; to identify the importance of other-ethnic factors on the industry of the provincial town; to study the nature of the interaction of local owners and self-government with the state. Originality . The methodological basis of the study are the principles of historicism, objectivity, scientificity, comparative-historical method, the method of analysis of historical sources. Conclusion . According to the results of the analysis of historical sources, it has been revealed that the scale of Count P. Potosky’s entrepreneurial initiatives contributed to the formation of industry, banking, trade, in particular, trade fairs in Makhnivka. It has been determined that the filling of the local market with high-quality own-produced goods managed to achieve the development of the raw material base and the creation of favorable conditions for the work of foreign specialists at Makhnivka’s plants and factories. Cheap and affordable credit in the banking structures helped to increase the capacity of Makhnivka enterprises. It has been studied that under the conditions of bankruptcy of Makhnivka banking structures, state orders played an important role in the production process. City industry diversified the product range, which was represented by products of the agricultural sector (crop and livestock). The supremacy among city’s merchants was maintained by the Jews, who profited from the lease of premises for state structures, from the maintenance of shops and taverns, from wine farming, from government contracts to provide the army with food and heating. The Makhnivka city gained a high status among the cities of Kyiv Province at the end of the 18th century thanks to a combination of entrepreneurial skills of its owner, access to credit, industrial growth.

Dans les écrits politiques de Thomas Hobbes apparaît une figure étonnante qui vient interroger les limites du corps politique et social en ce qu’elle contrevient à la loi naturelle de complaisance dont le but est d’assurer la viabilité des échanges et la stabilité du lien social : celle du réfractaire, inspiré de la parabole biblique de la pierre réfractaire devenant pierre angulaire. Au lieu de ce renversement, on lit chez Hobbes une prescription : le réfractaire est irrécupérable et doit être purement et simplement rejeté hors de la société. Mais ce rejet apparaît illusoire et le réfractaire est ce résidu de l’incorporation sociale avec lequel toute société doit en permanence composer et qui travaille constamment sa cohésion. Accompagnant les soubresauts du corps social et politique, le terme réfractaire est au xixe siècle tantôt revendiqué par ceux qui refusent de s’accommoder d’un ordre social et économique jugé injuste et oppressif, tantôt utilisé pour disqualifier des incorrigibles, ennemis d’une société menacée de l’intérieur. Dans le contexte de paupérisation né de la seconde révolution industrielle, le réfractaire, loin d’être une exception, semble devenir une catégorie de plus en plus large, englobant tous ceux qui perdent plus qu’ils ne gagnent au jeu des échanges économiques. Exerçant un pouvoir de nuisance qui menace la cohésion de la société tout entière, les réfractaires rendent compte par là de la fragilité de l’édifice social, ce que Hegel décrit dans les Principes de la philosophie du droit. Les récits de Jules Vallès restituent ces figures insaisissables, faisant de cette résistance à la machine sociale une forme de vie à part entière. Mais au-delà de ces instanciations, le réfractaire en tant que propriété physique suppose dès son apparition dans le texte biblique une analogie entre une qualité matérielle et une conduite humaine, que le contexte hobbesien d’une nécessaire complaisance dans les échanges économiques entre les membres du corps social vient renforcer. Le réfractaire, matériau ou être humain, constitue un obstacle à ce métabolisme. Aussi l’analyse des matériaux dits réfractaires, inassimilables par le corps social, entravant la circulation des flux et des matières et menaçant la viabilité des sociétés et des individus eux-mêmes, permet de tester l’hypothèse d’une continuité entre le politique, le social et l’environnemental. L’exemple de l’amiante, sa nature, ses usages et ses conséquences sur les corps des malades et la solidarité du corps social, en est une illustration : le scandale suscité par l’exposition délibérée des travailleurs à la toxicité de cette fibre résistant à la combustion témoigne des limites opposées par les corps à la plasticité exigée par la logique du profit. In Thomas Hobbes’ political writings we encounter a remarkable figure who tests the limits of the political and social system by contravening the natural law of compliance. This law ensures the viability of interaction and the stability of the social bond. This figure, a refractory rebel inspired by the biblical parable of the refractory stone which becomes a cornerstone, embodies the impossible unification of society. Whereas the Bible transcends the incapacity of the refractory stone to fit into the social edifice, Hobbes recommends that refractory rebels be considered beyond redemption and treated as outcasts from society. But this rejection seems unrealistic: every society must compromise with this remnant of social incorporation which constantly threatens its stability. Accompanying the upheavals of the social and political system, the word réfractaire was, in the nineteenth century, both claimed by those who refused to accept an unfair and oppressive social order, and also used to preclude those considered incorrigible, the enemies of a society under threat from within. In the context of the pauperisation which resulted from the second industrial revolution, the réfractaires, far from being an exception, seemed to become a larger category, including all those who lost out in commerce, which undermined the unity of society, as Hegel explains in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Jules Vallès’ collection of portraits, Les Réfractaires, presents those elusive figures whose resistance to social incorporation was a way of life. Beyond these multiple instances, the physical property of a refractory body implies an analogy between a material quality and human conduct which constitutes an obstacle to metabolism. Refractory materials which cannot be assimilated impede movement and threaten the viability of societies and of the individuals themselves. They suggest the possibility of a continuity between political, social and environmental issues. Asbestos, its characteristics, and its effects on workers’ bodies and on the solidarity and cohesion of the social fabric is a good illustration: the scandal caused by the deliberate exposure of workers to this toxic, combustion-resistant material attests to the resistance bodies can mount against the malleability required by the profit motive.

