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The study deals with the lexical meaning of lexemes female teacher, teacher (male teacher and a generic meaning of the lexeme), which might be in Slovak influenced by context and discourse as well as by attitudes and gender stereotypes of interlocutors. In pragmatic research, the author focuses on semantic indeterminacy as an implicit component of lexical meaning determined by the socialization of interlocutors. Analysis of the lexemes female teacher, teacher and their collocations with the adjectives typical, crazy, burned out, in different contexts, has shown that the gender of the person referred to has an influence on the meaning. The implicit or socialized meaning of the lexemes of the feminine gender is frequently associated with those phenomena that are percieved negatively in society, while the names of the masculine gender do not contain this component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main difficulties foreign students experience is the acquisition of lexis. However, the problem goes beyond that issue since learners ignore or neutralize the difference between lexemes of the same semantic field that share a common core of semes. Often it occurs not just because of the wrong choice, but because of the generalization of the use of only known lexeme. The semantic field that generates more errors in the process of teaching/learning of Spanish as a foreign language is related to the choice and use of the verbs ser, estar and haber. This article is the result of the merger between the acquisition of second languages and corpus linguistics. The research data was obtained through collecting, analyzing and providing results from the compositions written in students' blogs. A blog was used as a written genre. A blog is a transparent and simultaneous means of writing and publishing with discursive features that are converted into linguistic characteristics. These characteristics reflect the personal, informal and spontaneous nature of this genre and compile a corpus of written language and observe a variety of mistakes that students make when learning Spanish as a second language. Specifically, in this article, the mistakes they make with the verbs ser, estar and haber. In particular, we follow a methodology based on the principles of corpus linguistics in its different stages, from the collection of the corpus, its labelling (identification and classification of errors) and annotation to the extraction of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the temporal labels and other specifications of time affixed to twenty-five words in monolingual dictionaries of English. The selection of works studied includes learners', collegiate, and general-purpose dictionaries, both British and American. In addition, the treatment of the lexemes in the Oxford English Dictionary is noted. The analysis reveals some clear differences between the different types of dictionaries in the overall propensity to furnish temporal labels and other specifications of time. The terminology employed to convey such information varies from one group of dictionaries to another. There is also plenty of variation between the individual volumes inside each group. The target audience of the works examined varies, which explains some of the differences in the treatment of particular lexemes. In general, Osselton's calls for more consistent terminology in the labelling of old words, presented several decades ago, are still valid. The differences between the labels are not always clear, and the explanations in the front matter of the dictionary may be lacking or unhelpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistic Guide / Poradnik Jezykowy is the property of Towarzystwo Kultury Jezyka-Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present a graph-based method for the lexical task of labeling senses of polysemous lexemes. The labeling task aims at generalizing sense features of a lexical item in a corpus using more abstract concepts. In this method, a coordination dependency-based lexical graph is first constructed with clusters of conceptually associated lexemes representing related senses and conceptual domains of a source lexeme. The label abstraction is based on the syntactic patterns of the x is_a y dependency relation. For each sense cluster, an additional lexical graph is constructed by extracting label candidates from a corpus and selecting the most prominent is_a collocates in the constructed label graph. The obtained label lexemes represent the sense abstraction of the cluster of conceptually associated lexemes. In a similar graph-based procedure, the semantic class representation is validated by constructing a WordNet hypernym relation graph. These additional labels indicate the most appropriate hypernym category of a lexical sense community. The proposed labeling method extracts hierarchically abstract conceptual content and the sense semantic features of the polysemous source lexeme, which can facilitate lexical understanding and build corpus-based taxonomies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is another part of a planned longer series designed to step by step reveal the Chadic and wider Afro--Asiatic cognate heritage in the lexical stock of the Mubi-Toram languages which represent the easternmost (27th) group of the vast (6th) Chadic branch of the gigantic Afro-Asiatic family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to find out the motives for the nomination of some oronyms of the historical Uman region that covers certain districts of Cherkasy, Kirovohrad and Vinnytsia regions and tends to belong to Uman. It is important to analyze the names in the diachronic aspect (their usage from the first mentions in written texts to the present day). The study of onym material involves the use of scientific cognition methods, including descriptive one for sorting out oronyms taken from written texts of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries and documents from Ukrainian archival institutions, comparative-historical – to establish the reasons for the nomination of land forms recorded in Uman region in the seventeenth century, diachronic – as a means of studying names in historical development. For the first time the oronymic factual material of Uman region of the 17th–19th centuries was introduced into scientific circulation and its structural word-forming and lexical-semantic features in the diachronic aspect are investigated. Given that such objects were renamed, oronyms