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Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic symmetric synovial inflammation and erosive bone destruction. Mitochondria are the main site of cellular energy supply and play a key role in the process of energy metabolism. They possess certain self-regulatory and repair capabilities. Mitochondria maintain relative stability in number, morphology, and spatial structure through biological processes, such as biogenesis, fission, fusion, and autophagy, which are collectively called mitochondrial homeostasis. An imbalance in the mitochondrial homeostatic environment will affect immune cell energy metabolism, synovial cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling. These biological processes are involved in the onset and development of rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we found that in rheumatoid arthritis, abnormal mitochondrial homeostasis can mediate various immune cell metabolic disorders, and the reprogramming of immune cell metabolism is closely related to their inflammatory activation. In turn, mitochondrial damage and homeostatic imbalance can lead to mtDNA leakage and increased mtROS production. mtDNA and mtROS are active substances mediating multiple inflammatory pathways. Several rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic agents regulate mitochondrial homeostasis and repair mitochondrial damage. Therefore, modulation of mitochondrial homeostasis would be one of the most attractive targets for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Cuttings accumulation in horizontal drilling of a shale gas well is one of the main reasons for high drilling torque and drag and serious backing pressure and consequently influencing the rate of penetration (ROP), so inhibiting the generation of a cuttings bed and keeping the hole clean is an important prerequisite to ensure the smooth and safe drilling of horizontal section. In order to improve the hole cleaning efficiency of horizontal sections, this paper studied the decay laws of helical flow induced by helix angles and rotation speed of a newly developed cuttings bed remover with V-shaped blades for horizontal wells and their influences on the resuspension distribution of cuttings particles by virtue of the CFD numerical simulation method and Euler–Euler binary-fluid model, combined with the theory of particle dynamics. Then, the parameters such as blade rotation speed and blade helix angle were optimized. And the following research results were obtained. First, with the increase of the rotation speed, cuttings deposit at the bottom of the annulus deflects to a certain degree. And the higher the rotation speed, the more obvious the deflection. Second, annulus pressure drop loss increases with the increase of the helix angle. And this phenomenon is more obvious when the helix angle is larger. Third, the field test results in Well Changning H25-7 of the southern Sichuan Basin show that after the application of the newly developed cuttings bed remover for horizontal wells, the drilling friction is decreased by 33 %, the tripping is smooth without sticking. And in the process of its application, no complex downhole accident happened. Obviously, it provides good hole cleaning to ensure the safe and smooth implementation of the later casing running operation. In conclusion, this newly developed cuttings bed remover can satisfy the demand of cutting bed cleaning and drilling cost reduction and efficiency improvement of horizontal wells, so it is worth popularizing and applying. What's more, it provides guidance and reference for the design of similar cuttings bed removers.

Objective To establish an ion chromatography method for the salt form determination of new psychoactive substances （NPS）. Methods The method of conducting qualitative and quantitative analysis of six types of organic acid ions （acetate ion, tartrate ion, maleate ion, oxalate ion, fumarate ion, citrate ion） and five types of inorganic anions （fluoride ion, chloride ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, phosphate ion） in NPS sample by ion chromatography was developed. The salt forms of 222 seized NPS samples （103 samples with synthetic cannabinoids, 81 samples with cathinones, 44 samples with phenylethylamines, 12 samples with tryptamines, 7 samples with phencyclidines, 6 samples with piperazines, 2 samples with aminoindenes, 26 samples with fentanyls and 43 samples with other types of NPS） were analyzed by this method. Results Each anion had good linearity in the corresponding linear range, the correlation coefficients （r） were greater than 0.999, the limits of detection were 0.01-0.05 mg/L, and the limits of quantitative were 0.1-0.5 mg/L. Except that 5F-BEPIRAPIM was hydrochloride, the salt forms of the other 102 synthetic cannabinoids were all base. The salt form of 81 cathinone samples, 44 phenylethylamine samples, 7 phencyclidine samples and 2 aminoindene samples were all hydrochloride. The salt forms of tryptamine samples included base, hydrochloride, fumarate and oxalate. The salt forms of piperazine samples included base and hydrochloride. The salt forms of fentanyl samples and samples of other types included base, hydrochloride and citrate. Conclusion Ion chromatography is a simple, accurate and efficient method for determining the salt form of NPS samples, which makes the qualitative and quantitative conclusions of NPS more scientific and rigorous.

