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Contains fulltext : 102552.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), In this study, we simultaneously examined the influence of both informal and formal social capital at the individual and at the national level on health. Information from the first wave of European Social Surveys (2002) on 29,050 individuals from 17 European countries and Israel was analysed using multi-level regression models. We controlled for several individual and national characteristics. Self-rated health was used as an indicator of people’s general health status. First, we found that individual formal and informal social capital is positively related to health in almost all countries, but that the strength of these associations varies markedly across societies. Second, we found that the health of those who lack informal social networks as individuals is better in countries with high levels of informal and formal social capital. On the other hand, individuals lacking formal social networks are not compensated by high levels of formal and informal social capital at the national level. We conclude that including informal social capital is important to obtain a comprehensive view on the role of contextual social capital as a compensatory source for individuals lacking social networks.

Contains fulltext : 102535.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), In this study, we set out to explain extreme left-wing and extreme right-wing ideologies within and between 30 European countries in a multi-level framework. To test our hypotheses, we use data from the European Social Surveys of 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010 (N = 176.803), enriched with country characteristics. Our results show that lower educated people and manual workers are more likely to support left-wing extremism, because they are of the opinion that the government should take measures to reduce differences in income levels. Interestingly, the lower educated and manual workers are also more likely to have an extreme right-wing ideology. This effect, however, is explained by a higher level of perceived ethnic threat. At the country-level, our analyses indicate that a heritage of a totalitarian regime increases the likelihood for an individual to hold an extreme left-wing and extreme right-wing ideology. Moreover, we found a positive effect of the percentage of unemployed people in a country on the probability to support left-wing extremism.

Contains fulltext : 103057.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), In this study, the authors scrutinize the intergenerational transmission of book reading and television viewing behaviors. They examine long-term effects of parents’ social status, parental media example, and media guidance activities during one’s childhood on adult media tastes. Data are employed from the Family Survey of the Dutch Population. By estimating structural equation models, the authors gained more insight into how parental socialization efforts influence children’s book reading and television viewing. Unraveling direct and indirect effects, they found that both parental socioeconomic status and media socialization activities play a major role in the intergenerational transmission of media tastes. Imitation appeared to be the main mechanism underlying the media socialization process. Parental media guidance, both directly and via its effect on children’s school success, partly mediates the imitation process, especially for reading. The current study above all shows that parental media socialization activities do enduringly affect a person’s media taste. Hence, socialization is found to play an indispensable role in the development of both highbrow and lowbrow reading and television tastes.

Contains fulltext : 102506.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Using data from 14 repeated cross-sectional surveys (N = 19,961), this study investigated trends in the family role attitudes of full-time, part-time and non-working men and women since the 1980s. The results show that in the Netherlands inter-cohort effects are considerably smaller in magnitude than intra-cohort (period) effects in driving changes in attitudes. Large differences were found between women working in paid employment (both full-time and part-time) and non-working women, and these differences remained remarkably stable over the years. Further, part-time working men seem much more egalitarian in their views on family roles than full-time working men. Although these differences declined somewhat over the years, a substantial gap remains.

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Contains fulltext : 99223.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Previous research shows that even though the lower educated run a relatively high risk to be in poor health, there is ample cross-national variation in the disparity between educational groups in having poor health. Explanations for these differences between countries are, however, rather scarce. We set out to address this lacuna by investigating the extent to which cross-national variation in the health gap between the lower and higher educated in Europe can be explained by a country's governmental health expenditures and cyclical and structural labour market conditions. We used information from the European Social Surveys 2002-2008 on approximately 91000 individuals in 32 European nations, and estimated random slope multilevel models with cross-level interactions to empirically test our hypotheses. We find that the health gap between the lower educated and the higher educated is smaller in countries with higher levels of governmental health expenditure, and with a highly modernized labour market.

Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 18 april 2011, Promotor : Kraaykamp, G.L.M., Contains fulltext : 84478.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 99740.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Using data on 697 individuals from 375 rural low income households in India, we test expectations on the effects of relative income and conspicuous consumption on subjective well-being. The results of the multi-level regression analyses show that individuals who spent more on conspicuous consumption report lower levels of subjective well-being. Surprisingly an individual’s relative income position does not affect feelings of well-being. Motivated by positional concerns, people do not passively accept their relative rank but instead consume conspicuous goods to keep up with the Joneses. Conspicuous consumption always comes at the account of the consumption of basic needs. Our analyses point at a positional treadmill effect of the consumption of status goods.

Contains fulltext : 99495.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), This study examines to what extent the often found association between marital status and self-assessed health is influenced by the marital composition of the country people live in. Four hypotheses explaining why the national marital status composition may be influential are derived and tested. Whereas earlier research in this field solely focused on divorce rates, this study includes six different indicators of the national marital status composition to provide a comprehensive test of our expectations. We employ data on 29 European countries (European Social Survey 2002, 2004, and 2006, N=97,797). Multilevel regression analyses demonstrate that both the strength of the relationship between marital status and health, and which unmarried group is most disadvantaged, vary across European countries. Living in a country with a high proportion of married people appears to be beneficial to the health of never married persons, but detrimental for widowed people. Additionally, our findings contradict the argument that divorced, widowed, and never married persons may be best off when living in countries with high proportions of people who are in the same situation. Finally, our results show that the never married are worst off in countries with a high proportion of cohabitants. This may reflect stronger health selectivity into cohabitation in countries where cohabitation is more common. We conclude that the ways through which the marital status composition influences the association between marital status and health appear to be complex and highly dependent on the exact marital status groups that are examined.

Contains fulltext : 99667.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), In the present study, the authors examine the extent to which effects of individual religious involvement on self-assessed health are influenced by the religious context (i.e., religious involvement at the country level). The authors test their expectations using individual level data (N = 127,257) on 28 countries from the European Social Surveys (2002-2008). Results of multilevel analyses show that individual religious attendance is positively related to self-assessed health in Europe. Protestants appear to feel healthier than Catholics. Moreover, modeling cross-level interactions demonstrates that religious denominations at the national level are influential: The health advantage of Protestants as compared to Catholics is greater as the percentage of Protestants in a country is higher, yet smaller as countries have a higher percentage of Catholics. The association between religious attendance and self-assessed health does not depend on the national level of religious attendance.

18 november 2011, Contains fulltext : 103171-OA.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

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Contains fulltext : 99714.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Met data uit de eerste wave van de Nederlandse LevensLoop Studie (NELLS) vergelijken we Marokkanen, Turken en autochtonen (in de leeftijd 15–45 jaar) op een breed scala van sociale en culturele uitkomsten. De resultaten laten zien dat de gemiddelde Marokkaan/Turk traditioneler is dan de gemiddelde autochtone Nederlander. Dat uit zich zowel op sociaal gebied (meer familiaal) als op cultureel gebied (meer conservatief). De verschillen tussen eerste en tweede generatie immigranten zijn aanzienlijk op het gebied van waarden en normen, maar veel kleiner op het gebied van sociale kenmerken. Alle gepresenteerde verschillen zijn gecorrigeerd voor verschillen in opleidingsniveau, regio, urbanisatiegraad, leeftijd en sekse. Het NELLS werd mogelijk gemaakt door subsidie van NWO (via het Investeringen Middelgroot programma) en bijdragen van de universiteiten van Tilburg en Nijmegen. De tweede wave is voorzien voor 2012/2013.

Contains fulltext : 99236.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Contains fulltext : 99560.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Contains fulltext : 99767.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), This study examines the extent to which parental reading socialization and early school involvement account for performance differences between low-status and high-status children in successive primary school grades. It investigates not only the direct effects of these parental practices on children's academic performance, but also the indirect effects, that is, controlling for the children's prior performance. It furthermore examines the influence of parental reading socialization and early school involvement on the longer term development of scholastic performance. Panel data are employed from four waves of the Dutch primary education cohort study, starting in 1996-1997. Using multilevel (repeated measurement) models, we find that parental reading socialization and parental school involvement both explain part of the association between social background and academic performance in successive primary school years. The positive, mainly indirect, impact of these factors, however, is stronger for children's language performance than for arithmetic achievement. Finally, children socialized in reading retain or even expand their advantage in language performance over children who lack early reading socialization. The positive impact of parental school involvement fades as primary school progresses.