usually had several variants, and even within the same document, different models of the name of a particular object were recorded. The names associated with the relief elements reflect the landscape diversity of the historical Uman region. The location in Central Ukraine contributed to the creation of an original natural complex of the study area. In proper names, this is expressed primarily in the use of geographical terminology. For the historical Uman region, the terms that have become proper names are beam, valley, grotto, levada, grave, and ravine. The transformation and transition of geographical nouns into microtoponyms take place on the basis of fixing the singularity and individuality of reality itself. But along with the onymization of the toponymic appellation in the microtoponymformation complex constructions have been involved, in the attributive part of which there are lexemes expressed in landscape terminology: Deep Valley; Thunder, or Lion's Grotto; Bloody ravine; The field of the industrious Yurentokh Kushnir. Most names for landforms contain a description of the physical and geographical properties of natural realities. Microtoponyms characterize the objects by their size, shape, and length. The appellative derived names of the historical Uman region which reflect the relief and landscape features of the area are divided into two groups: 1. Microtoponyms of naturogenic origin (reflect lowland terrain, elevated terrain, plain terrain, physical and geographical properties of the object (shape, size and other features of the denotation), indicate the metaphor, flora and fauna of the region); 2. Microtoponyms of anthropogenic origin (related to human activity). It was found that the studied names associated with the elements of relief, reflect not only the diversity of the landscape of the historical Uman region, but also indicate the occupation of the population, ethnic composition; related to the names of structures, buildings, facilities, roads and certain events and occasions. Most of them exist today only in scientific works, having disappeared from the speech of the locals, and some onyms have undergone partial linguistic and component changes during the history of their usage.

The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that, although the interaction of history, culture and language is constantly in the field of view of linguists, historians, linguoculturologists, as well as all those who study the evolution of a particular language, it has not yet received a complete analysis in detail, in particular, when describing the language pictures of different countries. The aim of the work is to prove that the semantics of the words of nominating titles of the English nobility of the Victorian era has not changed. The materials for the work were modern and classical, starting from the XIX century, word usage from the English language, contained in modern media texts from Internet sources, as well as the texts of novels by English writers of the late XIX century. At least 2000 such word usages were analyzed using the method of etymological analysis, the method of semantic analysis and the method of functional analysis, which allowed us to obtain a reliable picture of their functioning. The triple union of history, culture and language in the approach to the study of linguistic pictures of different countries is at the center of research in recent years. The interaction of these phenomena has become the subject of close attention in many articles and dissertations of linguists, historians, linguoculturologists, as well as all those who study the evolution of a particular language. Lexemes denoting the noble status of a person are important concepts of the British national linguistic picture of the world and culture. The semantics of lexemes was studied according to lexicographic sources. The sources of examples of contextual use were the texts of novels by English writers of the late XIX century and modern English-language texts of the Internet: online versions of newspapers, advertising texts, blogs. To achieve the goal of our research, the article uses such methods as the method of continuous sampling, the method of lexicographic description, the comparative method, the statistical method, and a number of others.

In the history of the German written language, the XVXVI centuries became a turning point: in the sphere of both administrative writing and informative literature, new genres and types of texts are developing, and relations within the genre system are being rebuilt. Chronicle texts, including town chronicles, become one of the most popular textotypes. According to researchers, their primary function is legitimization of the respective town as a political and legal entity. This legitimation was based primarily on the rights and privileges granted to the town by its former or current lord. Accordingly, the semiotic space of chronicle texts is organized around the concept of freiheit meaning privilege, right, freedom. The purpose of the article is to analyze the nominative field of the concept freiheit and to conclude on the semantics and functioning of lexical units in the text that verbalize this concept. Over hundred text examples extracted from the chronicles of Bern (the first third of the XV century) and Worms (the second half of the XVI century) were used as the research material. The core of the concept freiheit, its nominate is built by the homonymic lexeme, whereby the lexeme recht also belongs to the nuclear part of the field. Based on the analysis of text examples, five components of meaning of freiheit were identified, which form the slots of the corresponding concept. The largest number of concept nominations is concentrated in the slot right, privilege: these are the lexemes gerechtigkeit the right to adjudicate, herrlichkeit with a similar meaning, obrigkeit the right of possession, indult temporary privilege, erlaubung permission. On the periphery of the concept freiheit lie the lexemes herkommen and gewohnheit in the meaning of legal customs. The analysis of material allows us to conclude that in the view of chroniclers, urban legal customs were as important for the legitimization of town as its privileges. It is worth saying that the lexeme freiheit is often used as a collective one, without specifying the content of a specific right or privilege. Obviously, for the chroniclers, the very existence of rights in their totality was of paramount importance, since this determined the status and power of their town.

