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206. We Are Family: Fathers' Time with Children and the Risk of Parental Relationship Dissolution.

Author

Kalil, Ariel and Rege, Mari

Subjects
*FATHER-child relationship, *SOCIOLOGY of divorce, *CHILD rearing, *FAMILY meals, *DIVORCE statistics, *MEALS, *PSYCHOLOGY, *MANNERS & customs, SOCIAL conditions in Australia
Abstract

Resident fathers have increased the time they spend in active childrearing in recent decades. This paper examines how fathers' time in childrearing is associated with relationship dissolution. We use longitudinal survey and time-diary data on young children from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; n = 5,604). We investigate mothers' and fathers' parenting time, alone and with each other, in a wide variety of activities. Controlling for a rich set of demographic characteristics and the quality of the parental relationship, we find that the sole correlate of parental relationship dissolution is shared time spent in family meals. This correlation holds only for shared family mealtime in which families are not simultaneously watching television. Further analysis suggests that high-quality shared family mealtimes may lower the risk of relationship dissolution by enhancing mothers' perceptions of marital quality and relationship happiness and reducing maternal depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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207. ONE-PARENT STUDENTS LEAVE SCHOOL EARLIER.

Author

ZIOL, KATHLEEN M., DUNCAN, GREG J., and KALIL, ARIEL

Subjects
SINGLE-parent families, POVERTY, MATERNAL age, EDUCATIONAL attainment
Abstract

The article discusses the likelihood of children from single-parent families to leave school permanently in reference to the 1965 report of the late Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan on black family poverty. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics is said to indicate gaps in school and college completion favoring children from two parent families. Maternal age and level of education as well as number of siblings are accounted for in the study on educational attainment.

