Search

El cáncer bacteriano causado por Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm), es una enfermedad devastadora del jitomate alrededor del mundo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir un procedimiento rápido basado en PCR para la detección de Cmm patogénica en plantas de jitomate. El DNA fue aislado por el método de hervido y se realizó PCR para la amplificación del gen pat-1 (serina proteasa), empleando los oligonucleótidos CMM5F y CMM6R, cuyo tamaño de amplicón fue de 608 pb. El fragmento fue clonado, secuenciado y comparado con la base de datos del NCBI (Centro Nacional para la Información Biotecnológica), mostrando 100% de identidad con secuencias del gen pat-1 de Cmm. Adicionalmente, de la secuencia obtenida se diseñaron 2 pares de oligonucleótidos anidados para producir amplicones de 250 pb a una temperatura de alineamiento de 62 °C. Los resultados descritos en el presente trabajo permitirán la identificación rápida y precisa de Cmm por PCR en semilla y en tejido vegetal de jitomate, al reducir el tiempo de análisis de 24 a 4 h aproximadamente.

This article reflects on the relationship between the human being and nature. Nature is wild, dynamic, symbolic, and as slow in her evolution as she is dramatically quick in her catastrophes. Humankind is present on the planet, inhabits it, leaves its mark and, therefore, constructs with a meaning, that of “being in the world”. Its action, through the construction of Civil Engineering Works and spread of cities, constitutes an external “aggression” which changes the natural surrounds. That relationship has evolved throughout the history of four phases (submission, adaptation, conquest and respect). This is how the concept of natural landscape, constructed landscape and destroyed landscape appears on the basis of functional, aesthetic, environmental, economic and abstraction criteria, where the item constructed settles into the physical environment. Este artículo es una reflexión entre la relación del ser humano y la naturaleza. Ésta es salvaje, dinámica, simbólica, tan lenta en su evolución como dramáticamente vertiginosa en sus catástrofes. La humanidad está presente en el planeta, habita en él, deja su huella, y, por ello, construye con un sentido, el de “estar en el mundo”. Su acción, a través de la construcción de Obras de Ingeniería Civil y la expansión de las ciudades, constituye una “agresión” externa que modifica el entorno natural. Esa relación ha pasado por cuatro etapas a lo largo de la historia (sumisión, adaptación, conquista y respeto). Así es como aparece el concepto de Paisaje Natural, Paisaje Construido y Paisaje Destruido sobre la base de los criterios funcionales, estéticos, ambientales, económicos y de abstracción donde se asienta la obra en el medio físico.

Achieving sustainable energy systems involves complex decision-making processes. This article addresses the combination of life-cycle (LC) approaches and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for the sustainability assessment of energy systems. Through a literature survey of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) tools for sustainability assessment of energy systems, the most commonly used criteria, data sources and tools are identified. Moreover, a review of the LC + DEA approaches available to date is performed in order to check their convenience to assess energy systems in terms of sustainability. In this sense, the central focus of the article is to explore and elucidate potentials of these combined approaches within sustainability-oriented MCDA in the field of energy. These potentials are mainly associated with the usefulness of sustainability benchmarks for decision-makers and the wide availability of DEA models and life-cycle approaches. Given the growing role of MCDA tools in energy scenario analysis and the innovative trends found in LC + DEA, a novel methodological framework is proposed: enriched energy systems modelling through (i) endogenous integration of life-cycle indicators and (ii) ranking and benchmarking of energy scenarios according to sustainability criteria using dynamic DEA. The LC + DEA concept emerges as a promising methodology to evaluate and rank prospective scenarios in energy planning, thus facilitating decision-making processes towards a sustainable energy future.