Contains fulltext : 99501.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), This study analyses the intergenerational transmission of book reading and television viewing preferences. Central are the long-term effects of the parental media example and parental media guidance activities during one's childhood on adult highbrow and lowbrow media preferences. We used information from the Family Survey of the Dutch Population (FSDP 2003, 2009) on 2,539 men and women born between 1955 and 1984. Estimating structural equation models provided insights into the lasting effects of parental reading and television socialization. Disentangling direct and indirect effects of parental media socialization showed that both imitation and guidance are important in the intergenerational transmission of media preferences. Our results suggest that imitation is the main mechanism underlying the media socialization process. Yet, parental media guidance and a child’s school success partly mediate the imitation process. Foremost, this study demonstrates that parental media socialization activities during childhood have lasting effects on a person’s current media preferences.

Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 06 september 2011, Promotor : Kraaykamp, G.L.M., Contains fulltext : 90823.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 99574.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Contains fulltext : 173539.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 90228.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), This study extends earlier research on educational inequality and health in two ways. First, we examine whether own educational level and spouse's educational level are independently associated with self-assessed health throughout European societies by analysing 29 countries simultaneously. Second, we ask to what extent educational heterogamy at the country level is related to health differences between and within countries. Theories on social capital lead to the hypotheses that average health is better in countries with more educational heterogamy, and educational differentiation in health is smaller in countries with more educational heterogamy. To test our expectations, we use individual data from the European Social Survey of 2002, 2004, and 2006 (N = 59,314) as well as country-level data. Using multilevel analyses, we find that not only one's own educational level, but additionally the spouse's level of education positively affects self-assessed health in Europe. The degree of educational heterogamy does not influence the average level of self-assessed health in a country. However, the positive relationships between own and partner's education and self-assessed health are weaker as the degree of educational heterogamy at the national level is higher.

RU Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 16 juni 2010, Promotores : Kraaykamp, G.L.M., Graaf, P.M. de, Dekkers, H.P.J.M., Contains fulltext : 90207.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 90629.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Empirical studies on cultural capital have never fully operationalized the concept using indicators of all three states distinguished by Bourdieu i e, institutionalized, embodied and objectified cultural capital We provide such a threefold measurement for both respondents and their parents in our analysis of the intergenerational transmission of cultural capital Respondents' schooling levels (institutionalized state) are affected by parental education and, to a lesser extent, parental cultural behavior, but both effects are smaller among younger generations Cultural participation (embodied state) is consistently affected by all three manifestations of parental cultural capital Possessing cultural goods (objectified state) is mostly affected by parents' cultural possessions Our results reveal that the three states of cultural capital differ in the constellation of their causes and consequences, plus the changes therein.

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Contains fulltext : 90187.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), This study investigates to what extent differences between European countries in the level of social trust may be explained by compositional and contextual factors. Hypotheses were derived with respect to socioeconomic success, social engagement, social distance and religiosity. A multi-level analysis performed on 24,203 respondents from 18 countries in the 2002 European Social Survey shows that people express more social trust if they are socioeconomically more successful, are active participants in social organizations, experience little social distance, and are religious. In addition, a society’s context shapes social trust; people living in countries with high levels of social engagement, with low levels of ethnic fragmentation and with a large percentage of religious people show more social trust.

