Search

Objective: The objectives of this study was to find out if oral health-related quality of life and its dimensions (OHRQoL) are associated with overall quality of life (QoL) among mothers and fathers during pregnancy and whether these two constructs were associated within the family sharing the same living environment. Material and methods: The data (mothers n = 2580, fathers n = 1467) for this cross-sectional data study were collected from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort study during 2011–2015. OHRQoL was measured using a 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire and QoL by using the WHOQoL-Bref questionnaire. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess the statistical significance of the associations. Results: OHRQoL was weakly associated at the individual level with the overall QoL (mothers r = 0.21, fathers r = 0.22, p

Over the past 25 years, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, there are no reference standards against which to anchor measures of individual differences in brain morphology, in contrast to growth charts for traits such as height and weight. Here, we built an interactive online resource (www.brainchart.io) to quantify individual differences in brain structure from any current or future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, against models of expected age-related trends. With the goal of basing these on the largest and most inclusive dataset, we aggregated MRI data spanning 115 days post-conception through 100 postnatal years, totaling 122,123 scans from 100,071 individuals in over 100 studies across 6 continents. When quantified as centile scores relative to the reference models, individual differences show high validity with non-MRI brain growth estimates and high stability across longitudinal assessment. Centile scores helped identify previously unreported brain developmental milestones and demonstrated increased genetic heritability compared to non-centiled MRI phenotypes. Crucially for the study of brain disorders, centile scores provide a standardised and interpretable measure of deviation that reveals new patterns of neuroanatomical differences across neurological and psychiatric disorders emerging during development and ageing. In sum, brain charts for the human lifespan are an essential first step towards robust, standardised quantification of individual variation and for characterizing deviation from age-related trends. Our global collaborative study …

Teleworking has become increasingly common as the digital development has progressed. This has provided tools that can facilitate work and reduce the need for physical meetings. Previous studies have concluded that teleworking leads to, among other things, a great lack of social contexts, a blurred boundary between work and private life but also increased productivity. In 2020 the coronavirus pandemic spread across the world forcing many people to start working remotely. Studies on the experience of teleworking in early stages of the pandemic show similar results as previous research. However, there are few studies that deal with how teleworking affects a group. These studies show, among other things, that a work group's productivity decreases if many in the group work from home. This thesis aims to investigate the construction industry's transition to teleworking during the coronavirus pandemic by focusing on a design team's experience of teleworking. The report deals with what the current work situation looks like compared to before, how the work can technically be carried out remotely and how the design team experience this change. The results that have emerged in this report show that design can be carried out remotely and the question is not whether telework should take place or not, but to what extent. There are various factors that affect how much individuals want and should work from home and the conclusion in this report is that teleworking should take place two to three days a week. Social parts of the work are irreplaceable and are required for good cooperation and prosperous employees. At the same time, there is an opportunity to focus better at home. Therefore, the parts of the work that require more collaboration and communication should be performed at the office, while work that requires more focus can be done remotely. Distansarbete har blivit allt vanligare i takt med den digitala utvecklingen som gett verktyg som kan underlätta arbetet och minska behovet av fysiska möten. Tidigare studier har kommit fram till att distansarbete bland annat leder till stor avsaknad av sociala sammanhang, utsuddad gräns mellan arbetsliv och privatliv men även ökad produktivitet. År 2020 bredde coronapandemin ut sig vilket tvingade många människor världen över att börja arbeta på distans. Studier om upplevelsen av distansarbete i tidiga skeden av pandemin visar på liknande resultat som tidigare forskning. Det finns dock få studier som behandlar hur distansarbete påverkar en grupp. Dessa visar bland annat att en arbetsgrupps produktivitet minskar om många i gruppen arbetar hemifrån. Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka byggbranschens omställning till distansarbete under coronapandemin genom att fokusera på en projekteringsgrupps upplevelse av att arbeta på distans. Rapporten behandlar hur den nuvarande arbetssituationen ser ut jämfört med tidigare, hur arbetet rent tekniskt går att genomföra på distans och hur projekteringsgruppen upplever denna förändring. Resultaten som framkommit i rapporten är att projektering kan utföras på distans och frågan är inte om distansarbete bör ske eller ej, utan i hur stor utsträckning. Det finns olika faktorer som påverkar hur mycket man vill och bör arbeta hemma och slutsatsen i denna rapport är att distansarbete bör ske två till tre dagar i veckan. Sociala delar av arbetet är oersättliga och krävs för ett gott samarbete och välmående medarbetare. Samtidigt finns det möjlighet att fokusera bättre hemma. Därför bör de delar av arbetet som kräver mer samarbete och kommunikation läggas till kontorstid, medan arbete där mer fokus krävs med fördel kan ske på distans.