Moving towards a global bioeconomy can mitigate climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels. Within this context, this work applies a set of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tools to prioritise the selection of five alternative bioenergy systems for residential heating based on the combination of three commercial technologies (pellet, wood stove and traditional fireplace) and two different feedstocks (eucalypt and maritime pine species). Several combinations of MCDA methods and weighting approaches were compared to assess how much results can differ. Eight indicators were used for a sustainability assessment of the alternatives while four MCDA methods were applied for the prioritisation: Weighted Sum Method (WSM), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality (ELECTRE), and Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE). Regarding the sustainability performance indicators, the highest environmental impacts were calculated for the fireplace alternatives, and there was not a best environmental option. Also, no clear trend was found for the economic and social dimensions. The application of MCDA tools shows that wood stove alternatives have the best sustainability performance, in particular wood stove with combustion of maritime pine logs (highest scores in the ranking). Regarding the worst alternative, fireplaces with combustion of eucalypt logs ranked last in all MCDA rankings. Finally, a sensitivity analysis for the weighting of the performance indicators confirmed wood stoves with combustion of maritime pine logs as the leading alternative and the key role of the analysts within this type of MCDA studies.

This chapter describes how Spanish firemen and Hispanic anarcho-syndicalists built a strong presence in the maritime industry in the opening decades of the twentieth century. They exchanged publications and developed interpersonal networks to sustain a culture of resistance across the Americas. Hispanic seaman played a major role in the Atlantic Coast maritime trade, primarily as firemen (fogoneros) working on ships sailing out of U.S. ports. Many fogoneros had experience in militant unions overseas, having fled persecution in Cuba or Spain. Firemen, though ill-paid, were central to the operation of coal-fired steamships, providing electricity to the ship as well as powering its engines. This chapter also examines the Strike of 1912.

Este artículo resume los resultados de la investigación Habla popular nicaragüense empleada en la convivencia familiar, estudio realizado en el sector Santa Elisa de la comunidad Ducuale Grande, con el objetivo de determinar el habla popular nicaragüense empleada en la convivencia familiar por pobladores del sector Santa Elisa de la comunidad Ducuale Grande del municipio de Condega, departamento de Estelí, durante el primer semestre 2019. Como resultado de este estudio se identificó, clasificó semánticamente y se dispuso de un glosario con los términos y expresiones propias utilizadas por los pobladores del sector investigado. Las bases teóricas de esta investigación la conforman un vasto estudio bibliográfico sobre el habla popular nicaragüense, el cual contribuyó a afianzar los conocimientos léxicos y semánticos de nuestro código.

ObjectiveIn 2017, there was an outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) serogroup C among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Victoria, Australia. A government-funded free meningococcal (MenACWY) vaccination programme targeting all MSM living in Victoria was launched between December 2017 and December 2018. The aim of this study was to examine the vaccine uptake among MSM attending a sexual health clinic in Melbourne.MethodsThis was a retrospective clinical audit of MSM attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) during the vaccination programme. We calculated the proportion of MSM who received the meningococcal vaccine on their first visit and at any time during the programme. We performed univariable and multivariable logistic regression to identify the factors associated with the vaccine uptake on the first visit.ResultsOf the 10 370 MSM who attended MSHC, 55.5% received the vaccine on their first visit and 67.4% at any time during the programme. MSM had higher odds of receiving the vaccine on the first visit if they were aged 16–25 years (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.21; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.35) or 26–35 years (aOR 1.17; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.29) in comparison with MSM older than 35 years; were HIV-negative and not on pre-exposure prophylaxis (aOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.56 to 2.09); had more than four male partners in the last 12 months (aOR 1.16; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.27); had male partners only (aOR 2.24; 95% CI 1.96 to 2.55); or were born overseas (aOR 1.11; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.21).ConclusionsTwo-thirds of the MSM attending a sexual health clinic received at least one dose of meningococcal vaccine. The vaccination programme coincided temporally with a dramatic reduction in the incidence of IMD. Vaccination should be further promoted among MSM and men who have sex with both men and women.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment for high-risk groups. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) has been used globally for this purpose for many years, including in pregnancy. This review assessed current knowledge about the safety of IPT in pregnancy.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Global Health Library and HIV and TB-related conference abstracts, until May 15, 2019, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies (NRS) where IPT was administered to pregnant women. Outcomes of interest were: 1) maternal outcomes, including permanent drug discontinuation due to adverse drug reactions, any grade 3 or 4 drug-related toxic effects, death from any cause and hepatotoxicity; and 2) pregnancy outcomes, including in utero fetal death, neonatal death or stillbirth, preterm delivery/prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight and congenital anomalies. Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model.ResultsAfter screening 1342 citations, nine studies (of 34 to 51 942 participants) met inclusion criteria. We found an increased likelihood of hepatotoxicity among pregnant women given IPT (risk ratio 1.64, 95% CI 0.78–3.44) compared with no IPT exposure in one RCT. Four studies reported on pregnancy outcomes comparing IPT exposure to no exposure among pregnant women with HIV. In one RCT, adverse pregnancy outcomes were associated with IPT exposure during pregnancy (odds ratio (OR) 1.51, 95% CI 1.09–2.10), but three NRS showed a protective effect.ConclusionsWe found inconsistent associations between IPT and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Considering the grave consequences of active TB in pregnancy, current evidence does not support systematic deferral of IPT until postpartum. Research on safety is needed.

