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826 results on '"Martinez-Sobrido, Luis"'

202. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated is required for efficient proximal airway epithelial cell regeneration following influenza A virus infection.

Author

Warren, Rachel, Dylag, Andrew M., Behan, Molly, Domm, William, Min Yee, Mayer-Pröschel, Margot, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, and O'Reilly, Michael A.

Subjects
ATAXIA telangiectasia, INFLUENZA A virus, INFLUENZA viruses, EPITHELIAL cells, AIRWAY (Anatomy), VIRUS diseases, INFLUENZA
Abstract

Children and young adults with mutant forms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a kinase involved in DNA damage signaling and mitochondrial homeostasis, suffer from recurrent respiratory infections, immune deficiencies, and obstructive airways disease associated with disorganized airway epithelium. We previously showed in mice how Atm was required to mount a protective immune memory response to influenza A virus [IAV; Hong Kong/X31 (HKx31), H3N2]. Here, Atm wildtype (WT) and knockout (Atm-null) mice were used to investigate how Atm is required to regenerate the injured airway epithelium following IAV infection. When compared with WT mice, naive Atm-null mice had increased airway resistance and reduced lung compliance that worsened during infection before returning to naïve levels by 56 days postinfection (dpi). Although Atm-null lungs appeared pathologically normal before infection by histology, they developed an abnormal proximal airway epithelium after infection that contained E-cadherin+, Sox2+, and Cyp2f2+ cells lacking secretoglobin family 1 A member 1 (Scgb1a1) protein expression. Patchy and low expression of Scgb1a1 were eventually observed by 56 dpi. Genetic lineage tracing in HKx31-infected mice revealed club cells require Atm to rapidly and efficiently restore Scgb1a1 expression in proximal airways. Since Scgb1a1 is an immunomodulatory protein that protects the lung against a multitude of respiratory challenges, failure to efficiently restore its expression may contribute to the respiratory diseases seen in individuals with ataxia telangiectasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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206. Rescue of SARS-CoV-2 from a Single Bacterial Artificial Chromosome

Author

Martinez-Sobrido, Luis [0000-0001-7084-0804], Ye, Chengjin, Chiem, Kevin, Park, Jun-Gyu, Oladunni, Fatai, Platt, Roy Neal, Anderson, Tim, Almazán, Fernando, Torre, Juan Carlos de la, Martínez-Sobrido, Luis, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis [0000-0001-7084-0804], Ye, Chengjin, Chiem, Kevin, Park, Jun-Gyu, Oladunni, Fatai, Platt, Roy Neal, Anderson, Tim, Almazán, Fernando, Torre, Juan Carlos de la, and Martínez-Sobrido, Luis

Abstract

Infectious coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in the city of Wuhan (China) in December 2019, causing a pandemic that has dramatically impacted public health and socioeconomic activities worldwide. A previously unknown coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been identified as the causative agent of COVID-19. To date, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines or therapeutics available for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or associated COVID-19 disease, which has triggered a large influx of scientific efforts to develop countermeasures to control SARS-CoV-2 spread. To contribute to these efforts, we have developed an infectious cDNA clone of the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain based on the use of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 (rSARS-CoV-2) was readily rescued by transfection of the BAC into Vero E6 cells. Importantly, BAC-derived rSARS-CoV-2 exhibited growth properties and plaque sizes in cultured cells comparable to those of the natural SARS-CoV-2 isolate. Likewise, rSARS-CoV-2 showed levels of replication similar to those of the natural isolate in nasal turbinates and lungs of infected golden Syrian hamsters. This is, to our knowledge, the first BAC-based reverse genetics system for the generation of infectious rSARS-CoV-2 that displays features in vivo similar to those of a natural viral isolate. This SARS-CoV-2 BAC-based reverse genetics will facilitate studies addressing several important questions in the biology of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the identification of antivirals and development of vaccines for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated COVID-19 disease.

Published
2020

207. Differences in tissue and species tropism of reptarenavirus species studied by vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes

Author

Korzyukov, Yegor, Iheozor-Ejiofor, Rommel, Levanov, Lev, Smura, Teemu, Hetzel, Udo; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9142-560X, Szirovicza, Leonora; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1528-044X, de la Torre, Juan Carlos; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8171-8115, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-0804, Kipar, Anja; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7289-3459, Vapalahti, Olli, Hepojoki, Jussi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-214X, Korzyukov, Yegor, Iheozor-Ejiofor, Rommel, Levanov, Lev, Smura, Teemu, Hetzel, Udo; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9142-560X, Szirovicza, Leonora; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1528-044X, de la Torre, Juan Carlos; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8171-8115, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-0804, Kipar, Anja; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7289-3459, Vapalahti, Olli, and Hepojoki, Jussi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-214X

Abstract

Reptarenaviruses cause Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD), and co-infections by several reptarenaviruses are common in affected snakes. Reptarenaviruses have only been found in captive snakes, and their reservoir hosts remain unknown. In affected animals, reptarenaviruses appear to replicate in most cell types, but their complete host range, as well as tissue and cell tropism are unknown. As with other enveloped viruses, the glycoproteins (GPs) present on the virion’s surface mediate reptarenavirus cell entry, and therefore, the GPs play a critical role in the virus cell and tissue tropism. Herein, we employed single cycle replication, GP deficient, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (scrVSV∆G-eGFP) pseudotyped with different reptarenavirus GPs to study the virus cell tropism. We found that scrVSV∆G-eGFPs pseudotyped with reptarenavirus GPs readily entered mammalian cell lines, and some mammalian cell lines exhibited higher, compared to snake cell lines, susceptibility to reptarenavirus GP-mediated infection. Mammarenavirus GPs used as controls also mediated efficient entry into several snake cell lines. Our results confirm an important role of the virus surface GP in reptarenavirus cell tropism and that mamma-and reptarenaviruses exhibit high cross-species transmission potential.

Published
2020

208. Snake deltavirus utilizes envelope proteins of different viruses to generate infectious particles

Author

Patton, John T, Patton, J T ( John T ), Szirovicza, Leonora; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1528-044X, Hetzel, Udo; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9142-560X, Kipar, Anja; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7289-3459, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Vapalahti, Olli, Hepojoki, Jussi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-214X, Patton, John T, Patton, J T ( John T ), Szirovicza, Leonora; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1528-044X, Hetzel, Udo; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9142-560X, Kipar, Anja; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7289-3459, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Vapalahti, Olli, and Hepojoki, Jussi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-214X

Abstract

Satellite viruses, most commonly found in plants, rely on helper viruses to complete their replication cycle. The only known example of a human satellite virus is the hepatitis D virus (HDV), and it is generally thought to require hepatitis B virus (HBV) to form infectious particles. Until 2018, HDV was the sole representative of the genus Deltavirus and was thought to have evolved in humans, the only known HDV host. The subsequent identification of HDV-like agents in birds, snakes, fish, amphibians, and invertebrates indicated that the evolutionary history of deltaviruses is likely much longer than previously hypothesized. Interestingly, none of the HDV-like agents were found in coinfection with an HBV-like agent, suggesting that these viruses use different helper virus(es). Here we show, using snake deltavirus (SDeV), that HBV and hepadnaviruses represent only one example of helper viruses for deltaviruses. We cloned the SDeV genome into a mammalian expression plasmid, and by transfection could initiate SDeV replication in cultured snake and mammalian cell lines. By superinfecting persistently SDeV-infected cells with reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses, or by transfecting their surface proteins, we could induce production of infectious SDeV particles. Our findings indicate that deltaviruses can likely use a multitude of helper viruses or even viral glycoproteins to form infectious particles. This suggests that persistent infections, such as those caused by arenaviruses and orthohantaviruses used in this study, and recurrent infections would be beneficial for the spread of deltaviruses. It seems plausible that further human or animal disease associations with deltavirus infections will be identified in the future. IMPORTANCE Deltaviruses need a coinfecting enveloped virus to produce infectious particles necessary for transmission to a new host. Hepatitis D virus (HDV), the only known deltavirus until 2018, has been found only in humans, and its coinfection with h

Published
2020

210. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamic in vivo using reporter-expressing viruses.

