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Objective To explore the role of CD200 in Ewing's sarcoma and its possible pathological mechanisms, and to search for potential drugs that can improve the survival prognosis of Ewing's sarcoma patients. Methods The RNA seq and clinical data of Ewing's sarcoma patients were obtained from the International Cancer Genome Consortium database. The survival analysis was used to explore the impact of CD200 on the survival prognosis of Ewing's sarcoma patients. The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Lincx analysis were carried out to find the molecular mechanism of CD200 promoting the malignant process of Ewing's sarcoma and the anti-Ewing's sarcoma drugs that may target CD200. The expression level of CD200 was verified by RT qPCR. Results CD200 was significantly overexpressed in Ewing's sarcoma cells (P

Objective Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is successful in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis with medial compartment stenosis and tibial varus deformity, but patella infera is the main complication. This study aims to design a new medial tibial open osteotomy scheme, transtibial tuberosity‐high tibial osteotomy (TT‐HTO), which can fully protect the patellar tendon insertion. In addition, the area of the osteotomy surface and wedge volume were evaluated in TT‐HTO, biplanar distal tibial tuberosity osteotomy (biplanar‐DTO), and uniplanar‐DTO to evaluate the potential advantages of this technology in bone healing. Methods The tibial tubercle was divided into four equal sections from proximal to distal, which were defined as zones A, B, C, and D. From September to December 2020, the imaging examinations of 200 patients (95 males and 105 females) with a mean age of 40.6 years (range 19–60 years) were evaluated to observe the zonation of the tibial tubercle where the insertion of the patellar tendon is located. Then, 59 patients (23 males and 36 females) with a mean age 59.6 years (range 43–77 years), for a total of 69 knees (32 right and 37 left), who underwent routine knee surgery were observed and verified. According to the position of the patellar tendon insertion, TT‐HTO was designed. Fifteen tibial sawbones were divided equally into three groups: TT‐HTO; biplanar‐DTO; and uniplanar‐DTO. The total area of the osteotomy surface was compared using the graph paper method. The wedge volume at wedge heights of 10 mm was compared among osteotomy types using the plasticine Archimedes principle. One‐way repeated‐measures analysis of variance was used to compare the total area of the osteotomy surface and the wedge volume. Results The osteotomy line of TT‐HTO passes through the boundary point of zones B and C of the tibial tubercle to fully protect the insertion point of the patellar tendon. The total area of the osteotomy surface in TT‐HTO and biplanar‐DTO was significantly larger than that in uniplanar‐DTO (P

Forty-eight male Lezhi black goat kids with similar body weight ((12.09±1.70) kg) and age ((60±5) d) were used to determine the effect of dietary copper (Cu), in the form of reagent grade Cu sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O), on performance, serum lipid profile, and the relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Goat kids were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatment groups. Each treatment consisted of 12 replicate pens with each pen containing one goat kid. Treatment groups received the basal diet with no supplemental Cu (control), basal diet plus 10 mg of Cu kg−1 of dry matter (DM), basal diet plus 20 mg of Cu kg−1 of DM, or basal diet plus 30 mg of Cu kg−1 of DM. Goats were housed individually in pens and fed a high-concentrate pelleted diet for 60 d. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed:gain of goats were not affected by dietary Cu supplementation (P>0.10). No differences were detected in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of goat kids fed with different Cu concentrations (P>0.05). However, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased linearly (P=0.01) as the concentration of dietary Cu increased. Intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle increased (P=0.002) quadratically and liver Cu concentrations increased (P

Abstract The concentration of guest elements (dopants) into host materials play an important role in changing their intrinsic electrical and optical properties. The existence of hetero-element induce defect in crystal structure, affecting conductivity. In the current work, we report Cu2+ ion into hematite in the defectronics point of view and their photoelectrochemical properties. Crystal distortion in the structure of hematite is observed as the amount of dopant increases. Among 1, 3 and 5 mol% of Cu2+ doped hematite, the existence of 1 mol% of Cu2+ ion into hematite crystal structure produce photocurrent value of 0.15 mA/cm2, IPCE value of ~ 4.7% and EIS value of ~ 2000 Ω/cm2 as best performances. However, further increasing dopants increases the number of interstitial defects, which cause the deformation of intrinsic lattice structure.