Assessing the efficiency of retail supply chains (RSCs) requires analytical tools that address the different activities involved in these chains. In this sense, dynamic network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) arises as a suitable method to evaluate the operational performance of RSCs over a period of time. However, its use for sustainability-oriented efficiency assessment constitutes a knowledge gap that limits its applicability for thorough decision-making processes, e.g. at the retail company level. This article fills this gap through the combination of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and dynamic network DEA. A novel five-step LCA + DEA approach is proposed and applied to a case study of 30 RSCs in Spain for the period 2015–2017. In this case, the supply chain structure involves three divisions: central distribution, operation of retail stores, and home delivery. Both overall- and term-efficiency scores were found to widely range from 0.38 to 1.00, with only 1 RSC deemed efficient. Regarding divisional efficiency, store operation was found to generally show significantly higher efficiency scores than the distribution divisions. The link between long distribution distances and low efficiency stresses the relevance of integrating a network perspective into the efficiency assessment. In addition to efficiency scores, the LCA + DEA approach enriches the assessment by providing environmental, operational and socio-economic benchmarks to further support the management of RSCs from a sustainability perspective.

A sound management of retail stores is a crucial aspect in the path towards a sustainable commercial sector, with a lack of research studies in the field of joint efficiency and sustainability assessment within this sector. In this sense, this work delves into the role of operational efficiency in the sustainability-oriented management of retail stores through the case study of 30 groceries in Spain over the period 2015–2017. With this purpose, and given the current knowledge gap in period-oriented sustainability benchmarking for management plans, for the first time a five-step methodological framework based on the combination of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was proposed and applied to a case study within the service sector. The overall- and term-efficiency scores calculated through this method led to the general conclusion of a relatively good performance of the set of grocery stores over the evaluated period, which is associated with the centralised management strategy followed by the retail company. Furthermore, operational, socio-economic and environmental benchmarks were calculated as target values that could assist decision-makers at the retail company level in setting the path for a sustainable operation of the company's stores. Overall, the proposed period-oriented LCA + DEA method proved to be a feasible and valuable tool for sustainability management of retail stores, being preferred over the static (i.e., single term) alternative provided that time-series data are available at the company level.

Este artículo resume los resultados de la investigación Habla popular nicaragüense empleada en la convivencia familiar, estudio realizado en el sector Santa Elisa de la comunidad Ducuale Grande, con el objetivo de determinar el habla popular nicaragüense empleada en la convivencia familiar por pobladores del sector Santa Elisa de la comunidad Ducuale Grande del municipio de Condega, departamento de Estelí, durante el primer semestre 2019. Como resultado de este estudio se identificó, clasificó semánticamente y se dispuso de un glosario con los términos y expresiones propias utilizadas por los pobladores del sector investigado. Las bases teóricas de esta investigación la conforman un vasto estudio bibliográfico sobre el habla popular nicaragüense, el cual contribuyó a afianzar los conocimientos léxicos y semánticos de nuestro código.

