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Zusammenfassung Gesundheitsforderung gilt als eine zentrale Aufgabe der institutionalisierten, fruhpadagogischen Entwicklungs- und Bildungsprozesse. In diesem Beitrag wird die Bedeutung der Bewegung fur die Gesundheitsforderung im Kindesalter aufgezeigt und der Frage nachgegangen, ob der international und interdisziplinar hoch bewertete Stellenwert des Faktors Bewegung fur die Gesundheitsforderung einen adaquaten Niederschlag in den Bildungsplanen der Bundeslander und in der Fachkompetenz der fruhpadagogischen Fachkrafte findet. Schlagworter: Bewegung, Fruhe Kindheit, Fruhpadagogische Fachkrafte, Qualifikation, Bildungsplane ----- The significance of movement in the context of the promotion of good health in children Abstract The promotion of healthy living is an important task of institutionalized early childhood education and development. In this article, the international and interdisciplinary importance of movement and physicality for the promotion of a healthy lifestyle in childhood is examined. The paper considers the question of whether the significance of movement for the promotion of healthiness is adequately reflected in the federal early childhood curricula and the expertise of child care professionals. Keywords: Movement, Early childhood, Child care professionals, Qualification, Early childhood curricula ----- Bibliographie: Bahr, Stephanie/Kopic, Aida/Krus, Astrid: Zum Stellenwert von Bewegung im Rahmen der Gesundheitsforderung von Kindern im Elementarbereich, Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung, 2-2014, S. 147-164. https://doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v9i2.16279

Context: The Notch signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways during normal development and implicated in self-renewal of adult stem cells and differentiation of progenitor cells. Abnormal expression of Notch receptors has been associated with many epithelial metaplastic and neoplastic lesions. Objective-materials and methods: In this particular study, it was determined the relative gene expression of Notch receptors after knockdown experiments in colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the gene expression changes in stemness transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog), as well in dipeptidylpeptidase-4, CD44 antigen, Met proto-oncogene and in Metnase transposase. Results: In control CSCs Notch-2 had the higher expression, followed by Notch-1, Notch-3. Notch-4 demonstrated the lower gene expression among the receptors. The suppression of Notch-1 led to increased expression of Oct4 and Sox2, but in decreased gene expression of cMET, Setmar and CD44. The CD26 expression remained unchanged. The knockdown of Notch-2 led to decreased expression of all transcription factors. Notch-3 down regulation caused increased Oct4 gene expression, but decreased levels for the rest of the genes. Finally, the suppression of Notch-4 had the same effect as in receptor Notch-3. Discussion and conclusion: The above experimental data suggest the possible interaction between the four different receptors of Notch signaling pathway. The expression of CD26, cMET and N-methyltransferase Setmar was also changed. Finally, the stemness phenotype was changed in a different way each time, according to the receptor that was down regulated. All Notch receptors and particularly Notch-2 seem to play an important role in cancer stem cells. Abbreviations: CADASIL: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; CD26: Dipeptidylpeptidase-4; cMET: Met proto-oncogene; CSCs: Cancer stem cells; DLL4: Delta-like ligand 4; GSI: g-secretase inhibitors; HGFR: Hepatocyte growth factor receptor; MAML: Mastermind like; siRNA: small interfering RNA

Increased intestinal chloride secretion through chloride channels, such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), is one of the major molecular mechanisms underlying enterotoxigenic diarrhea. It has been demonstrated in the past that the intracellular energy sensing kinase, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), can inhibit CFTR opening. We hypothesized that pharmacological activation of AMPK can abrogate the increased chloride flux through CFTR occurring during cholera toxin (CTX) mediated diarrhea. Chloride efflux was measured in isolated rat colonic crypts using real-time fluorescence imaging. AICAR and metformin were used to activate AMPK in the presence of the secretagogues CTX or forskolin (FSK). In order to substantiate our findings on the whole tissue level, short-circuit current (SCC) was monitored in human and murine colonic mucosa using Ussing chambers. Furthermore, fluid accumulation was measured in excised intestinal loops. CTX and forskolin (FSK) significantly increased chloride efflux in isolated colonic crypts. The increase in chloride efflux could be offset by using the AMPK activators AICAR and metformin. In human and mouse mucosal sheets, CTX and FSK increased SCC. AICAR and metformin inhibited the secretagogue induced rise in SCC, thereby confirming the findings made in isolated crypts. Moreover, AICAR decreased CTX stimulated fluid accumulation in excised intestinal segments. The present study suggests that pharmacological activation of AMPK effectively reduces CTX mediated increases in intestinal chloride secretion, which is a key factor for intestinal water accumulation. AMPK activators may therefore represent a supplemental treatment strategy for acute diarrheal illness.

