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The importance of the medial collateral ligament and the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in relation to valgus and varus instability was investigated. Mobility patterns were drawn from ten osteoligamentous knee preparations after successive transections of the structures. Cutting the entire collateral medial ligament caused only slight valgus instability, even when the knee was flexed. Further transection of the anterior cruciate ligament increased the instability considerably, but the knee remained stable in extension. The valgus instability after the transections was maximal at about 60° of flexion.

Metabolic and growth studies were conducted with wether and ewe lambs to determine nutrient digestibility, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy for maintenance and production (NEm + p) of pea scalpings (i.e., chaff, pea pods, pea hulls, split peas, weed seeds and dirt) and wheat straw. Four pelleted diets consisting of varying proportions (20, 80%; 40, 60%; 60, 40%; an; 80, 20%) of pea scalpings and wheat straw, respectively, were used. Dry matter, CP, EE and NFE digestibilities as well as TDN increased as the percent of pea scalpings increased in the diet. Crude fiber digestibility was not influenced by the various levels of each ingredient in the diet. DE and ME increased as the percentage of pea scalpings increased in the diet; however, there were no differences in the DE and ME values of the 40 and 60% pea scalpings diets. There were no differences in NEm+p among the various rations. The mean DE, ME and NEm+p values, in kcal/g, for pea scalpings and wheat straw were 2.85, 2.58, 1.15, and 1.65, 1.42, .82, respectively. Live-weight and energy gain increased as the percent pea scalpings increased in the diet as a result of increased dietary intake. Ration or sex had no significant effect on the percent of carcass fat or protein.

Metabolism and growth experiments were conducted with barrows to determine the digestible, metabolizable and net energy for maintenance and production of barley and wheat diets in which each of the two grains varied inversely in 10% increments from 0 to 100% of the total grain component of the diet. There was a linear relationship between the ration DE and MEnvalues and the wheat and barley content of the diet. The dietary DE and MEnvalues (kcal/g) of wheat were 3.51 and 3.34; those of barley were 3.12 and 2.95. There was a trend which suggested an interactional effect of barley and wheat as components of the ration on the DE and MEnvalues. Animals fed the barley-wheat rations during the fall season consumed more feed and had a greater daily live weight gain than those fed during the summer. There was a linear relationship between the net energy value and the wheat component of the rations for those animals fed during the fall; the NEm+pvalue of barley and wheat was 2.06 and 2.40 kcal/g, respectively. However, in the summer growth study there was a curvilinear relationship (third order) between the net energy value and the amount of each grain in the rations. The NEm+pof barley varied from 1.75 to 2.64 kcal/g and that of wheat ranged from 1.85 to 2.65 kcal/gram. The NEm+pvalue of barley and wheat fed as 100% of the grain portion of the diet was 2.11 and 2.22 kcal/g, respectively; the same variety of wheat was more efficiently utilized in the fall than in the summer trial. The interactional effect of dietary wheat and barley was observed to be in the utilization of ME for NEm+p. The animals' growth response and carcass characteristics were indicative of the net energy value of the rations and feed intake. The implications of a possible interactional phenomenon of dietary ingredients should not be ignored when evaluating feedstuffs and efficiency of swine production.

The aim of this study was to determine the tensile strength and the elasticity of the tunica albuginea (TA), and describe morphological structures in the tissue before and after mechanical deformities. Twenty cadavers of men aged between 33 and 83 were examined. Cavernosometry was performed in all specimens. Afterwards in five cadavers the flow rate was increased until a herniation of the TA appeared. A strength about 1500mm. Hg was found. Similar results were found in four who had an inflatable prosthesis (AMS 700) inserted, and the intraprosthetic pressure increased until a deformity was noted.

