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Kafe Green Black merupakan salah satu kafe yang bertempat di jalan Kol HR Hardianto Banaran Sekaran Gunung Pati, dimana selalu berusaha mengedepankan dalam peningkatan pelayanan terhadap pelanggan. Proses transaksi yang masih manual dirasakan kurang efektif dan efisien. Sehingga perlu disediakan sistem informasi dimana pegawai dapat langsung merekap transaksi baik penjualan ataupun pembelian secara cepat. Dari rekap data transaksi tersebut Pimpinan dapat secara langsung mengetahui laporan – laporan yang digunakan sebagai bahan pertimbangan bulan selanjutnya dalam menentukan strategi penjualan dan penggajian pegawai. Dalam sistem ini juga dibuat fasilitas yang terkait dengan proses absensi karyawan dan aplikasi akuntansi terutama terkait dengan buku besar dan laporan laba/rugi. Aplikasi sistem informasi manajemen untuk pengelolaan kafe dibangun menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Borland Delphi 7.0 dan basis data MySQL. Dengan adanya aplikasi sistem informasi ini diharapkan kegiatan transaksi yang terjadi menjadi lebih praktis, proses rekap transaksi jadi lebih mudah, dan laporan keuangan ataupun laporan pembelian barang secara bulanan ataupun sewaktu – waktu dapat diketahui lebih cepat.

Everything in the world is being connected, and things are becoming interactive. The future of the interactive world depends on the future Internet of Things (IoT). Software-defined networking (SDN) technology, a new paradigm in the networking area, can be useful in creating an IoT because it can handle interactivity by controlling physical devices, transmission of data among them, and data acquisition. However, digital signage can be one of the promising technologies in this era of technology that is progressing toward the interactive world, connecting users to the IoT network through device-to-device communication technology. This article illustrates a novel prototype that is mainly focused on a smart digital signage system comprised of software-defined IoT (SD-IoT) and invisible image sensor communication technology. We have proposed an SDN scheme with a view to initiating its flexibility and compatibility for an IoT network-based smart digital signage system. The idea of invisible communication can make the users of the technology trendier to it, and the usage of unused resources such as images and videos can be ensured. In addition, this communication has paved the way for interactivity between the user and digital signage, where the digital signage and the camera of a smartphone can be operated as a transmitter and a receiver, respectively. The proposed scheme might be applicable to real-world applications because SDN has the flexibility to adapt with the alteration of network status without any hardware modifications while displays and smartphones are available everywhere. A performance analysis of this system showed the advantages of an SD-IoT network over an Internet protocol-based IoT network considering a queuing analysis for a dynamic link allocation process in the case of user access to the IoT network.

Rathayibacter toxicus is a gram-positive bacterium that infects the floral parts of several Poaceae species in Australia. Bacterial ooze is often produced on the surface of infected plants and bacterial galls are produced in place of seed. R. toxicus is a regulated plant pathogen in the U.S. yet reliable detection and diagnostic tools are lacking. To better understand this geographically-isolated plant pathogen, genetic variation as a function of geographic location, host species, and date of isolation was determined for isolates collected over a forty-year period. Discriminant analyses of recently collected and archived isolates using Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) identified three populations of R. toxicus; RT-I and RT-II from South Australia and RT-III from Western Australia. Population RT-I, detected in 2013 and 2014 from the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, is a newly emerged population of R. toxicus not previously reported. Commonly used housekeeping genes failed to discriminate among the R. toxicus isolates. However, strategically selected and genome-dispersed MLST genes representing an array of cellular functions from chromosome replication, antibiotic resistance and biosynthetic pathways to bacterial acquired immunity were discriminative. Genetic variation among isolates within the RT-I population was less than the within-population variation for the previously reported RT-II and RT-III populations. The lower relative genetic variation within the RT-I population and its absence from sampling over the past 40 years suggest its recent emergence. RT-I was the dominant population on the Yorke Peninsula during the 2013-2014 sampling period perhaps indicating a competitive advantage over the previously detected RT-II population. The potential for introduction of this bacterial plant pathogen into new geographic areas provide a rationale for understanding the ecological and evolutionary trajectories of R. toxicus.

A growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress is the key player in the pathogenesis of lead-induced toxicity. The present study investigated lead-induced oxidative DNA damage, if any in rat blood cells by alkaline comet assay. Lead was administered intraperitoneally to rats at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for 5 days consecutively. Blood collected on day six from sacrificed lead-treated rats was used to assess the extent of DNA damage by comet assay which entailed measurement of comet length, olive tail moment, tail DNA (%) and tail length. The results showed that treatment with lead significantly increased DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, our data suggests that lead treatment is associated with oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in rat blood cells which could be used as an early bio-marker of lead-toxicity.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized clinically by impairments in social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication skills as well as restricted interests and repetitive behavior. It has been hypothesized that altered brain environment including an imbalance in neurotrophic support during early development contributes to the pathophysiology of autism. Here we report that sera from children with autism which exhibited abnormal levels of various neurotrophic factors induced cell death and oxidative stress in mouse primary cultured cortical neurons. The effects of sera from autistic children were rescued by pre-treatment with a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) small peptide mimetic, Peptide 6 (P6), which was previously shown to exert its neuroprotective effect by modulating CNTF/JAK/STAT pathway and LIF signaling and by enhancing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Similar neurotoxic effects and neuroinflammation were observed in young Wistar rats injected intracerebroventricularly with autism sera within hours after birth. The autism sera injected rats demonstrated developmental delay and deficits in social communication, interaction, and novelty. Both the neurobiological changes and the behavioral autistic phenotype were ameliorated by P6 treatment. These findings implicate the involvement of neurotrophic imbalance during early brain development in the pathophysiology of autism and a proof of principle of P6 as a potential therapeutic strategy for autism.

Several species of the genus Liposcelis are common insect pests that cause serious qualitative and quantitative losses to various stored grains and processed grain products. They also can contaminate foods, transmit pathogenic microorganisms and cause allergies in humans. The common occurrence of multi-species infestations and the fact that it is difficult to identify and discriminate Liposcelis spp. make accurate, rapid detection and discriminatory tools absolutely necessary for confirmation of their identity. In this study, PCR primers and probes specific to different Liposcelis spp. were designed based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. Primer sets ObsCo13F/13R, PeaCo15F/14R, BosCO7F/7R, BruCo5F/5R, and DecCo11F/11R were used to specifically detect Liposcelis obscura Broadhead, Liposcelis pearmani Lienhard, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis brunnea Motschulsky and Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) in multiplex endpoint PCRs, which amplified products of 438-, 351-, 191-, 140-, and 87-bp, respectively. In multiplex TaqMan qPCR assays, orange, yellow, red, crimson and green channels corresponding to reporter dyes 6-ROXN, HEX, Cy5, Quasar705 and 6-FAM specifically detected L. obscura, L. brunnea, L. bostrychophila, L. pearmani and L. decolor, respectively. All developed primer and probe sets allowed specific amplification of corresponding targeted Liposcelis species. The development of multiplex endpoint PCR and multiplex TaqMan qPCR will greatly facilitate psocid identification and their management. The use of APCs will streamline and standardize PCR assays. APC will also provide the opportunity to have all positive controls in a single tube, which reduces maintenance cost and labor, but increases the accuracy and reliability of the assays. These novel methods from our study will have applications in pest management, biosecurity, quarantine, food safety, and routine diagnostics.

Multiple infections with diverse enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains lead to broad spectrum protection against ETEC diarrhea. However, the precise mechanism of protection against ETEC infection is still unknown. Therefore, memory B cell responses and affinity maturation of antibodies to the specific ETEC antigens might be important to understand the mechanism of protection.In this study, we investigated the heat labile toxin B subunit (LTB) and colonization factor antigens (CFA/I and CS6) specific IgA and IgG memory B cell responses in Bangladeshi adults (n = 52) who were infected with ETEC. We also investigated the avidity of IgA and IgG antibodies that developed after infection to these antigens.Patients infected with ETEC expressing LT or LT+heat stable toxin (ST) and CFA/I group or CS6 colonization factors developed LTB, CFA/I or CS6 specific memory B cell responses at day 30 after infection. Similarly, these patients developed high avidity IgA and IgG antibodies to LTB, CFA/I or CS6 at day 7 that remained significantly elevated at day 30 when compared to the avidity of these specific antibodies at the acute stage of infection (day 2). The memory B cell responses, antibody avidity and other immune responses to CFA/I not only developed in patients infected with ETEC expressing CFA/I but also in those infected with ETEC expressing CFA/I cross-reacting epitopes. We also detected a significant positive correlation of LTB, CFA/I and CS6 specific memory B cell responses with the corresponding increase in antibody avidity.This study demonstrates that natural infection with ETEC induces memory B cells and high avidity antibodies to LTB and colonization factor CFA/I and CS6 antigens that could mediate anamnestic responses on re-exposure to ETEC and may help in understanding the requirements to design an effective vaccination strategies.

In radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, performance degradation of phase locked loops (PLLs) mainly occurs due to high phase noise of voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). This paper proposes a low power, low phase noise ring-VCO developed for 2.42 GHz operated active RFID transponders compatible with IEEE 802.11 b/g, Bluetooth, and Zigbee protocols. For ease of integration and implementation of the module in tiny die area, a novel pseudodifferential delay cell based 3-stage ring oscillator has been introduced to fabricate the ring-VCO. In CMOS technology, 0.18 μm process is adopted for designing the circuit with 1.5 V power supply. The postlayout simulated results show that the proposed oscillator works in the tuning range of 0.5–2.54 GHz and dissipates 2.47 mW of power. It exhibits a phase noise of −126.62 dBc/Hz at 25 MHz offset from 2.42 GHz carrier frequency.

Precise navigation is a vital need for many modern vehicular applications. The global positioning system (GPS) cannot provide continuous navigation information in urban areas. The widely used inertial navigation system (INS) can provide full vehicle state at high rates. However, the accuracy diverges quickly in low cost microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based INS due to bias, drift, noise, and other errors. These errors can be corrected in a stationary state. But detecting stationary state is a challenging task. A novel stationary state detection technique from the variation of acceleration, heading, and pitch and roll of an attitude heading reference system (AHRS) built from the inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors is proposed. Besides, the map matching (MM) algorithm detects the intersections where the vehicle is likely to stop. Combining these two results, the stationary state is detected with a smaller timing window of 3 s. A longer timing window of 5 s is used when the stationary state is detected only from the AHRS. The experimental results show that the stationary state is correctly identified and the position error is reduced to 90% and outperforms previously reported work. The proposed algorithm would help to reduce INS errors and enhance the performance of the navigation system.

Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) is one of the most popular indigenous catfish having considerable potential for aquaculture and commercial importance in Bangladesh. With a view to assessing the genetic status of H. fossilis, three samples Chalan Beel (Pabna), Burungi Beel (Jamalpur) and Bagapura Beel (Mymensingh) were analyzed. For genetic variation study, five enzymes (LDH, EST, MDH, PGM and GPI) were used encoded by eight loci of which three were polymorphic (Mdh-1*, Est-1* and Gpi-1*). The highest mean proportion of polymorphic loci, mean number of allele and the mean proportion of heterozygous loci per individual of the Chalan Beel population were observed (25.00%, 1.250 and 6.250%, respectively). The highest gene flow (33.5) and lowest population differentiation (0.0074) found in Burungi Beel-Bagapura Beel indicated the close relationship among them. In the Nei’s UPGMA dendrogram, the Chalan Beel population formed one cluster by the genetic distance of 0.0371 and the other cluster was formed by Burungi Beel and Bagapura Beel populations (D=0.003). The results suggested that a considerable genetic variation is maintained among the natural H. fossilis populations.