Research in reinforcement learning indicates that animals respond differently to positive and negative reward prediction errors, which can be calculated by assuming learning rate bias. Many studies have shown that humans and other animals have learning rate bias during learning, but it is unclear whether and how the bias changes throughout the entire learning process. Here, we recorded the behavior data and the local field potentials (LFPs) in the striatum of five pigeons performing a probabilistic learning task. Reinforcement learning models with and without learning rate biases were used to dynamically fit the pigeons’ choice behavior and estimate the option values. Furthemore, the correlation between the striatal LFPs power and the model-estimated option values was explored. We found that the pigeons’ learning rate bias shifted from negative to positive during the learning process, and the striatal Gamma (31 to 80 Hz) power correlated with the option values modulated by dynamic learning rate bias. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that pigeons employ a dynamic learning strategy in the learning process from both behavioral and neural aspects, providing valuable insights into reinforcement learning mechanisms of non-human animals.

As a primary approach to nutrient propagation for many woody plants, cutting roots is essential for the breeding and production of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. In this study, hormone level, transcriptomics, and metabolomics analyses were performed on two E. ulmoides varieties with different adventitious root (AR) formation abilities. The higher JA level on the 0th day and the lower JA level on the 18th day promoted superior AR development. Several hub genes executed crucial roles in the crosstalk regulation of JA and other hormones, including F-box protein (EU012075), SAUR-like protein (EU0125382), LOB protein (EU0124232), AP2/ERF transcription factor (EU0128499), and CYP450 protein (EU0127354). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites of AR formation were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The up-regulated expression of PAL, CCR, CAD, DFR, and HIDH genes on the 18th day could contribute to AR formation. The 130 cis-acting lncRNAs had potential regulatory functions on hub genes in the module that significantly correlated with JA and DEGs in three metabolism pathways. These revealed key molecules, and vital pathways provided more comprehensive insight for the AR formation mechanism of E. ulmoides and other plants.

Model-based decision-making guides organism behavior by the representation of the relationships between different states. Previous studies have shown that the mammalian hippocampus (Hp) plays a key role in learning the structure of relationships among experiences. However, the hippocampal neural mechanisms of birds for model-based learning have rarely been reported. Here, we trained six pigeons to perform a two-step task and explore whether their Hp contributes to model-based learning. Behavioral performance and hippocampal multi-channel local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded during the task. We estimated the subjective values using a reinforcement learning model dynamically fitted to the pigeon’s choice of behavior. The results show that the model-based learner can capture the behavioral choices of pigeons well throughout the learning process. Neural analysis indicated that high-frequency (12–100 Hz) power in Hp represented the temporal context states. Moreover, dynamic correlation and decoding results provided further support for the high-frequency dependence of model-based valuations. In addition, we observed a significant increase in hippocampal neural similarity at the low-frequency band (1–12 Hz) for common temporal context states after learning. Overall, our findings suggest that pigeons use model-based inferences to learn multi-step tasks, and multiple LFP frequency bands collaboratively contribute to model-based learning. Specifically, the high-frequency (12–100 Hz) oscillations represent model-based valuations, while the low-frequency (1–12 Hz) neural similarity is influenced by the relationship between temporal context states. These results contribute to our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying model-based learning and broaden the scope of hippocampal contributions to avian behavior.

Navigation is a complex task in which the hippocampus (Hp), which plays an important role, may be involved in interactions between different frequency bands. However, little is known whether this cross-frequency interaction exists in the Hp of birds during navigation. Therefore, we examined the electrophysiological characteristics of hippocampal cross-frequency interactions of domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) during navigation. Two goal-directed navigation tasks with different locomotor modes were designed, and the local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded for analysis. We found that the amplitudes of high-frequency oscillations in Hp were dynamically modulated by the phase of co-occurring theta-band oscillations both during ground-based maze and outdoor flight navigation. The high-frequency amplitude sub-frequency bands modulated by the hippocampal theta phase were different at different tasks, and this process was independent of the navigation path and goal. These results suggest that phase–amplitude coupling (PAC) in the avian Hp may be more associated with the ongoing cognitive demands of navigational processes. Our findings contribute to the understanding of potential mechanisms of hippocampal PAC on multi-frequency informational interactions in avian navigation and provide valuable insights into cross-species evolution.