Author

Chengjin Ye, Chiem, Kevin, Jun-Gyu Park, Silvas, Jesus A., Morales Vasquez, Desarey, Sourimant, Julien, Lin, Michelle J., Greninger, Alexander L., Plemper, Richard K., Torrelles, Jordi B., Kobie, James J., Walter, Mark R., de la Torre, Juan Carlos, and Martinez-Sobrido, Luis

Subjects
ANGIOTENSIN converting enzyme, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, DESENSITIZATION (Psychotherapy), COMMERCIAL products, VIRUS diseases, REPORTER genes, SPIDER silk
Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, is one of the biggest threats to public health. However, the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains poorly understood. Replication-competent recombinant viruses expressing reporter genes provide valuable tools to investigate viral infection. Low levels of reporter gene expressed from previous reporter-expressing recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 in the locus of the open reading frame (ORF)7a protein have jeopardized their use to monitor the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro or in vivo. Here, we report an alternative strategy where reporter genes were placed upstream of the highly expressed viral nucleocapsid (N) gene followed by a porcine tescherovirus (PTV-1) 2A proteolytic cleavage site. The higher levels of reporter expression using this strategy resulted in efficient visualization of rSARS-CoV-2 in infected cultured cells and excised lungs or whole organism of infected K18 human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mice. Importantly, real-time viral infection was readily tracked using a noninvasive in vivo imaging system and allowed us to rapidly identify antibodies which are able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Notably, these reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2, in which a viral gene was not deleted, not only retained wild-type (WT) virus-like pathogenicity in vivo but also exhibited high stability in vitro and in vivo, supporting their use to investigate viral infection, dissemination, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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211. Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Author