During the period 1968–88 a total of 27,938 reports on adverse drug reactions (ADR) were received through the voluntary reporting system in Denmark, of which 713 concerned fatal reactions. Excluding cases of overdosage, congenital malformations and unclassifiable reactions, 590 reports were selected for analysis. Of 215 drugs involved, 41% were marketed before 1968. When corrected for drug consumption figures no significant differences in incidence were found with age and gender. The most frequently reported drug groups were antirheumatics (92), cytostatics (54), antibiotics (53) and oral contraceptives (50). Over-the-counter drugs were involved in 13 reports. Fatal drug interactions were reported in 17 cases. In general the duration of treatment was longer in cases of fatal ADR than the average for ADR as a whole. The diagnoses most frequently reported were bone marrow depression (105), “sudden unexpected death” (57), anaphylactic shock (30) and malignant disease (23). The incidence of fatal thromboembolism involving oral contraceptives was halved following the withdrawal of high-estrogen preparations resulting in an incidence over the period 1983–88 of 1 per 141, 000 user years. The corresponding figure concerning non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents was 1 fatal ADR per 26,000 treatment years. Halothane-induced hepatic damage was reported in 33 cases during 1968–83, but only in 2 cases over the period 1983–88. The number of fatal ADR following use of inhaled adrenergic antiasthmatics was 19 during 1968–83, but 0 during 1983–88 despite a sale corresponding to 360,000 treatment years. Lactate acidosis following oral antidiabetics was reported in 18 cases during 1968–78, but only in 1 during 1978–88 following the withdrawal of phenformin. The annual number of reported fatal ADR remained fairly constant throughout the period despite the introduction of numerous potent drugs. Subject to reservations reflecting the shortcomings inherent in a retrospective analysis of data from a voluntary ADR reporting system, the risk of a fatal ADR is considered extremely low, being estimated at 6 per million inhabitants per year and 1 per 180,000 treatment years.

The morphologic and metabolic effect of a single intracutaneous injection of homologous endocrine pancreas in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) was studied in 100 mice and compared with control groups which had been (1) immunized with murine insulin in CFA, (2) injected with CFA alone, or had (3) received no treatment.There were no differences between the control groups as regards the morphology of the pancreatic islets, and the glucose tolerance was normal.Mice immunized with islet homogenate exhibited morphological changes in the form of degranulation and cytoplasmic disintegration. These changes involved B-cells as well as A2-cells and were present from 7 to 18 days after the immunization. A significant reduction in glucose tolerance was observed 14 days after the immunization. Another characteristic finding in the islets from the immunized mice was the extravascular presence of mononuclear, agranular cells which on the basis of their morphological criteria appeared to represent lymphocytes.

Eight women with severe intractable interstitial cystitis were treated with supratrigonal cystectomy and Mainz ileocecocystoplasty. The preoperative evaluation consisted of symptom analysis, cystometry, cystoscopy and bladder pathological findings. Seven patients had increased mast cell density. Median followup was 10 months. The symptoms resolved in 2 patients but recurred in 6 shortly after the operation. Voiding could not be established in 4 patients. Self-catheterization was difficult and painful. Ultimately, cystectomy and urinary diversion were performed in 5 patients and is scheduled in 1. The 2 cured patients had a small contracted bladder preoperatively while they were under anesthesia, while all 6 failed cases had a large bladder capacity.

Incapacitating or life-threatening tachyar-rhythmias were treated nonpharmacologically in 249 patients from 1982 to 1991. Among 92 patients surgically treated for supraventricular tachycardia the cure rate was 93% and the complication rate 12%. Radio-frequency catheter ablation gave an equal cure rate in 51 patients, but with no major complications or mortality. Direct-current catheter ablation of the His bundle was successful in 96% of 27 patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation or other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Among 64 patients undergoing surgery for ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, the perioperative mortality was 9%, estimated 5-year survival 69% and estimated 5-year freedom from the preoperative arrhythmias 72%. Of 18 patients treated with implantable cardioverter defibrillator, three (18%) died of heart failure during followup. Nonpharmacologic treatment of tachyarrhythmias is concluded to be effective and often definitively curative. The safety-risk ratio is improving as new treatment modalities are developed.

Cardiac valve replacement was performed on 76 patients with acute or subacute native infective endocarditis. The 30-day mortality/5-year survival (%/%±SE) was 18/67±7, after aortic valve replacement (n=50), 6/82±10 in the mitral group (n=18) and 38/63±17 after double valve replacement (n=8): NS/NS. In patients with destruction and/or abscess of the anulus (DESAB), which was commonest in the aortic group, the corresponding figures were 31/48±10, compared with 10/81±6 in the other patients (p<0.05/<0.01). Atrioventricular block and complete bundle branch block were commoner in the former group. When the time from onset of fever to operation was 1-6 months (n=50), the 5-year survival was 79±6% compared with 51±10% (p<0.05) when that time was <1 month (n=14) or >6 months (n=12). Logistic regression analysis showed NYHA class III-IV and DESAB to be independent risk factors in 30-day mortality, which was 3.8% when neither, and 46.2% when both of these factors were present (p<0.01). Cox regression analysis identified NYHA class IV (p<0.0001), calcified mitral valve or anulus (p=0.001), DESAB (p=0.01), male gender (p=0.02), supraventricular arrhythmia (p=0.04) and vegetations on the diseased valve (p=0.05) as independent determinants of overall long-term mortality. Patients with none (n=6), any one (n=16), arty two (n=28), any three (n=20), any four (n=6) or any five (n=2) of these risk factors (none had 6) had respective 30-day/5-year survival rates (%±SE) of 100/100, 94±6/94±6, 89±6/85±7, 75±10/43±13, 67±9/17±15 (at 1 year) and 0/0 (p<0.0001). Identification of independent risk factors permitted stratification of the patients into subgroups with prognosis ranging from 100% 5-year survival to 0% 30-day survival. Surgical treatment of native infective endocarditis should be undertaken before cardiac disability is advanced or infective destruction of the anulus, notably of the aortic valve, becomes evident.

