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This work focuses on the first use of ultrasonic phenol-ene coupling as a polymer analogous transformation. The ultrasonic reaction was introduced into chitin chemistry, resulting in the fast and convenient preparation of new water-soluble cationic chitin derivatives. Since water-soluble derivatives of fully deacetylated chitin are poorly described in the literature, the synthesis of each new type of these derivatives is a significant event in polysaccharide chemistry. Polycations, or cationic polymers, are of particular interest as antibacterial agents. Consequently, the resulting polymers were tested for their antibacterial activity and toxicity. We found that the highly substituted polymer of medium molecular weight exhibited the most pronounced in vitro antibacterial effect. We prepared nanoparticles using the ionic gelation technique. The most effective in vitro antibacterial chitin-based systems were tested in vivo in rats. These tests demonstrated outstanding antibacterial effects combined with an absence of toxicity. Additionally, we found that the resulting polymers, unlike their nanoparticle counterparts, also exhibited strong antioxidant effects. In summary, we demonstrated the effectiveness of ultrasound in polymer chemistry and highlighted the importance of the sonochemical approach in the chemical modification of polysaccharides. This approach enables the synthesis of derivatives with improved physicochemical and biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an analysis of the results and causes of increased settlements of cement plant structures and the negative impact of leveling embankments, atmospheric precipitation and surface water on settlements of structures. Many design firms for the design of civil, industrial and infrastructure construction projects, often ignoring the requirements of the relevant building codes and regulations, design buildings and structures only based on the bearing capacity of soils and the deformation characteristics of the soils of the foundation of buildings and structures are not taken into account. In some cases, when designing buildings and structures, even for two limit states, the weight of the embankment is not taken into account, which will lead to additional compression of the underlying soils. In addition, when designing foundations and bases of a structure, the physical and mechanical properties are not taken into account, including the composition of the soils of the planning embankment, which often create additional negative impacts on the reliability of the structure during the operation of construction projects. One example of the noted processes is the experience of designing and constructing a cement plant in the administrative territory of the Gazakh region of the Republic of Azerbaijan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research on Lamiales epidermal anatomy not only provides in‐depth understanding of their structural traits but also highlights the significance of uncovering the inherent antimicrobial resilience embedded within these plants. Such insights hold promise for advancing natural product‐based approaches in medicine, potentially contributing to the development of novel antimicrobial agents inspired by Lamiales unique biological defense mechanisms. Scanning microscopic tools were utilized to conduct foliar epidermal anatomy of nine species that belong to seven genera and four families within the Lamiales order, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae. This approach aimed to gather both qualitative and quantitative data, facilitating the assessment of taxonomic microanatomical significance. The shape of epidermal cells and their anticlinal walls; number of epidermal cells, stomata, and trichomes; type of stomata and trichomes; length and width of epidermal cells, trichomes, stomatal pore, guard cells, and subsidiary cells; and stomatal index were determined statistically. Most of the species examined were amphistomatous and showed extensive array of trichomes diversity. The exploration of Lamiales epidermal micromorphology and their antimicrobial potential were significant for their implications in multidisciplinary fields. The pharmacological research to utilize sustainable agricultural practices prompts avenues to strengths of Lamiales order for the development of novel antimicrobial solutions and ecological benefits. Research Highlights: Diverse trichome morphometry reveals a wide array of trichome structures across Lamiales species.Epidermal microscopic architecture variability of epidermal cell shapes and sizes signifies the interspecies variability.Secondary metabolite localization within microanatomical structures elucidates potential hotspots for antimicrobial compound production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the micro‐level structural details of Cichorieae pollen sources elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and explains their symmetry and morphometry. The in‐depth knowledge from the electron ultrastructure of Asteraceae pollen has provided insights into enhanced pollen morphology, and the antimicrobial significance of species under study presents novel avenues for their natural defense mechanisms in the development of antimicrobial agents. In this research, both quantitative and qualitative features of pollen were examined. The pollen grains are prolate‐spheroidal and oblate‐spheroidal in shape, characterized by a maximum polar diameter of 55.6–61.0 μm and a maximum equatorial distance of 68.3–74.4 μm. SEM reveals various configurations such as echinate perforate‐tectate, psilate, and echino‐lophate perforate. The Cichorieae species have significant antimicrobial efficacy and are promising sources for the development of novel antimicrobial drugs with potential implications in pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. SEM analysis of Cichorieae pollens has provided remarkable insights into their unique structures, revealing diverse shapes and surface ornamentations, which can be used for accurate Asteraceae species identification. Research Highlights: SEM provides unique pollen surface structures and patterns of Chicory pollen grains.Chemical composition of Chicory botanical sources provides valuable information on their potential as antimicrobial agents.SEM imaging reveals specialized fenestrate grain structures of taxonomic importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic substances in which the-OH group is directly attached to the carbon atom are called alcohols. Unsaturated alcohols are obtained by replacing the hydrogen of ethylene or acetylene-type compounds with a hydroxyl group. Allyl alcohol, the first representative of the class of unsaturated alcohols, contains oxygen. Allyl alcohol is used in optical resins, protective glasses, paints and coatings and polymer cross-linking agents, as well as in the production of pharmaceuticals, organic chemicals, plastics, herbicides, and pesticides. In organic chemistry, alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters that carry a higher oxidation state of carbon. Therefore, the selective oxidation of alcohols is an important issue. The properties and selective oxidation reaction of allyl alcohol were investigated in the presented work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A projection of the liquidus surface of the quasi-ternary system Cu2S-In2S3-FeS was constructed as a result of experimental studies of quasi-binary and non-quasi-binary sections and based on the data on binary systems comprising a ternary system. Each section (six quasi-binary and four non-quasi-binary ones) was studied separately using complex methods of physicochemical analysis: differential thermal analysis, X-ray phase analysis, and microstructural analysis. It was found that the quasi-ternary system Cu2S-In2S3-FeS has six fields of primary crystallisation of separate phases and eleven monovariant equilibrium curves along which two phases are co-crystallised. Non-variant equilibrium points were obtained through the extrapolation of the direction of monovariant equilibrium curves. The quasi-ternary system Cu2S-In2S3-FeS is characterised by 17 non-variant equilibrium points, where Е1-Е5 are triple eutectic points. The projection diagram of the liquidus surface is characterised by three crystallisation fields of the initial componets (Cu2S, In2S3, FeS), four fields of binary compounds, and one field of a complex compound (CuFeIn3S6). Since complete solubility of the initial components in liquid and solid states is observed in the quasi-binary section CuIn5S8‑FeIn2S4, the fields of primary crystallisation of CuIn5S8 and FeIn2S4 are absent; they are replaced by an unlimited solid solution based on these components. The fields of primary crystallisation of Cu2S, FeS, and CuInS2 are the most extensive in the ternary system Cu2S-In2S3-FeS. The reactions occurring at monovariant equilibrium points are presented.