Zeineb, Zian, Brown, Peter, Tan, Aik-Choon, El-Esawi, Mohamed A., Liehr, Thomas, Blanck, Oliver, Gladue, Douglas P., Almeida, Gabriel M. F., Cernava, Tomislav, Sorzano, Carlos O., Yeung, Andy W. K., Engel, Michael S., Chandrasekaran, Arun Richard, Muth, Thilo, Staege, Martin S., Daulatabad, Swapna V., Widera, Darius, Zhang, Junpeng, Meule, Adrian, Honjo, Ken, Pourret, Olivier, Yin, Cong-Cong, Zhang, Zhongheng, Cascella, Marco, Flegel, Willy A., Goodyear, Carl S., Raaij, Mark J. van, Bukowy-Bieryllo, Zuzanna, Campana, Luca G., Kurniawan, Nicholas A., Lalaouna, David, Hüttner, Felix J., Ammerman, Brooke A., Ehret, Felix, Cobine, Paul A., Tan, Ene-Choo, Han, Hyemin, Xia, Wenfeng, McCrum, Christopher, Dings, Ruud P. M., Marinello, Francesco, Nilsson, Henrik, Nixon, Brett, Voskarides, Konstantinos, Yang, Long, Costa, Vincent D., Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bradshaw, William, Grimm, Dominik G., Kumar, Nitin, Martis, Elvis, Prieto, Daniel, Sabnis, Sandeep C., Amer, Said E. D. R., Liew, Alan W. C., Perco, Paul, Rahimi, Farid, Riva, Giuseppe, Zhang, Chongxing, Devkota, Hari P., Ogami, Koichi, Basharat, Zarrin, Fierz, Walter, Siebers, Robert, Tan, Kok-Hian, Boehme, Karen A., Brenneisen, Peter, Brown, James A. L., Dalrymple, Brian P., Harvey, David J., Ng, Grace, Werten, Sebastiaan, Bleackley, Mark, Dai, Zhanwu, Dhariwal, Raman, Gelfer, Yael, Hartmann, Marcus D., Miotla, Pawel, Tamaian, Radu, Govender, Pragashnie, Gurney-Champion, Oliver J., Kauppila, Joonas H., Zhang, Xiaolei, Echeverría, Natalia, Subhash, Santhilal, Sallmon, Hannes, Tofani, Marco, Bae, Taeok, Bosch, Oliver, Cuív, Páraic O., Danchin, Antoine, Diouf, Barthelemy, Eerola, Tuomas, Evangelou, Evangelos, Filipp, Fabian V., Klump, Hannes, Kurgan, Lukasz, Smith, Simon S., Terrier, Olivier, Tuttle, Neil, Ascher, David B., Janga, Sarath C., Schulte, Leon N., Becker, Daniel, Browngardt, Christopher, Bush, Stephen J., Gaullier, Guillaume, Ide, Kazuki, Meseko, Clement, Werner, Gijsbert D. A., Zaucha, Jan, Al-Farha, Abd A., Greenwald, Noah F., Popoola, Segun I., Rahman, Md Shaifur, Xu, Jialin, Yang, Sunny Y., Hiroi, Noboru, Alper, Ozgul M., Baker, Chris I., Bitzer, Michael, Chacko, George, Debrabant, Birgit, Dixon, Ray, Forano, Evelyne, Gilliham, Matthew, Kelly, Sarah, Klempnauer, Karl-Heinz, Lidbury, Brett A., Lin, Michael Z., Lynch, Iseult, Ma, Wujun, Maibach, Edward W., Mather, Diane E., Nandakumar, Kutty S., Ohgami, Robert S., Parchi, Piero, Tressoldi, Patrizio, Xue, Yu, Armitage, Charles, Barraud, Pierre, Chatzitheochari, Stella, Coelho, Luis P., Diao, Jiajie, Doxey, Andrew C., Hu, Pingzhao, Kaiser, Stefan, Mitchell, Kate M., Salama, Mohamed F., Shabalin, Ivan G., Song, Haijun, Stevanovic, Dejan, Yadollahpour, Ali, Zeng, Erliang, Zinke, Katharina, Alimba, C. G., Beyene, Tariku J., Cao, Zehong, Chan, Sherwin S., Gatchell, Michael, Kleppe, Andreas, Piotrowski, Marcin, Torga, Gonzalo, Woldesemayat, Adugna A., Cosacak, Mehmet I., Haston, Scott, Ross, Stephanie A., Williams, Richard, Wong, Alvin, Abramowitz, Matthew K., Effiong, Andem, Lee, Senhong, Abid, Muhammad Bilal, Agarabi, Cyrus, Alaux, Cedric, Albrecht, Dirk R., Atkins, Gerald J., Beck, Charles R., Bonvin, A. M. J. J., Bourke, Emer, Brand, Thomas, Braun, Ralf J., Bull, James A., Cardoso, Pedro, Carter, Dee, Delahay, Robin M., Ducommun, Bernard, Duijf, Pascal H. G., Epp, Trevor, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Fallah, Mazyar, Farber, Debora B., Fernandez-Triana, Jose, Feyerabend, Frank, Florio, Tullio, Friebe, Michael, Furuta, Saori, Gabrielsen, Mads, Gruber, Jens, Grybos, Malgorzata, Han, Qian, Heinrich, Michael, Helanterä, Heikki, Huber, Michael, Jeltsch, Albert, Jiang, Fan, Josse, Claire, Jurman, Giuseppe, Kamiya, Haruyuki, Keersmaecker, Kim de, Kristiansson, Erik, Leeuw, Frank-Erik de, Li, Jiuyong, Liang, Shide, Lopez-Escamez, Jose A., Lopez-Ruiz, Francisco J., Marchbank, Kevin J., Marschalek, Rolf, Martín, Carmen S., Miele, Adriana E., Montagutelli, Xavier, Morcillo, Esteban, Nicoletti, Rosario, Niehof, Monika, O’Toole, Ronan, Ohtomo, Toshihiko, Oster, Henrik, Palma, Jose-Alberto, Paterson, Russell, Peifer, Mark, Portilla, Maribel, Portillo, M. C., Pritchard, Antonia L., Pusch, Stefan, Raghava, Gajendra P. S., Roberts, Nicola J., Ross, Kehinde, Schuele, Birgitt, Sergeant, Kjell, Shen, Jun, Stella, Alessandro, Sukocheva, Olga, Uversky, Vladimir N., Vanneste, Sven, Villet, Martin H., Viveiros, Miguel, Vorholt, Julia A., Weinstock, Christof, Yamato, Masayuki, Zabetakis, Ioannis, Zhao, Xin, Ziegler, Andreas, Aizat, Wan M., Atlas, Lauren, Bridges, Kristina M., Chakraborty, Sayan, Deschodt, Mieke, Domingues, Helena S., Esfahlani, Shabnam S., Falk, Sebastian, Guisado, J. L., Kane, Nolan C., Kueberuwa, Gray, Lau, Colleen L., Liang, Dai, Liu, Enwu, Luu, Andreas M., Ma, Chuang, Ma, Lisong, Moyer, Robert, Norris, Adam D., Panthee, Suresh, Parsons, Jerod R., Peng, Yousong, Pinto, Inês Mendes, Reschke, Cristina R., Sillanpää, Elina, Stewart, Christopher J., Uhle, Florian, Yang, Hui, Zhou, Kai, Zhu, Shu, Ashry, Mohamed, Bergsland, Niels, Berthold, Maximilian, Chen, Chang-Er, Colella, Vito, Cuypers, Maarten, Eskew, Evan A., Fan, Xiao, Gajda, Maksymilian, Gonzálezlez-Prendes, Rayner, Goodin, Amie, Graham, Emily B., Groen, Ewout J. N., Gutiérrez-Sacristán, Alba, Habes, Mohamad, Heffler, Enrico, Higginbottom, Daniel B., Janzen, Thijs, Jayaraman, Jayakumar, Jibb, Lindsay A., Jongen, Stefan, Kinyanjui, Timothy, Koleva-Kolarova, Rositsa G., Li, Zhixiu, Liu, Yu-Peng, Lund, Bjarte A., Lussier, Alexandre A., Ma, Liping, Mier, Pablo, Moore, Matthew D., Nagler, Katja, Orme, Mark W., Pearson, James A., Prajapati, Anilkumar S., Saito, Yu, Tröder, Simon E., Uchendu, Florence, Verloh, Niklas, Voutchkova, Denitza D., Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Bakkach, Joaira, Baumert, Philipp, Dono, Marcos, Hanson, Jack, Herbelet, Sandrine, Hobbs, Emma, Kulkarni, Ameya, Kumar, Narendra, Liu, Siqi, Loft, Nikolai D., Reddan, Tristan, Senghore, Thomas, Vindin, Howard, Xu, Haotian, Bannon, Ross, Chen, Branson, Cheung, Johnny T. K., Cooper, Jeffrey, Esnakula, Ashwini K., Feghali, Karine A., Ghelardi, Emilia, Gnasso, Agostino, Horbar, Jeffrey, Lai, Hei M., Li, Jian, Ma, Lan, Ma, Ruiyan, Pan, Zihang, Peres, Marco A., Pranata, Raymond, Seow, Esmond, Sydes, Matthew, Testoni, Ines, Westermair, Anna L., Yang, Yongliang, Afnan, Masoud, Albiol, Joan, Albuquerque, Lucia G., Amiya, Eisuke, Amorim, Rogerio M., An, Qianli, Andersen, Stig U., Aplin, John D., Argyropoulos, Christos, Asmann, Yan W., Assaeed, Abdulaziz M., Atanasov, Atanas G., Atchison, David A., Avery, Simon V., Avillach, Paul, Baade, Peter D., Backman, Lars, Badie, Christophe, Baldi, Alfonso, Ball, Elizabeth, Bardot, Olivier, Barnett, Adrian G., Basner, Mathias, Batra, Jyotsna, Bazanova, O. M., Beale, Andrew, Beddoe, Travis, Bell, Melanie L., Berezikov, Eugene, Berners-Price, Sue, Bernhardt, Peter, Berry, Edward, Bessa, Theolis B., Billington, Craig, Birch, John, Blakely, Randy D., Blaskovich, Mark A. T., Blum, Robert, Boelaert, Marleen, Bogdanos, Dimitrios, Bosch, Carles, Bourgoin, Thierry, Bouvard, Daniel, Boykin, Laura M., Bradley, Graeme, Braun, Daniel, Brownlie, Jeremy, Brühl, Albert, Burt, Austin, Butler, Lisa M., Byrareddy, Siddappa N., Byrne, Hugh J., Cabantous, Stephanie, Calatayud, Sara, Candal, Eva, Carlson, Kimberly, Casillas, Sònia, Castelvetro, Valter, Caswell, Patrick T., Cavalli, Giacomo, Cerovsky, Vaclav, Chagoyen, Monica, Chen, Chang-Shi, Chen, Dong F., Chen, Hao, Chen, Hui, Chen, Jui-Tung, Chen, Yinglong, Cheng, Changxiu, Cheng, Jianlin, Chinapaw, Mai, Chinopoulos, Christos, Cho, William C. S., Chong, Lillian, Chowdhury, Debashish, Chwalibog, Andre, Ciresi, A., Cockcroft, Shamshad, Conesa, Ana, Cook, Penny A., Cooper, David N., Coqueret, Olivier, Corea, Enoka M., Costa, Elisio, Coupland, Carol, Crawford, Stephanie Y., Cruz, Aparecido