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Neural networks (NNs) have made significant progress in recent years and have been applied in a broad range of applications, including speech recognition, image classification, automatic driving, and natural language processing. The hardware implementation of NNs presents challenges, and research communities have explored various analog and digital neuronal and synaptic devices for resourceefficient implementation. However, these hardware NNs face several challenges, such as overheads imposed by peripheral circuitry, speed-area tradeoffs, non-idealities associated with memory devices, low on-off resistance ratio, sneak path issues, low weight precision, and power-inefficient converters. This article reviews different synaptic devices and discusses the challenges associated with implementing these devices in hardware, along with corresponding solutions, and prospecting future research directions. Several categories of emerging synaptic devices such as resistive random-access memory (RRAM), phase change memory (PCM), analog-to-digital hybrid volatile memory-based, ferroelectric field effect transistor (FeFET)-based, spintronic-based spin transfer, spin-orbit, magnetic domain wall (DW) and skyrmion synaptic devices have been explored, and a comparison between them is presented. This study provides insights for researchers engaged in the field of hardware neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To assess the morphology of breast masses with the help of routine ultrasound and elastography. To evaluate the role of elastography and conventional B - mode ultrasonography in differentiation of benign and malignant breast masses. To correlate elastography and B - mode ultrasonography results with the pathologic findings. A prospective observational study was done over a sample of 80 cases with 100 clinically palpable breasts breast lumps of the females who had undergone B-mode ultrasound and elastography of the breast. The final diagnosis was compared with the baseline data, sonographic features, a modified color score and mean strain ratio. Ultrasound had shown a sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 95.23%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 94.42 % and negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.45% and overall diagnostic accuracy of 92.67 % was noted. New modified dual color score had shown sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 85.78%, positive predictive value of 85.92% and negative predictive value of 86.87 % and a diagnostic accuracy of 91.67%. The risk to miss a malignant case with new modified dual color score was 2.2%. Mean strain ratio had shown a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 97.27%; positive predictive value being 96.78 % and negative predictive value is 99.67%, the diagnostic accuracy is 99.23 %. This study shows the definitive nature of identifying the possible breast malignancies thus preventing the invasive procedures which are not the required in the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the medicinal properties of Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg (E. resinifera) and Euphorbia officinarum subsp echinus (Hook.f. and Coss.) Vindt (Euphorbia echinus, known for their pharmaceutical benefits. Extracts from their flowers, stems, propolis, and honey were examined for phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total condensed tannin (TCC) were determined using specific methods. Antioxidant potential was assessed through various tests including DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and Total antioxidant capacity. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using phenolinduced ear edema in rats, while antibacterial activity was measured against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) and Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 10536) bacteria. Among the extracts, the aqueous propolis extract of E. resinifera demonstrated exceptional antioxidant capabilities, with low IC50 values for DPPH (0.07 ± 0.00 mg/mL) and ABTS (0.13 ± 0.00 mg/mL), as well as high TAC (176.72 ± 0.18 mg AA/mg extract) and FRAP (86.45 ± 1.45 mg AA/mg extract) values. Furthermore, the antiinflammatory effect of E. resinifera propolis extracts surpassed that of indomethacin, yielding edema percentages of 3.92% and 11.33% for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Microbiological results indicated that the aqueous extract of E. resinifera flower exhibited the most potent inhibitory action against S. aureus, with an inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 21.0 ± 0.00 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 mg/mL. Additionally, only E. resinifera honey displayed the ability to inhibit E. coli growth, with an inhibition zone diameter of 09.30 ± 0.03 mm and a MIC of 0.0433 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]