Introduction A variety of mechanisms have evolved in mammalian cells to control intracellular pathogens. For example, preventing intracellular pathogens from accessing iron, an essential nutrient for both host and pathogen, [...], Ferritin, a key regulator of iron homeostasis in macrophages, has been reported to confer host defenses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) was recently identified as a cargo receptor in ferritin degradation. Here, we show that Mtb infection enhanced NCOA4-mediated ferritin degradation in macrophages, which in turn increased the bioavailability of iron to intracellular Mtb and therefore promoted bacterial growth. Of clinical relevance, the upregulation of FTH1 in macrophages was associated with tuberculosis (TB) disease progression in humans. Mechanistically, Mtb infection enhanced NCOA4-mediated ferritin degradation through p38/AKT1- and TRIM21-mediated proteasomal degradation of HERC2, an E3 ligase of NCOA4. Finally, we confirmed that NCOA4 deficiency in myeloid cells expedites the clearance of Mtb infection in a murine model. Together, our findings revealed a strategy by which Mtb hijacks host ferritin metabolism for its own intracellular survival. Therefore, this represents a potential target for host-directed therapy against tuberculosis.

Scaling is the most commonly used technique to artificially propagate lilies. Scales from different positions of the donor bulb vary in regeneration efficiency; however, the mechanism underlying bulblet formation remains unclear. To investigate the relationship between scale morphological characteristics, initial nutrient status and bulblet regeneration capacities during scale propagation of Lilium, we performed comprehensive morphological and correlation analyses using scales from three lily cultivars. Principal component analysis clearly distinguished middle scale (MS) from outer scale (OS) by morphological characteristics alone. Morphological results indicated that MS and OS differ significantly in terms of scale width, facial area, basal area, volume, length-to-width ratio and width-to-thickness ratio. Correlation analysis showed that scale width was significantly positively correlated with both the quantity and quality of regenerated bulblets. Among the cultivars, starch and soluble sugars accounted for 50–80% of scale DW. And a higher initial ratio of sucrose to starch in scales was more conducive to the bulblets formation. Although light had no effect on the incidence of bulblets, the formation of bulblets was positively enhanced, and better morphological consistency was obtained. This present study achieved a comprehensive morphological and nutritional analysis focused on bulblet formation capacities of scales from different positions of lily bulbs via scaling propagation, laying a foundation for future molecular studies on bulblet formation.

The confinement effects within coordination cages present powerful tools in modern chemistry, particularly for the synthesis and manipulation of complex molecules. This concept article reviews the use of coordination cages to stabilize and tune the properties of polyoxometalates (POMs), a class of nano‐sized metallic clusters, expanding the focus beyond traditional organic reactions. The article provides a brief overview of coordination cages, POM chemistry and discusses the encapsulation of POMs in coordination cages, highlighting how these cages provide a confinement effect that enhances the stability and reactivity of POMs. Additionally, the concept of cavity‐directed synthesis is explored as a method for creating labile POMs, which are often unstable in aqueous conditions, underlining its implications for supramolecular catalysis. Future research will focus on expanding the structures and applications of encapsulated POMs, as well as improving cage designs to unlock new cluster architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term exposure to a microgravity environment leads to structural and functional changes in hearts of astronauts. Although several studies have reported mechanisms of cardiac damage under microgravity conditions, comprehensive research on changes at the protein level in these hearts is still lacking. In this study, proteomic analysis of microgravity-exposed hearts identified 156 differentially expressed proteins, and ubiquitinomic analysis of these hearts identified 169 proteins with differential ubiquitination modifications. Integrated ubiquitinomic and proteomic analysis revealed that differential proteomic changes caused by transcription affect the immune response in microgravity-exposed hearts. Additionally, changes in ubiquitination modifications under microgravity conditions excessively activated certain kinases, such as hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, leading to cardiac metabolic disorders. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of cardiac damage under microgravity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecular functional materials can be used to overcome some of the most challenging tasks in materials science, where the dynamic nature of supramolecular interactions can be leveraged to fine‐tune the properties of the material for a given task. The Lindqvist hexavanadate family of polyoxometalates (POMs) have emerged as particularly interesting candidates to be used in supramolecular materials due to their redox and Lewis acid properties that enable their application in the fields of energy conversion/storage or catalysis. Despite their promising potential, hexavanadate clusters are underrepresented in the field of supramolecular materials, mainly due to the synthetic challenges related to their inherent reactivity. In this work, pillar[5]arene was successfully grafted onto a Lindqvist hexavanadate and the resulting structure was confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD), presenting the first example of a crystal structure of a POMcovalently functionalized with a pillar[5]arene. By introducing a ditopic guest molecule that could interlink pillar[5]arene moieties, host–guest interactions were leveraged as the driving force for the formation of supramolecular assemblies incorporating hexavanadate clusters in a controlled manner. The enhanced catalytic performance of the resulting aggregates confirmed their potential application as functional catalytic materials. This novel approach for developing hexavanadate‐based catalysts reported here showcases the potential of using host–guest interactions as a means to introduce catalytically active metal‐oxo clusters into supramolecular frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plants delicately regulate endogenous auxin levels through the coordination of transport, biosynthesis, and inactivation, which is crucial for growth and development. While it is well‐established that the actin cytoskeleton can regulate auxin levels by affecting polar transport, its potential role in auxin biosynthesis has remained largely unexplored.Using LC–MS/MS‐based methods combined with fluorescent auxin marker detection, we observed a significant increase in root auxin levels upon deletion of the actin bundling proteins AtFIM4 and AtFIM5. Fluorescent observation, immunoblotting analysis, and biochemical approaches revealed that AtFIM4 and AtFIM5 affect the protein abundance of the key auxin synthesis enzyme YUC8 in roots.AtFIM4 and AtFIM5 regulate the auxin synthesis enzyme YUC8 at the protein level, with its degradation mediated by the 26S proteasome. This regulation modulates auxin synthesis and endogenous auxin levels in roots, consequently impacting root development. Based on these findings, we propose a molecular pathway centered on the 'actin cytoskeleton‐26S proteasome‐YUC8‐auxin' axis that controls auxin levels.Our findings shed light on a new pathway through which plants regulate auxin synthesis. Moreover, this study illuminates a newfound role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulating plant growth and development, particularly through its involvement in maintaining protein homeostasis via the 26S proteasome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In double‐stranded DNA, a rapid deprotonation of guanine radical cation (G•+) hinders the long‐distance transfer of positive charge (hole). It is significant to explore the proton transfer of G•+ for designing other DNA structures with high electrical conductivity. The deprotonation of G•+ is explored in the 1H2O, 2H2O, 3H2O, and 9H2O models by quantum mechanics (QM) method. The results indicate that the second hydration shell facilitates proton transfer. The QM/molecular mechanics (MM) (ABEEM) method accurately simulates polarization and charge transfer effects through the implementation of the reactive valence‐state electronegativity piecewise functions and setting local charge conservation conditions. The QM/MM(ABEEM) method has been developed to investigate the 9H2O model. The obtained activation energy (16.3 ± 0.8 kJ/mol) through molecular dynamics simulations is consistent with experimental data (15.1 ± 1.5 kJ/mol), demonstrating the accuracy of the QM/MM(ABEEM) method in simulating proton transfer in the DNA system. The deprotonation rate of G•+ in the free base (1.5 × 107 s−1) is faster than that of G•+ within double‐stranded DNA (106–107 s−1), which indicates that the free G base is an avoidable participant when designing hole transfer carrier due to its rapid deprotonation rate. Concurrently, the relationship between the proton transfer distance and potential barrier is monotone increasing, meaning that the long‐range proton transfer corresponds to high energy barrier. The molecule involved in long‐range proton transfer of G•+ is more suitable as DNA electronic devices. This research provides valuable microscopic insight into deprotonation to advance the advancement of DNA structures with high electrical conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leveler is one of the most important organic additives in copper electroplating for microvia filling. To enhance the microvia filling efficiency and reduce the bath control difficulty, novel levelers with high filling performance and wide application concentration range has long been pursued. Herein, a novel leveler named L1 with four pyrrolidine rings linked by a pentaerythritol backbone is designed and synthesized. Compared