D., Cui, Huijuan, Cui, Qiang, Culver, David C., D’Angiulli, Amedeo, Dahms, Tanya E. S., Daigle, France, Dalgleish, Raymond, Danielsen, Håvard E., Darras, Sébastien, Davidson, Sean M., Day, David A., Degirmenci, Volkan, Demaison, Luc, Devriendt, Koenraad, Ding, Jiandong, Dogan, Yunus, Dong, X. C., Donner, Claudio F., Dressick, Walter, Drevon, Christian A., Duan, Huiling, Ducho, Christian, Dumaz, Nicolas, Dwarakanath, Bilikere S., Ebell, Mark H., Eisenhardt, Steffen, Elkum, Naser, Engel, Nadja, Erickson, Timothy B., Fairhead, Michael, Faville, Marty J., Fejzo, Marlena S., Festa, Fernanda, Feteira, Antonio, Flood-Page, Patrick, Forsayeth, John, Fox, Simon A., Franks, Steven J., Frentiu, Francesca D., Frilander, Mikko J., Fu, Xinmiao, Fujita, Satoshi, Galea, Ian, Galluzzi, Luca, Gani, Federica, Ganpule, Arvind P., García-Alix, Antonio, Gedye, Kristene, Giordano, Maurizio, Giunta, Cecilia, Gleeson, Paul A., Goarant, Cyrille, Gong, Haipeng, Gora, Diop, Gough, Michael J., Goyal, Ravinder, Graham, Kathryn E., Grande-Pérez, Ana, Graves, Patricia M., Greidanus, Harm, Grice, Darren, Grunau, Christoph, Gumulya, Yosephine, Guo, Yabin, Gurevich, Vsevolod V., Gusev, Oleg, Hacker, Elke, Hage, Steffen R., Hagen, Guy, Hahn, Steven, Haller, Dagmar M., Hammerschmidt, Sven, Han, Jianwei, Han, Renzhi, Handfield, Martin, Hapuarachchi, Hapuarachchige C., Harder, Timm, Hardingham, Jennifer E., Heck, Michelle, Heers, Marcel, Hew, Khe F., Higuchi, Yohei, Hilaire, Cynthia St, Hilton, Rachel, Hodzic, Enisa, Hone, Andrew, Hongoh, Yuichi, Hu, Guoku, Huber, Heinz P., Hueso, Luis E., Huirne, Judith, Hurt, Lisa, Idborg, Helena, Ikeo, Kazuho, Ingley, Evan, Jakeman, Philip M., Jensen, Arne, Jia, Hong, Jia, Husen, Jia, Shuqin, Jiang, Jianping, Jiang, Xingyu, Jin, Yi, Jo, Daehyun, Johnson, Andrew M., Johnston, Marie, Jonscher, Karen R., Jorens, Philippe G., Jorgensen, Jens O. L., Joubert, Johan W., Jung, Sin-Ho, Junior, Antonio M., Kahan, Thomas, Kamboj, Sunjeev K., Kang, Yong-Kook, Karamanos, Yannis, Karp, Natasha A., Kelly, Ryan, Kenna, Ralph, Kennedy, Jonathan, Kersten, Birgit, Khalaf, Roy A., Khalid, Javaria M., Khatlani, T., Khider, Tarig, Kijanka, Gregor S., King, Sarah R. B., Kluz, Tomasz, Knox, Paul, Kobayashi, Tatsuya, Koch, Karl-Wilhelm, Kohonen-Corish, Maija R. J., Kong, Xiangpeng, Konkle-Parker, Deborah, Korpela, Kalevi M., Kostrikis, Leondios G., Kraiczy, Peter, Kratz, Harald, Krause, Günter, Krebsbach, Paul H., Kristensen, Søren R., Kumari, Prerna, Kunimatsu, Akira, Kurdak, Hatice, Kwon, Young D., Lachat, Carl, Lagisz, Malgorzata, Laky, Brenda, Lammerding, Jan, Lange, Matthias, Larrosa, Mar, Laslett, Andrew L., LeClair, Elizabeth E., Lee, Kyung-Woo, Lee, Ming-Yih, Lee, Moon-Soo, Li, Genyuan, Li, Jiansheng, Lieb, Klaus, Lim, Yau Y., Lindsey, Merry L., Line, Paul-Dag, Liu, Dengcai, Liu, Fengbin, Liu, Haiyan, Liu, Hongde, Lloyd, Vett K., Lo, Te-Wen, Locci, Emanuela, Loidl, Josef, Lorenzen, Johan, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lovell, Nigel H., Lu, Hua, Lu, Wei, Lu, Zhiyong, Luengo, Gustavo S., Lundh, Lars-Gunnar, Lysy, Philippe A., Mabb, Angela, Mack, Heather G., Mackey, David A., Mahdavi, S. R., Maher, Pamela, Maher, Toby, Maity, Sankar N., Malgrange, Brigitte, Mamoulakis, Charalampos, Mangoni, Arduino A., Manke, Thomas, Manstead, Antony S. R., Mantalaris, Athanasios, Marsal, Jan, Marschall, Hanns-Ulrich, Martin, Francis L., Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martinez-Salas, Encarnacion, Mathieu, Daniel, Matsui, Yoichi, Maza, Elie, McCutcheon, James E., McKay, Gareth J., McMillan, Brian, McMillan, Nigel, Meads, Catherine, Medina, Loreta, Merrick, B. Alex, Metzger, Dennis W., Meunier, Frederic A., Michaelis, Martin, Micheau, Olivier, Mihara, Hisaaki, Mintz, Eric M., Mizukami, Takuo, Moalic, Yann, Mohapatra, D. P., Monteiro, Antonia, Montes, Matthieu, Moran, John V., Morozov, Sergey Y., Mort, Matthew, Murai, Noriyuki, Murphy, Denis J., Murphy, Susan K., Murray, Shauna A., Naganawa, Shinji, Nammi, Srinivas, Nasios, Grigorios, Natoli, Roman M., Nguyen, Frederique, Nicol, Christine, Nieuwerburgh, Filip van, Nilsen, Erlend B., Nobile, Clarissa J., O’Mahony, Margaret, Ohlsson, Sophie, Olatunbosun, Oluremi, Olofsson, Per, Ortiz, Alberto, Ostrikov, Kostya, Otto, Siegmar, Outeiro, Tiago F., Ouyang, Songying, Paganoni, Sabrina, Page, Andrew, Palm, Christoph, Paradies, Yin, Parsons, Michael H., Parsons, Nick, Pascal, Pigny, Paul, Elisabeth, Peckham, Michelle, Pedemonte, Nicoletta, Pellizzon, Michael A., Petrelli, M., Pichugin, Alexander, Pinto, Carlos J. C., Plevris, John N., Pollesello, Piero, Polz, Martin, Ponti, Giovanna, Porcelli, Piero, Prince, Martin, Quinn, Gwendolyn P., Quinn, Terence J., Ramula, Satu, Rappsilber, Juri, Rehfeldt, Florian, Reiling, Jan H., Remacle, Claire, Rezaei, Mohsen, Riddick, Eric W., Ritter, Uwe, Roach, Neil W., Roberts, David D., Robles, Guillermo, Rodrigues, Tiago, Rodriguez, Cesar, Roislien, Jo, Roobol, Monique J., Rowe, J. Alexandra, Ruepp, Andreas, Ruitenbeek, Jan van, Rust, Petra, Saad, Sonia, Sack, George H., Santos, Manuela, Saudemont, Aurore, Sava, Gianni, Schrading, Simone, Schramm, Alexander, Schreiber, Martin, Schuler, Sidney, Schymkowitz, Joost, Sczyrba, Alexander, Seib, Kate L., Shi, Han-Ping, Shimada, Tomohiro, Shin, Jeon-Soo, Shortt, Colette, Silveyra, Patricia, Skinner, Debra, Small, Ian, Smeets, Paul A. 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Mechanisms, Pediatric surgery, APH - Methodology, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, RELISH Consortium [Member of the MPIB: Lucas Molleman], Kostrikis, Leondios G. 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Bessa, TB, Blakely, RD, Blaskovich, MAT, Boykin, LM, Butler, LM, Byrareddy, SN, Byrne, HJ, Caswell, PT, Chen, CS, Chen, DF, Chen, JT, Chen, YL, Cheng, CX, Cheng, JL, Cho, WCS, Cook, PA, Cooper, DN, Corea, EM, Crawford, SY, Cruz, AD, Cui, HJ, Culver, DC, Dahms, TES, Danielsen, HE, Davidson, SM, Day, DA, Dong, XC, Donner, CF, Drevon, CA, Duan, HL, Dwarakanath, BS, Ebell, MH, Erickson, TB, Faville, MJ, Fejzo, MS, Fox, SA, Franks, SJ, Frentiu, FD, Frilander, MJ, Fu, XM, Ganpule, AP, Gleeson, PA, Gong, HP, Gough, MJ, Graham, KE, Graves, PM, Guo, YB, Gurevich, VV, Hage, SR, Haller, DM, Han, JW, Hapuarachchi, HC, Hardingham, JE, Hew, KF, St Hilaire, C, Hu, GK, Huber, HP, Hueso, LE, Jakeman, PM, Jia, HS, Jia, SQ, Jiang, JP, Jiang, XY, Johnson, AM, Jonscher, KR, Jorens, PG, Jorgensen, JOL, Joubert, JW, Jung, SH, Junior, AM, Kamboj, SK, Kang, YK, Karp, NA, Khalaf, RA, Khalid, JM, Kijanka, GS, King, SRB, Koch, KW, Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Korpela, KM, Kostrikis, LG, Krebsbach, PH, Kristensen, SR, 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del Tredici, AL, Udo, EE, Vandenbroucke, RE, Veiga, FH, Vesk, PA, Victor, VM, Vohl, MC, Voolstra, CR, Walsh, LJ, Wang, AY, Wen, JC, White, EP, Wojan, TR, Wong, BM, Wu, TW, Xiao, XS, Xu, JW, Xu, JP, Yang, EC, Yang, SQ, Ye, YZ, Ye, ZQ, Yuan, GC, Yuh, CH, Zhang, YK, Zhang, YS, Zhang, ZY, Aanei, CM, Atack, JM, Biedermann, PHW, den Bos, W, Boudreau, SA, Bramoweth, AD, Cao, ZX, Cheng, SQ, Chung, HJ, Chavez-Fumagalli, MA, Costa, BM, Dean, LT, Denzel, MS, Dlamini, SV, Dudley, KJ, Emmrich, JV, Eustace, AJ, Falter-Wagner, CM, Gao, JZ, Gill, MR, Grundle, DS, Ikonomopoulou, MP, Johnson, DM, Kaye, LK, Khan, MM, Kim, YM, Kish, JK, Kugler, JM, Lauschke, VM, Li, BL, Lim, CJ, Liu, XD, Lu, JJ, McGarrigle, CA, Mondal, SR, Van de Mortel, T, Moss, WN, Moultos, OA, Neumann, PA, Nie, JY, Nie, YJ, Oldenmenger, WH, Ou, JH, Pearce, SP, Pelleri, MC, Pereira, JL, Pinto, KA, Podolsky, IM, Qi, DC, Qi, XS, Raikou, VD, Rotge, JY, Rowe, AD, Schuon, RA, Smout, MJ, Song, CJ, Srivastava, RK, Tai, CNP, Tao, WY, Tian, CF, 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Univ Calif Irvine, Univ Hosp Leuven, Chongqing Med Univ, Childrens Hosp Kings Daughters, China Three Gorges Univ, and Xiangtan Univ