There are many accounts of the concept of ART that generally focus on its synchronous analysis. To date the emergence of a new research approach of historical cognitivе linguistics opens up an opportunity of rethinking the structure of this concept and its place in the English linguistic construal of the world. In this paper, we hypothesize that ART is a gestalt polyappeal concept that evolved by the type of cladogenesis from the concept of CRAFT; accordingly, its place in the English constual of the world changed from UTILITARY to AESTHETIC.With the aim to establish the evolution and place of this concept in the English linguistic construal of the world, the article identifies the means of nominating the concept in terms of diachrony; analyses the semantics of lexical means of concept representation, its structure, and determines vectors of its profiling in different historical periods. The comprehensive method of our research includes identifying the name of the concept, that includes semantic componential and frequency analysis of basic lexemes representing the concept of ART in English. As a result the authors find out the etymological layer of the concept, its etymon and internal form of the name. In this paper, we describe lexical means of representation of the concept of ART, that include such basic lexemes as art, arts, skill, and craft, and claim that the semantic volume of art predominates and includes the semantic volumes of other synonyms. Based on their comparative study, we also claim that the noun art, that dominates both in frequency and in semantic capacity, is the name of the concept of ART. Etymologically, art (n) dates back to the Proto-Indo-European noun *ar (ə) -ti- that meant ‘method of doing smth’, which determines its internal form. The empirical material of this research was obtained from thesauri and etymological dictionaries of English, and from the database BNC. We claim that the conceptual model of ART has undergone historical changes. Being based on PROFESSIONALISM within the segment HUMAN ACTIVITIES in the construal of the world, in the Middle Ages, the concept CRAFTS/ART dominated and was profiled within the domain of UTILITARY. At the beginning of the Renaissance, in the construal of the world, along with CRAFTS (the idea of ​​small-scale production) profiled against the UTILITARY, the concept of WORK (industrial production) was formed; and the concept of ART profiled within the AESTHETIC domain appeared. Today, the concept of ART is the domain for such subdomains as PAINTING, SCULPTURE, LITERATURE, THEATER, DANCE, CINEMA, and others.

Тюркские заимствования в даргинском языке составляют весьма обширный пласт его лексического состава. Тюркизмы пришли в даргинский язык из разных тюркских языков или напрямую, или опосредованно (через персидский и арабский). Тематически тюркизмы охватывают все сферы жизни. В статье рассматриваются вопросы определения кумыкского пласта в тюркских заимствованиях даргинского языка. Актуальность статьи определяется неисследованностью проблемы определения кумыкских заимствований в даргинском языке. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что впервые проводится комплексный анализ тюркских заимствований в даргинском языке и выделяется в нем кумыкский пласт. Основное содержание исследования составляет анализ структурно-семантических особенностей кумыкских заимствований и их адаптация в даргинском языке.

Данная статья посвящена анализу лексических средств номинации нравственных черт характера. Установлено, что слова, обозначающие нравственные качества, входят в одно из микрополей семантического поля «Характер человека». Микрополе «Нравственная сущность человека» определяет такие качества человека, как моральность – аморальность, нравственность – безнравственность, искренность – скрытность, честность – лживость, принципиальность – беспринципность, справедливость – несправедливость, порядочность – непорядочность, а также хитрость, притворство, ханжество и др. Состав данного микрополя образуют разные части речи, указывая на признак (черту характера), несмотря на различия в морфологической принадлежности: существительные, прилагательные, глаголы, наречия. Выдвинуто и доказано предположение, что важную роль в микрополе выполняют существительные, обозначающие человека – носителя определенных моральных качеств. Выявлено, что данные лексемы отличаются отрицательной коннотацией.

