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One out of every 100 Americans is incarcerated, many for drug-related offenses [1]. The resulting strain on correctional facilities nationwide has prompted recent research on the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment during incarceration. The LOCUST Therapeutic Community (TC) at the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail in Charlottesville, VA, is one such treatment program. The LOCUST TC aims to rehabilitate inmates by promoting lifestyle changes through behavioral-modification therapy. This paper reports on an evaluation of the effectiveness of the LOCUST TC, as a guide to the design and implementation of program modifications and new programs.

Federal law prohibits brewers from disclosing information about the alcohol content of malt beverages on product labels or in advertising. In 1987, the Adolph Coors Company filed suit against the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, arguing that this law is an invalid suppression of speech violating the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Coors won the case in U.S. District Court and the defendants have appealed to the United States Court of Appeals. A hearing and decision on the appeal is pending. This article summarizes the current federal law, describes the Coors case challenging the law, and discusses legal and practical issues concerning alcohol content labeling and advertising for malt beverages.

The common laboratory method for preparing Cantonese raw noodle dough for colour evaluation requires 200–300 g flour, a Hobart mixer to mix the dough and an Ohtake laboratory noodle machine. Alternative methods requiring less flour or less costly apparatus were developed and compared. Although the brightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) were influenced by the method of noodle-dough preparation, variations between methods were consistent. Different formulations of Kansui had similar effects on noodle brightness and yellowness, with the exception of sodium hydroxide, which produced substantially increased yellowness. The rate of decrease in brightness with time was useful as a quality parameter in estimation of noodle colour and may be indicative, in some cases, of the presence of polyphenol oxidase enzymes. The ranges in brightness and yellowness of Cantonese noodle doughs are very similar for Canadian wheats, except for soft white wheat cultivars.Key words: Noodle, wheat, flour, colour, polyphenol oxidase

Because binary mathematical morphology permits fast local neighborhood operations by flash conversion, it is used extensively in high-speed pattern-recognition computer systems. Further, since anyN-dimensional integer function may be represented by an (N + 1)-dimensional binary (bilevel) function, ordinary two-dimensional graylevel images become three-dimensional binary images. Thus these images may be processed by high-speed flash-conversion computers assuming that a sufficiently compact three-dimensional kernel can be devised. The tetradekahedron of the face-centered-cubic tessellation forms a perfect kernel in three-dimensions. Its neighborhood is compact. It has total symmetry with all 12 neighbors equidistant from the central element. Using this kernel a variety of useful three-dimensional morphological operations may be performed for target track detection, shaded graphics, data clustering, automated focusing, and spatial filtering.

Probabilistic engineering design enhances safety and reduces costs by incorporating risk assessment directly into the design process. In this paper, we assess the format of the quantitative metrics for the vehicle which will replace the Space Shuttle, the Ares I rocket. Specifically, we address the metrics for in-flight measurement error in the vector position of the motor nozzle, dictated by limits on guidance, navigation, and control systems. Analyses include the propagation of error from measured to derived parameters, the time-series of dwell points for the duty cycle during static tests, and commanded versus achieved yaw angle during tests. Based on these analyses, we recommend a probabilistic template for specifying the maximum error in angular displacement and radial offset for the nozzle-position vector. Criteria for evaluating individual tests and risky decisions also are developed.

This paper summarizes a Capstone Project focused on evaluating the energy use of the John Paul Jones Arena (JPJ). JPJ is a multipurpose arena and uses a tremendous amount of energy each day. An energy analysis of the John Paul Jones Arena was conducted and primary categories of energy use were identified as: electricity, hot water, and chilled water. Linear regression and time series analyses were conducted and illustrated potential areas in which energy efficiency could be improved. Target energy projects were identified. Returns on investment were calculated for target projects to justify recommendations. JPJ was compared to similar buildings as a benchmarking exercise. The HVAC systems were also evaluated.