Published
2015

208. Special Reviewers

Author

Abma, Joyce, primary, Acock, Alan, additional, Acs, Gregory, additional, Adams, Michele, additional, Adams, Ryan, additional, Adler, Marina A., additional, Adler‐Baeder, Francesca, additional, Ainsworth, James W., additional, Amin, Sajeda, additional, Anderson, Kathryn, additional, Anderson, Kristin, additional, Anderson, Peter, additional, Anderson, Siwan, additional, Angel, Jacqueline, additional, Arrighi, Barbara, additional, Atkinson, Alice M., additional, Avellar, Sarah, additional, Babcock, Renee, additional, Baber, Kristine, additional, Bachman, Heather, additional, Badgett, M. V. Lee, additional, Bahr, Kathleen S., additional, Bahr, Stephen, additional, Baker, Paul, additional, Banerjee, Leena, additional, Barber, Jennifer, additional, Barker, Judith C., additional, Barnes, Grace M., additional, Barnett, Rosalind C., additional, Barnett, Rosemary, additional, Bartell, Denise S., additional, Bartfeld, Judi, additional, Bartkowski, John, additional, Bartle‐Haring, Suzanne, additional, Bass, Brenda L., additional, Batson, Christie D., additional, Baum II, Charles L., additional, Bauman, Karl E., additional, Beach, Steven, additional, Beattie, Irenee R., additional, Beets, Gijs, additional, Belcastro, Philip, additional, Benda, Brent B., additional, Benin, Mary, additional, Benson, Mark, additional, Berardo, Felix M., additional, Berger, Lawrence M., additional, Berger, Roni, additional, Berke, Debra L., additional, Berry, Brent, additional, Beutel, Ann M., additional, Biddlecom, Ann, additional, Bielby, Denise D., additional, Binstock, Georgina, additional, Bjarnason, Thoroddur, additional, Blair, Clancy, additional, Blaisure, Karen R., additional, Blieszner, Rosemary, additional, Blume, Libby, additional, Bõgin, Catherine, additional, Bokker, Lon, additional, Bornstein, Marc, additional, Borsella, Angela, additional, Boss, Pauline, additional, Bouchard, Genevieve, additional, Bouchey, Heather, additional, Bould, Sally, additional, Boxer, Paul, additional, Boyce Rodgers, Kathleen, additional, Bozick, Robert, additional, Bradbury, Thomas N., additional, Bradley, Robert H., additional, Brady‐Smith, Christy, additional, Bratter, Jenifer, additional, Braun, Bonnie, additional, Brayfield, April A., additional, Brennom, Jennifer M., additional, Britto, Pia, additional, Brown, B. Bradford, additional, Brown, J. Brian, additional, Brown, Susan L., additional, Jane Brubaker, Sarah, additional, Bryson, Alex, additional, Buchanan, Christy, additional, Budescu, David V., additional, Bufford, Rodger, additional, Bulanda, Jennifer, additional, Bulanda, Ronald, additional, Bumpass, Larry L., additional, Bumpus, Matt, additional, Burdette, Amy M., additional, Burgoyne, Carole, additional, Burr, Jeffrey A., additional, Butler, Amy C., additional, Butler, Sarah M., additional, Bygren, Magnus, additional, Campbell, Lori, additional, Capaldi, Deborah, additional, Carbone‐Lopez, Kristin, additional, Carder, Paula, additional, Carini, Robert M., additional, Carlson, Elwood, additional, Carlson, Marcy J., additional, Carney, Dana R., additional, Caron, Sandra, additional, Carpenter, Brian, additional, Carrere, Sybil, additional, Cassidy, Margaret L., additional, Castle, Kathryn, additional, Cate, Rodney M., additional, Chan, Willaim, additional, Charles, Maria, additional, Cheal, David, additional, Hee Chee, Kyong, additional, Chen, Zeng‐yin, additional, Cheng, Simon, additional, Chesley, Noelle, additional, Chito Childs, Erica, additional, Christensen, Andrew, additional, Christopher, Karen L., additional, Christopher, F. Scott, additional, Ciabattari, Teresa, additional, Clements, Andrea D., additional, Clements, Mari, additional, Coatsworth, Doug, additional, Cody, Susan, additional, Cody‐Rydzewski, Susan R., additional, Cognard‐Black, Andrew, additional, Cohan, Catherine, additional, Coles, Roberta L., additional, Levine Coley, Rebekah, additional, Coltrane, Scott, additional, Conley, Terri, additional, Arnet Connidis, Ingrid, additional, Cook, Cynthia T., additional, Cookston, Jeff, additional, Cordova, James V., additional, Cornelius, Tara, additional, Crawford, Duane, additional, Cready, Cynthia M., additional, Crosnoe, Robert, additional, Crowder, Kyle D., additional, Cui, Ming, additional, Curran, Sara, additional, Daly, Martin, additional, David, Kevin M., additional, Davies, Lorraine, additional, Davis, Kelly, additional, Davis, Shannon N., additional, Davis‐Kean, Pamela, additional, De Oliveira, Ebenezer, additional, De St. Aubin, Ed, additional, De Valk, Helga, additional, De Vos, Susan, additional, Deater‐Deckard, Kirby, additional, DeGarmo, David, additional, DeKeseredy, Walter, additional, DeLeire, Thomas, additional, DeLuccie, Mary, additional, Demo, David H., additional, Dempster‐McClain, Donna, additional, Denham, Susanne, additional, Denton, Wayne, additional, DeRose, Laurie, additional, Derscheid, Linda E., additional, Desai, Sonalde, additional, Descartes, Lara, additional, Dew, Jeffrey, additional, Dilworth‐Anderson, Peggye, additional, Dodoo, Francis, additional, Dodson, Lisa, additional, Doll, Kevin, additional, Dollahite, David C., additional, Donnelly, Brenda W., additional, Donnelly, Denise A., additional, Doss, Brian, additional, Drigotas, Stephen, additional, Duncan, Greg J., additional, Duncan, Karen A., additional, Dunham, Charlotte, additional, Dunifon, Rachel, additional, Dunsmore, Julie, additional, Durden, T. Elizabeth, additional, Duxbury, Linda, additional, Dykstra, Pearl, additional, Edin, Kathryn, additional, Edwards, Mark, additional, Ehrenberg, Marion, additional, Ehrle Macomber, Jennifer L., additional, Elliott Wilson, Melanie E., additional, Elman, Cheryl, additional, Epstein, Norman, additional, Eriksen, Shelly, additional, Erlin, Carrie S., additional, Evertsson, Marie, additional, Feinberg, Mark, additional, Felson, Richard B., additional, Feltey, Kathryn, additional, Fenwick, Rudy, additional, Fernando, Rajulton, additional, Ferrick, Margaret, additional, Few, April, additional, Field, Carolyn, additional, Fingerman, Karen L., additional, Fischer, Tamar, additional, Fisher, Terri, additional, Fletcher, Anne C., additional, Fleury‐Steiner, Ruth E., additional, Floyd, Kory, additional, Formoso, Diana, additional, Foster, E. Michael, additional, Franks, Melissa, additional, Frazier, Leslie D., additional, Fruhauf, Christine A., additional, Fruth, Abbey, additional, Kang Fu, Vincent, additional, Fu, Xuanning, additional, Fulcher, Megan, additional, Gage, Anastasia, additional, Gager, Constance