This study is carried out to compute empirically global, diffuse and direct solar radiation on a horizontal surface for the ten districts equally distributed all over Bangladesh (20o34΄and 26o34΄north latitude, 88o01΄ and 92o41΄east longitude) as well as to predict correlations for them. For this study, meteorological data for 28 years (between 1980 and 2007) is used which is collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department. The global radiation in Bangladesh is found to be maximum in the month of April/May and minimum in the month of November/December in all the districts. The values of the correlation coefficients a, b, c, d, c', d', e, f, e' and f' for ten stations of Bangladesh are also evaluated. It is evident that, the values of the coefficient “a” vary from 0.2296 to 0.2569, while the coefficient “b” varies from 0.5112 to 0.5560. The over all mean deviations of the ten values of a and b are 0.2432±0.0136 and 0.5336±0.0224, respectively. The maximum and minimum values of other correlation coefficients c, d, c', d', e, f, e' and f' are (1.5695 and 1.4357), (-1.7210 and -1.9986), (0.4011 and 0.376), (-0.2072 and -0.2510), (-0.3811 and -0.5464), (1.946 and 1.6456), (-0.1206 and -0.1684) and (0.7984 and 0.7000) respectively. Their maximum variations due to location are (1.5022±0.0672), (-1.8598±0.1388), (0.3885±0.0125), (-0.2291±0.0219), (-0.4637±0.0826), (1.7958±0.1502), (-0.1445±0.0239) and (0.7492±0.0492) respectively. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini dibuat secara empirikal mengenai kadar penyebaran secara resapan, global dan langsung radiasi solar, keatas permukaan mendatar untuk sepuluh daerah di seluruh Bangladesh (20o34΄ dan 26o34΄ utara latitud, 88o01΄ dan longitud 92o41΄ timor) dan meramal korelasi mereka. Kajian ini menggunakan data meteorologi selama 28 tahun (antara 1980 dan 2007) yang dikutip dari Jabatan Meteorologi Bangladesh. Radiasi global maksima di Bangladesh adalah pada bulan April / Mei dan minima pada bulan November / Disember di semua daerah. Kajian dibuat mengenai nilai pekali korelasi a, b, c, d, c', d', e, f, e' dan f' bagi sepuluh stesen di Bangladesh. Nilai pekali "a" adalah antara 0.2296 dan 0.2569, manakala pekali "b" adalah antara 0.5112 dan 0.5560. Sisihan min keseluruhan bagi sepuluh nilai a dan b adalah 0.2432 ± 0.0136 dan 0.5336 ± 0.0224. Nilai maksima dan minima pekali korelasi lain c, d, c', d', e, f, e' dan f' adalah (1.5695 and 1.4357), (-1.7210 dan -1.9986), (0.4011 dan 0.376), (-0.2072 dan -0.2510), (-0.3811 dan -0.5464), (1.946 dan 1.6456), (-0.1206 dan -0.1684) dan (0.7984 dan 0.7000). Variasi maksima antara mereka disebabkan lokasi adalah (1.5022±0.0672), (-1.8598±0.1388), (0.3885±0.0125), (-0.2291±0.0219), (-0.4637±0.0826), (1.7958±0.1502), (-0.1445±0.0239) dan (0.7492±0.0492). KEYWORDS: Bangladesh; coefficient; correlation; radiation; solar

A reliable, accurate and rapid multigene-based assay combining real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a Razor Ex BioDetection System (Razor Ex) was validated for detection of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp, a xylem-limited bacterium that causes citrus variegated chlorosis [CVC]). CVC, which is exotic to the United States, has spread through South and Central America and could significantly impact U.S. citrus if it arrives. A method for early, accurate and sensitive detection of Xfp in plant tissues is needed by plant health officials for inspection of products from quarantined locations, and by extension specialists for detection, identification and management of disease outbreaks and reservoir hosts. Two sets of specific PCR primers and probes, targeting Xfp genes for fimbrillin and the periplasmic iron-binding protein were designed. A third pair of primers targeting the conserved cobalamin synthesis protein gene was designed to detect all possible X. fastidiosa (Xf) strains. All three primer sets detected as little as 1 fg of plasmid DNA carrying X. fastidiosa target sequences and genomic DNA of Xfp at as little as 1 - 10 fg. The use of Razor Ex facilitates a rapid (about 30 min) in-field assay capability for detection of all Xf strains, and for specific detection of Xfp. Combined use of three primer sets targeting different genes increased the assay accuracy and broadened the range of detection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a field-deployable rapid and reliable bioforensic detection and discrimination method for a bacterial phytopathogen based on multigene targets.

Petrography and physicomechanical properties of alkali granites, alkali quartz syenite, and nepheline syenite from Ambela, NW Pakistan, have been investigated. Whereas the alkali quartz syenite and most of the alkali granites are megaporphyritic, the nepheline syenite and some of the alkali granites are microporphyritic. Their phenocryst shape and size and abundance of groundmass are also different. The values of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) are the lowest and highest for megaporphyritic alkali granite and alkali quartz syenite, respectively. However, all the four rock types are moderately strong. Correspondingly, their specific gravity and water absorption values are within the permissible range for use as construction material. The UCS for the alkali quartz syenite is the highest, most probably because (i) it has roughly equal amounts of phenocryst and groundmass, (ii) it displays maximum size contrast between phenocryst and groundmass, (iii) its phenocrysts are highly irregular, and (iv) it contains substantial amounts of quartz.