In order to evaluate the influence of bladder filling at the beginning of a 40 minutes pad test, 71 women completed this study. Thirty-six patients were randomized to pretest filling of the bladder to 50% of the bladder capacity, and 35 patients to 75% pretest filling. In all patients, a retest was performed approximately fourteen days later. The leakage in the two groups was equal. Median leakage during the first test was 3 g in both groups (p = 0.97). The leakage was numerically larger during the second test, median 6.5 g and median 13 g, respectively (p = 0.69). The test-retest variation was calculated in both groups. In patients with 50% bladder filling test-retest variation (mean 2 S.D.) was -28.4%+ 206.8%. In patients with 75% bladder filling mean variation was -58.0% + 203.0%. The difference in test-retest variation between groups was not statistically significant (p= 0A7). Only the subjective evaluation by the patients revealed a preference in favor of the test with 50% bladder filling. Significantly more patients in the 50% group reported that the results of the first test and the retest corresponded well with the daily urinary leakage (p=0.04). The most striking finding of this study was that, despite filling to either 50%. or 75% of the bladder capacity at the beginning of the test, the fluid load during the test, i.e. the initial volume instilled into the bladder plus the diuresis during the test, was equal in the two groups. The diuresis during the test in patients with 50% bladder filling was median 116 ml at the first test vs. median 64 ml in patients with 75% bladder filling (p = 0.01). These results were highly reproducible during the second test, where the diuresis in the two groups was median 115 ml and 63 ml, respectively (p = 0.01). The theoretical background for this phenomenon is discussed.

On 32 osteoligamentous ankle preparations forced movements were performed in varying, accurately defined directions. the sequence in which this caused rupture of the individual ligamentous structures of the ankle is described. Dorsiflexion traumas predominantly injured the posterior part of the deltoid ligament, while in plantar flexion traumas the injuries primarily involved the anterior capsule and the anterior talofibular ligament. Internal rotation traumas injured the anterior talofibular ligament and the short, anterior fibres of the posterior talofibular ligament before the calcaneofibular ligament was damaged, whereas in adduction traumas the calcaneofibular ligament ruptured first. Forced external rotation primarily caused rupture of the deep structures of the deltoid ligament, while conversely abduction traumas first caused rupture of the superficial part of this ligament.

A RHEED system has been developed that allows real-time monitoring of RHEED information throughout a multilayer growth run with rotation. The machine vision system consists of high-speed image capture hardware coupled with digital signal processing software that allows the real-time extraction/analysis of the RHEED intensity and width signals from the noise induced by substrate rotation. This system has been used to investigate the oxide desorption process on GaAs substrates, along with the specular spot intensity and width variation during the growth of a set of InGaAsAlGaAssingle quantum well structures with systematically varied process parameters. A strong correlation of the specular spot intensity with growth parameters has been observed. It is also shown that the observed specular spot intensity can be used to predict the quality of the InGaAs quantum well structures.

Twelve weeks old inbred male C 57 mice were inoculated with the M-variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus in varying doses. Virus could be cultured from blood and from pancreas for 7 days. Animals receiving 4.5 × 102plaque forming units EMC virus developed maximal glucose intolerance after 1 week. Animals receiving 4.5 × 106plaque forming units EMC virus developed maximal glucose intolerance 3 weeks after the inoculation; i. e. 2 weeks after the acute viral pancreatitis had terminated. The possibility that virus elicited a cell-mediated hypersentivity reaction is suggested.