More food is needed to meet the demand of the global population, which is growing continuously. Chemical fertilizers have been used for a long time to increase crop yields, and may have negative effect on human health and the agricultural environment. In order to make ongoing agricultural development more sustainable, the use of chemical fertilizers will likely have to be reduced. Microbial fertilizer is a kind of nutrient-rich and environmentally friendly biological fertilizer made from plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR). Microbial fertilizers can regulate soil nutrient dynamics and promote soil nutrient cycling by improving soil microbial community changes. This process helps restore the soil ecosystem, which in turn promotes nutrient uptake, regulates crop growth, and enhances crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper reviews the classification of microbial fertilizers and their function in regulating crop growth, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus, potassium solubilization, and the production of phytohormones. We also summarize the role of PGPR in helping crops against biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, we discuss the function and the mechanism of applying microbial fertilizers in soil remediation. This review helps us understand the research progress of microbial fertilizer and provides new perspectives regarding the future development of microbial agent in sustainable agriculture.

In this paper, a highly selective quad-band frequency selective surface (FSS) with ultra-wideband rejection is presented. The proposed FSS structure was developed by cascading five metallic layers by three thin dielectric substrates. The five metallic layers are composed of two bent slot layers, two metallic square rings, and a metal patch. The dimensions of the unit cell are 0.13λ0× 0.13λ0× 0.18λ0 (λ0 is the free-space wavelength at the first operating frequency). The proposed structure achieves four transmission bands and has two wide stop-bands located at 1 to 5.5 GHz and 14 to 40 GHz, with a suppressed transmission coefficient below −20 dB. In order to verify the simulation results, an FSS prototype was fabricated and measured. It can be observed that the measured results are in favorable agreement with the simulation results. Its multiple narrow passbands and highly selective and ultra-wideband rejection properties ensure that our design can play a significant role in narrowband antennas, spatial filters, and many other fields.

Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum Dunal) is an invasive species that seriously endangers crop production and the ecological environment. Seeds are the primary source of infestation; therefore, understanding the molecular basis of buffalobur seed dormancy, and germination is crucial for precision weed management. In this study, high-throughput RNA-Seq was performed on buffalobur seeds, which imbibed under 0.35 mmol/L giberellic acid (GA) and 0.35 mmol/L abscisic acid (ABA). In total, 3658 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during seed germination. Gene annotation revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched during the protein metabolic process, as well as the macromolecular complex and cytoplasmic part for ABA versus GA. Pathway analysis predicted that the DEGs were associated with metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and ribosome. Nine germination-related genes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of the phytohormones and encoding of the endo-β-mannanase (EBM) were identified. Gene expression indicated that GA upregulated GA3OX1 and MAN2 expression to increase the EBM activity, which caused the endosperm cap to weaken and lowered the puncture force to trigger the germination of buffalobur. The obtained results would be helpful to clarify the regulation of seed dormancy and the germination of buffalobur, and could serve as a valuable resource when unravelling the genetic basis of seed biology of this weed species.

Precipitation unevenness significantly influences the rational allocation of water resources and the management of agricultural irrigation. Based on precipitation data from 29 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province, China, from 1961 to 2020, this study calculated the precipitation concentration index (PCI), precipitation concentration degree (PCD), and precipitation concentration period (PCP) to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation heterogeneity at three distinct timescales: year, maize growth period, and the four stages of the maize growth period. The findings reveal that the rainy season in Heilongjiang Province commences earlier in the southwest compared with the northeast and northwest, with a primary concentration in July. At the annual scale, PCI in southwestern Heilongjiang Province surpasses that in the southeastern region, displaying an approximate east–west gradient in PCD and PCP values ranging from 0.544 to 0.746 and 196 to 203, respectively. During the growth period scale, precipitation concentrates in the southwest and central regions, occurring earlier than in the northeast and northwest. In contrast to the annual scale, the PCI value is smaller, and precipitation predominantly concentrates in mid and late July. Examining the four stages of the maize growth period, PCD generally exhibits a decreasing gradient from west to east. The highest values of PCI and PCD manifest in the southwestern part of Heilongjiang Province, with precipitation concentrated in the middle of each growth stage. The research results serve as a valuable reference for policymakers and stakeholders involved in water resource allocation and agricultural water management in Heilongjiang Province.