with the previously reported leveler TPM-1, L1 shares the same nitrogen-containing group but has an additional pyrrolidine ring. The structure-property relationship of L1 is thoroughly characterized by electrochemical measurements, theoretical calculations, and electroplating experiments. Results show that with one more positively charged ammonium groups, L1 exhibits stronger interactions with Cl− and the accelerator SPS compared to TPM-1. However, due to the variation of the connecting group, its interaction with the suppressor PEG is much weaker. With L1 as the leveler, both good microvia filling performance and high-quality copper deposition was obtained within a wide concentration range. The findings indicate that L1 is a very promising leveler for microvia filling copper electroplating, and both nitrogen-containing groups and linking groups in a leveler significantly influence its properties and performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inflammatory markers are known to be associated with many diseases, but their role in Meige syndrome (MS) remains unclear. This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram for the risk prediction of MS based on inflammatory markers. Patient Data and Methods: Data from 448 consecutive patients with MS at the Third People's Hospital of Henan Province between January 2022 and December 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. The MS cohort was randomly divided into separate training and validation sets. A nomogram was constructed using a multivariate logistic regression model based on data from the training set. The model's performance was validated through cross-validation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, calibration curve analysis and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: A total of five predictors, including red blood cell distribution width (RDW), hemoglobin (HGB), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and the systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII), were identified using multivariate logistic regression from a total of 11 variables. The cross-validation results indicated the stability of the model constructed with the above five predictors. The model showed moderate predictive ability, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.767 in the training set and 0.735 in the validation set. The calibration curve and DCA results indicate that the model has strong consistency and significant potential for clinical application. Conclusion: We constructed a nomogram based on five risk predictors, RDW, HGB, HDL-C, the LMR and the SII, to predict MS and enhance the predictive accuracy for identifying MS risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient and sensitive dual-signal visualization method is constructed for detection of trivalent chromium ions (Cr3+) based on fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) and glutathione-modified gold nanoparticles (GSH-Au NPs). The fluorescence of CDs can be quenched by GSH-Au NPs due to the inner filter effect. Cr3+ induces aggregation of GSH-Au NPs because of the coordination with GSH on the surface of Au NPs, leading to the red shift of surface plasmon resonance absorption of Au NPs that provides a "turn-on" fluorescence and colorimetric assay for Cr3+. The fluorescence/colorimetric dual signal detection shows high sensitivity for Cr3+ with wide detection linear ranges (0.5–70 μM for fluorescence detection and 2–50 μM for colorimetric detection) and low detection limits (0.31 μM for fluorescence detection and 0.30 μM for colorimetric detection). Besides, the method has high selectivity for Cr3+ and can be used for detection of Cr3+ in lake water and tap water samples, showing great potential for visual detection of environmental Cr3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinically, chronic pain and depression often coexist in multiple diseases and reciprocally reinforce each other, which greatly escalates the difficulty of treatment. The neural circuit mechanism underlying the chronic pain/depression comorbidity remains unclear. The present study reports that two distinct subregions in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) play different roles in this pathological process. In the first subregion PVT posterior (PVP), glutamatergic neurons (PVPGlu) send signals to GABAergic neurons (VLPAGGABA) in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG), which mediates painful behavior in comorbidity. Meanwhile, in another subregion PVT anterior (PVA), glutamatergic neurons (PVAGlu) send signals to the nucleus accumbens D1‐positive neurons and D2‐positive neurons (NAcD1→D2), which is involved in depression‐like behavior in comorbidity. This study demonstrates that the distinct thalamo‐subcortical circuits PVPGlu→VLPAGGABA and PVAGlu→NAcD1→D2 mediated painful behavior and depression‐like behavior following spared nerve injury (SNI), respectively, which provides the circuit‐based potential targets for preventing and treating comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise synapse elimination is essential for the establishment of a fully developed neural circuit during brain development and higher function in adult brain. Beyond immune and nutrition support, recent groundbreaking studies have revealed that phagocytic microglia and astrocytes can actively and selectively eliminate synapses in normal and diseased brains, thereby mediating synapse loss and maintaining circuit homeostasis. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the mechanisms of synapse elimination by phagocytic glia are not universal but rather depend on specific contexts and detailed neuron–glia interactions. The mechanism of synapse elimination by phagocytic glia is dependent on neuron-intrinsic factors and many innate immune and local apoptosis-related molecules. During development, microglial synapse engulfment in the visual thalamus is primarily influenced by the classic complement pathway, whereas in the barrel cortex, the fractalkine pathway is dominant. In Alzheimer's disease, microglia employ complement-dependent mechanisms for synapse engulfment in tauopathy and early β-amyloid pathology, but microglia are not involved in synapse loss at late β-amyloid stages. Phagocytic microglia also engulf synapses in a complement-dependent way in schizophrenia, anxiety, and stress. In addition, phagocytic astrocytes engulf synapses in a MEGF10-dependent way during visual development, memory, and stroke. Furthermore, the mechanism of a phenomenon that phagocytes selectively eliminate excitatory and inhibitory synapses is also emphasized in this review. We hypothesize that elucidating context-dependent synapse elimination by phagocytic microglia and astrocytes may reveal the molecular basis of synapse loss in neural disorders and provide a rationale for developing novel candidate therapies that target synapse loss and circuit homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The development of "Internet + nursing services" can effectively solve the problem of population aging, and grassroots nurses are the primary providers of such services in rural areas. This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting grassroots nurses' risk perception of "Internet + nursing services" and construct a predictive model. Patients and Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study of 2220 nurses from 27 secondary hospitals and 36 community health centers in Hubei Province was conducted from August to December 2023 using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Information was collected through a structured anonymous questionnaire. A Chi-square test, a Welch t-test, and binary logistic regression analyses were employed to determine independent risk factors for grassroots nurses' risk perception of "Internet + nursing services", and a nomogram was constructed. Receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves, and decision curves were plotted to evaluate the discrimination, calibration, and clinical effectiveness of the nomogram. Results: A total of 2050 valid questionnaires were collected, demonstrating that 51.95% of grassroots nurses thought that "Internet + nursing services" was a medium-high risk. Age, other sources of income, knowledge about "Internet + nursing services", personal safety, physical function, occupational exposure, social psychosocial, and time risk (P< 0.05) were independent risk factors for grassroots nurses' risk perception. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the nomogram was 0.939. The calibration and decision curve analyses demonstrated good calibration ability and clinical application values. Conclusion: The prediction model constructed in this study has good prediction ability. Most grassroots nurses believe that "Internet + nursing services" are risky and influenced by several factors. It is suggested that the government and hospitals should formulate a unified charging standard, improve the safety guarantee, and gradually eliminate the concerns of grassroots nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of chronic restraint stress on cognition and the probable molecular mechanism in mice.

As a heat storage method with high heat storage density, long storage time and long transportation distance, the chemical heat storage has been widely studied in recent years. This article firstly summarized the basic principles and research progress of several existing solid-gas two-phase chemical heat storage reaction systems, mainly involving the metal hydroxide reaction, metal oxide reaction, carbonate reaction, and hydration salt reaction. Then, according to the moving state of solid phase reactant in the reactor, the reactor was divided into three types: the fixed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor and moving bed reactor. Moreover, their research progress was summarized respectively. Finally, based on the current deficiencies in the research of chemical heat storage, the future development trend of chemical heat storage was analyzed. At present, the storage still needs further research, and there are still technical difficulties in strengthening and matching the chemical reaction rate and heat transfer. The cyclic stability of chemical heat storage under long-term operation condition still needs to be further explored.