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Rhodamine B (RhB) is a banned food additive and has been classified as illegal colourant. Therefore, the risk of RhB contamination should be strictly monitored. In this study, a sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was applied to monitor RhB in 292 various spices such as chilli, pepper and tomato products. The results showed 22.7% of chilli powder samples, 18.5% of pepper powder samples, 11.1% of chilli oil samples and 9.1% of pepper oil samples were contaminated with RhB. Chilli powder contained RhB up to 44,935 μg/kg with an average of 743 μg/kg, pepper powder up to 65.9 μg/kg with an average of 4.1 μg/kg, chilli oil up to 14.6 μg/kg with an average of 1.0 μg/kg and pepper oil up to 1.1 μg/kg with an average of 0.2 μg/kg, respectively. Considering the common consumption of chilli products and pepper products by so many consumers, RhB exposure is significant and should be decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ripening in climacteric fruit requires the gaseous phytohormone ethylene. Although ethylene signaling has been well studied, knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis is still limited. Here we show that an apple ( Malus domestica) ethylene response factor, Md ERF2, negatively affects ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening by suppressing the transcription of Md ACS1, a gene that is critical for biosynthesis of ripening-related ethylene. Expression of Md ERF2 was suppressed by ethylene during ripening of apple fruit, and we observed that Md ERF2 bound to the promoter of Md ACS1 and directly suppressed its transcription. Moreover, Md ERF2 suppressed the activity of the promoter of Md ERF3, a transcription factor that we found to bind to the Md ACS1 promoter, thereby increasing Md ACS1 transcription. We determined that the Md ERF2 and Md ERF3 proteins directly interact, and this interaction suppresses the binding of Md ERF3 to the Md ACS1 promoter. Moreover, apple fruit with transiently downregulated Md ERF2 expression showed higher ethylene production and faster ripening. Our results indicate that Md ERF2 negatively affects ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening in apple by suppressing the transcription of Md ACS1 via multiple mechanisms, thereby acting as an antagonist of positive ripening regulators. Our findings offer a deep understanding of the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during climacteric fruit ripening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum lycopersicum auxin response factor 10 ( SlARF10) is post-transcriptionally regulated by Sl-miR160. Overexpression of a Sl-miR160-resistant SlARF10 ( mSlARF10) resulted in narrower leaflet blades with larger stomata but lower densities. 35S:mSlARF10-6 plants with narrower excised leaves had greater water loss, which was in contrast to the wild type (WT). Further analysis revealed that the actual water loss was not consistent with the calculated stomatal water loss in 35S: mSlARF10-6 and the WT under the dehydration treatment, indicating that there is a difference in hydraulic conductance. Pretreatment with abscisic acid (ABA) and HgCl confirmed higher hydraulic conductance in 35S:mSlARF10, which is related to the larger stomatal size and higher activity of aquaporins (AQPs). Under ABA treatment, 35S:mSlARF10-6 showed greater sensitivity, and the stomata closed rapidly. Screening by RNA sequencing revealed that five AQP-related genes, fourteen ABA biosynthesis/signal genes and three stomatal development genes were significantly altered in 35S:mSlARF10-6 plants, and this result was verified by qRT-PCR. The promoter analysis showed that upregulated AQPs contain AuxRE and ABRE, implying that these elements may be responsible for the high expression levels of AQPs in 35S:mSlARF10-6. The three most upregulated AQPs ( SlTIP1-1-like, SlPIP2;4 and SlNIP-type-like) were chosen to confirm AuxRE and ABRE function. Promoters transient expression demonstrated that the SlPIP2;4 and SlNIP-type-like AuxREs and SlPIP2;4 and SlTIP1-1-like ABREs could significantly enhance the expression of the GUS reporter in 35S:mSlARF10-6, confirming that AuxRE and ABRE may be the main factors inducing the expression of AQPs. Additionally, two upregulated transcription factors in 35S:mSlARF10-6, SlARF10 and SlABI5-like were shown to directly bind to those elements in an electromobility shift assay and a yeast one-hybrid assay. Furthermore, transient expression of down-regulated ARF10 or up-regulated ABI5 in tomato leaves demonstrated that ARF10 is the direct factor for inducing the water loss in 35S:mSlARF10-6. Here, we show that although SlARF10 increased the ABA synthesis/signal response by regulating stomatal aperture to mitigate water loss, SlARF10 also influenced stomatal development and AQP expression to affect water transport, and both act cooperatively to control the loss of leaf water in tomato. Therefore, this study uncovers a previously unrecognized leaf water loss regulatory factor and a network for coordinating auxin and ABA signalling in this important process. In an evolutionary context, miR160 regulates ARF10 to maintain the water balance in the leaf, thus ensuring normal plant development and environmental adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: We constructed small RNA and degradome sequencing libraries to identify miRNAs and targets involved in tomato pedicel abscission, and confirmed their roles via quantitative real-time PCR. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs which play crucial negatively regulatory roles at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in plants; however, limited knowledge is available on the expression profiles of miRNAs and their target genes during tomato pedicel abscission. Taking advantage of small RNA (sRNA) and degradome sequencing technology, a total of 56 known and 11 novel candidate miRNAs targeting 223 mRNA genes were confirmed during pedicel abscission. Gene ontology annotation and KEGG pathway analysis showed that these target genes were significantly enriched in intracellular, membrane-bounded organelle-related biological processes as well as in metabolic, plant-pathogen interaction and hormone signaling pathways. We screened 17 miRNA/target pairs for further analysis and performed quantitative real-time PCR to identify the roles. Cluster analysis of selected miRNAs revealed that the expression profiles of miRNAs varied in different stages of abscission and could be impacted by ethylene treatment. In the present study, the correlations between miRNAs and targets suggested a complex regulatory network of miRNA-mediated target interaction during pedicel abscission. Additionally, the expression profiles of miRNAs and their targets changed by ethylene might be a considerable reason why ethylene promotes pedicel abscission. Our study provides new insights into the expression and regulatory profiles of miRNAs during tomato pedicel abscission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the problem of how to share distributed resources. As an application of distributed resource sharing in schools, a peer-to-peer network model ( HRRP(k)) is proposed and its properties are studied. It is proven that HRRP(k) network has better performance than a 2-D mesh in group communication. Then, to improve the quality of service (QoS) in the education resource sharing network, several key strategies are proposed, including the strategy for a node to join or leave the network, the strategy for searching for resources, and the strategy for setting up connections between nodes. To realize local and global resource retrieval, several algorithms based on the HRRP(k) network are proposed. Finally, the advantages of the HRRP(k) network and the effectiveness of proposed strategies are proposed by theoretical analysis and comparison. Based on these findings, a prototype of a resource sharing application is proposed, which shows the HRRP(k) network has a better performance than alternative network architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food availability represents a major worldwide concern due to climate change and population growth. Low-temperature stress (LTS) severely restricts the growth of tomato seedlings. Exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) can alleviate the harm of abiotic stress including LTS; however, data on its protective mechanism on tomato seedling roots, the effects of organelle structure, and the regulation of metabolic pathways under LTS are lacking. In this study, we hope to fill the above gaps by exploring the effects of exogenous ALA on morphology, mitochondrial ultrastructure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) enrichment, physiological indicators, related gene expression, and metabolic pathway in tomato seedlings root under LTS. Results showed that ALA pretreatment could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of antioxidant substances in tomato seedlings roots under LTS to scavenge the massively accumulated ROS, thereby protecting the mitochondrial structure of roots and promoting root development under LTS. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis showed that exogenous ALA pretreatment activated the glutathione metabolism and β-alanine metabolism of tomato seedling roots under LTS, further enhanced the scavenging ability of tomato seedling roots to ROS, and improved the low-temperature tolerance of tomato seedlings. The findings provide a new insight into the regulation of the low-temperature tolerance of tomato by exogenous ALA. • Exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) significantly improved low-temperature tolerance in tomatoes. • Exogenous ALA could protect root mitochondria of tomato seedlings under low-temperature stress (LTS). • Exogenous ALA could improve the scavenging ability of tomato seedling roots to reactive oxygen species under LTS. • Exogenous ALA could regulating the glutathione metabolism and β-alanine metabolism of tomato seedling roots under LTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar radiation at different points within a solar greenhouse is not only an important parameter for the simulation of crop photosynthesis and transpiration, but also an essential factor for wall energy balance in a solar greenhouse. In this paper, the shadowing effect of a solar greenhouse enclosure structure on solar radiation was analyzed, and the preventing-view's angle of any points within a solar greenhouse was calculated by using the main parameters of a solar greenhouse and the solar azimuth. Any point could be obtained by direct solar radiation if the preventing-view's angle was