Of 1988 patients who underwent open-heart surgery from 1980 through 1988, 68 (3.4%) developed postoperative acute renal failure requiring dialysis (2.5% of adult and 8.3% of pediatric patients). Isolated aortocoronary bypass grafting was the operation with lowest incidence of this complication (0.6%). Acute renal failure usually appeared during the first 3 postoperative days. It carried a mortality rate of 63%, with half of the deaths occurring during the first few postoperative days, due to low cardiac output and progressive multiple organ failure. Logistic regression analysis in cases of aortic valve replacement demonstrated that significant independent preoperative risk factors for acute renal failure were renal insufficiency (serum creatinine > 110 μmol/1 in ≥ 2 samples) and increased cardiothoracic index/left ventricular end-diastolic dimension. Data from the literature indicated no time-related trend towards reduction of acute renal failure incidence or mortality. Prevention of low cardiac output is of major importance in these respects. Operative intervention before development of advanced disease with left ventricular dilatation and secondary kidney failure is advocated.

In a consecutive series of 309 patients the degree of ectopic bone formation was assessed 3 months, 2 years, and 5 years after total hip arthroplasty. At the three follow-up examinations ectopic bone formation was found in 49 per cent, 61 per cent, and 71 per cent. in men ectopic bone formation was more common and more pronounced than in women. It was demonstrated that walking ability and range of hip movement may be reduced in the presence of ectopic bone formation. A past history of hip surgery, preoperative exostoses, and postoperative elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate did not appear to influence the formation of ectopic bone. There was no correlation between the degree of ectopic bone formation in the two hips of patients who had undergone bilateral operation. in the present study it was not possible to demonstrate preoperatively which groups of patients are most liable to develop ectopic bone postoperatively.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the relative shrinkage of the normal, obstructed and recovery minipig urinary bladder by comparing tissues from the same bladders embedded in paraffin or plastic. Materials and Methods: Optical dissectors were used to make nucleus numerical density estimates in thick paraffin and plastic sections from the same bladder. The ratio of the 2 numerical densities depends only on differences in tissue shrinkage. In 9 minipigs a partial bladder outlet obstruction was created by implanting a 6 to 7 mm. Teflon ring around the proximal urethra. After an obstruction period (median 63 days) the ring was removed and after a recovery period (median 60 days) the animals were sacrificed. Biopsis were taken prior to obstruction, at removal of obstruction, and after recovery and were processed for paraffin and plastic sections to evaluate relative shrinkage. Two control pigs were sham-operated and biopsies taken at the same 3 time points. Results: The optical dissector method was found to be an easy way to estimate the relative shrinkage of paraffin-embedded bladder tissue in proportion to plastic-embedded tissue. Both in human and minipig bladders, paraffin embedding caused a relative shrinkage of about 30 percent in proportion to plastic embedding. Both the obstructed and recovery detrusor muscles responded to embedding by either method in a manner indistinguishable from the normal bladder. Conclusion: When dealing with stereological evaluation of the detrusor muscle, the relative shrinkage of the embedded normal, obstructed and recovery bladder tissue can be ignored.

The growth of body protein, fat, and skeleton of growing steers was determined from published experimental data of steers fed three planes of nutrition. Each animal was partitioned into: 1) metabolically slow tissue which included hide, hooves, horns, skeleton, and fat, and 2) metabolically active tissue (MAT) which were the remaining tissues. MAT grew exponentially in time and approached the same final value for all planes of nutrition; however, growth rates depended on energy intake. The mass of active tissues was described by MATkg= 27 + 393 (1 - e-t/τ) where t and τ are in months; τ was 25.8, 46.7, and 57.4 months for the high, medium, and low planes of nutrition, respectively. The finding that MAT retained the same mathematical form but grew more slowly on the lower nutritional planes suggests that changes in energy set the scale for physiological age. Fat deposition was linear with time for all groups, although the rates depended on energy intake. The rates were 8.21, 2.08, and 1.29 kg/month for the high, medium, and low planes of nutrition, respectively. The results suggest that steers are not programmed to synthesize protein first and then fat only with the remaining energy; rather the level of energy intake and the age determine how the ingested energy is partitioned into protein and fat synthesis.

A new modality, the urethral plug, was used to treat 22 women with genuine urinary stress incontinence. The plug is made of thermoplastic elastomer (Kraton G), and consists of a meatal plate, a soft stalk and 1 or 2 spheres along the stalk. The spheres were located according to the result of the urethral pressure profile. The midpoint of the proximal sphere was placed at the bladder neck and the distal sphere was placed just above the maximum urethral pressure point. At voiding the plug was removed and afterwards a new plug was inserted. The plug with 2 spheres was tested in week 1 (period 1) and the plug with only the distal sphere was tested in week 2 (period 2).

