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Environmental degradation is a serious problem in modern civilization as it causes changes in consumer behavior towards ecologically responsible purchasing. In order to understand the green product purchasing decision process, an extensive literature review on green purchasing behavior was conducted. The current study is an exploratory research and the purpose of this paper was to investigate how sociodemographic factors explain consumers&rsquo, green purchase behavior. The differences between gender, age, education level, personal financial situation, and the number of children in the family were examined. To achieve the goal, we conducted a survey among 650 Polish consumers. Our findings suggest that all of the above-mentioned sociodemographic variables have an impact on awareness and purchasing behavior towards green products. Moreover, the results show that female consumers have more positive attitudes towards purchasing green products, than male consumers. Young consumers are skeptical about green products. A positive relationship was established between education and the acknowledgement of the dominance of one&rsquo, s own needs over the needs of the environment. The better the personal financial situation, the more people expressed their intention to buy green products. The paper shows the implications for marketing. In addition, our exploratory research shows future research directions based on findings from the point of view of green consumer behavior. The study is an in-depth analysis of the factors determining green purchasing behavior. It contributes to the current literature by strengthening the existing knowledge about the factors influencing green purchase behavior in developing countries.

The main goal of the article is to evaluate the city’s real estate sub-product and identify the impact of perception of this urban sphere on the overall image of Rzeszów city among students. A thesis was accepted by the authors that the attractive image of Rzeszów determines the development of the residential real estate market, attracting especially young, educated people to the city. On the basis of a literature analysis of the subject, information obtained from secondary sources on the topic of Rzeszów, as well as surveys carried out in 2018 among students (n = 325), the thesis was confirmed. Thanks to the fast, modern development of the city and consistently implemented marketing activities, Rzeszów is perceived as an innovative city that is friendly to residents, investors and students. This contributes to the inflow of new, usually young, educated residents and investors, which in turn translates into high dynamics in the residential real estate market. Questionnaire surveys carried out among students have shown that they highly appreciate the current image of Rzeszów and, most after graduation, plan to stay in the city which in their opinion is an attractive place for everyday life.

The possibility of using outer space brings measurable benefits to countries and humanity. At the same time, activities conducted in this area for many years caused littering. It threatens the security of space missions, and in the long run threatens to even lose the possibility of space penetration. These two facts influenced the formation of the concept of long-term sustainability of space activities. According to it, the cosmos should be an operationally stable environment, open to research and exploitation by both present and future generations. The article analyzes the Guidelines on Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities adopted in 2019, trying to present the essence of the concept through the prism of the measures that are necessary to implement it.

Dairy products enriched with minerals and probiotics play an important role in the development of functional foods. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus are probiotic cultures that have documented positive effects on human health. It also provides the right amount of calcium, which ensures the proper functioning of the human body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of various calcium salts for the production of milk fermented by two probiotic monocultures. The influence of the type of added salt on fermentation dynamics, bacterial viability, as well as physicochemical and texture properties were determined. This study was intended to develop a recipe for functional probiotic milk enriched in 80 mg Ca 100 g−1 of milk. The present study clearly showed that probiotic fermented milks may be good calcium carriers. Their use led to a novel probiotic product, which requires further research in order to minimize off-taste and off-odor, e.g. by adding aromatic fruit pulp. The fortification of milk with six calcium salts affected fermentation dynamics and the viability of Bifidobacterium Bb-12 and Lb. rhamnosus. All fermented milk met the minimum therapeutic criteria for 21 days of storage (>7 log cfu g−1). Along with the extension of storage time, decreased color brightness L* was observed in all fermented milk, and the range of changes depended on the type of calcium salts and the type of bacteria. Syneresis was most limited by fortification with calcium citrate. However, the addition of calcium lactate adversely affected the hardness of the acid gel. In the opinion of consumers, the use of probiotic monoculture significantly affected off-taste, fermentation odor and off-odor, and the type of calcium salts used significantly affected milky-creamy taste, sour taste, and off-odor.

Argument darwinowski w metaetyce może posiadać swój memetyczny odpowiednik oparty na założeniu, że nasze przekonania moralne powstały w procesie ewolucji kulturowej na drodze memetycznego doboru naturalnego. Czy istnieje jakaś różnica w mocy argumentacyjnej tych dwóch rodzajów krytyki genealogicznej? W niniejszym artykule staram się wykazać, że różnica taka może występować. Dlatego też nie jest prawdą, że każdy możliwy mechanizm przyczynowy mieszący się w ramach naturalistycznego obrazu świata w tym samym stopniu podważa nasze przekonania moralne. Należy jednak zadać dalej idące pytanie: czy powinniśmy pozostawić racjonalność naszych najgłębszych przekonań moralnych na łasce wyników badań empirycznych nad ich przyczynową genezą? W artykule staję na stanowisku, że nie powinniśmy tego czynić. Jeśli jednak takie podejście ma być uzasadnione, musimy obronić twierdzenie o autonomii systemu przekonań moralnych. Tylko wówczas odmienna koncepcja wiedzy, a także odmienne standardy obiektywnej racjonalności propozycjonalnej mogą zostać zastosowane do tychże przekonań; odmienne, tj. różne od tych właściwych dla przekonań i sądów nienormatywnych. Okazuje się, że tylko ekspresywiści mogą utrzymywać, że własność, na mocy której przekonania moralne pełnią charakterystyczną dla siebie funkcję praktyczną, nadaje dyskursowi moralnemu poszukiwaną autonomię.

Comparative analysis of combustion and hybrid propulsion unit in aviation application in terms of emission of harmful compounds in the exhausts emitted to the atmosphere. For the propulsion of the AOS 71 motor glider, two types of propulsion were planned as de-velopment versions. The first analysed propulsion is based on a combustion engine, but of the Wankel type (LCR 814 engine with the power of 55 kW). The second designed propulsion is an hybrid based on a LCR 407 combustion engine with a power of 28 kW, which is connected in series with an electric generator propelling the engine (Emrax 228 engine), total power of the propulsion is 55 kW. The comparison of emissions of harmful compounds emitted to the atmosphere generated by the combustion and hybrid power unit intended for assembly in the AOS 71 motor glider, assuming various loads and methods of hybrid propulsion control, was made. The tests were conducted in laboratory conditions. Several different programs were designed to simulate different energy management methods in a hybrid system, depending on the predicted mission and load of the motor glider. On the basis of laboratory tests, exhaust emission was determined from both propulsions as a function of rotational speed and load. Then, based on the assumed flight trajectory and collected test data, the emission for both propulsions variants was determined. The values of emission parameters were compared and the results were presented in diagrams and discussed in the conclusions

Analysis of the possibility of using an engine with a rotating piston as the propulsion of an electric generator in application to a motor glider propulsion The paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of application of a rotating piston engine (Wankel type) as a propulsion for an electric generator in the motor glider propulsion system. This generator would be a part of the propulsion system of a hybrid motor glider using the AOS 71 motor glider airframe. In the research, the rotational characteristics of the LCR 407ti engine were determined experimentally. Driving torque run, power and fuel consumption were determined as a function of engine speed. The obtained results are presented in diagrams. The conceptual diagram of the hybrid drive is presented. The current generator was selected and the effectiveness of the generator and the entire propulsion were assessed from the motor gliders performance point of view. On the basis of the conducted research, conclusions were drawn and there were indicated the objectives and directions of further research on hybrid propulsion with specific aerodynamic and mass limitations of the aircraft

The paper describes the selection of a distributed propulsion for the AOS H2 motor glider (selection of engines, their number, and propellers) and determination of its performance. This analysis is related to the research conducted on environment friendly and hybrid propulsions in various research centres. The main aim of the analyses conducted is to increase the performance of vehicles powered by electric motors. The batteries have a low density of energy, i.e. the ratio of mass to cumulated energy. Instead of a battery set, it is possible to apply a hybrid-electric system, where the combustion engine works as a generator or an electric-hydrogen generator, where the hydrogen cell supports a small set of batteries. One of such flying vehicles, fitting in this trend, is the AOS H2 motor glider built at the Rzeszow University of Technology in cooperation with other universities. It is a hybrid aircraft, equipped with a hydrogen cell, which together with a set of batteries is a source of electricity for the Emrax 268 electric motor. To increase the vehicle's performance (the range and flight duration), it is possible to use a distributed propulsion. This type of propulsion consists in placing many electric motors along the wingspan of the aircraft. Appropriate design of such a system (propeller diameters, engine power, number of engines) can improve the aerodynamic and performance parameters of the airframe. An analysis of the performance for the selected flight trajectory for this propulsion variant was conducted and compared to the performance of the AOS H2 motor glider equipped with traditional propulsion. The consumption of hydrogen was also determined for both systems. The results obtained were presented in the diagrams and discussed in the conclusions.

In currently implemented international aviation strategies and programs, including those realised under the European Union policy, such as Clean Sky, SES, SESAR and, CORSIA, the environmental aspect is particularly prominent – reducing the emission of all gaseous pollutants, and from 2020 also particulate matter. Therefore, it is important to know how the change in flight parameters (altitude, speed) affects the emission of pollutants in jet engine exhausts. Such information will enable to adjust the flight altitude of the aircraft when ecological aspect is taken into consideration. In addition to the operating condition (altitude, flight speed, range of power or thrust), the amount and type of pollutants emitted depends on the type of aircraft, its aerodynamic characteristics, engine type and as well as on the type of fuel used. The impact of changes in aircraft flight parameters (speed and altitude) on the performance of a bypass jet engine and the emission of pollutants in its exhausts is analysed in the paper. For this purpose, the speed-altitude characteristics of such an engine were determined. Next, the emission indexes (EI) for the LTO phase taken from the ICAO database were used to determine the emission indexes corresponding to given parameters of both the engine operation and the aircraft flight. For selected speeds and cruising altitudes, the value of thrust required for the flight of the aircraft was determined and to this value, the engine operation range was assigned as well the corresponding pollutant emission indexes. This allowed to calculate the mass of pollutants emitted per unit of time for given flight parameters. The results obtained are presented in the graphs and discussed.

Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), colorimetry, and bioassays were employed for the evaluation of the ability of endophytic bacterial strains to synthesize indole-related compounds (IRCs) and in particular indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A total of 54 endophytic strains belonging to seven bacterial genera isolated from tissues of common and spelt wheat cultivars were studied. The endophytic bacteria isolated from different tissues of the tested wheat types were capable of IRCs production, including IAA, which constituted from 1.75% to 52.68% of all IRCs, in in vitro conditions via the tryptophan dependent pathway. The selected post-culture medium was also examined using a plant bioassay. Substantial growth of wheat coleoptile segments treated with the bacterial post-culture medium was observed in several cases. Our data suggest that the studied endophytic bacteria produce auxin-type compounds to support plant development. Summarizing, our approach to use three complementary methods for estimation of IRCs in different endophytic strains provides a comprehensive picture of their effect on wheat growth.

Od XX wieku w związku powszechnym rozwojem konwencjonalnej produkcji rolnej obserwujemy jej wymierne konsekwencje, m.in. wyczerpywanie się zasobów naturalnych, zwiększoną erozję i utratę naturalnej żyzności gleb, wzrost liczby nowych chorób, załamanie zaopatrzenia w wodę, ograniczenie produkcji biomasy i zaburzenie różnorodności przyrodniczej. Dlatego wprowadzenie nowych zasad do produkcji rolnej stało się nieuniknione. Obecnie realizowany jest trend oparcia zintegrowanej produkcji rolnej na koncepcji agroekologicznej. To człowiek dzięki swojemu doświadczeniu i wiedzy oraz efektom ciągłego postępu w nauce i technologii, może zarządzać glebami i roślinami, w celu zaspokojenia rosnących i zmieniających się ludzkich potrzeb żywnościowych bez szkody dla środowiska (Basso i Diaz 2004). Obecnie duży nacisk jest położony na ochronę środowiska i zrównoważony rozwój, idący w harmonii z naturą. Nie możemy jednak zapominać, że zrównoważona produkcja ma również na celu zwiększenie produkcji żywności oraz ograniczenie występowania chorób i szkodników do tego stopnia, by nie powodowały znacznych szkód w uprawach rolniczych. Dlatego niezwykle ważne jest opracowywanie nowych metod przywracania naturalnych mechanizmów stabilności zarówno w społeczności mikroorganizmów, jak i roślin uprawnych. Opinia publiczna coraz częściej i coraz głośniej wyraża zaniepokojenie odnośnie wpływu stosowania pestycydów na środowisko, co powoduje, że kładziony jest coraz większy nacisk na projektowanie i opracowywanie nowych środków do ochrony upraw o pożądanym profilu środowiskowym oraz z niską toksycznością dla ludzi i dzikich zwierząt (Srinivasan 2006). W tym kontekście wprowadzenie biopreparatów staje się lepszą alternatywą niż stosowanie syntetycznych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin. Niniejsza opracowanie na podstawie badań prezentowanych w światowej literaturze podsumowuje aktualny stan wiedzy w zakresie stosowania, działania i charakterystyki biopreparatów aplikowanych w rolnictwie. Since the 20th century, the widespread development of conventional agricultural production has had tangible consequences, including depletion of natural resources, increased erosion and loss of natural soil fertility, increased incidence of new diseases, collapse of water supply, reduced biomass production, and disruption of natural diversity. Therefore, the introduction of new principles into agricultural production has become inevitable. At present, the trend of basing integrated agricultural production on the agroecological concept is being realized. It is humans, through their experience and knowledge and the effects of continuous advances in science and technology, who can manage soils and plants to meet growing and changing human food needs without harming the environment (Basso and Diaz 2004). Nowadays, much emphasis is placed on environmental protection and sustainable development, going in harmony with nature. However, we must not forget that sustainable production is also aimed at increasing food production and reducing the occurrence of diseases and pests to the point where they do not cause significant damage to agricultural crops. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop new methods to restore natural stability mechanisms in both the microbial community and crop plants. The public is becoming increasingly and vociferously concerned about the environmental impact of pesticide use, resulting in increasing emphasis on the design and development of new crop protection products with a desirable environmental profile and low toxicity to humans and wildlife (Srinivasan 2006). In this context, the introduction of biopreparations becomes a better alternative than the use of synthetic fertilizers and crop protection products. This review report, based on studies presented in the world literature, summarizes the current state of knowledge on the use, action and characteristics of biopreparations applied in agriculture. Opracowanie finansowane przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju z projektu pt. „Innowacyjny preparat do stymulacji wzrostu i plonowania pszenicy ozimej” w ramach programu LIDER IX