Background: Pancytopenia refers to a disorder in which all the three formed elements of blood are decreased. This study was aimed to identify the causes and clinical presentation of pancytopenia in subjects living in Balochistan province. Material & Methods: It was a descriptive study carried out for two years from July 2009 to June 2011 in patients admitted to Sandman Provincial Hospital, Bolan Medical College Complex Hospital, Combined Military Hospital and Private Clinics in Quetta with the diagnosis of pancytopenia. Data was collected from hospital admissions for the diseases which may cause pancytopenia by using hematological test reports and other information. One hundred and eighty consecutive patients with pancytopenia were included from both sex and all age (divided in to age groups 41 years). Results: The main causes of pancytopenia were Malaria in 53(29.44%), tuberculosis in 31(17.22%), leukemia in 30(16.67%), aplastic anemia in 24(13.33%), hepatitis in 22(12.22%) and other diseases in 20(11.11%). Overall, 63.89% male subjects were observed in pancytopenia as compared to 36.11% females, further it was noted that malaria was the most common problem in 18.89% male and 10.56% female patients. Leukemia was the 2nd problem in males while 3rd in females. The results of different age groups showed that patients with age >40 years were mostly 90(50%) affected by pancytopenia, followed by 21-40 years 55(30.66%) and

This paper presents a modulation scheme in the time domain based on On-Off-Keying and proposes various compatible supports for different types of image sensors. The content of this article is a sub-proposal to the IEEE 802.15.7r1 Task Group (TG7r1) aimed at Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) using an image sensor as the receiver. The compatibility support is indispensable for Image Sensor Communications (ISC) because the rolling shutter image sensors currently available have different frame rates, shutter speeds, sampling rates, and resolutions. However, focusing on unidirectional communications (i.e., data broadcasting, beacons), an asynchronous communication prototype is also discussed in the paper. Due to the physical limitations associated with typical image sensors (including low and varying frame rates, long exposures, and low shutter speeds), the link speed performance is critically considered. Based on the practical measurement of camera response to modulated light, an operating frequency range is suggested along with the similar system architecture, decoding procedure, and algorithms. A significant feature of our novel data frame structure is that it can support both typical frame rate cameras (in the oversampling mode) as well as very low frame rate cameras (in the error detection mode for a camera whose frame rate is lower than the transmission packet rate). A high frame rate camera, i.e., no less than 20 fps, is supported in an oversampling mode in which a majority voting scheme for decoding data is applied. A low frame rate camera, i.e., when the frame rate drops to less than 20 fps at some certain time, is supported by an error detection mode in which any missing data sub-packet is detected in decoding and later corrected by external code. Numerical results and valuable analysis are also included to indicate the capability of the proposed schemes.

Human genetic factors such as blood group antigens may affect the severity of infectious diseases. Presence of specific ABO and Lewis blood group antigens has been shown previously to be associated with the risk of different enteric infections. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of the Lewis blood group antigens with susceptibility to cholera, as well as severity of disease and immune responses to infection.We determined Lewis and ABO blood groups of a cohort of patients infected by Vibrio cholerae O1, their household contacts, and healthy controls, and analyzed the risk of symptomatic infection, severity of disease if infected and immune response following infection.We found that more individuals with cholera expressed the Le(a+b-) phenotype than the asymptomatic household contacts (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.03-3.56) or healthy controls (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.13-3.21), as has been seen previously for the risk of symptomatic ETEC infection. Le(a-b+) individuals were less susceptible to cholera and if infected, required less intravenous fluid replacement in hospital, suggesting that this blood group may be associated with protection against V. cholerae O1. Individuals with Le(a-b-) blood group phenotype who had symptomatic cholera had a longer duration of diarrhea and required higher volumes of intravenous fluid replacement. In addition, individuals with Le(a-b-) phenotype also had lessened plasma IgA responses to V. cholerae O1 lipopolysaccharide on day 7 after infection compared to individuals in the other two Lewis blood group phenotypes.Individuals with Lewis blood type Le(a+b-) are more susceptible and Le(a-b+) are less susceptible to V. cholerae O1 associated symptomatic disease. Presence of this histo-blood group antigen may be included in evaluating the risk for cholera in a population, as well as in vaccine efficacy studies, as is currently being done for the ABO blood group antigens.

BACKGROUND: In Bangladesh, increases in cholera epidemics are being documented with a greater incidence and severity. The aim of this prospective study was to identify the prevalence and importance of V. cholerae O1 and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as causal agents of severe diarrhea in a high diarrhea prone urban area in Dhaka city. METHODOLOGY: Systematic surveillance was carried out on all diarrheal patients admitted from Mirpur between March 2008 to February 2010 at the ICDDR, B hospital. Stool or rectal swabs were collected from every third diarrheal patient for microbiological evaluation. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Of diarrheal patients attending the hospital from Mirpur, 41% suffered from severe dehydration with 39% requiring intravenous rehydration therapy. More diarrheal patients were above five years of age (64%) than those below five years of age (36%). About 60% of the patients above five years of age had severe dehydration compared with only 9% of patients under five years of age. The most prevalent pathogen isolated was Vibrio cholerae O1 (23%) followed by ETEC (11%). About 8% of cholera infection was seen in infants with the youngest children being one month of age while in the case of ETEC the rate was 11%. Of the isolated ETEC strains, the enterotoxin type were almost equally distributed; ST accounted for 31% of strains; LT/ST for 38% and LT for 31%. CONCLUSION: V. cholerae O1 is the major bacterial pathogen and a cause of severe cholera disease in 23% of patients from Mirpur. This represents a socioeconomic group that best reflects the major areas of high cholera burden in the country. Vaccines that can target such high risk groups in the country and the region will hopefully be able to reduce the disease morbidity and the transmission of pathogens that impact the life and health of people.