Over a 9-month period 228 men were admitted for acute urinary retention to six different casualty wards in the Copenhagen area. The patients were followed in the corresponding urological departments for one year. Twenty-seven variables were registered for each patient. The cumulative rate of recurrent retention was 56 after one week and 68 after one year. Factors predictive of preserved voiding ability were a retained volume less than 500 ml, a known event provocative of acute retention, and a maximum flow rate of more than 5 ml/s after the retention. The maximum flow rate measured within the first week after the retention was reliable within the follow-up period if the voided volume was 150 ml or more. The etiology of the acute retention was infravesical obstruction in 90 of the patients, and 85 required subsequent surgical treatment. Predictive of surgical treatment for infravesical obstruction were recurrent urinary retention within one week, a volume of retention of more than 500 ml, the absence of a provocative situation prior to the retention episode and nocturia twice or more.

In 26 patients with left ventricular aneurysm and ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation following myocardial infarction, coronary angiography, left ventriculography and electrophysiologic examination were performed preoperatively. Surgery in all cases consisted of aneurysmectomy and mapping-guided endocardial resection of the area found to be the arrhythmogenic center. Four patients died peroperatively or during the postoperative hospital stay. The 22 survivors were followed up for 3-48 (mean 22) months postoperatively. There were no late deaths. Repeated electrophysiologic studies were performed in 18 of the survivors. Freedom from ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation was achieved in 21 patients, 17 after surgery alone and four after combined surgical and medical treatment. The remaining patient still has ventricular tachycardia despite combined treatment.

A 7-year-old girl had tetralogy of Fallot with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery hypoplasia and atrial septal defect. The case is presented and diagnostic and surgical implications are discussed.

A postoperative follow-up study of 21 cases of discrete membranous subvalvular aortic stenosis is presented. The age at operation was 6-47 (mean 16) years, and the follow-up time 0.6-16 (mean 6.7) years. Preoperatively most patients were in NYHA function class II or III and had high peak systolic pressure gradient, left ventricular hypertrophy and/or cardiothoracic index >0.50. At follow-up all but six patients were in NYHA class I, the Doppler-estimated peak systolic gradient was 0-36 (mean 18) mmHg, the cardiothoracic index unchanged and the mean left ventricular hypertrophy score had declined from 4.3 to 2.3. Of 13 patients without aortic regurgitation preoperatively, eight had regurgitation at follow-up (group I) and five did not (group II). The interval to follow-up was significantly longer and the preoperative peak systolic gradient was greater in group I than in group II. Aortic regurgitation may develop even after surgical relief of discrete membranous subvalvular aortic stenosis, possibly associated with high preoperative pressure gradient and time from operation. Regular postoperative Doppler echocardiography is therefore recommended.

The influence of rumen metabolism of interactions among the rations' energy content, physical form and buffers were studied in a randomized complete block trial with rumen fistulated sheep. The productions of total VFA and acetate, propionate and butyrate were estimated at various times after feeding by in vitro techniques and presented on a gram DM basis. Rumen dry matter and pH were also determined on the rumen samples. The concentrations of the total and individual VFA responded to the various factors under study. However, there were few differences in the production of these acids. Acetate production was not affected by the source of energy. There was a greater production of propionate and butyrate with the high than low energy diets. Sodium bicarbonate increased acetate, propionate and butyrate production. Propionate production was the only acid significantly influenced by hours after feeding with the greatest rate of production occurring at 1 hour. The concentration of the total and individual VFA concentration in the rumen had little or no significance as a criteria of evaluating rumen metabolism of feeds as affected by the factors studied. The lambs fed the concentrate energy source had a more severe parakeratotic rumen than lambs fed the roughage energy source. The pelleted rations were more detrimental than the milled rations. Sodium bicarbonate alleviated the severity of rumen parakeratosis for both levels of energy and physical forms. It appears that rumen buffering capacity in relation to energy intake and rumen metabolism is a major contributing factor towards predisposition of parakeratosis.