Calcium balance is essential for a multitude of physiological processes, ranging from cell signaling to maintenance of bone health. Adequate intestinal absorption of calcium is a major factor for maintaining systemic calcium homeostasis. Recent observations indicate that a reduction of gastric acidity may impair effective calcium uptake through the intestine. This article reviews the physiology of gastric acid secretion, intestinal calcium absorption, and their respective neuroendocrine regulation and explores the physiological basis of a potential link between these individual systems.

We describe the anesthetic management of a patient with surgically repaired Tetralogy Fallot (TOF) during two labors and deliveries. TOF is the most common congenital heart disease, but pregnancy in patients with surgically repaired illness usually has favorable outcome. Every subsequent pregnancy has a risk of persistent cardiac changes and the use of epidural analgesia should be carefully conducted.

Professionelles Handeln im Anwendungs- und Bildungsbereich Bewegung in der fruhen Kindheit erfordert bewegungsspezifisches Wissen, Fertigkeiten, Sozial- und Selbstkompetenzen fruhpadagogischer Fachkrafte. Das Qualifikationsprofil »Bewegung in der fruhen Kindheit« (Schneider et al. 2015) beschreibt entsprechende Kompetenzen zu den Handlungsfeldern Kind / Gruppe, Raum, Team, Eltern und Netzwerke. Es bietet eine Orientierung fur Trager, Fachberatungen und Leitungskrafte fruhpadagogischer Einrichtungen und unterstutzt Lehrende an Fach- und Hochschulen sowie ReferentInnen fur Fort- und Weiterbildungen bei der Evaluation, Planung und Neukonzeption eigener Angebote.

Trichosporon asahii (T. asahii), nekadašnjeg naziva Trichosporon beigelli, rijedak je uzročnik infekcija u ljudi, s vrlo šarolikim kliničkim manifestacijama koje variraju od površinskih infekcija kože pa sve do teških sistemskih bolesti. T. asahii, oportunistička patogena gljiva, izuzetno je opasna za granulocitopenične, imunokompromitirane i imunodeficijentne bolesnike kojima može ugroziti život. Smatra se uzročnikom ljetnog, hipersenzitivnog pneumonitisa u Japanu i izaziva sistemske infekcije transplantiranih bolesnika, bolesnika na kortikosteroidnoj terapiji, bolesnika sa solidnim tumorima i bolesnika s opeklinama. Međutim, u literature su opisani i rijetki slučajevi infekcije tim patogenom u imunokompetentnih, kirurških bolesnika i bolesnika koji dugo leže JIL-u. Prikazujemo bolesnika od invazivne trihosporonoze uzrokovane T. asahii, s ishodištem infekcije u mokraćnom sustavu kateteriziranog, dugo ležećeg, neurokirurškog bolesnika. Gljiva slična kvascima izolirana je iz urina i krvi bolesnika tijekom ponovljene hospitalizacije na neurokirurškom odjelu, na koji je primljen zbog pogoršanja općeg stanja za vrijeme boravka na rehabilitaciji u specijaliziranoj ustanovi. U Referalnom centru za sustavne mikoze, HZZJZ, Zagreb, soj iz urina i hemokulture identificiran je kao T. asahii, dobro osjetljiv na flukonazol, vorikonazol i 5-fluorocitozin, smanjene osjetljivosti na itrakonazol i rezistentan na amphotericin B. Uz terapiju flukonazolom (400 mg/dan), provedena je i mjera zamjene urinarnog katetera urinarijem, te je bolesnik odlično odreagirao na navedene postupke. Iako se sistemska trihosporonoza uglavnom povezuje s imunokompromitirajućim stanjima kod ljudi (hematološke maligne bolesti, granulocitopenija, AIDS), ovaj slučaj ukazuje na mogućnost nastanka infekcije kod dugo ležećih bolesnika, kompromitirane lokalne imunosti zbog prisutnosti stranih tijela i dugotrajne antimikrobne terapije. Prikazani bolesnik je prvi dokumentirani slučaj trihosporonoze u ne klasično imunokompromitiranog bolesnika na području Hrvatske., Trichosporon asahii (formerly T. beigelii) is a rare cause of human infections with very varied clinical manifestations ranging from superficial infections to severe and systemic diseases. T. asahii is a life-threatening opportunistic pathogen especially for granulocytopenic, immunocompromised and immunodeficient patients. It is the possible cause of summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis in Japan and systemic infections in transplant patients, patients on corticosteroid therapy, patients with solid tumors and burn patients. Cases of infection in non-immunocompromised surgical patients and patients with long-term stay in ICU are described in the literature. We report on T. asahii fungemia in a polytraumatized neurosurgical patient with long-term stay in the hospital. Urinary tract was the source of fungemia, with the same pathogen isolated from urine and blood at the same time. In the Referral Center for Systemic Mycoses, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, the strain from the urine and blood culture was identified as T. asahii, with good susceptibility to fluconazole, voriconazole and 5 fluorocytosine, reduced susceptibility to itraconazole and resistance to amphotericin B. The patient responded to fluconazole therapy very well. Since systemic trichosporonoses are generally associated with immunocompromised patients (hematologic, granulocytopenic and AIDS patients), thiscase confirms the possibility of infection with this pathogen in patients with long-term hospital stay and reduced local immunity, but without classic immunodeficiency.