T., additional, Gano‐Phillips, Susan, additional, Gao, Ge, additional, Gareis, Karen, additional, Garfinkel, Irwin, additional, Gartner, Rosemary, additional, Gartstein, Maria, additional, Gassanov, Margaret, additional, Gaughan, Monica M., additional, Gavazzi, Stephen M., additional, Ge, Xiaojia, additional, Gennetian, Lisa A., additional, Gerard, Jean, additional, Gerris, Jan, additional, Thompson Gershoff, Elizabeth, additional, Gerteisen Marks, Jennifer P., additional, Giarrusso, Roseann, additional, Gibson‐Davis, Christina, additional, Gierveld, Jenny, additional, Gils, Wouter, additional, Gladstone, Jim, additional, Glaser, Karen, additional, Glenn, Norval, additional, Goldberg, Abbie, additional, Goldberg, Wendy, additional, Golden, Lonnie, additional, Goldscheider, Calvin, additional, Gonzaga, Gian, additional, Good, Marie, additional, Goodnow, Jacqueline, additional, Goodwin, Paula Y., additional, Gordon, Kristina C., additional, Gordon, Rachel, additional, Goyette, Kim A., additional, Gracia, Enrique, additional, Graefe, Deborah, additional, Grant, Darlene, additional, Grasmick, Harold, additional, Green, Kerry, additional, Stevens Greenberg, Jan, additional, Greenfield, Emily A., additional, Greenhaus, Jeffrey H., additional, Greenstein, Theodore, additional, Greve, Arent, additional, Guilamo‐Ramos, Vincent, additional, Guo, Shenyang, additional, Guzzo, Karen, additional, Haas, Linda, additional, Haddock, Shelley A., additional, Hall, Scott, additional, Hamby, Sherry, additional, Hango, Darcy W., additional, Hans, Jason D., additional, Hardesty, Constance, additional, Harknett, Kristen, additional, Harpel, Tammy, additional, Harris, Shanette M., additional, Harwood, Jake, additional, Hawkins, Daniel, additional, Haworth‐Hoeppner, Susan, additional, Heard, Holly, additional, Heaton, Tim B., additional, Helms, Heather, additional, Hendrix, Lewellyn, additional, Henly, Julia R., additional, Henry, Carolyn, additional, Herrick, Susan C., additional, Herting, Jerald, additional, Hertlein, Katherine, additional, Heyman, Richard, additional, Hill, E. Jeffrey, additional, Hiller, Harry H., additional, Hirschl, Thomas, additional, Hoekstra‐Weebers, Josette, additional, Hoelter, Lynette F., additional, Hoffmann, John P., additional, Hofsetter, C. Richard, additional, Hogan, Dennis, additional, Hohmann‐Marriott, Bryndl, additional, Holman, Thomas, additional, Holtzworth‐Munroe, Amy, additional, Honeycutt, James M., additional, Hook, Jennifer, additional, Horwitz, Allan V., additional, Hosley, Cheryl A., additional, Houseknecht, Sharon, additional, Huang, Chien‐Chung, additional, Huber, Joan, additional, Humble, Aine M., additional, Hunter, Andrea, additional, Jo Hunts, Holly, additional, Hwang, Sean‐Shong, additional, Shibley Hyde, Janet, additional, Iacovou, Maria, additional, Iceland, John, additional, Impett, Emily A., additional, Ispa, Jean, additional, Jansen, Miranda, additional, Janson, Gregory R., additional, Jasinski, Jana, additional, Jekielek, Susan, additional, Jeng, Wei‐Shiuan, additional, Jewkes, Rachel, additional, Joesch, Jutta M., additional, Johnson, Matthew, additional, Johnson, Michael P., additional, Johnson, Rosalind B., additional, Jones, Deborah, additional, Jorgensen, Stephen, additional, Joshi, Pamela, additional, Joyner, Kara, additional, Jung, Tony, additional, Kalil, Ariel, additional, Kamo, Yoshinori, additional, Kamp Dush, Claire M., additional, Karremans, Johan, additional, Kasturirangan, Aarati, additional, Kaufman, Gayle, additional, Kaukinen, Catherine, additional, Kazura, Kerry, additional, Kelley, Michelle L., additional, Kemp, Candace, additional, Kerpelman, Jennifer, additional, Kiecolt, K. Jill, additional, Killian, Tim, additional, Kim, Hyoun, additional, Kim, Irene J., additional, Kim, Julia, additional, Kirby, James, additional, Kirkpatrick Johnson, Monica, additional, Kiter Edwards, Margie, additional, Klein, David, additional, Klein, Renate, additional, Klumb, Petra, additional, Knapp, Stan, additional, Knight, Bob, additional, Knoester, Chris, additional, Kohn, Melvin L., additional, Kolburn, Amanda, additional, Korinek, Kim, additional, Koropeckyj‐Cox, Tanya, additional, Kosterman, Rick, additional, Kowal, Amanda, additional, Krampe, Edythe, additional, Kroska, Amy, additional, Krueger, Patrick M., additional, Kurz, Demie, additional, Lambert‐Shute, Jennifer, additional, Lampard, Richard, additional, Lancaster, Sandra, additional, Langenkamp, Amy, additional, Langhinrich‐Rohling, Jennifer, additional, Lansford, Jennifer E., additional, Lareau, Annette, additional, Laughlin, Lynda L., additional, Laurenceau, Jean‐Philippe, additional, Lauster, Nathanael, additional, Lavee, Yoav, additional, Lawton, Leora, additional, Lee, Gary R., additional, Lee, Kristen, additional, Lefkowitz, Eva, additional, Lein, Laura, additional, Leite, Randy, additional, Lempers, Jacques D., additional, Leon, Kim, additional, Leone, Janel, additional, Letiecq, Bethany L., additional, Li, Fuzhong, additional, Lichter, Daniel T., additional, Liefbroer, Aart C., additional, Lim, Soh‐Leong, additional, Lin, I‐Fen, additional, Lincoln, Karen, additional, Linver, Miriam, additional, Linville, Deanna C., additional, Lloyd, Kim, additional, London, Andrew S., additional, Longmore, Monica, additional, Lopoo, Lenard M., additional, Lorenz, Frederick O., additional, Ludwick, Ruth, additional, Lundquist, Jennifer, additional, Luo, Ye, additional, Lyness, Kevin, additional, Lyons, Karen S., additional, Maccoby, Eleanor, additional, MacDermid, Shelley, additional, MacDonald, William L., additional, Yagla Mack, Kristin, additional, Macmillan, Ross, additional, Macomber, Jennifer, additional, MacPhee, David, additional, MacTavish, Katherine, additional, Madise, Nyovani J., additional, Malik, Neena, additional, Manning, Wendy D., additional, Mansfield, DeeAnn, additional, Manzi, Claudia, additional, Margolin, Gayla, additional, Marks, Gary, additional, Marks, Jennifer, additional, Marks, Loren, additional, Marks, Nadine, additional, Marshall, Sheila, additional, Marsiglio, William, additional, Marteleto, Leticia, additional, Martin, Molly A., additional, Martin, Steven P., additional, Mattingly, Marybeth J., additional, Maume, David, additional, McBride, Brent A., additional, McElroy, Mary, additional, McGraw, Lori, additional, McGroder, Sharon M., additional, McHale, Susan M., additional, McPherson, Mervyl J., additional, McQuillan, Julia, additional, Mederer, Helen J., additional, Meekers, Dominique A., additional, Meinhold, Jana, additional, Melby, Janet N., additional, Mellott, Leanna, additional, Menjivar, Cecilia, additional, Messner, Steven, additional, Michaels, Marcia, additional, Milkie, Melissa