The design of modern control systems relies on the formulation and analysis of mathematical models of dynamic physical systems. Physical systems are represented by connecting the terminals of pure elements in patterns that approximate the relationships among the properties of component devices. The element laws and system relations together constitute a complete mathematical description of a physical system. There are two fundamental approaches to the analysis of linear, time-invariant systems. Transform methods use rational functions obtained from the Laplace transformation of the system I/O equations. State-variable methods use the vector state and output equations directly. Simulation is almost always carried out with the assistance of computing equipment. Four methods can be used to construct a phase portrait: (1) direct solution of the differential equation, (2) the graphical method of isoclines, (3) transformation of the second-order system into an equivalent first-order system, and (4) numerical solution using simulation. Keywords: dynamic physical systems; Laplace transformation; mathematical models; modern control systems; state-variable methods

SUMMARY The deterministic job-shop scheduling problem exhibits the fundamental computational difficulty implicit in determining an optimal timetable for sharing production resources among competing production activities. While adaptation of the formal model to industrial practice is fraught with difficulties, we show that the underlying binary-disjunctive formulation itself is more robust than might be immediately apparent. Straightforward extensions of the underlying model are sufficient to capture such practical problem features as assembly and disassembly sequences, due-dates and out-processing operations, scheduled maintenance, nonzero release times and dispatch operations, certain sequence-dependent set-ups and materials handling delays, and a great range of operational side-constraints. Technological sequences need not be total orders, job priorities can be assigned explicitly or implicitly, and any regular measure of performance can be represented. The principal structural limitation is that machin...

During the past decade there have been at least ten major efforts to perform comprehensive, analytical studies of the complex issues associated with decommissioning civilian nuclear power plants. These planning efforts are reviewed, using the standard framework of technology assessment. In particular, each study is analysed to determine the degree to which formal methods of decision analysis have been employed to evaluate options and make recommendations and the degree to which formal methods of consensus have been employed to engage citizen involvement and promote public acceptance. Not unexpectedly, we find that the greatest strides in decommissioning analyses have been made in forecasting the economic costs of decommissioning to licensees. Comparatively few improvements have been made in the processes used to compare the impacts of alternative technologies more broadly, or to address the legitimate concerns of interested parties more widely.

Effective use of military cellular automata such as military data array processor (MilDAP) and geometric arithmetic parallel processor (GAPP), in weak, subpixel target detection is shown to be possible by using new signal processing regimes based on binary ranking filter theory. By using binary ranking filters, the MilDAP can furnish 6 dB of processing gain against white Gaussian noise while monitoring from one to four million potential target tracks at 10-40 frames/s. GAPP is shown to be capable of monitoring 3.7 million tracks over 216*384 detectors at 14000 frames/s and, in a time sharing mode, 15 million tracks over 432*768 detectors at 24 frames/s. The special case of threatening targets is discussed, as well as alternate cellular architectures which use multidimensional binary ranking filters in multidimensional coordinate systems. >

A software system, called Triakis, has been developed for the Macintosh0 computer that emulates a 3D cellular automaton of up to 16M processing elements. Initially this system was used to demonstrate missile track detection for SDI. More recently it has been applied to medical image display and analysis in radiology, for quantitation of thin bones in 3D CT, and in pathology, for serial-section reconstruction in breast tumor visualization.

Four halons (H-1301, H-1211, H-2402 and H-1202) have been measured in air samples collected from polar firn from Dome Concordia (Dome C), Antarctica, from Devon Island, Canada and the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) site, Greenland. H-2402 and H-1202 are reported for the first time in firn air. The depth profiles show the concentrations of all four halons to be zero at the base of the firn thus demonstrating their entirely anthropogenic origin. This is the first evidence of this for H-2402 and H-1202. A 2-D atmospheric model was run to produce historical trends in the atmospheric concentrations at the firn sites, which were then input into a firn diffusion model to produce concentration depth profiles for comparison with the measurements. The firn measurements provide constraints on the atmospheric concentrations in both hemispheres which allow the global emission rates and their latitudinal distribution in the atmospheric model to be evaluated. Global emission trends previously determined from measurements at Cape Grim are found to be consistent with the firn data. Further emissions of H-1202 in recent years (late 1980s onwards) are likely to have come from latitudes mostly south of 40° N, but emissions prior to that may have come from further north. Emissions of H-1211 may also have shifted to latitudes south of 40° N during the late 1980s. The firn data is used to derive atmospheric trends in total organic bromine in the form of halons for both polar regions.