L’article analyse la loi du 15 juillet 1889 (dite loi Freycinet) qui réorganise le recrutement militaire en France, introduisant notamment un principe de double peine pour les individus ayant subi des condamnations préalables à leur conscription. Il revient également sur la loi antérieure (1885) sur la relégation des multirécidivistes et souligne combien ces deux mesures tendent à organiser l’exclusion des « irrécupérables » en République. This essay examines the French law of 15 July 1889 (also known as the Loi Freycinet) which reorganised the military conscription system and introduced the principle of double punishment for all conscripts who had been convicted of an offence prior to their conscription. The article also revisits the previous law of 1885 on the transportation of recidivists, and argues that these two measures were responsible for the exclusion of “incorrigible/incurable” people during the French Third Republic.

Questionnant le thème de l’irrécupérabilité appliqué à l’être humain, en particulier dans la France des Trente Glorieuses, cet article s’attache plus particulièrement à recontextualiser son emploi en recourant à une étude de cas, le bidonville de Noisy-le-Grand (berceau de l’association ATD Quart Monde) à la fin des années 1950. L’analyse conduit à exhumer, corrélativement, l’emploi du champ sémantique du déchet ainsi que la question de l’eugénisme. Un second temps est consacré à la progressive disparition de ces notions au profit de tentatives, ici principalement associatives, de requalification de ces personnes. Examining the topic of “irrecoverability” as applied to human beings, particularly in post-war France, this article focuses more specifically on recontextualising the term’s use through a case study - the Noisy-le-Grand slum (the cradle of the ATD Fourth World organisation) at the end of the 1950s. The analysis leads to the correlative discovery of the use of the semantic field of waste, as well as the issue of eugenics. A second stage covers the gradual disappearance of these notions in favour of attempts (in this case primarily by community organisations) to reclassify these people.

Tarım toplumundan sanayi toplumuna geçiş ile birlikte üretim miktarları evrensel boyutta hız kazanan bir büyüme temposu yakalamıştır. Sanayileşmenin yanı sıra kentleşme ve nüfus artışı gibi faktörler de arz ve talep büyüklüklerinin değişiminde önemli rol oynamıştır. Üretimi artırmak için daha fazla doğal kaynak ve enerji kullanımı ise ekolojik dengeleri olumsuz yönde etkileyerek yaşam kalitesinin düşmesine neden olmuştur. Ancak belirli bir gelir düzeyine ulaştıktan sonra ülkeler, başlangıçta yarattıkları çevresel sorunları azaltmak için çözüm yolları arayışına girmektedirler. Bu çalışmada; ekonomik büyüme, ticari açıklık, elektrik tüketimi ve karbon dioksit salınımı (CO2) arasındaki ilişki, 1992-2014 dönemine ait verilerden hareketle BRIC-T ülkeleri için panel veri analizi kullanarak test edilmektedir. Bootstrap nedensellik bulgularına göre; Rusya’da gelir ve karbondioksit salınımları arasında çift yönlü, Hindistan’da elektrik tüketiminden ve Brezilya’da ise dışa açıklıktan karbondioksit salınımlarına doğru olmak üzere tek yönlü bağıntılar bulunmaktadır. Diğer yandan AMG testi ise Brezilya, Çin ve Türkiye’de elektrik tüketiminin; Rusya ve Çin’de dışa açıklığın ve Hindistan’da da gelirin CO2’yi artırdığını göstermektedir. Bunlardan farklı olarak Çin’de gelir artışı, CO2 değerlerinin azalmasına yol açmaktadır.