Contains fulltext : 90782.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), This article analyzes the long-term effects of parental media socialization on children's educational attainment. Data on 8316 individuals from 3257 families in the Netherlands is used to estimate hierarchical models that distinguish between family-specific (socialization) and individual-level effects. The study reveals that parental reading and television socialization plays a meaningful role in predicting children's success in education. Whereas parental time spent viewing television is disadvantageous for a child's educational career, parental reading intensity enhances educational success. Moreover, not only does media exposure play a relevant role, the content of parental media consumption also matters. Parents who prefer highbrow literature benefit their children's educational career, whereas a preference for watching popular TV programs is disadvantageous for a child's educational success. Next to the parental example of media consumption, media guidance provided by parents is scrutinized. Results indicate that parent-child interactions on reading positively affect children's educational attainment.

Contains fulltext : 77015.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), This study examines the effects of media resources in the parental home on the science performance of 15-year-old students. It employs data from the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) containing information on 345,967 respondents from 53 countries. Results show that media assets in the family home are indeed meaningful for children's science performance, as a beneficial resource but also as a disadvantage. A positive reading climate in the parental home and the availability of computers benefits science performance. However, a television-rich home seems to hinder children's school success. Furthermore, results indicate that, compared to less developed countries, in more modernized societies parental reading investments are even more beneficial to their children's science performance, whereas a television-rich parental home is even more disadvantageous.

Contains fulltext : 77020.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), In dit paper richten we ons op de relatie tussen religiositeit en gezondheid in 21 Europese landen, waarbij we bijzondere aandacht besteden aan de Nederlandse situatie. Een groot aantal studies heeft uitgewezen dat er een positieve relatie bestaat tussen de religiositeit van individuen en hun gezondheid. In dit paper stellen we dat ook de religieuze context op regionaal niveau een rol zou kunnen spelen. Nederland neemt hierbij vanwege een relatief sterke mate van secularisering en grote verschillen in religiositeit tussen regio’s een interessante positie in. De ESS bieden een goede basis om onze verwachtingen te toetsen. Middels multilevel-analyses gebruiken we informatie over 70.974 respondenten uit 227 regio’s, waarvan 5.214 Nederlanders uit 40 regio’s. De resultaten laten zien dat zowel in Nederland als in Europa aspecten van religiositeit op zowel individueel als regionaal niveau gerelateerd zijn aan de gezondheidssituatie van individuen. Interessant is echter dat terwijl in Nederland denominaties een belangrijke rol vervullen, in Europa kerkgang van meer invloed is.

Inaugural address RU, 04 december 2009, Contains fulltext : 74684.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 76910.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), In this study, we analyse digital divides in terms of social inequality in digital access and use patterns from a hierarchical perspective. Using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003 in 30 nations, we focus on social cleavages in mid-adolescents access and use of digital technologies, taking into account both individual-level and country-level influences. Our study shows that adolescents from higher socio-economic and two-parent family households are more likely to have Internet access at home. Additionally, adolescents from higher-status families use the Internet more often for informational purposes than children from lower-status families. Adolescents from single-parent are less likely to have home Internet access. Nevertheless, they use the Internet more frequently for information and communication and play computer games more often than their peers living in two-parent families. Testing simultaneously individual and country characteristics shows that a countrys level of modernization can be separated into compositional and contextual effects. Overall, a countrys level of modernization only affects whether digital applications are available at the family home, but not how they are used. These findings suggest that once a family has access to the Internet, the digital use patterns of their adolescent children do not differ across nations.

Contains fulltext : 77132.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Paid labour is often said to come at a price. Using time-budget information on 9063 Dutch respondents and their partners, we investigated whether couples working full time economize on their solitary and social time budget. Results show that individuals who are part of a full-time working couple spend a smaller share of their available time budget on social interaction with relatives and friends than individuals from single-earner families or combination households. Instead, in full-time working couples, partners prefer to spend a relatively large share of their leisure time on institutionalized social interaction, such as volunteering, cultural participation and attending sports events.