The vacuolar-type H-ATPase (V-ATPase) plays an important role in the active acidification of intracellular organelles. In certain specialized cells, such as the renal intercalated cell, apical V-ATPase can also function as a proton secretion pathway. In the parietal cells of the stomach, it has been thought that acid secretion is controlled solely via the H,K-ATPase. However, recent observations suggest that functional V-ATPase is necessary for acid secretion to take place. This study aimed to investigate and characterize the role of V-ATPase in parietal cell proton transport. Individual rat gastric glands were incubated with the pH-sensitive dye (BCECF) to monitor changes in intracellular pH in real time. Parietal cell V-ATPase activity was measured by quantifying the rate of intracellular alkalinization (ΔpH/minute) following an acid load, while excluding the contribution of non-V-ATPase proton transport mechanisms through pharmacological inhibition or ion substitution. Expression of V-ATPase was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. We observed concanamycin A-sensitive V-ATPase activity in rat parietal cells following intracellular acidification and H,K-ATPase inhibition. Furthermore, V-ATPase-mediated proton transport could be abolished by inhibiting trafficking mechanisms with paclitaxel and by stimulating H,K-ATPase with acid secretagogues. Our results propose that parietal cells contain a functional V-ATPase that can be mobilized using a microtubule network. V-ATPase may function as an auxiliary acid secretion or proton-buffering pathway in parietal cells, which is inactive during H,K-ATPase activity. Our findings may have important implications for patients experiencing acid breakthrough under proton pump inhibitor therapy.

Cystic fibrosis (CF), a common lethal inherited disorder defined by ion transport abnormalities, chronic infection, and robust inflammation, is the result of mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, a cAMP-activated chloride (Cl-) channel. Macrophages are reported to have impaired activity in CF. Previous studies suggest that Cl- transport is important for macrophage function; therefore, impaired Cl- secretion may underlie CF macrophage dysfunction. To determine whether alterations in Cl- transport exist in CF macrophages, Cl- efflux was measured using N-[ethoxycarbonylmethyl]- 6-methoxy-quinolinium bromide (MQAE), a fluorescent indicator dye. The contribution of CFTR was assessed by calculating Cl- flux in the presence and absence of cftr(inh)-172. The contribution of calcium (Ca(2+))-modulated Cl- pathways was assessed by examining Cl- flux with varied extracellular Ca(2+) concentrations or after treatment with carbachol or thapsigargin, agents that increase intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Our data demonstrate that CFTR contributed to Cl- efflux only in WT macrophages, while Ca(2+)-mediated pathways contributed to Cl- transport in CF and WT macrophages. Furthermore, CF macrophages demonstrated augmented Cl- efflux with increases in extracellular Ca(2+). Taken together, this suggests that Ca(2+)-mediated Cl- pathways are enhanced in CF macrophages compared with WT macrophages.