A., additional, Mirsky, Julia, additional, Mollen, Debra, additional, Monden, Christiaan, additional, Moore, David, additional, Morgan, David, additional, Morgan, S. Phillip, additional, Mosack, Katie E., additional, Muraco, Anna, additional, Murray, Colleen I., additional, Murray, Susan, additional, Mustillo, Sarah, additional, Myers, Barbara J., additional, Myers, Scott M., additional, Myers‐Walls, Judith A., additional, Najarian, Cheryl, additional, Nelson, Margaret, additional, Ngee, Tick, additional, Nievar, Angela, additional, Nock, Steven L., additional, Nomaguchi, Kei, additional, O'Brien, Marion, additional, Okun, Barbara S., additional, Olson, Loreen N., additional, Openshaw, D. Kim, additional, Oppenheimer, Valerie K., additional, Oropesa, Ralph S., additional, Ortiz, Steven, additional, Osborne, Cynthia, additional, Oswald, Ramona, additional, Oyserman, Daphna, additional, Ozer, Elizabeth M., additional, Pahl, Jan, additional, Parcel, Toby L., additional, Parker, Jennifer, additional, Pavalko, Eliza, additional, Pearce, Lisa, additional, Perren, Sonja, additional, Perry, Yvette V., additional, Perry‐Jenkins, Maureen, additional, Peters, Cheryl L., additional, Peterson, Brennan, additional, Philaretou, Andreas, additional, Phua, VooChin, additional, Piercy, Kathy, additional, Pillemer, Karl, additional, Poehlmann, Julie, additional, Pollard, Michael, additional, Porterfield, Shirley L., additional, Powell, Brian, additional, Ann Powell, Mary, additional, Prazak, Miroslava, additional, Proulx, Christine M., additional, Pruchno, Rachel, additional, Pungello, Elizabeth, additional, Punyanunt‐Carter, Narissra, additional, Putnam, Samuel P., additional, Baolian Qin, Desiree, additional, Honn Qualls, Sara, additional, Radina, M. Elise, additional, Raley, Sara, additional, Ramu, G. N., additional, Rao, Pamela, additional, Reed, Joanna, additional, Reese‐Weber, Marla, additional, Regnerus, Mark, additional, Reifman, Alan S., additional, Reiss, Ira L., additional, Remle, Corey, additional, Reynolds, Jeremy, additional, Rezac, Sandra J., additional, Riger, Stephanie, additional, Riggio, Heidi R., additional, Riley, David, additional, Ripley, Jen, additional, Robinson, John P., additional, Roche, Kathleen, additional, Rogers, Stacy J., additional, Romich, Jennifer L., additional, Rosenbaum, Alan, additional, Rosenblatt, Paul C., additional, Rossi, Peter, additional, Rovine, Michael, additional, Rubin, Donald B., additional, Sabatelli, Ronald M., additional, Salway, Sarah, additional, Sanders, Gregory F., additional, Sanderson, Stephen, additional, Sano, Yoshie, additional, Sarkisian, Natalia A., additional, Sassler, Sharon L., additional, Saunders, Daniel G., additional, Schaefer, Earl, additional, Scheuble, Laurie, additional, Schmeeckle, Maria, additional, Schmitt, David P., additional, Schmitz, Mark, additional, Schneider, Barbara, additional, Schoen, Robert, additional, Schoenberg, Nancy E., additional, Schoppe‐Sullivan, Sarah J., additional, Schumm, Walter R., additional, Scott, Andrea, additional, Scott, Brent, additional, Scott, Ellen K., additional, Shackelford, Todd K., additional, Shah, Anisha, additional, Shanahan, Lilly, additional, Shapiro, Adam, additional, Fearnley Shapiro, Alyson, additional, Sharp, Elizabeth A., additional, Shebloski, Barbara, additional, Sherkat, Darren, additional, Short, Susan, additional, Shorter‐Gooden, Kumea, additional, Shuey, Kim, additional, Shumow, Lee, additional, Sigle‐Rushton, Wendy, additional, Silverstein, Louise, additional, Silverstein, Merril, additional, Simons, Leslie, additional, Singla, Rashmi, additional, Smith, David, additional, Smith, Suzanne R., additional, Smock, Pamela J., additional, Smulyan, Lisa, additional, Snider, Blake, additional, Snyder, Karrie, additional, Sobolewski, Juliana, additional, Richards Solomon, Cathy, additional, Somers, Cheryl, additional, South, Scott J., additional, Spearin, Carrie E., additional, Springer, Kristin W., additional, Staik, Athena, additional, Stanley, Scott, additional, Carr Steelman, Lala, additional, Sterk, Claire, additional, Stern, Phyllis, additional, Stevens, Daphne, additional, Stevenson, Michelle L., additional, Stewart, Robert, additional, Stewart, Susan D., additional, Stiles, Beverly, additional, Stockard, Jean, additional, Strassmann, Beverly, additional, Strohschein, Lisa, additional, Stum, Marlene, additional, Suitor, J. Jill, additional, Sun, Yongmin, additional, Park, Lisa Sun‐Hee, additional, Supple, Andrew, additional, Surra, Catherine A., additional, Swanberg, Jennifer E., additional, Sweeney, Kathryn, additional, Sweeney, Megan M., additional, Sweet, Stephen, additional, Swinford, Steven, additional, Takigiku, Susan K., additional, Tanfer, Koray, additional, Tayki, Baffour K., additional, Taylor, Tiffany, additional, Teerawichitchainan, Bussarawan P., additional, Tein, Jenn‐Yun, additional, Temple, Jeff, additional, Thomson, Elizabeth, additional, Tiefenthaler, Jill, additional, Tomassini, Cecilia, additional, Torr, Berna S., additional, Trent, Katherine, additional, Trzcinski, Ellen, additional, Tschann, Jeanne M., additional, Uhlenberg, Peter, additional, Umana‐Taylor, Adriana, additional, Umberson, Debra J., additional, Updegraff, Kimberly, additional, Usdansky, Margaret, additional, Uttal, Lynet, additional, Van Gaalen, Ruben I., additional, Vollebergh, Wilma, additional, Volling, Brenda, additional, Voorpostel, Marieke, additional, Votruba‐Drzal, Elizabeth, additional, Voydanoff, Patricia, additional, Waite, Linda J., additional, Waldfogel, Jane, additional, Ebert Wallace, Lora, additional, Warner, Barbara, additional, Warren, Tracey, additional, Weeden, Kim A., additional, Weiting, Steve, additional, Wenger, G. Clare, additional, West, Jerry, additional, Wethington, Elaine, additional, Krauss Whitbourne, Susan, additional, Whitchurch, Gail G., additional, White, James M., additional, Whiteman, Shawn, additional, White‐Stephan, Cookie, additional, Widmer, Eric D., additional, Wieting, Stephen, additional, Wilcox, W. Bradford, additional, Wildsmith, Elizabeth, additional, Williams, Kristi, additional, Wills, Jeremiah, additional, Willson, Andrea, additional, Wilmoth, Janet, additional, Wilson, John, additional, Winkler, Celia C., additional, Winslow, Sarah, additional, Wojtkiewicz, Roger A., additional, Wolfinger, Nicholas H., additional, Wright, Eric R., additional, Yabiku, Scott T., additional, Yancey, George A., additional, Yang, Frances, additional, Yeh, Hsin‐Chen, additional, Yeung, Wei‐Jun Jean, additional, Yount, Kathryn, additional, Vogt Yuan, Anastasia, additional, Zabin, Laurie, additional, Zhang, Zhenmei, additional, Zuo, Jiping, additional, and Zweig, Janine, additional