Contains fulltext : 77156.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), In the initial phase of family formation a majority of all spouses works full-time. As a result most couples start off as full-time working couples. We used complete career reports of 2.014 couples from the Netherlands to answer the question of which life-course events and individual social resources determine a couple’s exit from dual full-time employment. We estimated the probability of leaving full-time work with dynamic competing risk models. Our results indicate that family transitions such as a first childbirth, family growth and mobility cause a couple to leave full-time work. Results also showed that men raised in high educated families favour an arrangement in which their wife works part-time as opposed to becoming a housewife. By contrast, a high status occupation keeps women in dual full-time employment.

Contains fulltext : 73449.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Contains fulltext : 73266.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), This article explores the extent to which macro-level characteristics of destination countries, origin countries, and immigrant communities help explain differences in immigrant children's educational achievement. Using data from the 2003 PISA survey, we analyze the mathematical performance of 7,403 pupils from 35 different origin countries in 13 Western countries of destination. While compositional differences offer some explanatory power, they cannot fully explain cross-national and cross-group variance. Contextual attributes of host countries, origin countries, and communities are also meaningful. In this regard, strict immigration laws explain immigrant children's better educational performance in traditional immigrant-receiving countries. Results further suggest that origin countries' level of economic development can negatively affect immigrant children's educational performance, and that immigrant children from more politically stable countries perform better at school. Finally, socioeconomic differences between immigrant communities and a native population, and relative community size, both shape immigrant children's scholastic achievement.

Contains fulltext : 73511.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 56529.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

RU Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 04 december 2007, Promotores : Ultee, W.C., Lippe, A.G. van der Co-promotor : Kraaykamp, G.L.M., Contains fulltext : 54510.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), The past decades have shown a dramatic increase in women's labour force participation in the Netherlands. Not only did this change the traditional division of labour within Dutch families, it also instigated the emergence of dual-earner couples. Households with two working spouses raised significant attention from social scientists as time pressure issues within these households were identified. This book examines full-time working couples. From an emancipation perspective, this household arrangement may be preferred as the working hours are equally shared among husband and wife, which allows both to invest substantially in their professional careers. Yet, from a family perspective, this arrangement may be criticized as it could jeopardise the time these couples have for themselves, their family, and their societal involvement. Who are these full-time working couples in Dutch society? How are their careers linked with important life course transitions? Is the investment in other life realms, like family and community, affected when both spouses work full-time, and if so, how? These questions are examined with large-scale cross-sectional and longitudinal data for the Netherlands.

Contains fulltext : 56669.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), In this article, we estimated the impact of respondents’ and partners’ status on media use, employing four waves of the Family Survey Dutch Population spanning the 1992–2003 period (n = 5600). Media use was measured by literary book reading, popular book reading, and television watching. Although these types of cultural behavior are typically undertaken at home, and thus not directly visible as status markers, it was hypothesized that status effects would be significant because preferences for certain books and TV programs are regular conversation topics and their popularity differs between social strata. Indeed, we did find positive effects of respondent's and partner's status for literary book reading and negative effects of respondent's status on the amount of time spent watching TV for both men and women. Popular book reading was only negatively affected by partner's status for women, whereas only men were found to reduce their TV time in response to a higher status spouse. Status effects were controlled for education of both partners, household income, and a number of other resources in order to make sure we would be capturing the net effect of status. Our results clearly indicate that status considerations are important, even if it pertains to partner status and even when the behavior under study takes place in a private environment.

Contains fulltext : 56766.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

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Contains fulltext : 55684.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Contains fulltext : 56467.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), In this article, we map the features of left wing radicals in The Netherlands. Despite growing public interest, quantitative research on the social composition of the radical left is scarce. That is why this research focuses on the social characteristics and parental backgrounds of left wing radicals. For this purpose, specific data were collected among left wing adherents (LEK2004), which are compared with representative data of the Dutch population (FNB2000). Logistic regression analyses showed that left wing radicals are highly educated, received little economic education, often are students or unemployed, and are nonreligious. In the political field, left wing radicals are not very likely to vote, but they do have an above average interest in political issues. Parental backgrounds that enhance the chance of being radical left wing are a culturally-based parental education, parental secularity and parental voting for left wing parties.

Contains fulltext : 56011.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Contains fulltext : 56705.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)