In this paper, I attempt a linguistic analysis of how lexeme values is used in academic sources. Without criticising the extensive use of this notion, I address the gap between what values are supposed to mean and what they can mean in a broader scholarly discourse. I start by discussing the lexicographic understanding of values and proceed to analyse scholastic literature where the meaning of values may be stretched. Within this approach, I question if the effective use of values is feasible in the future due to the increasingly controversial nature of the term and try to motivate a discussion of terminological precision in academic sources.

Résumé : Valoriser les langues passe par leur description qui doit prendre en compte des préoccupations d’intérêt général telle que la santé des populations. Dans cette approche à la fois linguistique et socio sanitaire, comparativement à des maux passagers, l’hypertension artérielle, problème de santé publique, mobilise le monde scientifique, d’où l’intérêt d’en présenter des solutions médicinales dans des langues de grande diffusion dont le dioula. Cet article présente donc sous l’angle de la morphosyntaxe les unités qui, en dioula, s’emploient pour désigner les plantes alimentaires hypotensives. L’hypothèse est que les termes de dénomination des plantes ne sont pas du même type. Il en ressort que dans le paradigme de noms désignant ces plantes, il y a des formes simples et des formes complexes de type : nom +qualificatif, nom + nom , nom+participe passé et pronom+verbe .

In order to form a certain image, media employ various linguistic means, such as metaphors, comparative structures, etc. Based on the material from “Gazeta Wyborcza” concerning the topic of the Katyn massacre, the present study attempts to reconstruct the image of Polish-Russian relations and decide what role the linguistic means used in the articles play in creating the discussed phenomenon. As a result the author concludes that there are two points of view about Russia presented in “Gazeta Wyborcza”. On the one hand, Russia is a criminal country and a debtor that cannot fulfil its obligations. On the other hand, Russia is a state that is open for cooperation and capable of helping. There are also two different points of view about the Polish-Russian relationships. As stated by some experts, Polish-Russian relations in the analyzed period are characterized as negative. According to the other opinions (prior to the 2022 war), these relations are getting better and perhaps will continue to improve.

A so far overlooked sound change in the historical phonology of the Guaranian branch of the Tupi-Guarani language family is discussed in the present paper. The sound change in question, which accounts for certain synchronic morphological irregularities, consists of the insertion of the glottal fricative h in word-initial position any time the next (right-adjacent) syllable has a glottal stop ʔ as its onset consonant. Allomorphy resulting from this change is shown to affect verbal, nominal, and postpositional prefixes, as well as monomorphemic lexemes, thus unifying the treatment of synchronic patterns which are often addressed as an exclusive trait of certain verb forms. The paper ends by discussing the issue of internal classification, pointing a few limitations in past attempts to ground the subgrouping of Tupi-Guarani languages on phonological grounds, and highlighting the status of glottal prothesis as the first known phonological isogloss exclusively shared by the Guaranian varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jan Pinborg’s article Speculative Grammar traces in a historical and problematical way basic questions of the semantic doctrine of modes of signifying (the theory of speculative grammars). Speculative grammars are investigated: (1) from their appearance and historical and conceptual ground (Aristotle and his Arabic commentators, Donatus, Priscian); (2) through the development and sophistication of the system of modes of signifying (considering in the same time its ontological and logical aspects); 3) to the theoretical criticism against them and the appearance of alternative semantic conceptions (Roger Bacon, Oc ham, Buridan…). The importance of the modistic doctrine for the further development of the logic and theoretical grammar is pointed out. A particular emphasis is put on the semantic character of the speculative grammars, together with its systematical account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plurale-tantum nouns (scissors, leggings, glasses) are an example of the systematic lack of an unmarked form of a lexeme. In contrast to singulare-tantum nouns, most notably mass nouns, this systematicity is mostly restricted to individual lexemes and analogously related ones (trousers, pants, knickers). It remains an open question whether there is any functionally motivated nominal subclass that goes beyond smaller lexical fields. The main goal of this paper is to estimate whether such extreme proportions in the absence or presence of inflectional markers cause distinctly high concentrations of lexemes, i.e. nominal subclasses. In a first step, the probabilities for a lemma to occur with plural -s were bootstrapped with replacement. Secondly, the bootstrapped data was equally split into 10 strata at varying inflection probabilities. Homonyms and polysemes that differ in their probability to be inflected are thus disambiguated. For each stratum, type frequencies were extrapolated by means of LNRE models. The