Ensuring sustainable production patterns doing more and better with less is a key sustainable development goal. In this sense, the joint use of Life Cycle Assessment and Data Envelopment Analysis (i.e., the LCA + DEA methodology) arises as a quantitative tool for the eco-efficiency assessment of multiple similar entities. To date, the LCA + DEA methodology has been widely applied to case studies within the primary and secondary sectors. However, the applicability of this combined methodology to case studies within the tertiary (service) sector is still unexplored, which constitutes a current knowledge gap in this field. This work contributes to filling this gap by benchmarking the operational and environmental performance of a sample of 30 groceries located in Spain. All the evaluated groceries were found to involve relative efficiency scores above 0.60, with one third of the groceries deemed fully efficient. Average reductions of 3–26% in the consumption of operational inputs were calculated, leading to average reductions of 9% in the carbon footprint and 10% in the energy footprint. Furthermore, economic savings of up to 3% of the annual turnover were estimated. These results were further enriched through the application of a super-efficiency DEA model for a refined identification of the best-performers, as well as through the novel use of a specific model for the gradual operational and environmental benchmarking of the sample. Overall, a high applicability of the LCA + DEA methodology for eco-efficiency assessment within the service sector is concluded, facilitating the identification and quantification of sustainable operational patterns.

Resumen Introducción. Conocer la diversidad a nivel genético, químico y morfológico que existe entre individuos y poblaciones, es de gran utilidad en los programas de mejoramiento genético, ya que facilita la organización del material y la selección adecuada de genotipos superiores para el desarrollo de una población mejorada. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar genética, química y agronómicamente líneas avanzadas de tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.), del programa de mejoramiento de hortalizas del Campo Experimental Bajío (CE-Bajío) del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), México. Materiales y métodos. Durante la temporada primavera-verano y otoño-invierno de 2017, se cuantificó la variabilidad genética con marcadores moleculares de ADN de tipo AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism); se determinaron los compuestos fenólicos y tomatidina en fruto, y en lo agronómico el porcentaje de germinación, número de frutos por planta, peso del fruto, diámetro ecuatorial y polar, y el rendimiento. Resultados. Se obtuvo un promedio general de similitud entre los genotipos de 0,86. De acuerdo con las relaciones genéticas, se detectaron las líneas 4 y 70 como posibles progenitores de híbridos y un patrón geográfico en los agrupamientos. La diversidad química indicó que el mayor contenido de flavonoides (51,1 mg EAG/100 g) se presentó en la L-86, de fenoles y antocianinas (396, 8 y 7,22 mg EAG/100 g, resp.) en la L-182, y de taninos (188,4 mg EAG/100 g) en la L-97, mientras que la tomatidina fue mayor en frutos verdes (2,23-3,81 mg EAG/100 g) que en morados. El intervalo de rendimiento de las líneas fue de 11,4 a 47,6 t/ha, donde el 20% de las líneas superaron la media de rendimiento nacional (40 t/ha). Se destacó la L-37 con 47,6 t/ha, que además produjo mayor número de frutos por planta, diámetro ecuatorial y polar, y una tasa de germinación de 93,3%. Conclusión. Las líneas 37, 25, 27 y 167, tienen potencial para ser validadas para uso comercial y como líneas parentales. Abstract Introduction. Knowledge about the genetic, chemical and morphological diversity that exists between individuals and populations is very useful in breeding programs, because it facilitates the organization of the material and the appropriate selection of superior genotypes for the development of an improved population. Objective. The aim of this research was to make a genetic, chemical and agronomic characterization in twenty advanced husk tomato lines (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.), belonging to the vegetable breeding program of the Campo Experimental Bajío (CE-Bajío), of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), México. Materials and methods. During the spring-summer and autumn-winter 2017, the genetic variability was quantified with molecular markers of DNA, type AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms), likewise, the phenolic and tomatidine compounds in the fruit were determined, and agronomic traits like germination percentage, number of fruits per plant, weight of the fruit, equatorial and polar diameter per fruit, and fruit yield were determined. A general average of similarity between the genotypes of 0.86 was obtained. Results. A general similitude mean between genotypes of 0.86 was obteined. According to the genetic relationships, a geographic pattern was identified and genotypes 4 and 70 were detected as possible progenitors of improved hybrids. Chemical diversity indicated that the fruits flavonoids content in L-86 was the highest (51.1mg EAG/100g), phenols (396.8 mg EAG/100 g) and anthocyanin’s (7.22 mg EAG/100g) for L-182 and tannins (188.4 mg EAG/100 g) for L-97, while tomatidine (2.23-3.81 mg EAG/100 g) was higher in green fruits than purple fruits. The agronomic results indicate that the lines fruit yield ranged from 11.4 to 47.6 t/ha, the 20% of the lines has a superior yield than the national mean yield (40 t/ha), The L-37 was noticeable, since it has the highest fruit yield with 47.6 t/ha, and has the highest number of fruits number per plant, equatorial and polar diameters, and germination rate (93.3%). Conclusion. Based on the results the lines 37, 25, 27 and 167 are positioned as lines with potential for commercial use and as parental lines.