The article examines the development of public management in the process of establishing e-democracy and e-governance in Ukraine, which will contribute to the achievement of key goals of sustainable development of the region in the 21st century, with a revolutionary breakthrough in human resources development. The main purpose of the study is to influence the formation of leadership qualities in the subjects and objects of innovative management in the context of public administration and e-democracy as a key communicative problem of e-government. The systematization of literary sources and approaches to solving this problem shows that the scientific discourse has not yet touched upon the sphere of e-government. The urgency of developing the human resources leadership potential is driven by the rapid progress of universal globalization, which is based primarily on marketing and innovation management in public administration. The logical sequence of the research involves the analysis of the practical achievements of the progressive countries of the world in the field of e-governance and the study of the innovative role of managers in public administration; identifying the benefits of e-democracy; generalization of the sociology of leadership in the context of information society formation and competence of public administration managers; research of elite component of public management and definition of strategic guidelines of the state policy on formation of the information society in Ukraine. The methodological basis of this research is the concepts of marketing and innovation management in public administration, e-democracy, the information society; known theories of sociology of leadership. The subject of the study is Ukrainian public management in the conditions of formation of e-government in accordance with the standards of the European Union, the course for membership in which is enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine. Accordingly, the author's vision of strategic approaches to managing organizational changes in management structures related to the implementation of modern information and communication technologies of e-governance, strategic directions of the state personnel policy for the development of leadership potential as a key factor in the success of not only managers of all management is presented. of spheres and levels, but also of civil society as a whole, as well as exploration of the further development of the theory of sociology of leadership in the context of the transformation of industrial society into information (post-industrial). The research confirms and theoretically proves that human resource development is key in innovation processes. The pragmatic results of this study should contribute to the intensification of the introduction of e-democracy and e-governance in the field of public administration, thanks to the development of leadership potential of all participants in this process, even in the architectural conditions of modern Ukraine.

The decreased number of traditional earthenware craftsmen occurs due to three main factors: basic material, worker, and consumer. Some craftsmen instead prefer staying so that they should adapt to the existing condition. Nevertheless, in fact, some of them prefer stopping from being craftsmen now. Departing from this reality, the author tried to raise earthenware craftsmen’s adapting strategy to survive until today. The author employed a qualitative method. The phenomenological research was chosen with interview and observation being the techniques of collecting data. The result of research generally showed a variety of products produced aiming to document cultural heritage threatened to be extinct. Meanwhile, as the analysis technique, the author borrowed Julian Steward’s cultural-ecological perspective to explain the data found. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive technique of analysis. Considering the findings of the research, the craftsmen took a different surviving strategy today compared with that in the past. This change was effected by such constraints as basic material, consumer, and human resources. Julian Steward’s cultural-ecological concept seemed to be insufficient. Therefore, natural resources as the main basic material of industrial society should be understood more complexly to a more macro level.

The film The Survivalist portrays a dystopic world, wherein the most valuable asset is seeds. The 'seeds' metaphor applies both in the context of agriculture and in that of fecundity. The Survivalist's hostile hospitality toward a pair of nomads -- a mother and her daughter -- results in the pregnancy of the latter. In the last raid on his compound, the Survivalist allows the daughter to escape at the expense of his own life. This sacrifice manifests a severe critique against the preference given today to the well-being of the individual at the expense of the survival of the species.