Published
2005
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212. Chapter One: THE APPLE DOES NOT FALL FAR FROM THE TREE.

Author

Duncan, Greg, Kalil, Ariel, Mayer, Susan E., Tepper, Robin, and Payne, Monique R.

Subjects
PARENT-child relationships, HOME environment, SOCIAL status, CHILD behavior
Abstract

Chapter One of the book "Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success," edited by Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis and Melissa Osborne Groves is presented. It explores the relationship between the characteristics of parents and their children, wherein the key cause of their similarities is the parental socioeconomic status (SES). It claims the mother's characteristics predict the same characteristics in daughters that in sons.

Published
2008

224. Early childhood poverty and adult achievement, employment and health.

Author

Duncan, Greg J., Kalil, Ariel, and Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M.

Subjects
*POOR families, *HEALTH of poor children, *ACADEMIC achievement, *POVERTY rate, *LABOR market
Abstract

An essay is presented on the employment, academic achievement, and health of children living in poor families in the U.S. It offers the average rate of early childhood poverty in the country as revealed by the U.S. Census Bureau. The author also reflects on the possible mechanisms that links to early poverty as well as its outcomes in the labour market and adult health.

Published
2013

225. Mothers' Economic Conditions and Sources of Support in Fragile Families.

Author

Kalil, Ariel and Ryan, Rebecca M.