To assess the cost-effectiveness of the primary prevention of fragility hip fractures through opportunistic risk-based screening using FRAX® among women aged 70 to 89 years, and the subsequent treatment with alendronate in women at high-risk, from the Spanish national health system perspective. We performed a discrete-event simulation model. Women were categorized in low, intermediate and high-risk of fragility hip fracture through screening based on the FRAX® risk assessment tool score (Spanish version). Low-risk women received lifestyle recommendations whereas the high-risk group was assigned to alendronate treatment. For women at intermediate-risk, treatment decision was based on a recalculated score considering bone mineral density (BMD). The cost-effectiveness analysis tested six scenarios defined by different FRAX® cut-off values assessing the incremental costs per averted fracture in 20 years. Deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. We included a random sample of 5146 women obtained from a Spanish cohort of women referred for BMD. The most cost-effective intervention had an Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratio (ICER) of 57,390 € per averted hip fracture and consisted of using the FRAX® score without BMD and treating women with a score higher than 5%. The ICER exceeded the acceptability threshold of 25,000 € in all the scenarios. Sensitivity analysis based on time to fracture, treatment efficacy, adherence to treatment and cost of dependence resulted in ICERs ranging from 39,216 € to 254,400 €. An ICER of 24,970 € was obtained when alendronate cost was reduced to 1.13 € per month. The use of FRAX® as screening tool followed by alendronate treatment is not cost-effective in senior women in Spain. Other primary preventions strategies are advisable.

Wood-fuelled systems are commonly used all over the world for residential heating, and recently wood pellets have been replacing traditional firewood. This article presents an environmental life cycle assessment of five wood-based combustion systems for residential heating: i) a pellet stove using maritime pine pellets; a wood stove using ii) eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and iii) maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) split logs; and a fireplace using iv) eucalyptus and v) maritime pine split logs. The functional unit is 1 MJ of thermal energy for residential heating. System boundaries include four stages: (1) forest management; (2) pellet and wood split log production; (3) distribution; and (4) thermal energy generation. Environmental impacts were calculated for seven impact categories from the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint method, and a sensitivity analysis was performed using the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) life cycle impact assessment method and modifying the distances travelled. Of the five heating systems analysed, the fireplace presents the worst performance for all the impact categories with the exception of freshwater eutrophication and marine eutrophication, when maritime pine split logs are burned in the fireplace. Comparing the pellet stove with the wood stove, neither system is better for all the impact categories analysed. Regarding sensitivity analysis, the use of an alternative characterisation method leads to similar trends in the results in comparison with those obtained from the ReCiPe method, while changes in transport distances do not affect the total impacts to a large extent.

The assessment of public perception and social acceptance of hydrogen energy systems is crucial to avoid reluctance to the deployment of hydrogen technology and infrastructure. However, the number of regional studies evaluating these aspects is scarce. This work aims at assessing the attitude of the Spanish society towards the potential role of hydrogen for transportation. A quantitative approach was followed through the design and open electronic distribution of a survey with 12 closed-ended questions. The final size of the sample involved 1005 respondents. The analysis of the responses provided relevant information under three main aspects: perception of the concept “hydrogen”; supporting attitude towards the implementation of hydrogen technologies and infrastructure; and determining factors for the purchase of a hydrogen vehicle. Overall, the respondents are willing to accept hydrogen as a key energy carrier within the energy and transport sector. Nevertheless, further policy, industry and research efforts are required in order to overcome current obstacles hampering the success of hydrogen. The results of this study may be relevant not only to hydrogen stakeholders and decision-makers in Spain but also to counterparts in other regions without strong initiatives towards a well-established hydrogen economy.