smaller than the solar altitude. A hypothesis is that any point obtains isotropic diffuse solar radiation form the sky, diffuse solar radiation was calculated by accumulating the non-preventing- view's angle .Based on these analyses, the direct solar radiation, diffuse radiation, and the total solar radiation at any points within a solar greenhouse on sunny days were estimated. The estimated values at certain points within a solar greenhouse were compared with measured values at that point, which were measured within a Liaoshen II type solar greenhouse. The estimated values were higher than the measured values by 6.4% and 8.8% respectively for scatter radiation and total radiation, and the possible reasons that caused estimated errors were discussed. Results showed that the daily variation of estimated direct solar radiation, diffuse solar radiation, and total solar radiation tended to agree with that of the measured values, and the estimated values overestimated the measured values. The estimated errors maybe resulted from an error of the atmospheric transparency coefficient, transmittance of solar greenhouse plastic film, shadowing of load-bearing framework, and artificial observation errors. Using software surfer 8.0, a total radiation distribution map at 2 m was provided on 2011-12-24 at 10:00 within the greenhouse. At this height, the width was 7.05 m, and the length was 60 m. Total radiation had a decreasing trend from north to south. The shadow parts meant no direct radiation. The research results can supply theoretical solar radiation at different points within a solar greenhouse for the simulation of crop and transpiration, distribution of light within crop canopy, and energy balance of an enclosure structure in a solar greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable grafting machines are extensively studied by Japan, South Korea, China and North America, and various types of grafting machines were developed successfully. In China, Zhang Tiezhong, Gu Song, and other researchers carried out ample work on cut-pasting in vegetable grafting machines. However, due to the complexity of grafting technology and the poor applicability of the grafting machine, these machines are not widely used in China. Therefore, it is significant to develop an automatic grafting machine that can be suitable for agricultural production in northeast China. In order to realize automation of a vegetable grafting machine, and solve the difficulties of automatic sorting grafting clips because of their complex shape and structure, a vibration sorting-clip device for vegetable grafting machine was designed, and the working parameters of the device were optimized by using the experimental methods in this study. The circular cylindrical hopper is one of the most important structures in the vibration sorting-clip device. The spiral material passage's inner wall of a circular cylindrical hopper is installed by four fixed guiding mechanisms which are used to sort and direct vegetable grafting clips while conveying them. The first and the second fixed guiding mechanism are both sheet-shaped structures, the third is rod-shaped and the fourth is hole-shaped. A screening dam bar is another key component of the vibration sorting-clip device that is installed on a lateral plate between the end of the spiral material passage and the discharge port. The installing angle and installing length of the screening dam bar can be adjusted and the two major factors will affect the performance of the vibration delivery device. In addition, the input vibration voltage is also another major factor that will affect the performance of the vibration sorting-clip device. The grafting clips for the typical muskmelon were selected as the research objects. Three variables were selected as the experimental factors, i.e. input vibration voltage, installing angle, and the installing length of the screening dam bar. The variation coefficient of sorting clips that represented the performance of sorting grafting clips was determined as the experimental index. Moreover, the single factor experiment and two regression orthogonal experiments were conducted in order to determine the optimal technological parameters of the vibration sorting-clip device. The single factor experiments studied the influence of input vibration voltage, installing angle, and installing length on variation coefficient of sorting clips, respectively. According to the results of single factor experiment, the two regression orthogonal experiments were conducted after selecting two reasonable values within the effective range as two levels. The optimal operating parameters of the vibration sorting-clip device for the vegetable grafting machine were determined by the experiment. The input vibratory voltage of the sorting device was 40V, the installing angle of the screening dam bar was 25.7 degrees, the installing length of the screening dam bar was 45.5 millimeters, and the variation coefficient of the sorting clips was 0.6822. The parameters proved to be the best performance of the sorting grafting clips until the present. The success rate was 100% and the working efficiency was 70 per min by using the above parameters. Under the conditions of the optimal operating parameters, the vibration sorting-clip device of the vegetable grafting machine can meet the requirements