Eight fungal strains (P1 to P8) were isolated from rapeseed stems (Brassica napus) infected with the blackleg pathogen Leptosphaeria biglobosa (Lb). They formed pycnidia with similar morphology to those of Lb, and thus were considered as Lb relatives (LbRs). The species-level identification of these strains was performed. Their virulence on rapeseed and efficacy in the suppression of Lb infection were determined, and the biocontrol potential and biocontrol mechanisms of strain P2 were investigated. The results showed that the LbRs belong to two teleomorphic genera in the family Didymellaceae, Didymella for P1 to P7 and Boeremia for P8. Pathogenicity tests on rapeseed cotyledons and stems indicated the LbRs were weakly virulent compared to L. biglobosa. Co-inoculation assays on rapeseed cotyledons demonstrated that P1 to P7 (especially P1 to P4) had a suppressive effect on Lb infection, whereas P8 had a marginal effect on infection by L. biglobosa. Moreover, D. macrostoma P2 displayed a more aggressive behavior than L. biglobosa in the endophytic colonization of healthy rapeseed cotyledons. Cultures of P2 in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and pycnidiospore mucilages exuded from P2 pycnidia showed antifungal activity to L. biglobosa. Further leaf assays revealed that antifungal metabolites (AM) of strain P2 from PDB cultures effectively suppressed infection by L. biglobosa, Botrytis cinerea (gray mold), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white mold). An antifungal metabolite, namely penicillither, was purified and identified from PDB cultures and detected in pycnidiospore mucilages of strain P2. This study suggests that the LbRs are a repertoire for screening biocontrol agents (BCAs) against rapeseed diseases, and D. macrostoma P2 is a multi-functional BCA, a penicillither producer, and an endophyte.

Sauropus androgynus (S. androgynus) (2n = 4x = 52) is one of the most popular functional leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia. With its rich nutritional and pharmaceutical values, it has traditionally had widespread use for dietary and herbal purposes. Here, the genome of S. androgynus was sequenced and assembled, revealing a genome size of 1.55 Gb with 26 pseudo-chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis traced back the divergence of Sauropus from Phyllanthus to approximately 29.67 million years ago (Mya). Genome analysis revealed that S. androgynus polyploidized around 20.51 Mya and shared a γ event about 132.95 Mya. Gene function analysis suggested that the expansion of pathways related to phloem development, lignin biosynthesis, and photosynthesis tended to result in the morphological differences among species within the Phyllanthaceae family, characterized by varying ploidy levels. The high accumulation of ascorbic acid in S. androgynus was attributed to the high expression of genes associated with the L-galactose pathway and recycling pathway. Moreover, the expanded gene families of S. androgynus exhibited multiple biochemical pathways associated with its comprehensive pharmacological activity, geographic adaptation and distinctive pleasurable flavor. Altogether, our findings represent a crucial genomic asset for S. androgynus, casting light on the intricate ploidy within the Phyllanthaceae family.

To improve the measurement accuracy of the three-dimensional rotation angle of a spherical joint, a novel approach is proposed in this study, which combines magnetic detection by a Hall sensor and surface feature identification by an eddy current sensor. Firstly, a permanent magnet is embedded in the ball head of a spherical joint, and Hall sensors are set and distributed in the ball socket to measure the variation in the magnetic flux density when the spherical joint rotates, which are related to the 3D rotation angle. In order to further improve the measurement accuracy and robustness, we also set grooves on the ball head and use eddy current sensors to synchronously identify the rotation angle of the ball head. After the combination of two signals is performed, a measurement model is established using the RBF neural network by training, and the real-time measurement of the 3D rotation angle of the spherical joint is realized. The feasibility and superiority of this method are validated through experiments. The experimental results indicate that the measurement accuracy is substantially promoted compared to the preliminary measurement scheme based on spherical coding; the average measurement error of the single axis is reduced by 9′9″. The root mean square errors for the measurements of the 3D rotation angles in this proposed method are as follows: pitch angle α has an error of 1′8″, yaw angle β has an error of 2′15″, and roll angle γ has an error of 29′6″.