The use of biomass pellets as fuel is emerging as a suitable alternative to fossil resources for mitigating climate change. A considerable number of articles have applied Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to quantify and to compare the environmental performance of biomass pellets but a wide variation of results can be found in the literature. This work reviews 84 articles on LCA of biomass pellets, focusing on identifying trends in methodological choices and on understanding the influence of those choices on life cycle impacts, in particular global warming and non-renewable primary energy. Most of the reviewed articles assess woody pellets and most of the cradle-to-grave studies focus on heat generation. The methodological choices vary widely between articles with respect to approach (attributional or consequential), functional unit, system boundaries, procedure to deal with multifunctionality and allocation, biogenic carbon modelling, inclusion of greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, life cycle impact assessment method, impact categories, and presence of sensitivity analysis. The results for global warming and non-renewable primary energy were assessed, showing a correlation between them. Moreover, a high variability is found for global warming, with impacts ranging from −18 to 488 g CO2 eq/MJpellets. The main causes (technological features, assumptions, methodological choices) for this high variability are analysed and discussed.

ObjectivesIn the 2010s, there has been an increase in sexually transmitted infections (STI) in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia, and since 2015 also in urban heterosexuals. Men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW) have characteristics that may differ from both men who have sex with men only (MSMO) and heterosexual men. We aimed to compare the sexual practices and the trends in HIV/STI positivity between MSMO and MSMW.DesignRepeated cross-sectional study.SettingA sexual health centre in Melbourne, Australia.ParticipantsMSM aged 18 years and above who attended the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre for the first time between 2011 and 2018. This includes 12 795 MSMO and 1979 MSMW.Primary outcome measuresDemographic characterics, sexual practices and HIV/STI positivity.ResultsCompared with MSMW, MSMO were more likely to practice anal sex and to have condomless receptive anal sex with casual male partners, and less likely to have a current regular relationship. Over the 8-year period, there was an increase in condomless receptive anal sex with casual male partners for both groups (MSMO: from 46.2% to 63.3%, ptrend trend=0.011). Syphilis positivity increased in MSMO (from 5.5% to 7.9%, ptrend=0.012) and MSMW (from 0.9% to 6.4%, ptrend=0.004) and HIV remained stable. Gonorrhoea increased among MSMO from 2011 to 2014 (from 6.7% to 9.6%, ptrend=0.002), and remained stable from 2015 to 2018. MSMO had higher odds of testing positive for gonorrhoea (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.36, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.64), chlamydia (aOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.67), syphilis (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.22) and HIV (aOR 4.60, 95% CI 2.43 to 8.70) than MSMW.ConclusionsMSMW have overall lower condomless sex and lower HIV/STI positivity. In the last years, changes in sexual practices in MSM have affected both MSMW and MSMO leading to an increased STI risk.

Negro, V.; Del Campo, J.M.; Luengo Frades, J.; Martin Anton, M.; Esteban, M.D.; Lopez – Gutierrez, J.S., and Soukissian, T., In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 118–122. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The evolution of the clean energies is one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations (UN 2015 – 2030). However, the increase in the number of marine wind farms (gravity based structures < 10%; piles < 82% and jackets, tripod, tripile and floating installations 7%) with a progressive growth in depth, distance from shore, power and diameter, requires a deep reflection. The marine growth in piles and GBS structures would be studied if it is beneficial for marine ecosystems and fish species, displacement and colonization of new ones. After the installation, new substrates became colonised by a wide variety of benthic organisms. The objective of this research manuscript is to pose this challenge and the analysis in countries like Spain and the Mediterranean Countries where tourism is one of the main sources weath and the environment and landscape are essential in the preservation of the territory and the harmony with nature.