Abstract Background Understanding the molecular mechanisms of platelet activation and aggregation is of high interest for basic and clinical hemostasis and thrombosis research. The central platelet protein interaction network is involved in major responses to exogenous factors. This is defined by systemsbiological pathway analysis as the central regulating signaling cascade of platelets (CC). Results The CC is systematically compared here between mouse and human and major differences were found. Genetic differences were analysed comparing orthologous human and mouse genes. We next analyzed different expression levels of mRNAs. Considering 4 mouse and 7 human high-quality proteome data sets, we identified then those major mRNA expression differences (81%) which were supported by proteome data. CC is conserved regarding genetic completeness, but we observed major differences in mRNA and protein levels between both species. Looking at central interactors, human PLCB2, MMP9, BDNF, ITPR3 and SLC25A6 (always Entrez notation) show absence in all murine datasets. CC interactors GNG12, PRKCE and ADCY9 occur only in mice. Looking at the common proteins, TLN1, CALM3, PRKCB, APP, SOD2 and TIMP1 are higher abundant in human, whereas RASGRP2, ITGB2, MYL9, EIF4EBP1, ADAM17, ARRB2, CD9 and ZYX are higher abundant in mouse. Pivotal kinase SRC shows different regulation on mRNA and protein level as well as ADP receptor P2RY12. Conclusions Our results highlight species-specific differences in platelet signaling and points of specific fine-tuning in human platelets as well as murine-specific signaling differences.