same process was repeated for reference data sets containing verbal -ed and -ing. The bootstrapped data showed that frequency and proportion of inflection reveal clusters likely to represent different polysemes or homonyms. The type frequencies of the partially disambiguated singulare-tantum nouns turned out to be clearly distinct. However, for the plurale-tantum nouns, the extrapolated type frequencies were only marginally higher than those of the other suffixes, which are not usually thought to have a tantum-like subcategory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Agreement Hierarchy consists of four principal target positions: attributive, predicate, relative pronoun and anaphoric personal pronoun. It constrains the distribution of alternative agreements, in that the likelihood of agreement with greater semantic justification increases monotonically as we move rightwards along the hierarchy. The Agreement Hierarchy covers a wide range of disparate data, and continues to figure regularly in work on theoretical syntax. Since the hierarchy was first proposed, typology has moved on. This means that to remain fit for the purposes for which it is currently used, the hierarchy needs an overhaul. The typology of agreement controllers is the area where the need is most urgent; this is therefore our focus. The canonical typology of controllers is shown to have two dimensions: lexeme to phrase, and local to extraneous (the latter involving honorific agreement, associative agreement, back agreement and "pancake sentences"). These two dimensions are amply illustrated. Finally, interactions between the different types of agreement controller are investigated, since these prove revealing for the typology. Besides making progress on the typology of agreement, the paper contributes to typology more generally, in incorporating insights from other typological disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a first approach to the complex topic of "exclusion by language" in dialect lexicography using the example of the Franconian Dictionary (WBF). Particular difficulties arise in the analysis, since the lexemes, as the result of indirect questionnaire surveys, often appear without a pragmatic context. It is shown how this problem can be partly compensated for by the context of the question and sometimes by comments of the respondents. Nevertheless, analysing the attitudes of dialect speakers requires a sensitive approach, as evaluations may differ depending on the variety and within a given time period. The fact that exclusion by language and negative stereotyping are documented in various forms in the WBF is shown by some analyses based on the lexemes Zigeuner ('gypsy'), Neger ('negro') and Gastarbeiter ('guest worker'). These differ in terms of their historical depth, which correlates with a differently pronounced discrimination potential of the lexemes in the dialect. Finally, the example of WBF is used to problematise how historically burdened lexemes can be documented lexicographically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social location of Second Isaiah has been an issue of renewed scholarly debate in the past decade. In this debate, H. G. M. Williamson has called attention to the role of terminology in identifying the probable geographical provenance of this portion of Isaiah. In this article, we examine an instance of language contact in Isa 47:2 and argue that the hapax legomenon שׁבל is a loan from the Akkadian root špl , perhaps the specific lexeme šaplû or šapiltu , referring to the "lower part (of the body)." In doing so, we propose that this term is an incidental loan, namely, a borrowing that evinces general contact with the author's Babylonian surroundings but exhibits no polemic against the empire. That this borrowing was not ideologically motivated is significant, we suggest, for it increases the likelihood that the loan occurred in a Babylonian locale. The argument for Babylonian provenance is buttressed further by parallels observed in Ezek 16, another prophetic text that apparently originated in Babylon and that contains phrasing, literary conventions, and evidence of language contact similar to that in Isa 47. These features, we suggest, are part of an evolving rhetoric within an identifiable segment of exilic and post-exilic biblical prophecy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the value of studying co-occurrence 'quads' – constellations of four non-adjacent lemmas that consistently co-occur across spans of up to 100 tokens – for understanding discursive change. We map meaning onto quads as 'discursive concepts', which encompass encyclopaedic semantics, pragmatics, and context. We investigate a high-frequency quad with high co-occurrence strength in EEBO-TCP: world-heaven-earth-power. We conduct semantic and pragmatic analysis to generate hypotheses regarding discursive change. The quad's components are semantically underspecified; thus, although the quad indicates a discursive concept, each instantiation of the quad is variable, contingent, and dependent upon context and pragmatic processes for interpretation. We observe how the vague lexemes that constitute building blocks of religious discourse are employed to generate new, timely secular discourses; and we argue that semantic underspecification is the site and source of discursive change. Indeed, the volatile, unstable nature of the component lexical meanings renders them indispensable to early modern debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the