Luengo Frades, J.; Garcia Barba, J.; Negro, V.; Martin-Anton, M., and Soriano, J., 2020. Blue economy: Compatibility between the increasing offshore wind technology and the achievement of the SDG. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1490–1494. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In 2015, the UN impulsed an ambitious initiative called the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including 17 Goals and 169 Targets, to be accomplished in the 2015-2030 period. At the same time, offshore wind industry has taken the great leap towards the ocean. Such wind farms hold more and more wind turbines (>100), depths increase leaving shallow waters (almost 100 m deep), and the power installed is increasing at a dramatic rate not thought to be possible only one decade ago (currently reaching 400 MW). These facts are ones of the great advances of the XXI century, but so far, it has not been done a deep reflection on the impact of the offshore wind on the aforementioned SDG, and on how the offshore wind is going to accomplish all the challenges happening when trying to reach such SDG. The achievement of some of the SDG and the offshore wind technology progress go, with no doubt, hand in hand. This is the case of Goal 12 (Responsible consumption and production), Goal 13 (Climate action), or Goal 14 (Life below water). But there are also other SDG that deserve a special attention, in order to ensure that offshore wind power technology effectively will contribute to reach them, and will not, on the contrary, act to the detriment of them. This is the case of Goal 7 (Affordable and clean energy), Goal 8 (Decent work and economic growth), or Goal 10 (Reducing inequalities). In this paper, the great contribution of the offshore wind technology to achieve the SDG is commented, making special emphasis on the possible weaknesses that could appear, and on how to solve them. All of it to make by 2030 the world, in general, and the energy in particular, become more blue.

Martin-Anton, M.; del Campo, J.M.; Negro, V.; Luengo Frades, J.; Moreno Blasco, L.J., and Jimenez Verdejo, J.R., 2020. Land use and port-city integration in reclamation areas: A comparison between Spain and Japan. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 278–282. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Land reclamation is an increasingly widespread practice, especially in Asia in recent years as a means to provide land above sea level in cities with land shortage. This is the case of Japan, especially in the populated bays of the south coast (Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka-Kobe). After a worldwide research on this subject (Martin-Anton et al., 2016), a more specific study of the reclaimed areas in Spain and Japan, with their respective land uses, is made in this work to show the needs of growth of the port cities of each country. Two representative bays have been analyzed in detail, namely Algeciras-Gibraltar Bay in Spain and Osaka-Kobe Bay in Japan. The Algeciras Bay has a total reclaimed area of 5.6 km2 whereas Osaka Bay has almost 160 km2 built over the centuries. In the latter, a large percentage of the new land is currently dedicated to residential use (17%), about 28 km2. Much of the housing land is next to, or even surrounded by, industrial zones, which add up to more than 60 km2 (almost 40%), compared to 24% in Algeciras. In Gibraltar (Algeciras Bay), the reclaimed area with residential use is 0.5 km2. It is remarkable the land areas in disuse: 8% of the total in Osaka Bay and 22% in Algeciras Bay. However, more and more land reclamation works are being built, including unfilled water areas surrounded by breakwaters (some of them to be filled with solid waste), such as the 2.6 km2 in Osaka Bay. Another use is energy production, with 0.6% of the total reclaimed area in Osaka Bay dedicated to solar power plants (0.89 km2). This article aims to make a reflection on current urban needs in port areas, port-city integration and the impact on the landscape of large maritime works.

Within the framework of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), weighting methods are typically used to capture decision-makers' preferences. In this regard, the increasing use of the combined LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) + DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) methodology as an MCDA tool requires an in-depth analysis of how the preferences of decision-makers could affect the outcomes of LCA + DEA studies. This work revisits a case study of 30 retail stores/supply chains located in Spain by applying alternative weighted DEA approaches to evaluate the influence of decision-makers' preferences (weights) on the final outcomes, with a focus on efficiency scores and operational and environmental benchmarks. The ultimate goal is to effectively capture the view of stakeholders when applying LCA + DEA for the sound, sustainability-oriented management of multiple similar entities. Different weight vectors are separately applied to three types of DEA elements: operational inputs, time terms, and divisions. Besides, preferences from three alternative standpoints are considered: company manager through direct rating, and environmental policy-maker and local community through AHP (analytic hierarchy process). A significant influence on efficiency scores and sustainability benchmarks was found when weighting decision-makers' preferences on operational inputs. Additionally, a moderate influence was observed when weighting divisions according to a policy-maker or local community perspective. Although the results are case-specific, they lead to the general recommendation to enrich LCA + DEA studies by following not only an equal-weight approach but also approaches that include the preferences of the stakeholders effectively involved in the study. published