of design. Therefore, the vibration sorting clips device can achieve automatic conveying and sorting of vegetable grafting clips successfully, and the experimental results provide important references for developing an automatic vegetable grafting machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-TiO 2 has been reported to promote photosynthesis in some crops; however, the mechanism behind this action remains unknown. In this research, the effects of nano-TiO 2 on leaf photosynthesis under mild heat stress were investigated. Results showed that the net photosynthetic rate, conductance to H 2O, and transpiration rate of tomato leaves increased after application of an appropriate concentration of nano-TiO 2. Nano-TiO 2 also significantly decreased the minimum chlorophyll fluorescence and relative electron transport in leaves. Under mild heat stress, Nano-TiO 2 increased regulated photosystem II (PS II) energy dissipation and decreased non-regulated PS II energy dissipation. These results indicate that nano-TiO 2 plays a positive role in promoting photosynthesis in tomato leaves under mild heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of phosphorus (P) behavior in long-term fertilized soils is essential for better fertilization practices and protection of environmental quality. Therefore, we evaluated the various forms of P contents, fraction, and distribution of soil inorganic P in a greenhouse under continuous fertilization since 1988. Continuous fertilization increased total and available P contents at the 0- to 20-cm soil layer. Applied organic manure and chemical fertilizer increased the contents of total, available, organic, and inorganic P (Pi) significantly. In the soil fertilized with organic manure, the greatest fraction of the Pi was occluded P (O-P), whereas in the soil not fertilized with organic manure, the greatest fraction of the Pi was calcium-bound P (Ca-P). All fractions of the Pi in both soils treated with organic manure and inorganic manure decreased gradually with soil depth. Thus, the long-term fertilization of organic fertilizer increases the accumulation of various soil P forms and causes deeper Pi translocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Auxin conjugates are hydrolyzed to release free auxin to ensure defined cellular auxin levels or gradients within tissues for proper development or response to environmental signals. The auxin concentration in the abscission zone (AZ) is thought to play an important role in mediating the abscission lag phase. Results: In this study, the full cDNA sequences of seven tomato ILR1-like SlILL genes were identified and characterized, All SlILLs were found to have auxin conjugate hydrolysis activity. The effects of different auxin conjugates on abscission identified IAA-Ile as a candidate to determine the auxin conjugate and auxin conjugate hydrolysis functions in abscission. Treatment of pedicel explants with IAA-Ile for different times showed that application before 6 h could effectively delay abscission. IAA-Ile pre-incubation for 2 h was sufficient to inhibit abscission. These results showed that there is not sufficient auxin conjugates in the AZ to inhibit abscission, and the optimal time to inhibit abscission by the application of exogenous auxin conjugates is before 6 h. Treatment with cycloheximide (CHX, a protein biosynthesis inhibitor) indicated that de novo synthesis of auxin conjugate hydrolases is also required to delay abscission. During abscission, SlILL1, 5, and 6 showed abscission-related gene expression patterns, and SlILL1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 showed increasing expression trends, which collectively might contribute to delay abscission. Silencing the expression of SlILL1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 using virus-induced gene silencing showed that SlILL1, 5, and 6 are major mediators of abscission in tomato. Conclusions: In the process of abscission, auxin inhibition is concentration dependent, and the concentration of auxin in the AZ was regulated by hydrolyzed auxin conjugates. SlILR1, 5, and 6 play a key role in flower pedicel abscission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the utilization of solar energy in Chinese solar greenhouses (CSGs), a new method for optimizing the internal lighting environment of CSGs using reflective films is proposed. The influence of different positions and angles of reflecting film on solar radiation in greenhouses was studied, using the solar radiation on the inside surface of the CSG as an evaluation index. According to the findings, total solar radiation increased by 5.33% when the reflective film was positioned on the north roof at an angle of 0°. The light interception on the north wall decreased from 7.91% to 10.54% when the angle was raised from 15° to 25°. The crop canopy was not significantly affected by the reflective film's various placements and angles, and the benefits of additional light were insufficient to compensate for the drawbacks of crop shading. This result provides a theoretical basis for the application of reflective films in relevant agricultural facilities. Reasonable installation of reflective film in the greenhouse can increase the light interception of plants inside the greenhouse and further increase the income of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auxin regulates flower and fruit abscission, but how developmental signals mediate auxin transport in abscission remains unclear. Here, we reveal the role of the transcription factor BEL1‐LIKE HOMEODOMAIN11 (SlBEL11) in regulating auxin transport during abscission in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlBEL11 is highly expressed in the fruit abscission zone, and its expression increases during fruit development. Knockdown of SlBEL11 expression by RNA interference (RNAi) caused premature fruit drop at the breaker (Br) and 3 d post‐breaker (Br+3) stages of fruit development. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of SlBEL11‐RNAi lines revealed impaired flavonoid biosynthesis and decreased levels of most flavonoids, especially quercetin, which functions as an auxin transport inhibitor. This suggested that SlBEL11 prevents premature fruit abscission by modulating auxin efflux from fruits, which is crucial for the formation of an auxin response gradient. Indeed, quercetin treatment suppressed premature fruit drop in SlBEL11‐RNAi plants. DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP‐seq) analysis indicated that SlBEL11 induced expression of the transcription factor gene SlMYB111 by directly binding to its promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that S. lycopersicum MYELOBLASTOSIS VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG111 (SlMYB111) induces the expression of the core flavonoid biosynthesis genes SlCHS1, SlCHI, SlF3H, and SlFLS by directly binding to their promoters. Our findings suggest that the SlBEL11–SlMYB111 module modulates flavonoid biosynthesis to fine‐tune auxin efflux from fruits and thus maintain an auxin response gradient in the pedicel, thereby preventing premature fruit drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar greenhouses are commonly overheated during the day, and the remaining air heat can only be dissipated through ventilation, which is a severe energy waste problem. In order to improve the energy utilization of the greenhouse, this study proposes a water cycle system using surplus air thermal energy, which consists of an air-water heat exchanger, supply and return pipes, a submersible pump, a water tank, and an automatic control system. The proposed system stores the surplus air thermal energy in the greenhouse in the water tank. It releases it into the greenhouse using water circulation, and experimental analyses were carried out using a solar greenhouse in the Shenyang area. The effects of different air and water flow rates on the performance of the surplus air thermal energy water recycling system and the environment inside the greenhouse were analyzed by establishing a CFD model and model validation, and the average difference between the experimental data and the simulated data was 6.98%. The results show that the circulating air flow rate significantly affects the system performance and the environment inside the greenhouse. In the heat collection stage, the water circulation system with an airflow rate of 9 m/s has a minor average temperature difference in the vertical plane of the greenhouse. The water circulation system with an airflow rate of 6.0 m/s collects and releases the most significant heat. The temperature cloud between the vertical and horizontal planes is more uniform. This research provides new ideas for efficient energy use in solar greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of light and photosynthesis distribution within a canopy is crucial for optimizing plant growth and yield, especially in the context of greenhouse structures. In previous studies, we developed a 3D functional-structural plant model (FSPM) of the Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) and tomato plants, in which the greenhouse was reconstructed as a 3D mockup and implemented in the virtual scene. This model, which accounts for various environmental factors, allows for precise calculations of radiation, temperature, and photosynthesis at the organ level. This study focuses on elucidating optimal canopy configurations for mechanized planting in greenhouses, building upon the commonly used north–south (N–S) orientation by exploring the east–west (E–W) orientation. Investigating sixteen scenarios with varying furrow distance (1 m, 1.2 m, 1.4 m, 1.6 m) and row spacing (0.3 m, 0.4 m, 0.5 m, 0.6 m), corresponding to 16 treatments of plant spacing, four planting patterns (homogeneous row, double row, staggered row, incremental row) and two orientations were investigated. The results show that in Shenyang city, an E–W orientation with the path width = 0.5 (furrow distance + row distance) = 0.8 m (homogeneous row), and a plant distance of 0.32 m, is the optimal solution for mechanized planting at a density of 39,000 plants/ha. Our findings reveal a nuanced understanding of how altering planting configurations impacts the light environment and photosynthesis rate within solar greenhouses. Looking forward, these insights not only contribute to the field of CSG mechanized planting, but also provide a basis for enhanced CSG planting management. Future research could further explore the broader implications of these optimized configurations in diverse geographic and climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low nocturnal temperature (LNT) is a primary limitation in the