Hepatoblastoma was diagnosed in a 4-year-old girl receiving growth hormone substitution therapy for short stature. Owing to multiple congenital malformations, VACTERL-H (vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheal, renal and limb anomalies with hydrocephalus) association had been suggested. Elevated chromosomal breakage rates and G2 phase arrest induced by DNA-crosslinking agents in cellular assays confirmed the diagnosis of Fanconi anaemia (FA), a tumour susceptibility syndrome known to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma following androgen therapy. Subsequent genotyping revealed biallelic mutations in the FANCD1/BRCA2 gene.We describe the first case of hepatoblastoma in a patient with FA to raise awareness of this tumour type in the close clinical observation of early cancer-prone forms of this condition, particularly in the presence of FANCD1/BRCA2 mutations. The present case also underscores the importance of FA testing in patients with VACTERL(-H).

Acid-related disorders represent a major healthcare concern. In recent years, our understanding of the physiologic processes underlying gastric acid secretion has improved notably. The identity of several apical ion transport proteins, which are necessary for acid secretion to take place, has been resolved. The recent developments have uncovered potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of acid-related disorders. This brief review provides an update on the mechanisms of gastric acid secretion, with a particular focus on apical ion transport.

An estimated 4 billion episodes of diarrhea occur each year. As a result, 2–3 million children and 0.5–1 million adults succumb to the consequences of this major healthcare concern. The majority of these deaths can be attributed to toxin mediated diarrhea by infectious agents, such as E. coli, V. cholerae or Rotavirus. Our understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying these infectious diseases has notably improved over the last years. This review will focus on the cellular mechanism of action of the most common enterotoxins and the latest specific therapeutic approaches that have been developed to contain their lethal effects.

Intestinal fluid secretion is pivotal in the creation of an ideal environment for effective enzymatic digestion, nutrient absorption and stool movement. Since fluid cannot be actively secreted into the gut, this process is dependent on an osmotic gradient, which is mainly created by chloride transport by the enterocyte. A pathological dysbalance between fluid secretion and absorption leads to obstruction or potentially fatal diarrhoea. This article reviews the widely accepted model of intestinal chloride secretion with an emphasis on the molecular players involved in this tightly regulated process.

We reported here a 61-year old patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer who was treated with TEC at his home for 16 months. The course of the disease was furthermore complicated approximately a year after beginning of epidural analgesia with thrombosis of right external iliac vein, femoral vein and popliteal vein.

In 2006, Jafari et al. made a comprehensive ePortfolio literature overview covering the ePortfolio concept from a wide variety of aspects. Numerous researchers tried to define an effective ePortfolio classification but until today no unique view has been established. In addition, many institutions use ePortfolio in different ways and at different levels of maturity, ranging from those providing an ePortfolio application only sporadically to those that developed their ePortfolio implementation strategy and have put it in practice so as to utilize as many ePortfolio functionalities as possible. However, both ePortfolio literature and practice reveal that there are still too many institutions and individuals using ePortfolio without a profound insight into this phenomenon and any measurement of performance either. Therefore this paper addresses a few basic questions that need to be raised in the process of using ePortfolio from individual and institution perspective.

The effects of ethanol on gastric acid secretion remain controversial. The present study examines the effect of low-dose (2%) short term (15-20 min) ethanol exposure on gastric acid secretion via a potential interaction with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Real-time fluorescence digital imaging was used to provide functional evidence for the interaction of ethanol and AMPK in modulating secretagogue-induced acid secretion. Individual rat gastric glands were loaded with the pH-sensitive dye BCECF and the secretagogues carbachol (200 microM) or histamine (200 microM) were added to induce secretion. Rates of pH recovery were calculated as DeltapH(i)/Deltat. In one series of experiments, secretagogue-induced acid secretion was inhibited by 2% ethanol, or the AMPK activator AICAR monophosphate (AICAR) (20 mM). In a separate series, 2% ethanol was added in combination with compound C (20 microM), an AMPK inhibitor, to prevent activation of AMPK. 2% ethanol significantly suppressed stimulated acid secretion. In order to confirm modulation of AMPK activity by ethanol, the specific AMPK inhibitor compound C was used, which reversed the inhibitory effects of ethanol on stimulated acid secretion. This study demonstrates that low dose ethanol (2%) inhibits secretagogue-dependent acid secretion by activation of the AMPK pathway in rat gastric parietal cells.