value of derivational information in predicting the inflectional behavior of lexemes. We focus on Latin, for which large-scale data on both inflection and derivation are easily available. We train boosting tree classifiers to predict the inflection class of verbs and nouns with and without different pieces of derivational information. For verbs, we also model inflectional behavior in a word-based fashion, training the same type of classifier to predict wordforms given knowledge of other wordforms of the same lexemes. We find that derivational information is indeed helpful, and document an asymmetry between the beginning and the end of words, in that the final element in a word is highly predictive, while prefixes prove to be uninformative. The results obtained with the word-based methodology also allow for a finer-grained description of the behavior of different pairs of cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim in this paper is to define a discursive construct that we will call the rhetoric of balance, a semantic principle at work in institutional and political discourses on migration, while discussing its euphemistic nature. We rely on the analysis of three phenomena: a dialectic between humanity and firmness, the mention of reciprocity in the discourses on integration and the so-called win-win argument. We conclude on a definition of the rhetoric of balance, which is actualised on units of different orders (lexemes, syntagms, propositions), but which share the following semantic features that can be associated with an ethos of moderation: [+ reciprocity], [+ balance], and [+ positive values]. Finally, it is stressed that the euphemistic effect of the rhetoric of balance, in our view, lies in the erasure of conflict; on the other hand, that the rhetoric of balance in discourses about immigration does not work in a vacuum, but is marked by heterogeneity (economic discourse and managerial discourse, for example). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Malay, when no contextual clues are given, a lexical form can be confusing because sometimes it can have more than one meaning. We postulated that most confusing meanings can be disambiguated through observing their morphosyntactic and morphosemantic structures. We used corpus data and analyzed the possible features of takut 'fear' that can help decide which form of takut in Malay to choose. If a default lexical verb meaning is intended (i.e., the original meaning), the feature [Experiencer-(Stimulus)] is needed and the takut(巧 form is used. If a causative meaning is intended, the men-(t)akut-kan form is used. If a passive meaning is intended, there are some possibilities, as the choice could depend on the syntax of the passive form, such as whether the [Experiencer] is a first- or second-person pronoun (e.g., benda itu saya takut-i 'the thing feared by me') or other pronouns (e.g., benda itu paling di- takut-i oleh-nya 'that thing feared most by him/her') or whether an adversative meaning is intended ([ke- -an] form). We propose that both the morphosyntactic and morphosemantic structures of takut need to be considered to better understand the use of the different meanings of Malay derived and inflected forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Ra'a is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to outline the semantic change of the Akkadian lexeme dayyālu throughout the history of its usage. It proves that the lexeme was semantically narrowed in three stages throughout the history of the 1st millennium BC and that the reason for this semantic change is found in the political history of the empires that conquered Mesopotamia during this period, namely the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire and the Seleucid Empire. The semantic narrowing of this lexeme results from the decreasing significance of the institutions of the Neo-Assyrian imperial apparatus which where adapted to the local administration of the succeeding empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to present the model of changing the meaning of the verb obrażać (to abuse) based on the concept of mental spaces developed within the framework of cognitive linguistics. Adopting the assumption that the processes of changing the meanings of lexemes are induced by the changes of linguistic pictures of the world encoded in mental spaces of language users induces formulating a hypothesis that the spread of anti-Semitic (anti-Judaist) convictions in the 15th and 16th c. brought about the specification process of the verb under scrutiny. It can be demonstrated that in effect of primary mental space amalgamation of the verb obrażać (to abuse) with the mental space of the lexeme obrzezać (to circumcise) the present significance of the verb in question has been constructed with the meaning referring to an act of abusing somebody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the ways of rendering the lexeme temple in two Russian translations of the Quran of the Peter the Great era. These translations were made from the French translation of the Quran by André Du Ryer, first published in 1647. Du Ryer himself applies in this case the principle of unifying translation, rendering various nominations of the Arabic text denoting sacred buildings, by the one word temple. Two Russian translations of the Quran from the same French original reveal different strategies of rendering the lexeme temple. In the second (unpublished) translation, the lexeme temple