The chemical similarity and closely related physiological roles of sodium and potassium have prompted several experiments to investigate their nutritional relationships primarily in rats and chickens (Grunert, Meyer and Phillips, 1950; Meyer et al., 1950; Burns, Cravens and Phillips, 1953). It was concluded that the ratio of sodium to potassium in the diets of these species was not critical if there were adequate amounts but no excess of each element. In vitrostudies on sheep rumen micro-organisms revealed that potassium and not sodium was essential for the rumen micro-bial population (Hubbert, Cheng and Burroughs, 1958). However, sodium stimulated microbial activity at low potassium levels while depressing activity at higher levels of potassium.High levels of sodium bicarbonate (Kromann and Meyer, 1966) and sodium chloride (Kromann and Ray, 1967) fed to lambs caused a greater depression in growth and energy retention than could be attributed to a depression in food intake.

A study was made of grazing intensity effects by imposing on irrigated pasture stocking rates of 1.35, 2.25, 3.06, 3.93 and 4.68 steers per acre. A group of steers fed soilage from the same pastures served as a positive control similar to what might be expected from pasturing forage without the superimposed animal influence. To increase the precision of the comparisons, body composition, intake and digestibility of the forage were added to the usual measurements of weight gains, clipping yields and chemical composition of the forage. Increased stocking rate decreased yield of the forage as the season progressed. No carry-over influence, however, was found the following season. Yield of forage from the soilage treatment was greater during the latter part of the season than from pasture treatments. The digestible energy content of the forage consumed by the soilage steers was 126 meal, per 100 lb. For pasturing, a light stocking rate allowed the steers freedom to select a more nutritious forage, 130 to 132 meal., whereas heavy stocking forced the steers to consume a less nutritious forage, 122 meal, per 100 lb.As grazing intensity increased from 1.35 to 4.68 steers per acre, feed and energy intake decreased, weight gain decreased and the energy content of the carcass decreased. In this pasture experiment maximum production per animal was not the proper measure. Production per acre was more realistic. As stocking rate increased the animals harvested and consumed more of the forage and digestible energy per acre even though consumption decreased per animal. A most important animal-plant interaction was present because liveweight gain and corrected carcass production per acre increased to a point, about four animals per acre, and then rapidly decreased. Increasing the stocking rate increased consumption of forage per acre, but here also consumption per animal was low enough so that too much forage was used for maintenance rather than gain and per-acre production decreased as a consequence.A wide range in grazing intensity, 2.25 to 4 steers per acre, allowed close to maximum corrected carcass production per acre. This seems to indicate that a pasture operator has a wide latitude in stocking rate. A highly significant correlation (0.85) was found between digestible energy intake and forage available per animal as determined by pregrazing clipping.Soilage compared to pasturing at the same stocking rate resulted in greater per-acre consumption of digestible energy and a 32% increase in corrected carcass production.

Urea toxicity, as influenced by various nutritional and physiological factors, was investigated with 160 sheep. The variables (energy levels, protein levels, age, period of fasting and urea levels) were studied in a 25factorial design. The two energy levels were a low-energy (15% concentrate) and a high-energy (85% concentrate) ration; and the two digestible protein levels were 3.8 and 8.8%. Lambs, 5 months of age, and ewes, approximately 5 years of age, were the two age groups. The sheep were administered either 44 or 176 g urea per 100 kg live weight at 1 or 24 hr. after feeding. The effect of these various factors was determined by blood NH3-N levels at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. after treatment and by mortality. The animal survival and blood NH3-N levels were influenced by all factors studied. The highest mortalities and highest blood NH3-N levels occurred with animals fed the high-energy, low-protein diet; thus, the ratio of energy to protein was most important. The lambs were more susceptible to the toxicity of urea than the ewes. The period of fasting, per se, had very little effect on the toxicity of urea. The mortality and blood NH3-N levels were directly related to the urea dose level.The LD50of urea was determined with 50 wether feeder lambs using a “multiple sample up-and-down method” bioassay technique. The mean LD50for urea was 1.45 log dose (g/100 kg body weight).

FEEDERS have commonly observed that rate of gain of fattening lambs decreases as they grow or fatten. Although information has accumulated on the effects of sex and length of the feeding period on live-weight gain and carcass traits, little is known concerning the combined effects of the feeding period and the age of the lamb on body composition and energy metabolism in lambs. Sex of the animal has a pronounced effect upon growth and carcass traits. Kromann, Ray and Nelson (1966) found no significant difference in weight gain and carcass data for lambs of both sexes fed rations supplemented with protein at 1-, 7-, 14- or 21-day intervals; however, wethers gained significantly more than ewe lambs and utilized the energy of the ration more efficiently. Ray and Mandigo (1963) found no difference in loin-eye areas from ram and ewe lambs; however, Bradford and Spurlock (1964) found rams had larger loin-eye areas than wethers.