Subjects
*CHILD care, *DEPENDENCY (Psychology), *EMPLOYMENT, *HOUSING, *INCOME, *MEDICAID, *MOTHERS, *POVERTY, *PUBLIC welfare, *SINGLE parents, *FOOD safety, *COMMUNITY support, *GOVERNMENT policy, *SOCIAL support, *EDUCATIONAL attainment, *AT-risk people, *TRENDS
Abstract

Rising rates of nonmarital childbirth in the United States have resulted in a new family type, the fragile family. Such families, which include cohabiting couples as well as single mothers, experience significantly higher rates of poverty and material hardship than their married counterparts. Ariel Kalil and Rebecca Ryan summarize the economic challenges facing mothers in fragile families and describe the resources, both public and private, that help them meet these challenges. The authors explain that the economic fragility of these families stems from both mothers' and fathers' low earnings, which result from low education levels, as well as from physical, emotional, and mental health problems. Mothers in fragile families make ends meet in many ways. The authors show that various public programs, particularly those that provide in-kind assistance, do successfully lessen economic hardship in fragile families. Single mothers also turn to private sources of support—friends, family, boyfriends—for cash and in-kind assistance. But though these private safety nets are essential to many mothers' economic survival, according to the authors, private safety nets are not always consistent and dependable. Thus, assistance from private sources may not fundamentally improve mothers' economic circumstances. Policy makers, say Kalil and Ryan, must recognize that with rates of nonmarital childbirth at their current level, and potentially rising still, the fragile family is likely an enduring fixture in this country. It is thus essential to strengthen policies that both support these families' economic self-sufficiency and alleviate their hardship during inevitable times of economic distress. The most important first step, they say, is to strengthen the public safety net, especially such in-kind benefits as food stamps, Medicaid, housing, and child care. A next step would be to bolster community-based programs that can provide private financial support, such as emergency cash assistance, child care, and food aid, when mothers cannot receive it from their own private networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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226. Joblessness, family relations and children's development.

Author

Kalil, Ariel

Subjects
*UNEMPLOYMENT, *CHILD rearing, *UNEMPLOYED parents, *CHILDREN of unemployed parents, *EDUCATIONAL attainment, *DIVORCE, *ECONOMIC security, SOCIAL conditions in Australia
Abstract

The article reports on the significant effects of unemployment towards the well-being of families and children in Australia. It discusses the potential impact and the economic consequences of unemployment. It notes the influence of parental job loss towards child development and states that it affects the children's educational attainment. It stresses that unemployment increases the likelihood of divorce, negatively affects families' economic security, physical and mental health. Moreover, additional information on the negative impact of job loss on families are also given.

Published
2009

227. Job Loss at Mid-life: Managers and Executives Face the "New Risk Economy.".

Author

Mendenhall, Ruby, Kalil, Ariel, Spindel, Laurel J., and Hart, Cassandra M. D.

Subjects
*WHITE collar workers, *DISMISSAL of employees, *AGE discrimination in employment, *LABOR economics, *MACROECONOMICS, UNITED States economy, 2001-2009
Abstract

We use a lifecourse framework to examine how the "new risk economy" has left middle-age professionals, managers and executives more vulnerable to job loss and unemployment despite high levels of human capital. Using in-depth qualitative data from 77 recently-unemployed white-collar workers, we examine perceptions of macro-economic forces and their implications for respondents' career-recovery plans and expectations for their own and their children's future career pathways. We find that most respondents attributed their job loss to factors associated with globalization and used coping strategies that involved adapting a "free-agent" mentality in the face of declining employer loyalty and deprofessionalization to manage perceptions of age bias. Respondents also make mastering the "new risk economy" a developmental goal for themselves and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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228. Economic mobility and parents' opportunity hoarding.

Author

Silverman, David M., Hernandez, Ivan A., Schneider, Marlis, Ryan, Rebecca M., Kalil, Ariel, and Destin, Mesmin

Subjects
*SOCIAL mobility, *PARENT attitudes, *ECONOMIC mobility, *PARENTS, *SOCIOECONOMIC status
Abstract

Creating opportunities for people to achieve socioeconomic mobility is a widely shared societal goal. Paradoxically, however, achieving this goal can pose a threat to high-socioeconomic-status (SES) people as they look to maintain their privileged positions in society for both them and their children. Two studies evaluate whether this threat manifests as "opportunity hoarding" in which high-SES parents adopt attitudes and behaviors aimed at shoring up their families' access to valuable educational and economic resources. The current paper provides converging evidence for this hypothesis across two studies conducted with 2,557 American parents. An initial correlational study demonstrated that believing that socioeconomic mobility is possible was associated with high-SES parents being more inclined to attempt to secure valuable educational and economic resources for their children, even when doing so came at the cost of low-SES families. Specifically, high-SES parents with stronger beliefs in socioeconomic mobility exhibited decreased support for redistributive policies and viewed engaging in discrete behaviors that would unfairly advantage their children (e.g., allowing them to misrepresent their identities on school and job applications) as more acceptable relative to both low-SES parents with similar beliefs and high-SES parents who were less optimistic about socioeconomic mobility. A subsequent experimental study established these relationships causally by comparing parents' responses to different types of socioeconomic mobility. Together, the current findings merge insights across psychology and economics to deepen understandings of the processes through which societal inequities emerge and persist, especially during times of apparently abundant opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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229. Job loss at mid-life: Managers and executives face the "new risk economy".

Author

Mendenhall, Ruby, Kalil, Ariel, Spindel, Laurel J., and Hart, Cassandra M. D.