is almost always translated as a khram. In the first translation, published in St. Petersburg in 1716, the translator demonstrates a greater variety in the ways of translating the word temple, using the lexemes kostiol (kościół), mechet’ (mosque) and tserkov’ (church). These lexemes in the first translation can occur in the same type of contexts and alternate within the same chapter, which indicates their ability to act as partial synonyms. In this usage, there is a certain similarity between the first translation of the Quran and the second translation of Metamorphoses, also made in the Petrine era from the Polish language, as well as with Petr Tolstoy’s Journey through Europe in 1699. The peculiarities of the translation of the French word temple in the printed Quran of 1716 to a certain extent support the hypothesis of E. Babayeva considering Petr Tolstoy as the translator of this text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the Latin loan words in Stanislav’s Menologion, tracing their function in the Old Bulgarian medieval manuscripts and the ways of their borrowing. The statistics shows that 21 out of 44 lexemes of Latin origin belong to the Old Bulgarian (OCS) canon, 15 out of them being attested in Codex Suprasliensis. The later occurrences are concentrated in hagiographic collections as well. Seven lexemes are hapax legomena and other seven are rare words with less than five occurrences in lexicographic manuals. Nine of the described lexemes represent early pre-Christian loan words and two derive from old borrowings. All nine have derivates in Old Bulgarian manuscripts or in the menologion itself. Three of the pre-Christian loan words have literary counterparts in the menologion and other two are literary doublets of early borrowings. Both pre-Christian loan words and literary borrowings (hapax legomena excluded) participate in synonymic chains with domestic and foreign lexis. The structure of this lexical group and its functioning confirms the hypothesis that the translation of the calendar hagiographic corpus took place in the Classical Old Bulgarian period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical corpus “Manuscript” contains voluminous data, presented in subcorpuses with a number of copies of the Gospels, Apostolos, Parimeinik, Parenesis, chronicles, and others. The quantitative ratios of lexemes form quantitative formulas that allow determining or clarifying the revisions of translations, identifying and characterizing the structural parts of texts, as well as the dynamics of changes in the lexical range and semantic structure of lexemes. Thus, quantitative formulas correlate in an exact way with different types of texts: the full service Gospel (“tetra-gospel”), the short aprakos and the full aprakos, the commentary and continuous Apostolos. The structural parts of the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles are characterized by contrasting types of quantitative formulas. In the Kievan Chronicle, the word rat’, given its frequency, acts as the central unit of the princely circle sociolect. In the Galicia-Volyn chronicle, we witness a key and turning point in the quantitative growth in the lexeme voina usage, which replaces the lexemes bran’ and rat’ ‘war’, due to voina’s communicative advantages: it is monosemantic and opposite to the polysemantic lexemes bran’ and rat’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the Greek lexemes which motivate the appearance of Slavonic compound words with their first component ин- in direct singulative meaning or in denotations resulting from it. Their Slavonic transponents in translated writings from the ninth to the fifteenth century are systemized on the basis of both classical Palaeoslavic dictionaries and several dozens bilingual word indices to particular written monuments. The analysis undertaken allows the author to draw the following conclusions: 1) the root ин- ‘one’ takes part in words which translate 22 Greek lexemes and their Slavonic counterparts are 159 lexical units in total; 2) the spectrum of meanings conveyed by the morpheme ин- ‘one’ covers two main groups – first, a numerically small group of lexemes with a specific singulative meaning always parallel to Greek counterparts containing μονο, and, second, a numerically larger group of words which are characterized by meanings related to ‘gathering, cooperation, totality, integrity, unity’ and which are motivated by various Greek morphemes such as ὁμο, συν-, ὁλ(ος), (ἅ)πας; 3) there is certain evidence that the archaic root ин- was characterized by a semantic range which was broader than its main successor in the development of the language - the pronoun base jedin-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Domínios de Lingu@gem is the property of Dominios de Lingu@gem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistica Uralica is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistica Uralica is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims at exploring the role and functions of place names from a Kazakh and Tatar versions of the famous Turkic epic poem Edige. A total of 69 proper names denoting places such as settlements and localities, water objects and surface relief were analyzed qualitatively with the intensive topology approach. The findings show that toponymic lexemes perform five main functions in the epos: localizing, informative, accumulative, symbolic, and individualizing. In the Kazakh and Tatar versions of the epic poem Edige, toponyms can