Variation in lamb growth experiments was studied with 24 individually-fed and 48 group-fed wether lambs ( 16 groups of three). The variables ( method of feeding, energy level and environment) were studied in a 23factorial experiment. The two methods of feeding were individual and groups of three. The two energy levels were a high-energy and a low-energy ration. The two environments consisted of an open and a semi-closed barn. The group-fed lambs had a greater rate of gain and energy gain than those fed individually. The greater energy gain was due to a greater growth response and a heavier final weight, since there were no differences in percent body protein or fat. The group-fed lambs consumed more dry matter than the individually-fed lambs; however, there were no differences in the NEM+Pof the ration. The lambs fed the high-energy ration had a greater growth response, energy gain and NEM+Pof the ration than those fed the low-energy ration. The Iambs fed the high-energy ration in the semi-closed barn had a greater carcass fat content than those fed in the open barn whereas the lambs fed the low-energy ration in the open barn had a greater carcass fat content than those fed in the closed barn. The advantages of using individually-fed lambs in nutritional and biological research were discussed.

One-hundred-eight wether and ram feeder lambs were used in a factorially designed experiment to study the effect of the levels of energy, levels of sodium chloride, treatments for prevention of enterotoxemia, lines of breeding and sexes on energy metabolism in lambs. Lambs gained more rapidly on the 60% and 90% concentrate energy levels than on the 0% and 30% levels. The proportion of carcass fat, the ratio of fat: protein and the net energy for maintenance and production (NEM + P) of the ration increased as the level of concentrate in the ration increased. Sodium chloride reduced weight gain and energy gain. However, the detrimental effect of sodium chloride decreased as the levels of concentrate in the ration increased. Sodium chloride appeared to increase the NEM+Pof the 90% concentrate energy levels. The D line of breeding gained more and had a higher proportion of carcass fat and a greater energy gain than the L line of breeding. The ram lambs gained more than the wethers. The NEM+Pof alfalfa hay as fed in the ration decreased as the milo in the ration increased, and the NEM+Pof milo in the ration increased as alfalfa hay decreased.

A method was described to determine the energy values of foods as components of a ration by using simultaneous equations. NEM+Pand DE were determined by this method from two experiments reported in the literature. The NEM+Pand DE of the basal ration increased as molasses was increased in the ration, and the NEM+Pand DE of the molasses decreased. The NEM+Pof alfalfa hay decreased as milo was added to the ration: also, the NEM+Pof milo decreased as alfalfa was added to the ration.

Experiments were designed to study the DE, ME and NEM+Pmetabolism in sheep, as influenced by source of energy, physical form and buffers and interactions thereof. The concentrate energy source ration had a significantly higher DE, ME and NEM+Pthan the roughage energy source. Nutrient digestibility and DE decreased when the roughage energy source was pelleted, but did not materially change when the concentrate energy source ration was pelleted. Increased feed intake from pelleting the roughage energy source occurred and thus increased growth and energy gain of growing fattening lambs, because of the greater intake of feed above that required for maintenance. Sodium bicarbonate fed at 5 and 12% of the ration decreased feed intake and growth, particularly when the roughage energy source ration was fed and decreased percent carcass fat to a greater extent than expected from the decreased feed intake. ME and NEM+Pwas not affected by pelleting the rations or adding 5 and 12% sodium bicarbonate to the ration.

A factorially-designed experiment using 80 crossbred lambs was used to study the growth response (weight gains), carcass data and NEM+Pof the ration as influenced by source of protein, frequency of protein supplementation and sex. There was no significant difference between the protein sources (dehydrated alfalfa and cottonseed meal) in growth response or carcass data. Lambs fed the control rations (no protein supplement) gained significantly less than lambs fed protein supplement. There was no significant difference in weight gain and carcass data for lambs fed rations supplemented with protein at 1-, 7-, 14- or 21-day intervals. Wethers gained significantly more than ewe lambs and utilized the energy of the ration more efficiently. The rations supplemented with cottonseed meal had a greater NEM+Pvalue than rations supplemented with dehydrated alfalfa; however, there were no significant differences due to frequency of protein supplementation.