Kombinacijom kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih istraživačkih metoda ispitane su razlike u implicitnim teorijama inteligencije učenika osmih razreda s obzirom na spol i veličinu mjesta stanovanja sudionika. Na uzorku od 330 učenika i učenica primijenjen je upitnik ITI-VIII (Kopić, Vranić i Zarevski, 2007.). Pokazao se trend da učenice u opisu inteligentne osobe veći značaj daju praktičnoj inteligenciji i motivaciji, a učenici kognitivnim sposobnostima, interpersonalnim osobinama, «akademskoj» inteligenciji i verbalnim sposobnostima te osobinama ličnosti i fi zičkim karakteristikama. Također postoji trend da s povećanjem mjesta stanovanja sudionici kognitivne sposobnosti smatraju važnijima u određenju inteligencije u odnosu na interpersonalne osobine, motivaciju, osobine ličnosti i fi zičke karakteristike. Taj je nalaz razmatran u terminima razlika vrijednosti u kolektivističkim i individualističkim kulturama. Učenice u odnosu na učenike u većoj mjeri smatraju da na inteligenciju podjednako utječu naslijeđe i okolina te da uspjeh u školi ovisi o inteligenciji. Najveći dio sudionika smatra kako nema spolnih razlika u ranoj adolescentnoj (48%) i odrasloj dobi (45%) u inteligenciji. Učenici sa sela i iz manjeg grada, u odnosu na učenike iz većeg grada, u većoj mjeri smatraju da školovanje povećava inteligenciju, a vezu inteligencije i uspjeha u školovanju i poslu percipiraju jačom., The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in implicit theories of intelligence in 8-graders by using the combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology. These differences were explored with regard to students’ gender and the size of their place of residence. A sample of 330 students fi lled in the questionnaire ITI-VIII (Kopić, Vranić i Zarevski, 2007.). In their implicit defi nitions of intelligence female students were found to set more emphasizes on practical intelligence and motivation, while male students emphasize cognitive abilities, interpersonal skills, “academic” intelligence and verbal abilities, as well as personality traits and physical characteristics. Also, a trend was observed suggesting that the larger the place of residence, the more important are cognitive abilities compared to interpersonal characteristics, motivation, personality traits and physical characteristics. This finding is discussed with regard to differences in values fostered by collectivist and individualist cultures. In comparison to male classmates, female students are more of the opinion that intelligence is equally influenced by heredity and environment and they find academic success to be more dependent on intelligence. The largest share of participants believes there are no gender differences in intelligence in the period of early adolescence and adult age (48% and 45% respectively). In comparison to those living in a bigger city, students living in villages and smaller towns are more of the opinion that education can boost intelligence and they perceive a stronger bond between intelligence and academic success.

This thesis deals with the most significant forms of electronic banking. It focuses on their safety and their present state. The payment cards and their usage in common shops and on the Internet are analyzed. The thesis very detailed highlights problems connected with automated teller machines and it designs instruction for their safe operation. The actual situation of micropayment systems is described in detail. The head representatives are compared in light of functionality, limitations and operating fees, which are related to customers and sellers. The thesis includes the survey of current accounts intended for students in the Czech Republic, their comparison and advices for choice of the acceptable bank products.

Figure 1:{BR}Top Histological Analysis of the Pancreata of Mice Treated with IKK-β Inhibitors. Representative micrographs of the pancreata of mice treated for 2 days with either TPCA-1, 13-197, or the vehicle, before being infected with 5x105 TCID50 of CVB3. Mice were euthanized 4 days after infection. Pancreata were isolated and stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E).{BR}Bottom Immunohistochemical Detection of Nuclear RelA/p65. Representative micrographs of the pancreata of mice treated for 2 days with either TPCA-1, 13-197 or the vehicle, before being infected with 5x105 TCID50 of CVB3. Mice were euthanized 4 days after infection. Pancreata were isolated and stained with anti-RelA/ p65. Positive nuclei appear brown. Arrows indicate some of the positive nuclei.

Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic agent that can be spread to humans, e.g. butchers, abattoir workers and farmers, by contact with pigs. Human infection is most frequently manifested as purulent meningitis, in combination with deafness and ataxia, but there have been rare reports of septic shock leading to multiorgan failure and death. We report 2 patients with S. suis type 1 infection. One patient suffered an abrupt and severe illness, with septic shock leading to multiorgan failure and death, whereas the other presented with purulent meningitis and deafness. Both patients were immunocompromised. They were most likely infected as a result of handling pork at home. In both cases, the infection was due to S. suis type 1, in contrast to previous reports indicating an association between human infection and S. suis type 2. Epidemiologic surveys of human infection may be of interest, especially among individuals exposed to pigs and pork.