Subjects
Technology and Engineering, SCIENTIFIC SEARCH, Expert-curated database, Biokemia, solu- ja molekyylibiologia - Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, Databases, RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium, Medicine and Health Sciences, Biomedical research, benchmarking, Biology, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Settore MED/42 - IGIENE GENERALE E APPLICATA, database, Computer. Automation, Science & Technology, 0804 Data Format, relisch, Scientific research in health sciences, Mathematics and Statistics, litearture search, relisch , database, biomedical research, Biomedical literature, Original Article, RELISH, Mathematical & Computational Biology, RECOMMENDER-SYSTEMS, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Mathematics, 0807 Library and Information Studies
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T01:57:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-29 Griffith University Gowonda HPC Cluster Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research. 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Montpellier, CNRS, Inst Human Genet, Montpellier, France Czech Acad Sci, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, Prague, Czech Republic CSIC, Natl Ctr Biotechnol CNB, Computat Syst Biol Grp, Madrid, Spain Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Tainan, Taiwan Harvard Med Sch, Schepens Eye Res Inst, Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA Lanzhou Univ, Hosp 2, Dept Gen Surg, Lanzhou, Gansu, Peoples R China Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Life Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia JT Chen Clin, Gynecol, Tokyo, Japan Univ Western Australia, Sch Agr & Environm, Perth, WA, Australia Beijing Normal Univ, Fac Geog Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Missouri, Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Columbia, MO USA Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Amsterdam Publ Hlth Res Inst, Dept Publ & Occupat Hlth, Amsterdam, Netherlands Semmelweis Univ, Med Biochem, Budapest, Hungary Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Dept Clin Oncol, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Pittsburgh, Chem, Pittsburgh, PA USA GB Pant Inst Post Grad Med Educ & Res, Neurol, New Delhi, India Univ Copenhagen, Vet & Anim Sci, Copenhagen, Denmark Univ Palermo, Biomed Dept Internal & Specialist Med DIBIMIS, Sect Endocrinol, Palermo, Italy UCL, NPP, London, England Univ Florida, Microbiol & Cell Sci, Gainesville, FL USA Univ Salford, Sch Hlth Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England Cardiff Univ, Inst Med Genet, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales INSERM, ICO Canc Ctr, Angers, France Univ Colombo, Fac Med, Microbiol, Colombo, Sri Lanka Beijing Univ Chinese Med, Sch Chinese Mat Med, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Porto, Fac Pharm, Porto, Portugal Univ Nottingham, Div Primary Care, Nottingham, England Univ Illinois, Pharm Syst Outcomes & Policy, Chicago, IL USA Pontificia Univ Catolica Goias, Escola Ciencias Agr & Biol, Goiania, Go, Brazil China Japan Friendship Hosp, Dept Oncol, Beijing, Peoples R China Boston Univ, Chem, Boston, MA 02215 USA Amer Univ, Environm Sci, Washington, DC 20016 USA Carleton Univ, Neurosci, Ottawa, ON, Canada Univ Regina, Chem & Biochem, Regina, SK, Canada Univ Montreal, Microbiolgy, Montreal, PQ, Canada Univ Leicester, Dept Genet & Genome Biol, Leicester, Leics, England Univ Queensland, Sch Agr & Food Sci, Gatton, Qld, Australia CNRS, BIOM, Paris, France UCL, Hatter Cardiovasc Inst, London, England Flinders Univ S Australia, Sci & Engn, Adelaide, SA, Australia Univ Warwick, Engn, Coventry, W Midlands, England Katholieke Univ Leuven, Ctr Human Genet, Leuven, Belgium Fudan Univ, Dept Macromol Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China Dokuz Eylul Univ, Biol Educ, Izmir, Turkey Indiana Univ Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA Mondo Med, Pulm Dis, Borgomanero, Italy US Naval, Res Lab, Ctr Bio Mol Sci & Engn, Washington, DC USA Univ Oslo, Inst Basic Med Sci, Dept Nutr, Oslo, Norway Peking Univ, Dept Mech & Engn Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Saarland Univ, Dept Pharm Pharmaceut & Med Chem, Saarbrucken, Germany INSERM, Natl Inst Hlth & Med Res, Skin Res Inst, Paris, France Shanghai Proton & Heavy Ion Ctr, Res & Dev, Shanghai, Peoples R China Univ Georgia, Epidemiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA Univ Freiburg, Med Ctr, Dept Plast & Hand Surg, Freiburg, Germany Sidra Med, Res, Doha, Qatar Rostock Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Oral Maxillofacial & Plast Surg, Rostock, Germany Harvard Med Sch, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Emergency Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA AgResearch, Forage Sci, Palmerston North, New Zealand Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med, Los Angeles, CA USA Arizona State Univ, Biodesign Inst, Virginia G Piper Ctr Personalized Diagnost, Tempe, AZ USA Sheffield Hallam Univ, Res Inst, Mat & Engn, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England Aneurin Bevan Univ Healthboard, Resp Med, Newport, Shrops, England Univ Calif San Francisco, Neurol Surg, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA Univ Western Australia, UWA Dent Sch, Perth, WA, Australia Fordham Univ, Biol Sci, Bronx, NY 10458 USA Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Helsinki, Finland Fujian Normal Univ, Coll Life Sci, Fuzhou, Fujian, Peoples R China Univ Fukui, Dept Frontier Fiber Technol & Sci, Fukui, Japan Univ Southampton, Fac Med, Clin & Expt Sci, Southampton, Hants, England Univ Urbino, Dept Biomol Sci, Urbino, Italy Osped San Luigi, Allergol Unit, Turin, Italy Muljibhai Patel Urol Hosp, Dept Urol, Nadiad, Gujarat, India Univ Granada, Stratig & Paleontol, Granada, Spain Massey Univ, Sch Vet Sci, Auckland, New Zealand CNR, High Performance Comp & Networking Inst, Naples, Italy Univ Childrens Hosp Zurich, Div Metab, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Childrens Hosp Zurich, Childrens Res Ctr, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Melbourne, Biochem & Mol Biol, Parkville, Vic, Australia Inst Pasteur, Leptospirosis Res & Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia Tsinghua Univ, Sch Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Cheikh Anta Diop Univ UCAD, Sci Fac, Biol Anim Dept, Dakar, Senegal Providence Portland Med Ctr, Earle A Chiles Res Inst, Portland, OR USA Agr & Agri Food Canada, Lacombe Res & Dev Ctr, Lacombe, AB, Canada Alberta Innovates, Performance Management & Evaluat, Edmonton, AB, Canada Univ Malaga, CSIC, Inst Hortofruticultura Subtrop Mediterranea La Ma, IHSM,UMA, Malaga, Spain James Cook Univ, Coll Publ Hlth Med & Vet Sci, Cairns, Qld, Australia European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France CSIRO, Floreat, WA, Australia Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sun Yat Sen Mem Hosp, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Vanderbilt Univ, Pharmacol, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA RIKEN, KFU RIKEN Translat Genom Unit, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Univ Tubingen, Neurobiol Vocal Commun, Tubingen, Germany Univ Colorado, UCCS Ctr Biofrontiers Inst, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA Fred Hutchinson Canc Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA USA Univ Geneva, Fac Med, Primary Care Unit, Geneva, Switzerland Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Dept Mol Genet & Infect Biol, Greifswald, Germany East China Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Fine Chem, Shanghai, Peoples R China Ohio State Univ, Surg, Columbus, OH 43210 USA Oragenics, R&D, Tampa, FL USA Natl Environm Agcy, Environm Hlth Inst, Singapore, Singapore Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Inst Diagnost Virol, Greifswald, Germany Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Oncol, Woodville, SA, Australia USDA, Emerging Pests & Pathogens Res Unit, Ithaca, NY USA Univ Freiburg, Med Ctr, Dept Neurosurg, Epilepsy Ctr, Freiburg, Germany Univ Hong Kong, Fac Educ, Informat & Technol Studies, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & life Sci, Agr & Environm Biol, Tokyo, Japan Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Med, Pittsburgh Heart Lung & Blood Vasc Med Inst, Pittsburgh, PA USA Guys & St Thomas NHS Fdn Trust, Directorate Transplant Renal & Urol, London, England Univ Sarajevo, Clin Ctr, Clin Heart Blood Vessel & Rheumat Dis, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herceg Univ Kent, Sch Math Stat & Actuarial Sci, Canterbury, Kent, England Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Life Sci & Technol, Tokyo, Japan Univ Appl Sci Munich, Laser Ctr Dept Appl Sci & Mechatron, Munich, Germany CIC NanoGUNE, Nanodevices, San Sebastian, Spain Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Gynaecol, Amsterdam, Netherlands Cardiff Univ, Med Sch, Div Populat Med, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales Karolinska Inst, Dept Med, Solna, Sweden Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Informat Biol, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan Murdoch Univ, Harry Perkins Inst Med Res, Perth, WA, Australia Univ Limerick, Phys Educ & Sport Sci, Limerick, Ireland Ruhr Univ Bochum, Campus Clin Gynecol, Univ Str, Bochum, Germany Southwest Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Epidemiol & Biostat, Luzhou, Sichuan, Peoples R China Beijing Canc Hosp, Minist Educ Beijing, Key Lab Carcinogenesis & Translat Res, Ctr Mol Diagnost, Beijing, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Chengdu Inst Biol, Herpetol Dept, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China Key Lab Nano Biol Effects & Safety, Beijing, Peoples R China NIBR, PK Sci, Basel, Switzerland Daejeon St Marys Hosp, Pain Ctr, Daejeon, South Korea Univ Western Ontario, Sch Hlth Studies, London, ON, Canada Univ Aberdeen, Hlth Psychol Grp, Aberdeen, Scotland Univ Colorado, Anesthesiol, Anschutz Med Campus, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Antwerp, UZA Antwerp Univ Hosp, Crit 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Res Ctr, Stem Cell & Regenerat Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Univ Bahri, Ind Pulp & Paper, Khartoum, Sudan Univ Queensland, Mater Med Res Inst, Mater Res Inst, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Colorado State Univ, NREL, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA Rzeszow Univ Hosp, Ob Gyn Dept, Rzeszow, Poland Univ Leeds, Fac Biol Sci, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Endocrine Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Neurosci, Oldenburg, Germany UNSW, St George & Sutherland Clin Sch, Microbiome Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10016 USA NYU, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol, New York, NY USA Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Med Infect Dis, Jackson, MS 39216 USA Tampere Univ, Fac Social Sci Psychol, Tampere, Finland Univ Cyprus, Dept Biol Sci, Nicosia, Cyprus Goethe Univ, Inst Med Microbiol & Infect Control, Frankfurt, Germany Charite Med Univ Berlin, Inst Radiol, Berlin, Germany Univ Cologne, Univ Hosp Cologne, Internal Med 1, Cologne, Germany Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Dent, Sect Periodont, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA Aalborg Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, Aalborg, Denmark Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Pharm Practice, Manipal, Karnataka, India Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Radiol, Tokyo, Japan Cukurova Univ, Family Med, Fac Med, Adana, Turkey Catholic Univ Korea, Coll Med, Dept Humanities & Social Med, Seoul, South Korea Univ Ghent, Food Technol Safety & Hlth, Ghent, Belgium UNSW Sydney, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci BEES, Sydney, NSW, Australia St Vincent Shoulder & Sports Clin, Res Unit, Vienna, Austria Cornell Univ, Biomed Engn, Ithaca, NY USA Leibniz Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res IPK, Res Grp Bioinformat & Informat Technol, Gatersleben, Germany Univ Europea Madrid, Sch Doctoral Studies, Madrid, Spain CSIRO Mfg, Biomed Mfg, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Depaul Univ, Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60604 USA Konkuk Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Technol, Seoul, South Korea Chang Gung Univ, Grad Inst Med Mechatron, Taoyuan, Taiwan Korea Univ, Coll Med, Psychiat, Seoul, South Korea Princeton Univ, Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Henan Univ Chinese Med, Henan Key Lab Chinese Med Resp Dis, Zhengzhou, Henan, Peoples R China Univ Med Ctr Mainz, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany Monash Univ Malaysia, Sch Sci, Selangor, Malaysia Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Physiol & Biophys, Jackson, MS 39216 USA Univ Oslo, Dept Transplantat Med, Oslo, Norway Sichuan Agr Univ, Triticeae Res Inst, Yaan, Sichuan, Peoples R China Guangzhou Univ Chinese Med, Gastroenterol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Southeast Univ, Sch Biol Sci & Med Engn, Suzhou, Jiangsu, Peoples R China Mt Allison Univ, Biol, Sackville, NB, Canada Ithaca Coll, Biol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA Univ Cagliari, Dept Med Sci & Publ Hlth, Monserrato, Italy Univ Vienna, Chromosome Biol, Vienna, Austria Univ Zurich, Nephrol, Zurich, Switzerland Friedrich Schiller Univ, Inst Nutr Sci, Jena, Germany UNSW Sydney, Grad Sch Biomed Engn, Sydney, NSW, Australia Tulane Univ, Sch Med, Biochem & Mol Biol, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA NINDS, NIH, Bldg 36,Rm 4D04, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA NIH, NCBI, Natl Lib Med, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA LOreal Res & Innovat, Aulnay Sous Bois, France Lund Univ, Dept Psychol, Malmo, Sweden Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Rech Expt & Clin, Brussels, Belgium Georgia State Univ, Neurosci Inst, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA Univ Melbourne, Ophthalmol, Surg, Parkville, Vic, Australia Univ Western Australia, Ctr Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Perth, WA, Australia Iran Univ Med Sci, Med Phys, Fac Med, Tehran, Iran Salk Inst Biol Studies, Cellular Neurobiol, La Jolla, CA USA Imperial Coll London, Fibrosis Res Grp, London, England Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Genitourinary Med Oncol, Houston, TX 77030 USA Univ Liege, GIGA Neurosci, Liege, Belgium Univ Crete, Sch Med, Urol, Iraklion, Greece Flinders Univ S Australia, Flinders Med Ctr, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Adelaide, SA, Australia Max Planck Inst Immunobiol & Epigenet, Bioinformat, Breisgau, Germany Cardiff Univ, Sch Psychol, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales Imperial Coll London, Chem Engn, London, England Lund Univ, Skane Univ Hosp, Clin Sci, Malmo, Sweden Sahlgrens Acad, Inst Clin Sci, Dept Mol & Clin Med, Gothenburg, Sweden Univ Cent Lancashire, Sch Pharm & Biomed Sci, Preston, Lancs, England Hosp Univ Doctor Peset, Psychiat & Clin Psychol, Valencia, Spain Ctr Biol Mol Severo Ochoa, Genome Dynam & Funct, Madrid, Spain Unvivers Hosp Lille, Dept Intens Care, Lille, France Kansai Med Univ, Surg, Osaka, Japan Univ Toulouse, Inst Natl Polytech Toulouse, Ecole Natl Super Agron Toulouse, Lab Genom & Biotechnol Fruit, Toulouse, France UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Inst Psychol, Tromsto, Norway Queens Univ, Ctr Publ Hlth, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland Univ Manchester, Ctr Primary Care & Hlth Serv Res, Manchester, Lancs, England Griffith Univ, Menzies Hlth Inst, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Anglia Ruskin Univ, FHSCE, Cambridge, England Univ Lleida, Dept Expt Med, Lleida, Spain NIEHS, Biomol Screening Branch, Div Natl Toxicol Program, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA Albany Med Coll, Immunol & Microbial Dis, Albany, NY 12208 USA Univ Queensland, Queensland Brain Inst, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Kent, Sch Biosci, Canterbury, Kent, England Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, INSERM, LNC, UMR 1231, Besancon, France Ritsumeikan Univ, Coll Life Sci, Dept Biotechnol, Shiga, Japan Kent State Univ, Biol Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Safety Res Blood & Biol Prod, Tokyo, Japan European Inst Marine Studies, Lab Microbiol Extreme Environm, Plouzane, France Univ Iowa, Dept Pharmacol, Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA Natl Univ Singapore, Biol Sci, Singapore, Singapore Conservatoire Natl Arts & Metiers, Lab GBA, EA4627, Paris, France Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Belozersky Inst Physicochem Biol, Moscow, Russia Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Tokyo, Japan Univ South Wales, Genom & Computat Biol, Treforest, Wales Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC USA Univ Technol Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Sydney, NSW, Australia Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Western Sydney Univ, Sch Sci & Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia TEI Epirus, Dept Speech & Language Therapy, Ioannina, Greece Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Orthopaed Surg, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA Oniris, Vet Pathol, Nantes, France Royal Vet Coll, Pathobiol & Populat Sci, Hatfield, Herts, England Univ Ghent, Lab Pharmaceut Biotechnol, Ghent, Belgium Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Terr Ecol, Trondheim, Norway Univ Calif Merced, Mol & Cell Biol, Merced, CA USA Univ Dublin, Trinity Coll Dublin, Sch Engn, Ctr Transport Res, Dublin, Ireland Lund Univ, Inst Clin Sci, Nephrol, Malmo, Sweden Univ Birmingham, Mech Engn, Birmingham, W Midlands, England Lund Univ, Inst Clin Sci, OB GYN, Lund, Sweden Fdn Jimenez Diaz Hosp, Nephrol & Hypertens, Madrid, Spain Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Chem Phys & Mech Engn, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Otto von Guericke Univ, Psychol, Magdeburg, Germany Univ Med Ctr Gottingen, Dept Expt Neurodegenerat, Gottingen, Germany Harvard Med Sch, Spaulding Rehabil Hosp, Phys Med & Rehabil, Boston, MA 02115 USA Quadram Inst Biosci, Sci Operat, Norwich, Norfolk, England Ostbayer Tech Hsch Regensburg OTH Regensburg, Regensburg Med Image Comp ReMIC, Regensburg, Germany Deakin Univ, Fac Arts & Educ, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Univ Warwick, Warwick Med Sch, Coventry, W Midlands, England INSERM, Natl Inst Hlth & Med Res, Biochem & Mol Biol, Paris, France Univ Liege, Tax Inst, Liege, Belgium Univ Leeds, Sch Mol & Cellular Biol, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England IRCCS Ist Giannina Gaslini, UOC Genet Med, Genoa, Italy Res Diets Inc, Sci, New Brunswick, NJ USA Univ Perugia, Dept Phys & Geol, Perugia, Italy Walter Reed Natl Mil Med Ctr, Cellular Immunol, Bethesda, MD USA Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Biol Sci Ctr, Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol Dept, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Edinburgh, Royal Infirm, Ctr Liver & Digest Disorders, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Orion Pharma, Crit Care Proprietary Prod Div, Espoo, Finland MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Univ Turin, Dept Vet Sci, Turin, Italy Univ G dAnnunzio, Dept Psychol Hlth & Territorial Sci, Chieti, Italy NYU, Sch Med, OB GYN, New York, NY USA Univ Glasgow, Inst Cardiovasc & Med Sci, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Turku, Finland Tech Univ Berlin, Bioanalyt, Berlin, Germany Univ Goettingen, Inst Phys Biophys 3, Gottingen, Germany Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Inst Appl Canc Sci, Translat Res Adv Therapeut & Innovat Oncol TRACTI, Houston, TX 77030 USA Univ Liege, Life Sci, Liege, Belgium Tarbiat Modares Univ, Fac Med Sci, Dept Toxicol, Tehran, Iran ARS, USDA, Stoneville, MS USA Univ Regensburg, RCI Regensburg Ctr Intervent Immunol, Regensburg, Germany Univ Nottingham, Sch Psychol, Nottingham, England NIH, Pathol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Univ Carlos III Madrid, Elect Engn, Madrid, Spain Inst Med Mol, Chem Biol, Lisbon, Portugal Univ Costa Rica, CIET, San Jose, Costa Rica Univ Stavanger, Fac Hlth Sci, Stavanger, Norway Erasmus MC, Urol, Rotterdam, Netherlands Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland German Res Ctr Environm Hlth GmbH, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Inst Bioinformat & Syst Biol IBIS, Ingolstadter Landstr 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany Leiden Univ, Huygens Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, Leiden, Netherlands Univ Vienna, Nutr Sci, Vienna, Austria Kolling Inst Med Res, Med, St Leonards, NSW, Australia Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Biol Chem, Baltimore, MD USA Univ Montreal, Med Nutr & Microbiome Lab, Montreal, PQ, Canada GlaxoSmithKline, Cell & Gene Therapy, Stevenage, Herts, England Univ Trieste, Life Sci, Trieste, Italy Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Dept Radiol, Aachen, Germany Univ Duisburg Essen, Univ Hosp Essen, West German Canc Ctr, Dept Med Oncol, Essen, Germany Med Univ Vienna, Obstet & Gynecol, Vienna, Austria FHI 360, Social & Behav Hlth Sci Div, Washington, DC USA KU Leuven VIB, Switch Lab, Leuven, Belgium Bielefeld Univ, Fac Technol, Bielefeld, Germany Capital Med Univ, Beijing Shijitan Hosp, Dept Clin Nutr, Dept Gastrointestinal Surg, Beijing, Peoples R China Meiji Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Kawasaki, Japan Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Microbiol, Seoul, South Korea Johnson & Johnson EAME, Maidenhead, Berks, England Penn State Coll Med, Pediat, Hershey, PA USA Univ N Carolina, Dept Social Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA Univ Western Australia, ARC CoE Plant Energy Biol, Perth, WA, Australia Wageningen Univ, Div Human Nutr & Hlth, Wageningen, Netherlands Kings Coll London, Dept Neuroimaging, London, England Univ Murcia, Biochem & Mol Biol, Murcia, Spain Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA Monash Univ, Biochem & Mol Biol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Pittsburgh, Pharmacol & Chem Biol, Pittsburgh, PA USA Univ Lausanne, Ctr Integrat Genom, Lausanne, Switzerland Univ Queensland, Sch Pharm, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Leibniz Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res IPK Gat, Genebank, Gatersleben, Germany Piramal Imaging, Res & Dev, Berlin, Germany Univ Leeds, Civil Engn, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England Univ Missouri, Chem & Biochem, St Louis, MO 63121 USA US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA Ajinomoto Genet Res Inst, Moscow, Russia Jagiellonian Univ, Fac Biochem Biophys & Biotechnol, Dept Plant Biotechnol, Krakow, Poland Univ Puerto Rico, Engn Sci & Mat, Mayaguez, PR USA Univ Regina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Regina, SK, Canada Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA Univ Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast Mind & Neurosci Thompson Inst, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia Chinese Peoples Liberat Army Gen Hosp, Dept Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Beijing, Peoples R China Griffith Univ, Griffith Ctr Social & Cultural Res, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Tohoku Univ, Inst Dev Aging Canc, Dept Mol Oncol, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Indiana Univ, Comp Sci, Bloomington, IN USA Fukushima Med Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pulm Med, Fukushima, Japan MEDIVIR AB, Biol, Huddinge, Sweden Western Sydney Univ, Neuroimmunol, Sydney, NSW, Australia Univ Jordan, Nutr & Food Technol, Amman, Jordan Thunen Inst Forest Genet, Fed Res Ctr Rura Areas Forestry & Fisheries, Inst Biodivers, Grosshansdorf, Germany Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Biol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Integrat Physiol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Toronto, Struct Genom Consortium, Toronto, ON, Canada Canadian Mem Chiropract Coll, Grad Educ & Res, Toronto, ON, Canada Agilent Technol, R&D, Leuven, Belgium Univ British Columbia, Sch Nursing, Vancouver, BC, Canada Monash Univ, Monash Hlth, Sch Clin Sci, Stroke & Ageing Res,Dept Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia French Natl Canc Inst, Innovat, Transfer, Biol, Boulogne, France Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Phys Chem, NanoBioSci, Munich, Germany Bandung Inst Technol, Sch Pharm, Med Chem, Bandung, Indonesia Univ Luxembourg, Life Sci Res Unit, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Lund Univ, Skane Univ Hosp, Dept Gastroenterol, Malmo, Sweden Millennium Hlth, Translat Genet, San Diego, CA USA Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Med Dept 2, Clin Res & Evidence Based Med Unit, Thessaloniki, Greece Jan Kochanowski Univ Humanities & Sci, Piotrkow Trybunalski Branch, Dept Psychol, Kielce, Poland McMaster Univ, Engn Phys, Hamilton, ON, Canada Marche Polytech Univ, Dept Agr Food & Environm Sci, Ancona, Italy Kuwait Univ, Fac Med, Microbiol, Kuwait, Kuwait Fujita Hlth Univ, Dept Breast Surg, Toyoake, Aich, Japan North West Reg Spinal Injuries Ctr, Spinal Injuries Ctr, Southport, Merseyside, England Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Competence Ctr Methodol & Stat, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Nestle Inst Hlth Sci SA, Metab Hlth, Ecublens, Vaud, Switzerland Ctr Inflammat Res VIB, Ghent, Belgium Univ Ghent, Dept Biomed Mol Biol, Ghent, Belgium Univ Lisbon, Inst Educ, Curriculo Formacao Prof & Tecnol, Lisbon, Portugal Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Inflammat Res, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Melbourne, Sch BioSci, Parkville, Vic, Australia Northumbria Univ, Comp & Informat Sci, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England Univ Valencia, Endocrinol, Valencia, Spain INRS, Inst Armand Frappier, Laval, PQ, Canada Univ Laval, INAF, Sch Nutr, Quebec City, PQ, Canada Univ Konstanz, Dept Biol, Constance, Germany Univ Cote dAzur, LAMHESS, Nice, France Scion, Syst Ecol, Christchurch, New Zealand CUNY, Grad Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Policy, Epidemiol & Biostat, New York, NY 10021 USA Univ Queensland, Sch Dent, Brisbane, Qld, Australia George Inst Global Hlth, Renal & Metab Div, Sydney, NSW, Australia Wuhan Univ, Coll Chem & Mol Sci, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China Griffith Univ, Sch Environm & Sci, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Univ Minnesota, Radiat Oncol, Minneapolis, MN USA Goethe Univ, Fac Med, Frankfurt, Germany Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol, Dept & Grad Sch Safety & Environm Engn, Touliu, Yunlin, Taiwan Massey Univ, Sch Sport Exercise & Nutr, Auckland, New Zealand Univ Florida, Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL USA Bournemouth Univ, Dept Psychol, Poole, Dorset, England Robert Koch Inst, Project Grp P2, Berlin, Germany Univ Edinburgh, MRC Inst Genet & Mol Med, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland Univ Wollongong, Sch Med, Wollongong, NSW, Australia Univ Cologne, Inst Human Genet, Cologne, Germany Rural Econ Branch, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA Uivers Bordeaux, CNRS, Inst Neurosci Cognit & Integrat Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA Univ Calif Riverside, Mat Sci & Engn Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA Mackay Med Coll, Dept Med, New Taipei, Taiwan Univ Bern, Div Anim Welf, Bern, Switzerland Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Portland, OR 97201 USA Shanghai Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Inst Interdisciplinary Med Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China McMaster Univ, Biol, Hamilton, ON, Canada Univ S Florida, Dept Cell Biol Microbiol & Mol Biol, Tampa, FL USA Hacettepe Univ, Inst Canc, Med Oncol, Ankara, Turkey City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Elect Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Entomol, Taipei, Taiwan Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Environm & Sustainable Dev Agr, Ecol