Abstract. Pregnancy-related anxiety is an important risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes and postnatal parental well-being, to a greater extent than general anxiety, calling for a reliable and validated measure for its assessment. The current paper aimed to validate the Pregnancy Anxiety Questionnaire – Revised-2 (PRAQ-R2; Huizink et al., 2016 ) in a sample of Italian women, by testing its psychometric properties, and checking for Italian–Finnish measurement invariance. Additionally, the association with general anxiety and depression was examined. Participants included 348 Italian pregnant women and 348 Finnish pregnant women. Results showed that the Italian version of PRAQ-R2 presents satisfying psychometric proprieties. Data supported a three-factor solution including fear of giving birth, w orries about bearing a handicapped child, and concern about own appearance. Invariance across countries was confirmed. The primiparous condition was associated with a higher level of pregnancy anxiety only for fear of giving birth. A moderate correlation was found between pregnancy anxiety and general anxiety and depression, providing evidence for concurrent validity, as well as for the existence of a specific pregnancy anxiety dimension.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether anti-vaccination attitudes and behavior, and positive attitudes to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), are driven by trait reactance and a distrust in medical doctors. Methods: The sample consisted of 770 Finnish parents who filled out an online survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine if trait reactance plays a role in vaccination decisions, vaccine attitudes, and in the use of CAM, and whether that relationship is mediated by trust in medical doctors. Results: Parents with higher trait reactance had lower trust in doctors, more negative attitudes to vaccines, a higher likelihood of not accepting vaccines for their children and themselves, and a higher likelihood to use CAM treatments that are not included in evidence-based medicine. Our analyses also revealed associations between vaccination behavior and CAM use and vaccine attitudes and CAM use, but there was no support for the previous notion that these associations would be explained by trait reactance and trust in doctors. Conclusions: Taken together, higher trait reactance seems to be relevant for attitudes and behaviors that go against conventional medicine, because trait reactance is connected to a distrust in medical doctors. Our findings also suggest that high trait reactance and low trust in doctors function differently for different people: For some individuals they might be associated with anti-vaccination attitudes and behavior, while for others they might be related to CAM use. We speculate that this is because people differ in what is important to them, leading them to react against different aspects of conventional medicine.

Xenophobia ‘fear and hatred of strangers’ has become part of the international humanitarian agenda with the increased human mobility due to complex emergencies. Nevertheless, there is a knowledge gap in how to address such a complex social problem. Xenophobia has become evident in Colombia, and the UNHCR has responded with the media campaign ‘Somos Panas Colombia’, with the objective to reduce it and promote solidarity toward Venezuelan migrants. My research objective is to identify the social dynamics between the host communities and migrants in this context; then to understand how the UNHCR campaign can interact with these dynamics. The dynamics are categorized into dividers and connectors, through the Do No Harm approach, and discussed from social psychology perspectives. In this manner, we can distinguish which factors can be strengthened, and which can be weakened through campaign activities. Furthermore, in order to identify the optimal conditions for encouraging positive group interactions, the research employs the framework of the Intergroup Contact theory, which suggests that contact under the conditions of equality, common goals, cooperation and institutional support typically reduces prejudice. Such conditions strengthen a common ingroup identity that could include both Venezuelans and Colombians. This systematic thinking undergirds the analysis to understand how to most effectively reduce intergroup tensions and xenophobia, as well as how not to exacerbate it. My findings are that real structural factors, like pressure on the social service systems, combined with perceptions of these to be threatened, exacerbated by media reporting, divide the communities; whilst common interests and values, highlighted by the civil society and credible opinion leaders who display tolerant and positive relationships with migrants help to connect them. Finally, I conclude that the UNHCR has broadly identified the intergroup dynamics and has the potential of effectively addressing them through the campaign content strategies of sending rational-emotional messages that induce empathy and activates solidary behavior, and the communication strategy of building partnerships to reach target populations in an effective manner.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure 2. Principal component analysis model of phospholipid fatty acids.

Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om vilka faktorer elever anser påverkar matematikuppgifters svårighetsgrad. Detta undersöks genom forskningsfrågan: Vilka uppfattningar har elever i årskurs 5 och 6 om påverkan på matematikuppgifters svårighetsgrad vad gäller läsförståelse och matematiska begrepp, kontext, semiotiska resurser och andra faktorer? Studiens ramverk baserades på en sammanställning av tidigare forskning. För att undersöka forskningsfrågan intervjuades 15 elever genom enskilda kvalitativa intervjuer. Utifrån elevernas uppfattningar visade resultatet att textmängden, begrepp elever inte förstod eller kände till, begrepp med olika betydelser i det matematiska språket och i vardagsspråket, kontext och semiotiska resurser påverkade elevers förståelse för matematikuppgifter. Begrepp som elever förstod eller kände till varken förenklade eller försvårade deras förståelse för matematikuppgifter. Resultatet visade också att andra faktorer kunde påverka förståelsen för matematikuppgifter.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Linear regression analysis.

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure 1. Principal component analysis model with all mothers (n = 100) and all measured lipids.

This essay is a comparative study of the situation on the labour market for women in Sweden and Italy. Sweden is one of the countries in the European union that has the highest number of working women and one of the most efficient childcare service. Italy on the other hand is in the bottom in both questions. Today we have the acknowledgement that childcare service has a great impact on the possibility for women to combine career and motherhood. The aim of this essay is to study how women’s history and the social norms affect this question with applying Anthony Giddens theory of structuration. Giddens argue that the individuals shapes the society and its structure. The result of the study reveals that in Italy the traditional social norms still are strong. A major part of the Italian men and women still has the opinion that men are not well suited to take care of children. They even think that preschool children suffer if their mothers are working. In Sweden, the social norms are diverse, but we can see that in 1990s a major part of swedes had the same opinion regarding preschool children as the Italian. This has changed over the years and today almost none of the respondents of the survey agrees that preschool children suffer if their mothers are working. This can explain why many Italian mothers do not go back to work after childbirth. And in the longer term; it can explain why the Italian politicians do not fight harder for family politics and more benefits for working mothers.

Aims To investigate socio‐economic disparities in smoking in pregnancy (SIP) by the mother's education, occupational class and current economic conditions. Design Cross‐sectional analysis with linked survey and register data. Setting South‐western Finland. Participants A total of 2667 pregnant women [70% of the original sample (n = 3808)] from FinnBrain, a prospective pregnancy cohort study. Measurements The outcome was smoking during the first pregnancy trimester, measured from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Education and occupational class were linked from population registers. Income support recipiency and subjective economic wellbeing were questionnaire‐based measures of current economic conditions. These were adjusted for age, partnership status, residential area type, parental separation, parity, childhood socio‐economic background, childhood adversities (the Trauma and Distressing Events During Childhood scale) and antenatal stress (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). Logistic regressions and attributable fractions (AF) were estimated. Findings Mother's education was the strongest socio‐economic predictor of SIP. Compared with university education, adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of SIP were: 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–3.9; P = 0.011] for tertiary vocational education, 4.4 (95% CI = 2.1–9.0; P