A 13 year old boy presented with a hard swelling in his right palm. According to him, he developed pain and swelling after being beaten by his teacher with wooden stick on his palm. The swelling reduced in size and the pain subsided. It was a hard, non tender, 2x2 centimeter, hemispherical lump in the right palm between the ring and little finger metacarpals. It was movable from side to side but not in line of tendons. It was neither attached to the skin nor to bones. Neurovascular status was intact. His serum Alkaline phosphatase was double the normal values. X-rays showed a bony mass in the palm. CT scan showed a well circumscribed hyper dense mass in between and volar to the 4th and 5th metacarpal. The diagnosis was confirmed by subsequent histopathological examination.

A 30 years old male presented to us with history of back pain and weakness of both lower limbs for the last four months and was diagnosed by local orthopedic surgeon as a case of carries spine. He also used anti tuberculous drugs for two months but there was no improvement in his symptoms. We planned for transpedicular spinal biopsy. Biopsy report came to be non specific chronic inflammation. We reexamined the investigations and we found in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) soft tissue mass with multiple septaion and cyst formation nearby the vertebra. We did indirect haemagglutination test for Hydatid disease which became positive. MRI and biopsy reports were reevaluated by radiologist histopathologist respectively. Both of them confirmed the diagnosis of Hydatid cyst. In first instance we did decompression and posterior spinal fixation with pedicular screws and rods. In the next stage then we removed the L1 vertebral body and placed cage with bone graft. He was put on Albendazole 400mg twice daily for three months as advised by physician. His weakness was improved dramatically.

Background: Each type of anesthesia has its own complication but the day care surgery under local anesthesia has minimized most of them. Different types of local anesthesia can be used in day care surgery. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of adverse events after local anesthesia. Material & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 48 consecutive patients who underwent day care surgery under local anesthesia in Orthopedic Department of Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from 2006 to 2008. Bupivacaine Hydrochloride was used as a local anesthetic. After two hours of surgery, patients were assessed by surgeon and subsequently discharged home (score of 9 or more) using post anesthetic discharge scoring system (PADSS) after taking notes on postoperative nausea and vomiting, post operative pain, difficulty in movements and resumption of normal diet. Results: Out of 48 patients 20 were female and 28 were male. Average age was 23 years. The procedure performed were 7(14.58%) knee arthroscopy, 10(20.83%) excisional release of trigger finger, 9(18.75%) release of carpal tunnel, 19(39.58%) removal of foreign body and 3(6.25%) excision biopsies. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was noted in 3(6.25%) patients, post operative pain requiring parenteral analgesics in 12(25%), difficulty in movements in 7(14.58%) and not resuming normal diet in 2(4.16%) patients. Conclusion: Although local anesthesia was associated with minor adverse events, however the patients could resume normal diet and daily activities quickly.

Background: Talipes equino-varus is the most common congenital orthopaedic anomaly. There are various methods for its management. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Turco’s one stage postero-medial release in children with congenital talipes equinovarus. Material and Methods: This observational study was conducted from January 2004 to December 2005 in Orthopaedic Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Pakistan. Forty patients of less than 3 years age, with moderate to severe deformity were treated by Turco’s one stage postero-medial release. They were followed for one year. The results were drawn according to the modified McKay rating system. Results: Out of forty patients, 21 (52.5%) were males and 19 (47.5%) females. Twelve (30%) patients had bilateral while 28 (70%) unilateral deformity. Five (12.5%) of these patients had family history of clubfoot. Post-operatively after one year only 30 (75%) patients were available for evaluation. On McKay rating system, 18 (60%) patients had excellent results, 6 (20%) good results, 1 (3.3%) fair results, 3 (10%) poor results and 2 (6.6%) patients were labeled as failure. Conclusion: Patients with congenital talipes equino-varus can be successfully treated in most of the cases by Turco’s one stage postero-medial release.