Maritime works are characterized by their remarkable size, length, depth and extraordinarily great demand for natural or artificial materials. To this effect, despite functional designs or the ultimate limit state, a breakwater crown wall can increase the overall effectiveness of the structure in limiting wave overtopping. It will contribute to a reduction of volume of material required and hence the cost to achieve a given level of performance depending on the precautions to be taken on the basis of the critical discharges for functional safety (vehicles, pedestrian and buildings) and structural safety (embankment and revetment seawalls), amongst others. In many cases, bulky mass-concrete elements are designed without any steel reinforcement. Sometimes this effect causes cracking problems in large volumes. The step to slender reinforced concrete elements may take a leap to the aesthetic factor and visual landscape integration in maritime works. In addition, the use of other materials, shapes and colours can bring breakwaters and crown walls to life by creating new functions for maritime works such as a promenade, relaxation or visual enjoyment areas. The aim of this article is to reflect on the issue of bulky mass concrete elements or rebars in slender reinforced concrete crown walls and how the use of these slender elements can bring with it excellent artistic developments as well as the use of other materials in mass concrete sloping, vertical and composite breakwaters and their crown walls. Some breakwaters are no longer just mere defence works but are becoming pieces of art.

Este libro explora distintas dimensiones de los vínculos entre tra-vestis y mujeres transexuales y el sistema de administración de justi-cia: primero, acompañamos las trayectorias de algunas entrevistadas como justiciables. En ellas, el conflicto parece marcar los testimonios y tiene como correlato la falta de expectativas respecto de la eficacia del Poder Judicial para atender demandas y resolver conflictos, por un lado, y la desconfianza fundada en una historia y un presente de hos-tilidad, por el otro; ambas hacen que el acceso a la Justicia aparezca más como un mal a evitar que como un derecho a reivindicar. Luego, para complejizar el panorama, nos detenemos en las experiencias de travestis y mujeres transexuales que se desempeñan como trabajado-ras de la justicia. Fil: Radi, Blas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Pecheny, Mario Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Introducción: La estructura corporal (EC) se presume alterada en pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica estadío 5 (ERC5), por diversas condiciones. La hemodiálisis (HD), debería aminorar estas distorsiones. Objetivos: Comparar la estructura corporal de personas clínicamente sanas y pacientes con ERC5 sin y con tratamiento de HD. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal comparativo de grupos independientes. Los grupos fueron sujetos sanos y pacientes con ERC5 que recibían o no tratamiento de HD. Cada grupo tuvo entre 18 y 80 años. La EC fue medida con una única balanza de Bioimpedancia eléctrica y los datos se analizaron mediante la T de student. Resultados: Hubo 102 participantes de los cuales 36 fueron sanos y 66 fueron enfermos con ERC5. De los enfermos, 44 estuvieron en HD regular y 22 en manejo médico. Los grupos fueron iguales en edad y proporción de ambos sexos (53% mujeres y 47% hombres). En hombres se observó que el porcentaje de agua fue mayor en los sanos (p:0.02), así como la masa magra no agua (p:0.02). El contenido graso fue menor en los hombres sanos (p=0.019). En mujeres no hubo diferencia significativa entre sanos y enfermos en ninguna de las variables. En los pacientes ERC5, los pacientes con HD presentaron mayor porcentaje de agua y masa magra (p

El producto final del proceso de investigación es la propuesta de un plan de gestión de recursos del personal militar de oficiales calificados en Fuerzas Especiales del Ejército del Perú, que tiene un horizonte de cumplimiento de mediano plazo de cuatro años, con la finalidad de identificar formalmente una línea de carrera de las Fuerzas Especiales dentro del Ejército, que no solo la haga competitiva entre las FF. AA. peruanas, sino que le permita hacer más eficiente la gestión de los recursos destinados a la formación y asignación, monitorear el desarrollo profesional de este personal, verificar su contribución al cumplimiento de los roles estratégicos y vincular su desempeño a los objetivos estratégicos institucionales. Los objetivos de este plan en lo que respecta al planeamiento de la formación de las Fuerzas Especiales son: captación eficaz de personal militar de oficiales calificado en Fuerzas Especiales y capacitar eficazmente personal militar de oficiales en operaciones de Fuerzas Especiales. Mientras que para el empleo de este cuerpo de élite son: desarrollar Fuerzas Especiales con capacidad para operar en todos los espectros y rango de las operaciones y acciones militares, y evaluar el desempeño del personal de oficiales de Fuerzas Especiales. Trabajo de investigación