Abstract

The authors use a lifecourse framework to examine how the ‘‘new risk economy’’ has left middle-age professionals, managers, and executives more vulnerable to job loss and unemployment despite high levels of human capital. Using in-depth qualitative data from 77 recently-unemployed white-collar workers, the authors examine perceptions of macro-economic forces and their implications for respondents’ career-recovery plans and expectations for their own and their children’s future career pathways. The authors find that most respondents attributed their job loss to factors associated with globalization and used coping strategies that involved adapting a ‘‘free-agent’’ mentality in the face of declining employer loyalty and deprofessionalization to manage perceptions of age bias. Respondents also make mastering the ‘‘new risk economy’’ a developmental goal for themselves and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010

230. Families facing poverty: Challenges to parent mental health, parenting, and adolescent adjustment.

Author

Kalil, Ariel

Subjects
Psychology, Developmental, Sociology, Individual and Family Studies
Abstract

This study tested the links between a variety of indicators of economic hardship and parent mental distress, parenting behaviors (parent management and involvement in children's lives), and adolescent adjustment (problem behavior and academic performance) in a sample of 352 low- to moderate-income mothers of early adolescents in inner-city Philadelphia. The sample was predominantly Black and living in non-intact family structures. Approximately one-quarter of the sample had incomes below the official poverty line. The average age of the adolescents in the sample was 13.5 years. The indicators of economic hardship in the study included family cutbacks in expenses, non-intact family structure, unemployment status, poverty status, recency and duration of welfare receipt, and mothers' family of origin socioeconomic status. Moderating effects of parent race and availability of social support were also tested. Multiple regression analyses revealed that family cutbacks in expenses and current short-term welfare receipt are the only indicators of economic hardship related to mothers' mental distress. Family cutbacks in expenses are negatively related to parent involvement and adolescent academic performance. Parent involvement fully mediates the negative association between cutbacks in expenses and academic performance. Non-intact family structure is related to parent management behaviors and both adolescent outcome measures. The positive association between non-intact family structure and adolescent problem behavior is mediated by parent management behaviors. Hierarchical multiple regression testing the predictive power of non-intact family structure versus income-specific hardship (cutbacks in expenses, poverty status, ever-welfare status) indicated that income-specific hardship (but not family structure) is related to mothers' mental distress, parent involvement, and adolescents' academic performance with both predictors in the regression equation. Conversely, family structure (but not income-specific hardship) is related to parent management behaviors and adolescent problem behavior with both predictors in the regression equation. Race of the mother moderated some of the effects of economic hardship on parent outcomes. Support from neighbors was beneficial only for those families not experiencing extreme economic hardship. The availability of community programs decreased the well-being of families experiencing extreme economic hardship. Results are discussed from the perspective of developmental psychology and public policy.

Published
1996

231. Maternal Age and Child Development.

Author

Duncan, Greg J., Lee, Kenneth T. H., Rosales-Rueda, Maria, and Kalil, Ariel

Subjects
*MOTHERS, *CHILDREN, *CHILDBIRTH, *MATERNAL age, *DATA
Abstract

Although the consequences of teen births for both mothers and children have been studied for decades, few studies have taken a broader look at the potential payoffs-and drawbacks-of being born to older mothers. A broader examination is important given the growing gap in maternal ages at birth for children born to mothers with low and high socioeconomic status. Drawing data from the Children of the NLSY79, our examination of this topic distinguishes between the value for children of being born to a mother who delayed her first birth and the value of the additional years between her first birth and the birth of the child whose achievements and behaviors at ages 10-13 are under study. We find that each year the mother delays a first birth is associated with a 0.02 to 0.04 standard deviation increase in school achievement and a similar-sized reduction in behavior problems. Coefficients are generally as large for additional years between the first and given birth. Results are fairly robust to the inclusion of cousin and sibling fixed effects, which attempt to address some omitted variable concerns. Our mediational analyses show that the primary pathway by which delaying first births benefits children is by enabling mothers to complete more years of schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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232. State-Level Safety Net Spending and Educational Gaps in Maternal Time with Children.

Author

Jackson M, Song H, and Kalil A

Abstract

Objective: We examine how state spending on children is associated with the size of socioeconomic gaps in maternal childcare time., Background: Persistent socioeconomic divides in the amount and nature of parental time with children have prompted consideration of the factors that mitigate inequalities within the family. At both the national and local levels, the welfare state plays an important role in structuring opportunities for children. Thus it is important to understand the institutional factors that shape parental behavior. Yet, little research examines how the social safety net is associated with family processes., Method: Using rich data on maternal time with children from the American Time Use Surveys (2003-2016), combined with longitudinal data on public spending in states on major programs affecting children and families, we examine how state spending on children is associated with the size of socioeconomic gaps in maternal childcare time., Results: We found that higher levels of state spending were associated with significant increases in childcare time among low-educated mothers at both the extensive and intensive margin, increasing the likelihood of spending any minutes on primary childcare in a typical day, as well as increasing the number of minutes spent on childcare. In contrast, we observed no variation in the behavior of highly-educated mothers as state spending changes., Implications: State-level investments could meaningfully narrow socioeconomic gaps in maternal time with children.

