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207. A global survey of changing patterns of food allergy burden in children

Author

Prescott, SL, Pawankar, R, Allen, KJ, Campbell, DE, Sinn, JKH, Fiocchi, A, Ebisawa, M, Sampson, HA, Beyer, K, Lee, B-W, Prescott, SL, Pawankar, R, Allen, KJ, Campbell, DE, Sinn, JKH, Fiocchi, A, Ebisawa, M, Sampson, HA, Beyer, K, and Lee, B-W

Abstract

While food allergies and eczema are among the most common chronic non-communicable diseases in children in many countries worldwide, quality data on the burden of these diseases is lacking, particularly in developing countries. This 2012 survey was performed to collect information on existing data on the global patterns and prevalence of food allergy by surveying all the national member societies of the World Allergy Organization, and some of their neighbouring countries. Data were collected from 89 countries, including published data, and changes in the health care burden of food allergy. More than half of the countries surveyed (52/89) did not have any data on food allergy prevalence. Only 10% (9/89) of countries had accurate food allergy prevalence data, based on oral food challenges (OFC). The remaining countries (23/89) had data largely based on parent-reporting of a food allergy diagnosis or symptoms, which is recognised to overestimate the prevalence of food allergy. Based on more accurate measures, the prevalence of clinical (OFC proven) food allergy in preschool children in developed countries is now as high as 10%. In large and rapidly emerging societies of Asia, such as China, where there are documented increases in food allergy, the prevalence of OFC-proven food allergy is now around 7% in pre-schoolers, comparable to the reported prevalence in European regions. While food allergy appears to be increasing in both developed and developing countries in the last 10-15 years, there is a lack of quality comparative data. This survey also highlights inequities in paediatric allergy services, availability of adrenaline auto-injectors and standardised National Anaphylaxis Action plans. In conclusion, there remains a need to gather more accurate data on the prevalence of food allergy in many developed and developing countries to better anticipate and address the rising community and health service burden of food allergy.

Published
2013

208. Effects of lobeglitazone, a novel thiazolidinedione, on adipose tissue remodeling and brown and beige adipose tissue development in db/db mice

Author

Kim, G, Lee, Y-h, Yun, M R, Lee, J-Y, Shin, E G, Lee, B-W, Kang, E S, and Cha, B-S

Abstract

Background/Objectives:We investigated the effect of long-term treatment with lobeglitazone, a novel thiazolidinedione-based activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, on adipose tissue (AT), focusing on its effects on insulin resistance in obese db/db mice.Methods:Seven-week-old male db/db mice were assigned to either a vehicle-treated (n=8) or lobeglitazone-treated (n=8) group. Lobeglitazone (1?mg?kg-1daily) was injected intraperitoneally for 20 weeks.Results:Lobeglitazone treatment for 20 weeks resulted in a remarkably improved glycemic index, including significantly decreased glucose levels, enhanced insulin sensitivity and preserved pancreatic beta cells. Both whole body and subcutaneous AT weight increased in the lobeglitazone-treated group. However, lobeglitazone induced an increase in the number of small adipocyte in both epididymal and subcutaneous AT, with a significant weight decrease in the epididymal AT of db/db mice. Using flow cytometry, the CD11c-positive M1 macrophages and CD206-positive M2 macrophages in the epididymal AT were observed to exhibit a decreased M1-to-M2 ratio in lobeglitazone-treated db/db mice. Furthermore, in the lobeglitazone-treated group, interscapular brown AT was clearly visualized by 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) and its mass was significantly greater than that of the vehicle-treated group. In the lobeglitazone-treated group, beige-specific gene expression and the number of mitochondria in white AT were upregulated. Lobeglitazone, with upregulating interferon regulatory factor-4 (a key transcriptional regulator of thermogenesis), promoted the development of brown adipocytes and the differentiation of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes.Conclusions:Long-term lobeglitazone treatment has a beneficial role in remodeling and ameliorating inflammation in white AT and in glycemic control, in relation to insulin sensitivity in obese db/db mice. Moreover, lobeglitazone induced the differentiation of brown and beige adipocytes. Collectively, our data suggest that lobeglitazone treatment provides promising effects on white and brown AT as well as great improvement in glycemic control, as a potent insulin sensitizer.

Published
2018
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209. Zoospore interspecific signaling promotes plant infection by Phytophthora

Author

Kong, P., Tyler, B. M., Richardson, P. A., Lee, B. W. K., Zhou, Z. S., Hong, C., Kong, P., Tyler, B. M., Richardson, P. A., Lee, B. W. K., Zhou, Z. S., and Hong, C.

Abstract

Background Oomycetes attack a huge variety of economically and ecologically important plants. These pathogens release, detect and respond to signal molecules to coordinate their communal behaviors including the infection process. When signal molecules are present at or above threshold level, single zoospores can infect plants. However, at the beginning of a growing season population densities of individual species are likely below those required to reach a quorum and produce threshold levels of signal molecules to trigger infection. It is unclear whether these molecules are shared among related species and what their chemistries are. Results Zoospore-free fluids (ZFF) from Phytophthora capsici, P. hydropathica, P. nicotianae (ZFFnic), P. sojae (ZFFsoj) and Pythium aphanidermatum were cross tested for stimulating plant infection in three pathosystems. All ZFFs tested significantly increased infection of Catharanthus roseus by P. nicotianae. Similar cross activities were observed in infection of Lupinus polyphyllus and Glycine max by P. sojae. Only ZFFnic and ZFFsoj cross induced zoospore aggregation at a density of 2 x 103 ml-1. Pure autoinducer-2 (AI-2), a component in ZFF, caused zoospore lysis of P. nicotianae before encystment and did not stimulate plant infection at concentrations from 0.01 to 1000 μM. P. capsici transformants with a transiently silenced AI-2 synthase gene, ribose phosphate isomerase (RPI), infected Capsicum annuum seedlings at the same inoculum concentration as the wild type. Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) were not detected in any ZFFs. After freeze-thaw treatments, ZFF remained active in promoting plant infection but not zoospore aggregation. Heat treatment by boiling for 5 min also did not affect the infection-stimulating property of ZFFnic. Conclusion Oomycetes produce and use different molecules to regulate zoospore aggregation and plant infection. We found that some of these signal molecules could act in an inter-specific manner, though s

Published
2010
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212. Keratinocyte growth factor and thiazolidinediones and linolenic acid differentiate characterized mammary fat pad adipose stem cells isolated from prepubertal Korean black goat to epithelial and adipogenic lineage

Author

Reza, A. M. M. T, primary, Shiwani, S., additional, Singh, N. K., additional, Lohakare, J. D., additional, Lee, S. J., additional, Jeong, D. K., additional, Han, J. Y., additional, Rengaraj, D., additional, and Lee, B. W., additional

Published
2013
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213. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Vero Cell Culture-Derived Whole-Virus Influenza A(H5N1) Vaccine in a Pediatric Population

Author

van der Velden, M. V. W., primary, Fritz, R., additional, Pollabauer, E. M., additional, Portsmouth, D., additional, Howard, M. K., additional, Kreil, T. R., additional, Dvorak, T., additional, Fritsch, S., additional, Vesikari, T., additional, Diez-Domingo, J., additional, Richmond, P., additional, Lee, B. W., additional, Kistner, O., additional, Ehrlich, H. J., additional, Barrett, P. N., additional, and Aichinger, G., additional

Published
2013
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