Investigation on intrinsic properties of photosynthetic pigment molecules participating in solar energy absorption and excitation, especially their eigen-absorption cross-section (σik) and effective absorption cross-section (σ′ik), is important to understand photosynthesis. Here, we present the development and application of a new method to determine these parameters, based on a mechanistic model of the photosynthetic electron flow-light response. The analysis with our method of a series of previously collected chlorophyll a fluorescence data shows that the absorption cross-section of photosynthetic pigment molecules has different values of approximately 10−21 m2, for several photosynthetic organisms grown under various conditions: (1) the conifer Abies alba Mill., grown under high light or low light; (2) Taxus baccata L., grown under fertilization or non-fertilization conditions; (3) Glycine max L. (Merr.), grown under a CO2 concentration of 400 or 600 μmol CO2 mol−1 in a leaf chamber under shaded conditions; (4) Zea mays L., at temperatures of 30°C or 35°C in a leaf chamber; (5) Osmanthus fragrans Loureiro, with shaded-leaf or sun-leaf; and (6) the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB905, grown under two different nitrogen supplies. Our results show that σik has the same order of magnitude (approximately 10−21 m2), and σ′ik for these species decreases with increasing light intensity, demonstrating the operation of a key regulatory mechanism to reduce solar absorption and avoid high light damage. Moreover, compared with other approaches, both σik and σ′ik can be more easily estimated by our method, even under various growth conditions (e.g., different light environment; different CO2, NO2, O2, and O3 concentrations; air temperatures; or water stress), regardless of the type of the sample (e.g., dilute or concentrated cell suspensions or leaves). Our results also show that CO2 concentration and temperature have little effect on σik values for G. max and Z. mays. Consequently, our approach provides a powerful tool to investigate light energy absorption of photosynthetic pigment molecules and gives us new information on how plants and cyanobacteria modify their light-harvesting properties under different stress conditions.

Based on the simulation of the fluid-structure interaction response, the cause of an overturning of a gantry crane induced by a downburst in Shenzhen is studied in this paper. According to the results, (1) Vicroy's downburst model could establish the steady-state wind field of the downburst more reasonably when there was only low-level wind speed observation data, and its simulation results were close to the two-dimensional downburst numerical simulation results; (2) Compared with the normal exponential vertical profile of wind speed, the disturbance caused by the front girder of the double-girder gantry crane structure under the downburst wind field was more severe, which increases the probability of the gantry crane overturning. (3) The downwind displacement of the main girder of the gantry crane under the condition of downburst is far greater than that under the normal condition. At the same time, under the condition of downburst, the pressure difference on the surface of the gantry crane was greater, and the distribution of the support reaction force was more uneven, resulting in a stronger overturning tendency of the gantry crane. (4) Under the condition of downburst, the overturning moment and the shearing force borne by the foundation of gantry crane exceeded the critical value to maintain the stability of the gantry crane by the gravity, resulting in the overturning of the gantry crane.

Cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis (AS) seriously endanger human health, which is closely related to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypes. VSMC phenotypic transformation is marked by the alteration of phenotypic marker expression and cellular behaviour. Intriguingly, the mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics altered during VSMC phenotypic transformation. Firstly, this review combs VSMC mitochondrial metabolism in three aspects: mitochondrial ROS generation, mutated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and calcium metabolism respectively. Secondly, we summarized the role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating VSMC phenotypes. We further emphasized the association between mitochondria and cytoskelton via presenting cytoskeletal support during mitochondrial dynamics process, and discussed its impact on their respective dynamics. Finally, considering that both mitochondria and cytoskeleton are mechano-sensitive organelles, we demonstrated their direct and indirect interaction under extracellular mechanical stimuli through several mechano-sensitive signaling pathways. We additionally discussed related researches in other cell types in order to inspire deeper thinking and reasonable speculation of potential regulatory mechanism in VSMC phenotypic transformation.