greenhouse cultivation of vegetables during winter and spring, because it limits the availability of soil phosphorus (P), causing P-deficient symptoms. However, how LNT affects the P-cycling-related bacterial community composition and the turnover of soil P fractions is unknown. To address this issue, a 40-day indoor incubation experiment was used to investigate the effects of four nocturnal temperatures (15 °C, 12 °C, 9 °C, and 6 °C) on soil P fractions, alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) activity, and the absolute abundance and composition of phoD- and pqqC-harboring microbial community. The low temperature decreased labile inorganic P (LPi) and increased labile organic P (LPo) and moderately labile Pi and Po (MLPi, MLPo). Low temperature decreased phoD and pqqC gene absolute abundance while increasing pqqC-harboring bacterial richness. The classes Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria dominated the phoD- and pqqC-harboring taxa in response to low temperature, despite low temperature, which decreased the absolute abundance of the phoD gene, potentially decreasing NaHCO3-Po and NaOH-Po mineralization. Moreover, low temperature influenced pqqC gene absolute abundance and pqqC-harboring bacterial community composition, likely decreasing NaOH-Pi solubilization. However, the soil LP and MLP fractions were only significantly correlated by pqqC gene absolute abundance and pqqC-harboring community composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold stress usually causes the abscission of floral organs and a decline in fruit setting rate, seriously reducing tomato yield. Auxin is one of the key hormones that affects the abscission of plant floral organs; the YUCCA (YUC) family is a key gene in the auxin biosynthesis pathway, but there are few research reports on the abscission of tomato flower organs. This experiment found that, under low temperature stress, the expression of auxin synthesis genes increased in stamens but decreased in pistils. Low temperature treatment decreased pollen vigor and pollen germination rate. Low night temperature reduced the tomato fruit setting rate and led to parthenocarpy, and the treatment effect was most obvious in the early stage of tomato pollen development. The abscission rate of tomato pTRV-Slfzy3 and pTRV-Slfzy5 silenced plants was higher than that of the control, which is the key auxin synthesis gene affecting the abscission rate. The expression of Solyc07g043580 was down-regulated after low night temperature treatment. Solyc07g043580 encodes the bHLH-type transcription factor SlPIF4. It has been reported that PIF4 regulates the expression of auxin synthesis and synthesis genes, and is a key protein in the interaction between low temperature stress and light in regulating plant development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioredoxin is a multifunctional acidic protein widely presented in organisms that regulates intracellular redox processes, participating in a series of biochemical reactions in cells to affect the growth and development of plants. Although the thioredoxin (TRX) gene family has been widespread recognized across various plant species, and the tomato genome has been sequenced for years now, of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has remained largely uncharted in terms of identifying and unraveling the functional intricacies of is TRX genes. In this study, 53 SlTRX genes were identified, unevenly distributed across 11 of the 12 tomato chromosomes. These 53 SlTRX genes were categorized into 4 distinct subfamilies based on their evolutionary kinship and phylogenetic development. Expression profiling reveals that most of SlTRX genes exhibited distinct expression patterns across various tissues and developmental stages. In addition, the gene structure, conserved protein motifs and cis -elements of 53 SlTRX genes were analyzed simultaneously. In our rigorous in silico expression analysis, 8 SlTRX genes were meticulously selected for subsequent experiments. Subcellular localization indicated that these 8 SlTRX genes were localized in chloroplasts. Furthermore, these 8 SlTRX genes were responsive to abiotic stress (salt, drought and cold stress) under the qRT-PCR analysis, and their different expression patterns under diverse types of treatments indicated their possible roles in stress tolerance in tomato. Based on these results, SlTRX2, whose expression level continued to increase under salt stress, was selected for silencing to further investigate its function, and furthermore, silencing SlTRX2 inhibited plant growth and led to a significant reduction in photosynthesis under salt stress. Yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation imaging assays demonstrated that SlTRX2 may regulate tomato salt resistance by affecting related photosynthetic genes. Thus, our study establishes a valuable resource for further analysis on biological functions of SlTRX genes and will provide important insights in the mechanism of action under stress. • In this study, we performed the first comprehensive genome-wide characterization and expression in the Thioredoxin (TRX) gene family in tomato. • SlTRX may aid regulation of tomato in response to abiotic stress. • SlTRX2 could reduce the damage of photosynthesis under salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]