An experiment was designed to study the requirements of steers grazing irrigated pasture. Various degrees of grazing intensity produced variations in energy gain and digestible energy intake. Included was a non-grazing control fed the same forage as soilage in a small drylot. A behavior study revealed that from 2.2 to 4.2 more hours were spent by steers grazing forage than eating soilage. No difference, however, was found in the maintenance requirement for digestible energy between steers fed soilage in a small drylot and those grazing the pasture. Furthermore, comparisons between regression equations on digestible energy requirements of these pasture steers and steers fed in drylot showed no significant difference. It is suggested by these data that the extra activity involved in grazing on irrigated pasture does not result in a measurable increase in digestible energy requirements.

ENERGY metabolism is influenced by environmental, digestive and metabolic factors of which the chemical composition of the diet, associative effects of feeds and nutrients, level of feed intake, heat increment and maintenance are probably the most important. It appears that maintenance requirement increases with an increase in production. Since the animal has only one metabolism which varies with level of energy intake and production, NE should not be separated into two theoretical fractions, NEmand NEp. The California, German and British systems of determining NE were evaluated on the basis of the number of metabolic factors which they consider as variables in predicting NE. The German and British NE systems take into account more variables than the California system, which regards all of the factors to be constant under different environmental conditions. Nevertheless, these methods have made important contributions to the promotion of the net energy system in evaluating feeds and rations and in describing the energy requirement of animals. However, further research is needed to determine the magnitude of the factors which may influence NE and to determine the conditions under which these influences are exerted.

The authors demonstrate sampled gratings in germanosilicate planar waveguides with multiple, equally spaced reflection peaks of high visibility. Sampled gratings with a reflection-peak separation of 2.72 nm (334 GHz) and a reflectivity of 99.9% are UV induced in buried waveguides by using a single amplitude modulated UV-exposure through a phasemask.

Two cases of gas-forming Founder's gangene were recently treated in a urology department. The etiology, pathology, bacteriology and treatment of Fournier's gangrene are discussed. An aggressive attitude with respect to both surgery and antibiotic therapy is recommended as possible means of reducing the high mortality associated with the condition.

Forty-two men with urinary tract infection and benign prostatic hyperplasia were randomized into two groups before transurethral resection. One group (22 patients) received Claforan® (cefotaxime) peroperatively and thereafter daily for five days. In the other group (20 patients), Hiprex® (methenamine hippurate) was given daily from the day before the operation, for a total of six days. All the bacterial isolates were sensitive to cefotaxime. The efficacy of the medication was clinically and bacteriologically evaluated. Postoperative temperature elevation (>38°C) occurred in one of the 22 patients in the cefotaxime group, and in nine of the 20 in the methenamine hippurate group (p<0.05). None of the former group, but two patients in the latter, had septicemia. The difference was not statistically significant. The response to treatment was satisfactory in 13 of the 22 patients in the cefotaxime group, but in only one of the 20 treated with methenamine hippurate (p<0.005). Antibiotic treatment is recommended for bacteriuric patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection.

A controlled study has been conducted to ascertain whether administration for 8 months of a vitamin A-acid analog, Tigason, could prevent recurrences of noninvasive bladder tumors. Eligible were 73 patients, 33 in the Tigason group, and 40 in the placebo group. The results indicate that Tigason, as used in this study, is ineffective as prophylaxis. Side effects to Tigason urged 17 patients to drop out from the study mostly due to symptoms from skin and mucous membranes. The discussion considers different reasons for the lack of effect and concludes that more tolerable vitamin A-acid analogs are needed if further studies of prevention of non-invasive bladder tumors are to be carried out.

Over a 9 months period 18 women were admitted for acute urinary retention to six different Copenhagen hospitals, serving a population of approximately 700000 people. Urodynamically 9 patients had underactive detrusor function, 2 had infravesical obstruction and 3 had both underactive detrusor function and infravesical obstruction. In 4 patients bladder and urethral function were not classified. In 10 patients a provocative event preceded the retention episode. Eleven patients developed recurrent retention within 3 months and 7 patients had persistent severe obstructive voiding problems. Best prognosis was found for patients with correctable infravesical obstruction and for patients with minimal symptoms prior to the retention episode.

In four landrace pigs the tissue/blood partition coefficient (γ) for xenon (Xe) for the urinary bladder was calculated after chemical analysis for lipid, water and protein content and determination of the haematocrit. The coefficients varied from bladder to bladder owing to small differences in both the haematocrit and tissue composition. In Xe washout studies of the blood flow of the urinary bladder, we recommend calculating the γ for Xe from the actual haematocrit and from the median value of tissue composition found in the present study.