Published
2024
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233. Welfare Reform and the Quality of Young Children's Home Environments.

Author

Kalil A, Corman H, Dave D, Schwarz-Soicher O, and Reichman NE

Subjects
Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, United States, Mothers, Employment, Parenting, Home Environment, Social Welfare
Abstract

This study investigates the effects of welfare reform-a major policy shift in the United States that increased low-income mothers' employment and reliance on earnings instead of cash assistance-on the quality of the home environments mothers provide for their preschool-age children. Using empirical methods designed to identify plausibly causal effects, we estimate the effects of welfare reform on validated survey and observational measures of maternal behaviors that support children's cognitive skills and emotional adjustment and the material goods that parents purchase to stimulate their children's skill development. The results suggest that welfare reform did not affect the amount of time and material resources mothers devoted to cognitively stimulating activities with their young children. However, it significantly decreased emotional support provision scores, by approximately 0.3-0.4 standard deviations. The effects appear to be stronger for mothers with lower human capital. The findings provide evidence that welfare reform came at a cost to children in the form of lower quality parenting. They also underscore the importance of considering quality, and not just quantity, in assessing the effects of maternal work-incentive policies on parenting and children's home environments., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors.)

Published
2023
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234. Effects of Welfare Reform on Positive Health and Social Behaviors of Adolescents.

Author

Reichman NE, Corman H, Dave D, Kalil A, and Schwartz-Soicher O

Abstract

This paper explores a missing link in the literature on welfare reform in the U.S.-the effects on positive health and social behaviors of adolescents, who represent the next generation of potential welfare recipients. Previous research on welfare reform and adolescents has focused almost exclusively on negative behaviors and found that welfare reform led to decreases in high school dropout and teenage fertility among girls, but increases in delinquent behaviors and substance use, particularly among boys. Using nationally representative data on American high school students in 1991-2006 and a quasi-experimental research design, we estimated the effects of welfare reform implementation on eating breakfast, regular fruit/vegetable consumption, regular exercise, adequate sleep, time spent on homework, completion of assignments, participation in community activities or volunteering, participation in school athletics, participation in other school activities, and religious service attendance. We found no robust evidence that welfare reform affected any of these adolescent behaviors. In concert with the past research on welfare reform in the U.S. and adolescents, the findings do not support the implicit assumption underlying welfare reform that strong maternal work incentives would increase responsible behavior in the next generation and suggest that welfare reform had overall adverse effects on boys, who have been falling behind girls in terms of high school completion for decades.

Published
2023
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235. The Effect of Mother-Child Reading Time on Children's Reading Skills: Evidence From Natural Within-Family Variation.

Author

Price J and Kalil A

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Academic Success, Mother-Child Relations, Parenting, Reading
Abstract

Children's exposure to book reading is thought to be an influential input into positive cognitive development. Yet there is little empirical research identifying whether it is reading time per se, or other factors associated with families who read, such as parental education or children's reading skill, that improves children's achievement. Using data on 4,239 children ages 0-13 of the female respondents of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study applies two different methodologies to identify the causal impact of mother-child reading time on children's achievement scores by controlling for several confounding child and family characteristics. The results show that a 1 SD increase in mother-child reading time increases children's reading achievement by 0.80 SDs., (© 2018 Society for Research in Child Development.)

Published
2019
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236. Parental Income and Children's Life Course: Lessons from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.

Author

Duncan GJ, Kalil A, and Ziol-Guest KM

Abstract

This article reviews how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) has contributed to our understanding of the links between childhood economic conditions- in particular, the household incomes with very young children-and the economic attainment and health of those children when they reach adulthood. From its beginning, the PSID has provided data useful for addressing intergenerational questions. In the mid-1990s, PSID data supported a series of studies that link early childhood income to early adult attainments, particularly to completed schooling. At the same time, discoveries in neurobiology and epidemiology were beginning to provide details on the processes producing the observed correlations. These discoveries led to a more recent set of PSID-based studies that focus not only on labor market and behavioral outcomes, but also on links between income in the earliest stages of life (including the prenatal period) and adult health. Links between economic disadvantage in childhood and adult health, and the developmental neuroscience underlying those links, are promising areas for future research.

Published
2018
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237. Effects of Maternal Work Incentives on Youth Crime.

Author

Corman H, Dave D, Kalil A, and Reichman NE

Abstract

This study exploits differences in the implementation of welfare reform across states and over time to identify causal effects of maternal work incentives, and by inference employment, on youth arrests between 1988 and 2005, the period of time during which welfare reform unfolded. We consider both serious and minor crimes as classified by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, consider differential effects by the youth's gender and age, investigate the extent to which effects were stronger in states with more stringent work incentive policies and larger welfare caseload declines, and use a number of different model specifications to assess robustness and patterns. We find that welfare reform led to reduced arrests for minor crime among youth ages 15-17 years by 9-11 %, with similar estimates for males and females, but that it did not affect youth arrests for serious crimes. The results from this study add to a scant knowledge base about the effects of maternal employment on adolescent behavior by exploiting a large-scale social experiment that greatly increased employment of low-skilled women. The results also provide some support for the widely-embraced argument that welfare reform would discourage undesirable social behavior, not only of mothers, but also of the next generation.

Published
2017
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