act as the main reference points in time and space, referring to some specific characteristics of the geographic objects, conveying the historical and cultural heritage of the Turkic peoples, and revealing connection to the religion of Islam. Moreover, in the national versions of the epos under analysis individual toponyms, i.e. those found only in one version of the epos and typical of the area where the storyteller lived, add authenticity and a local flavor to the events described in the text. The study enables a better understanding of the national and cultural originality of ideas about space, which can be transformed according to toponymic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endocentric antecedent represents the interference of the lexical-semantic and formal antecedent. In this paper, the term endocentric antecedent represents an antecedent that refers to a group of syntactically related words, in which the subordinate member is functionally equivalent to the group, i.e. it is substantivized. This antecedent may be referred to cataphorically or anacataphorically. In the case of a referential expression, the reference to an endocentric antecedent is anacataphoric. Anaphora can be conceptual in which case only the denotation of a noun expression is taken over. Such an endocentric antecedent with a default lexeme and a restrictive adjective clause can be exclusive, meaning that it belongs to the set of entities from which the denotation is taken, and the anaphora is excluded from the set and stands out, or inclusive, outside the set of entities referred to by the conceptual anaphora, included in that set. In both cases, the lexeme referred to by the conceptual anaphora for the purpose of denotation and the antecedent are not in the relationship of co-reference, but are cosignificant. Anaphora can also be referential, in which case reference is considered in addition to the denotation. This anaphora refers to referential expressions (proper nouns and personal pronouns) and non-referential expressions (a common noun from which the denotation is taken - if the content of the adjective clause also refers to the class, there is no subsetting, if the adjective clause is non-restrictive, then anaphora is likewise referential). Such anaphoric references enable a wide range of implied lexemes in the antecedent and their ellipsis. That is, this ellipsis of the noun from the antecedent is made possible by the linguistic context. Therefore, the forcedence of the antecedent is crucial in achieving the specificity of the referent, and thus the informativeness of the discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an investigation of a newly-created Chinese lexeme shengnü 'leftover women', referring to single women beyond the socially expected marrying age. Data from an online survey of 416 respondents reveals the various aspects of gender bias against women as seen in the coined term. They also provide evidence that gender bias is waning, as younger and female respondents are more likely to view shengnü as more offensive, to see the reasons for being 'leftover' as women's desire for independence and freedom, and to identify society as the source of pressure for women to marry. Our study contributes to the field of sociolinguistics via its investigation of shengnü with other aspects of the Chinese language, by adopting a social media survey data gathering method – which offered us a sizable sample – and by being possibly the first empirical sociolinguistic study of gender bias via a detailed investigation of the various aspects of a particular lexeme in the Chinese language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finnish nouns are characterized by rich inflectional variation, with obligatory marking of case and number, with optional possessive suffixes and with the possibility of further cliticization. We present a model for the conceptualization of Finnish inflected nouns, using pre-compiled fasttext embeddings (300-dimensional semantic vectors that approximate words' meanings). Instead of deriving the semantic vector of an inflected word from another word in its paradigm, we propose that an inflected word is conceptualized by means of summation of latent vectors representing the meanings of its lexeme and its inflectional features. We tested this model on the 2,000 most frequent Finnish nouns and their inflected word forms from a corpus of Finnish (84 million tokens). Visualization of the semantic space of Finnish using t-SNE clarified that a 'main effects' additive model does not do justice to the semantics of inflection. In Finnish, how number is realized turns out to vary substantially with case. Further interactions emerged with the possessive suffixes and the clitics. By taking these interactions into account, the accuracy of our model, evaluated with the fasttext embeddings as gold standard, improved from 76% to 89%. Analyses of the errors made by the model clarified that 7.5% of errors are due to overabundance (and hence not true errors), and that 16.5% of the errors involved exchanges of semantically highly similar stems (lexemes). Our results indicate, first, that the semantics of Finnish noun inflection are more intricate than assumed thus far, and second, that these intricacies can be captured with surprisingly high accuracy by a simple generating model based on imputed semantic vectors for lexemes, inflectional features, and interactions of inflectional features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]