Biochar application is an effective strategy for improving soil degradation and productivity. However, the effects of the combination of biochar and other fertilizers to improve seedling growth in abiotic stress-affected soils remains unknown. We investigate the effect of biochar derived from reed straw (RBC) and waste seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling growth in an acid-affected soil of Jiaodong Peninsula, China. The results revealed RBC, SLF, and the combination of RBC with SLF (RBC+SLF) significantly elevated the dry weight of tomatoes by 23.33 %, 29.93 %, and 63.66 %, respectively. The malondialdehyde content in the tomato seedling roots, stems, and leaves was significantly lower in the RBC+SLF treatment, which might be related to the enhanced contents of proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein. The synthesis and accumulation of zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, and gibberellic acid 3 in tomato under RBC+SLF amendment may be attributed to the enhanced plant growth. Moreover, RBC, SLF, and RBC+SLF improved the soil status (including ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, laccase, and urease) in the acid-affected soil. Biochar and waste seaweed liquid fertilizer significantly increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Azospira (beneficial bacteria) in tomato rhizosphere. The microbial amino acid metabolism was associated with changes in soil properties and enzyme activities. Consequently, biochar and waste seaweed liquid fertilizer are viable soil conditioners for acid-affected soil.

Abstract Intelligent wearable devices are essential for telemedicine healthcare as they enable real‐time monitoring of physiological information. Elaborately constructing synapse‐inspired materials provides a crucial guidance for designing high‐performance sensors toward multiplex stimuli response. However, a realistic mimesis both in the “structure and sense” of biological synapses to obtain advanced multi‐functions is still challenging but essential for simplifying subsequent circuit and logic programs. Herein, an ionic artificial synapse integrated with Ti3CNTx nanosheets in situ grown with zeolitic imidazolate framework flowers (ZIF‐L@Ti3CNTx composite) is constructed to concurrently mimic the structure and working mechanism of the synapse. The flexible sensor of the bio‐inspired ZIF‐L@Ti3CNTx composite exhibits excellent dual‐mode dimethylamine (DMA) and strain‐sensitive response with non‐overlapping resistance variations. The specific ions conduction working principle triggered by DMA gas or strain with the assistance of humidity is confirmed by the density functional theory simulation. Last, an intelligent wearable system is self‐developed by integrating the dual‐mode sensor into flexible printed circuits. This device is successfully applied in pluralistic monitoring of abnormal physiological signals of Parkinson's sufferers, including real‐time and accurate assessment of simulated DMA expiration and kinematic tremor signals. This work provides a feasible routine to develop intelligent multifunctional devices for upsurging telemedicine diagnosis.

The immune system provides full protection for the body by specifically identifying ‘self’ and removing ‘others’; thus protecting the body from diseases. The immune system includes innate immunity and adaptive immunity, which jointly coordinate the antitumor immune response. T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the main tumor-killing immune cells active in three antitumor immune cycle. Cancer immunotherapy focusses on activating and strengthening immune response or eliminating suppression from tumor cells in each step of the cancer-immunity cycle; thus, it strengthens the body’s immunity against tumors. In this review, the antitumor immune cycles of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are discussed. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules in the three activity cycles and the development of drugs and delivery systems targeting these molecules are emphasized, and the current state of the art of drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy are summarized.

Abstract Ionizing radiation (IR) has been extensively used for cancer therapy, but the radioresistance hinders and undermines the radiotherapy efficacy in clinics greatly. Here, we reported that the spliceosomal protein thioredoxin‐like 4B (TXNL4B) is highly expressed in lung tissues from lung cancer patients with radiotherapy. Lung cancer cells with TXNL4B knockdown illustrate increased sensitivity to IR. Mechanistically, TXNL4B interacts with RNA processing factor 3 (PRP3) and co‐localizes in the nucleus post‐IR. Nuclear localization of PRP3 promotes the alternative splicing of the Fanconi anemia group I protein (FANCI) transcript variants, FANCI‐12 and FANCI‐13. PRP3 regulates alternative splicing of FANCI toward the two variants, FANCI‐12 and FANCI‐13. Radioresistance was greatly enhanced through the combination of PRP31 and PRP8, the critical components of core spliceosome promoted by PRP3. Notably, the inhibition of PRP3 to suppress the production of FANCI‐12 would deprive PRP31 and PRP8 of such interaction. As a result, cell cycle G2/M arrest was induced, DNA damage repair was delayed, and radiosensitivity was improved. Collectively, our study highlights potential novel underlying mechanisms of the involvement of TXNL4B and alternative splicing in radioresistance. The results would benefit potential cancer radiotherapy.