In the cation of the title salt, C17H18N3S+·Br−·C3H7NO, the central thiazolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with puckering parameters Q(2) = 0.310 (3) Å and φ(2) = 42.2 (6)°. In the crystal, each cation is connected to two anions by N—H... Br hydrogen bonds, forming an R42(8) motif parallel to the (10\overline{1}) plane. van der Waals interactions between the cations, anions and N,N-dimethylformamide molecules further stabilize the crystal structure in three dimensions. The most important contributions to the surface contacts are from H...H (55.6%), C...H/H...C (17.9%) and Br...H/H...Br (7.0%) interactions, as concluded from a Hirshfeld analysis.

In the title compound, C32H28N2O, the imidazolidine and pyridine rings of the central hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring system adopt envelope and screw-boat conformations, respectively. The molecule exhibits two weak intramolecular π–π interactions between phenyl rings. In the crystal, molecules are linked via pairs of C—H... O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are further linked by pairs of C—H...π interactions, forming infinite chains along the c-axis direction. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (73.4%), C...H/H...C (18.8%) and O...H/H...O (5.7%) contacts. The contribution of some disordered solvent to the scattering was removed using the SQUEEZE routine [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9–18] in PLATON. The solvent contribution was not included in the reported molecular weight and density.

The stabilized conformation of the title compound, C13H9Cl2N3O2, is similar to that of the isomeric compound (E)-1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-nitrobenzylidene)hydrazine. The 2,6-dichlorophenyl ring and the nitro-substituted benzene ring form a dihedral angle of 26.25 (16)°. In the crystal, face-to-face π-π stacking interactions along the a-axis direction occur between the centroids of the 2,6-dichlorophenyl ring and the nitro-substituted benzene ring. The molecules are further linked by C—H...O contacts and N—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming pairs of hydrogen-bonded molecular layers parallel to (100). The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (22.1%), Cl...H/H...Cl (20.5%), O...H/H...O (19.7%), C...C (11.1%) and C...H/H...C (8.3%) interactions.

In the title compound, C18H19Cl2N3, the planes of the benzene rings subtend a dihedral angle of 77.07 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are associated into inversion dimers via short Cl...Cl contacts [3.3763 (9) Å]. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contact percentages for the different types of interactions are H...H (43.9%), Cl...H/H...Cl (22.9%), C...H/H...C (20.8%) and N...H/H...N (8.0%).

In the title compound, C13H9Cl2N3O2, the 2,6-dichlorophenyl ring and the nitro-substituted benzene ring form a dihedral angle of 21.16 (14)°. In the crystal, face-to-face π–π stacking interactions occur along the a-axis direction between the centroids of the 2,6-dichlorophenyl ring and the nitro-substituted benzene ring. Furthermore, these molecules show intramolecular N—H...Cl and C—H...O contacts and are linked by intermolecular N—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming pairs of hydrogen-bonded molecular layers parallel to (20\overline{2}). The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (23.0%), O...H/H...O (20.1%), Cl...H/H...Cl (19.0%), C...C (11.2%) and H...C/C...H (8.0%) interactions.

The central thiazolidine ring of the title salt, C16H16N3S+·Br−, adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the phenyl ring as the flap atom. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked by N—H...Br hydrogen bonds, forming chains parallel to the b-axis direction. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots indicate that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (46.4%), C...H/H...C (18.6%) and H...Br/Br...H (17.5%) interactions.

Using biological materials to synthesize metallic nanoparticles has become a frequently preferred method by researchers. This synthesis method is both fast and inexpensive. In this study, an aqueous extract obtained from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (CA) leaves was used in order to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). For specification of the synthesized AgNPs, UV-vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray (EDX), and zeta potential (ZP) analyses data were used. Biologically synthesized AgNPs demonstrated a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 417.47 nm after 3 h. With the powder XRD model, the mean crystallite dimension of nanoparticles was determined as 12.17 mm with a cubic structure. According to the TEM results, the dimensions of the obtained silver nanoparticles were found to be 6.11–9.66 nm. The ZP of the electric charge on the surface of AgNPs was measured as −19.6 mV. The inhibition effect of AgNPs on food pathogen strains and yeast was determined with the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) method. AgNPs demonstrated highly effective inhibition at low concentrations especially against the growth of B. subtilis (0.0625) and S. aureus (0.125) strains. The cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles on cancerous cell lines (CaCo-2, U118, Sk-ov-3) and healthy cell lines (HDF) were revealed. Despite the increase of AgNPs used against cancerous and healthy cell lines, no significant decrease in the percentage of viability was detected.