Problem setting. Active information exchange, which is carried out in all spheres, becomes the basis of human activity of the information society, and education – the sphere of social relations that facilitates adaptation of a person to dynamic changes in the conditions of spreading intensive information flows. There is a necessity for introducing widespread innovations in the educational process. In this context, it is important to develop the communicative function of education, which is dominant in modern educational processes and contributes to the formation of creative personality and, in addition to providing knowledge transference, it also provides the conditions for exchanging opinions and views and expressing own positions and thoughts. Recent research and publications analysis. The formation and development of information society were initiated in the works of P. Draker, M. McLuen, M. Castels, E. Toffler and others. Numerous scientists were considering theoretical and practical aspects of the process of communication in conditions of information society and devoted their works to the issue, among them there are the following foreign and domestic scientists: Y. Habermas, and N. Luman, F. Kotler, P. Smith, M. Taylor, R. Voitovych, L. Horodenko, D. Konyk, O. Komarov, M. Lashkin, H. Pocheptsov, I. Fedorov and others. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. In spite of the considerable interest of scientists in the mentioned issues, in the studied literature, insufficient attention is paid to the development of the communicative function of education, which becomes dominant in modern educational processes and contributes to the formation of a creative personality capable of effective professional activity in the conditions of development of the information society. The paper aims at studying the communicative function of education and substantiating the dominant characteristics of education in conditions of forming information society. Paper main body. The dynamics of modern complex social processes spreading requires highlighting education as a defining sphere of social relations, which promotes human adaptation to the conditions of the information society, the development of leading technologies of perception, processing and dissemination of information. Highlighting the communicative function of education as dominant is conditioned by the specificity of the contemporary cultural space on the basis of a strategy of cross-cultural communication, which is clearly manifested in transformations in the educational systems. Education translates and transforms new communication technologies, becoming a dominant centre that facilitates interaction between different elements of society. Today, to ensure the effective implementation of the communicative function of education, it is necessary to use all the most accessible means of communication. Such means include, in particular, information and communication technologies related to the creation, storage, transmission, processing and management of information. The spread of new communications and the emergence of the Internet have become one of the major processes that have a significant impact on the educational sphere of public relations and promote the use of innovative information and communication technologies. In an online society, new information technologies help to make knowledge and information more accessible. New forms of education are emerging, the information support of which is provided on the “basis of the tool of modern information systems of education” using the information opportunities of Internet technologies and network communication. Unlike offline communication, online communication equalizes participants, giving them the opportunity to communicate openly and express themselves. The openness of the educational field and the readiness to changes and the willingness to communicate determine the dominant role of the communicative function of education in the conditions of the information society. This, in turn, leads to a change of the dominant characteristics of industrial society education. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. While carrying out the study there was found out that changes occurring in the education system are because of the fact that: – education turns into a continuous process of learning and self-development of a personality throughout one’s life; – traditional forms of organization of educational activity, methods and technologies of training are changing according to the requirements of the information society; – the development of scientific and innovative activity in education takes place; – the quality of learning on an innovative basis is improving; – the importance of the communicative function of education is increasing. According to the changes that are taking place in the educational sphere, there are defined the following dominant characteristics of education in the conditions of becoming an information society: dynamics, openness, accessibility, adaptiveness, heredity, communicativeness. Thus, the basic characteristics of education, as an absolute and obligatory condition for the creation of an intellectual basis of the information society, and the dominant role of the communicative function of education will allow not only preserving the system of classical values of education but also forming a modern person, prepared for successful professional activity following the requirements of modern times. Further scientific research may concern the analysis of implementing innovations in the educational process, in particular, ensuring the innovatization of the communicative process in the educational sphere.

Family as a concept is flexible, thus prone to changes concerning the needs of the modern industrial society. Roles within the family are structured following the contemporary conditions, following the emancipation of women, reduction in the male workforce due to mechanization, and increased presence of grandparents as caregivers, due to increased life expectancy. The main objective of this scientific work is to analyse relevant standpoints regarding the function and sustainability of family, while taking into account external influences such as economic status, political situation, as well as societal norms and values. The identification of these challenges helps us determine the extent to which family structure and function is able to adopt to rapid globalisation that is taking place. Globalization is opening many doors, giving us freedom of choice in terms of family structure and roles, while simultaneously forcing us to find our identity through labeling ourselves as “this”, “that”, or “the next best alternative”. Higher living standards constrain our possibility of choice, as fewer children mean less economic burden, but more attention is spent on them. The boomerang effect of childhood is what emphasizes the importance of a stable home.

The circular economy appears as a kind of opposite perspective to the ubiquitous “paradox of resources”, one of the foundations of the traditional industrial society. It represents the establishment of sustainable development and Industry 4.0. It is based on smart production, an increased supply of services, and improved management of production resources, all of which make it one of the basic elements of global state competitiveness. Although often neglected in the past, the need for conscientious exploitation of resources and environmentalism are gradually becoming the direction of policy development at the highest level, as both governments and international organizations have recognized the risks of late response to imminent challenges to economic and social growth. The European Union acknowledged the problem by presenting the legislative package as well as strategic documents Europe 2030 and the European Green Deal, which also oblige the Republic of Croatia to act as one of the member states. Based on a comparison of available statistical data, the paper focuses the presence of the circular economy as one of the indicators of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Croatia. Finally, the paper points to difficulties regarding transformation from a linear to a circular model of the economy.