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has conducted hardware-in-the loop experiments using combat net radios, message drivers, and tactical communications protocols to quantify the effects of network load parameters on the throughput and delay of a small combat radio net. A virtual reality network management tool will enhance the data analysis. The Situation Awareness Virtual Environment for Command, Control, and Communications (SAVEC3) Net Battle Management Tool is a software package developed by Quality Research. The tool currently displays a network level statistics window and individual statistics icons for each node and link. A statistical tool has been developed to provide performance analysis of the data stream beyond the simple net status currently available. In its present standalone form the statistical tool gets its input from data collected during previous experiments. The statistical tool has the capability to open individual link and node statistics windows displaying optional data such as the recent time history of link or node utilization, retransmit statistics, and effective throughput and message delay, thereby enhancing network performance analysis. The software calculates and logs network statistics continuously for all elements supported by the processed data, and a choice of statistical measures can be displayed on demand for the operator. The software calculates the statistical measures both from the start time and from an operator-selectable time interval. The network statistics are presented by graphical displays in operator-selectable windows, as well as numerical boxes.

A software package is being developed to improve the situation awareness of network managers by application of virtual reality (VR) techniques. The situation awareness virtual environment for command, control, and communications networks (SaveC3) package gathers network and, in a military application, battlefield status information, from disparate sources and displays the information as text and pictures. The visualization makes use of simple "glyphs" or status icons, along with tactical overlays (battle plans) and unit locations on three-dimensional terrain. The display can be by VR headset or by a three-dimensional perspective representation on a two-dimensional screen.

Three-dimensional mathematical morphology and its implementation in three-dimensional cellular automation are discussed. Automata having up to 262,144 PEs (processing elements) have been emulated using the Triakis software. Each PE in addition to its present state (either on or off) is permitted by Triakis software to store up to 20 previous states and is assigned a program word having 2/sup N/ binary locations (bits), where (N-1) is the number of neighbors to which the PE is connected. Triakis uses the FCC (face-centered cubic) tessellation, where the kernel is the tetradekahedron and N=13. The problem of embedding the tetradekahedron in the 64*64*64 array is addressed, and properties of the FCC tessellation are examined. The use of the approach for analyzing true three-dimensional binary data from CT (computer tomography) and MR (magnetic resonance) and three-dimensional binary arrays generated from column encoding gray-level imagery is reported. >

The next generation of semiconductor devices will realize integrated circuits with critical dimensions on the order of 0.18 microns. Achieving these small geometries presents a host of challenges to semiconductor manufacturers. In this paper, we describe a research project to investigate the potential effects on volume manufacturing operations and productivity resulting from the introduction of X-ray proximity lithography employing a synchrotron radiation source. The goal is to develop the operational modeling, simulation, and analysis tools required to evaluate, schedule and optimize the performance of X-ray lithography cells based on quantitative measures of manufacturing productivity.

In many industries, design for manufacture (DFM) has become a central concept for survival in increasingly competitive global markets. One of the important lessons of DFM is that consideration of manufacturing issues early in the design phase can reap substantial benefits. These include savings in set-up and production costs, reduction of lead times required to bring a new product to market, reduction of parts inventories and associated overhead, and improvements in overall product quality and reliability. This paper describes an effort recently initiated at the University of Virginia and SEMATECH to examine the application of DFM to the design and fabrication of integrated circuits. The DFM philosophy and related methodology, as these have evolved for numerous mechanical and electronic products, are discussed. Existing DFM concepts are considered in light of the unique features of integrated circuit design and fabrication. Some directions for further study are outlined.

Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women’s age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P

Physical failure analysis on inspected and bitmapped wafers prove a compelling way to pareto defect sources on memory products. Failure analysis also indicates the relationship between the electrical signature (row, column etc.) and the physical layer (gate, metal-0, etc.) Failure analysis very rarely, however, shows a one-to-one relationship between defects and electrical signatures. Electrical signatures can correspond to different defect sources: a double-bit failure might indicate either a blocked common-source contact or cell- to-cell leakage. Likewise, foreign material at the gate level might cause a cross failure if shorted to a contact, or a row failure if shorted to another gate. Yield engineers have developed algorithms to quantify the relationship between inline defects and electrical signatures; commercially available semiconductor-specific software can do the same. Although varying in their capability, these tools answer following questions: given that a die has a particular electrical signature, what is the most likely source of the defect? And given that a die has a defect at a certain level, what electrical signature will this most likely cause? Bayes' theorem can provide an answer to both. We apply Bayes' theorem to show the relationship between a sample of physical defects and electrical signatures on a DRAM product.