Secur, Beijing, Peoples R China Florida State Univ, Inst Mol Biophys, Chem & Biochem, Tallahassee, FL USA Peking Univ, Shenzhen Grad Sch, State Key Lab Chem Oncogen, Lab Computat Chem & Drug Design, Shenzhen, Peoples R China Univ Helsinki, Fac Pharm, Div Pharmaceut Chem & Technol, Drug Res Program, Helsinki, Finland Tohoku Univ, Microbial Biotechnol, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Tianjin Med Univ, Sch Basical Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Tianjin, Peoples R China Dana Farber Canc Inst, Biostat & Computat Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA Natl Hlth Res Inst, Inst Mol & Genom Med, Zhunan, Taiwan Univ Oxford, Physiol Anat & Genet, Oxford, England George Washington Univ, Phys, Washington, DC USA Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE USA Toronto Gen Hosp, Res Inst, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON, Canada Univ Texas Dallas, Biol Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY USA Shandong Univ, Sch Math & Stat, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei Natl Lab Phys Sci Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, Peoples R China Purdue Univ, Med Chem & Mol Pharmacol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA NIBSC, Adv Therapies, Ridge, Herts, England Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Ruijin Hosp, Dept Pulm & Crit Care Med, Shanghai, Peoples R China Charite Med Univ Berlin, Dermatol & Allergy, Berlin, Germany Univ Hosp St Etienne, Hematol, St Etienne, France Inland Norway Univ Appl Sci, Inst Biotechnol, Elverum, Norway Univ Jordan, Pediat, Amman, Jordan Inst Pasteur, Mol Mycol Unit, Paris, France Cardiff Univ, Sch Med, Inst Psychol Med & Clin Neurosci, Med Res Council Ctr Neuropsychiat Genet & Genom, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales Zurich Univ Appl Sci, Social Work, Zurich, Switzerland Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, Sch Life Sci, New Delhi, India Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, LE2I, Dijon, France Univ Roehampton, Life Sci, London, England Ghent Univ Hosp, Gen & HPB Surg, Ghent, Belgium Univ Wurzburg, Insect Fungus Symbiosis Lab, Wurzburg, Germany Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Behav Sci Inst, Nijmegen, Netherlands Fraunhofer WKI, Applicat Ctr HOFZET, Hannover, Germany UCL, Struct & Mol Biol, London, England Univ Amsterdam, Dev Psychol, Amsterdam, Netherlands Aalborg Univ, Hlth Sci & Technol, CNAP, SMI, Aalborg, Denmark VA Pittsburgh Healthcare Syst, Ctr Hlth Equity Res & Promot, Pittsburgh, PA USA Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Neurosurg, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Data & Comp Sci, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Dezhou Univ, Shandong Prov Key Lab Biophys, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Maison Teledetection, Inst Rech Dev, UMR Espace DEv, Montpellier, France Xiamen Univ, Sch Life Sci, Xiamen, Fujian, Peoples R China Nanjing Univ, Sch Med, Jinling Hosp, Natl Clin Res Ctr Kidney Dis,Dept Med Imaging, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China Univ Kent, Sch Social Policy Sociol & Social Res, Canterbury, Kent, England Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Infect Dis & Trop Med, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Minho, Sch Med, Life & Hlth Sci Res Inst ICVS, Braga, Portugal Univ Montreal, Biochim & Med Mol, Montreal, PQ, Canada Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA Max Planck Inst Biol Ageing, Metab & Genet Regulat Ageing, Cologne, Germany Univ Swaziland, Hlth Sci, Kwaluseni, Eswatini Queensland Univ Technol, Inst Future Environm, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Ctr Sci Monaco, Dept Biol Med, Monaco, Monaco HELIOS Hosp, Urol, Bad Saarow Pieskow, Germany Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Microbiol, Braunschweig, Germany Univ Barcelona, Barcelona Ctr Maternal Fetal & Neonatal Med, Fetal i D Fetal Med Res Ctr, IDIBAPS BCNatal,Hosp Clin, Barcelona, Spain Univ Barcelona, Hosp St Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Inst Bacterial Infect & Zoonoses, Jena, Germany Charite Med Univ Berlin, Neurol, Berlin, Germany Dublin City Univ, Natl Inst Cellular Biotechnol, Mol Therapeut Canc Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Schoen Clin Roseneck, Prien Am Chiemsee, Germany Univ Med Ctr Hamburg Eppendorf, Inst Sex Res & Forens Psychiat, Hamburg, Germany Nankai Univ, Sch Math Sci, Tianjin, Peoples R China Nankai Univ, LPMC, Tianjin, Peoples R China Univ Oxford, Oncol, Oxford, England Royal Holloway Univ London, Class, Egham, Surrey, England Cornell Univ, Clin Sci, Ithaca, NY USA Univ KwaZulu Natal, Pharmaceut Chem, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa Royal Coll Surgeons Ireland, Med, Dublin, Ireland Univ Oslo, Dept Immunol, Oslo, Norway Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, Marine Nitrogen Cycling Lab, St Georges, Bermuda Kanazawa Univ, Inst Liberal Arts & Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan World Hlth Org Reg Off Africa, Brazzaville, Rep Congo Univ Hosp BesanCon, Infect Control Dept, Besancon, France Galapagos NV, Clin Dev, Mechelen, Belgium Univ Tasmania, Integrated Marine Observing Syst, Hobart, Tas, Australia Georg August Univ Gottingen, Albrecht von Haller Inst Plant Sci, Dept Systemat Biodivers & Evolut Plants, Gottingen, Germany Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Dept Psychiat, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan IMDEA Food, Program Precis Nutr & Aging, Madrid, Spain Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Sch, IQHealthcare, Nijmegen, Netherlands Maastricht Univ, Dept Cardiovasc Surg, Maastricht, Netherlands German Diabet Ctr, Inst Clin Biochem & Pathobiochem, Dusseldorf, Germany Juntendo Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Tokyo, Japan Deakin Univ, Sch Informat Technol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Max Planck Inst Eusenforschung, Dept Interface Chem & Surface Sci, Dusseldorf, Germany Edge Hill Univ, Dept Psychol, Ormskirk, England Aga Khan Univ, Psychiat, Karachi, Pakistan KRIBB, Korean Bioinformat Ctr, Seoul, South Korea Cardinal Hlth Specialty Solut, Hlth Econ & Outcomes Res, Dallas, TX USA Klinikum Univ Munchen, Div Clin Pharmacol, Munich, Germany Univ Pittsburgh, Neurol Surg, Pittsburgh, PA USA Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat Psychosomat & Ps, Aachen, Germany Univ Copenhagen, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Struct Biol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA Royal Shrewsbury Hosp, Colorectal Surg, Shrewsbury, Salop, England Univ Nottingham, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Nottingham, England Karolinska Inst, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Solna, Sweden Chinese Acad Sci, Changchun Inst Appl Chem, State Key Lab Electroanalyt Chem, Jilin, Jilin, Peoples R China Univ British Columbia, Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada Chinese Acad Agr Sci, State Key Lab Cotton Biol, Res Base Anyang Inst Technol, Cotton Germplasm Resources,Inst Cotton Res, Beijing, Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Anaesthesia & Intens Care, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Macau, ICMS, Zhuhai, Guangdong, Peoples R China North China Elect Power Univ, Sch Renewable Energy, Beijing, Peoples R China Justus Liegbig Univ, Dept Internal Med, Giessen, Germany Aarhus Univ, Biosci, Aarhus, Denmark Univ Dublin, Trinity Coll Dublin, Irish Longitudinal Study Ageing TILDA, Dublin, Ireland Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Hematol, Groningen, Netherlands Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Child Neurol, Amsterdam, Netherlands EBI, EMBL, Cambridge, England Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, HGF MPG Joint Res Grp Deep Sea Ecol & Technol, Bremen, Germany Max Planck Inst Human Dev, Ctr Adapt Rat, Berlin, Germany King Faisal Univ, Math, Al Hufuf, Saudi Arabia Griffith Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Iowa State Univ, Roy J Carver Dept Biochemsitry Biophys & Mol Biol, Ames, IA USA Delft Univ Technol, Fac Mech Maritime & Mat Engn, Engn Thermodynam Proc & Energy Dept, Leeghwaterstr 39, NL-2628 CB Delft, Netherlands Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Coll Allied Hlth Profess, Cytotechnol Educ, Omaha, NE USA Shinko Mem Hosp, Dept Cardiovasc Med, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan Imperial Coll London, Mat, London, England Tech Univ Munich, Dept Surg, Munich, Germany Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Res Inst Pomol, Minist Agr, Lab Qual & Safety Risk Assessment Fruit Xingcheng, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China James Madison Univ, Commun Sci & Disorders, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA Univ Hosp Ulm, Inst Orthopaed Res & Biomech, Ulm, Germany Univ Essex, Sch Hlth & Social Care, Colchester, Essex, England Alpha Altis, Res Serv, Nottingham, England Erasmus MC, Med Oncol, Rotterdam, Netherlands Fed Univ Oye, Dept Ind Chem, Ekiti, Nigeria Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Cell Biol, Durham, NC USA Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Neurosci, Oxford, England Univ Manchester, Canc Res UK Manchester Inst, Manchester, Lancs, England Helsinki Univ Hosp, Childrens Hosp, Helsinki, Finland Univ Aveiro, CESAM Ctr Environm & Marine Studies, Dept Biol, Aveiro, Portugal Univ Botswana, Psychol, Gaborone, Botswana Univ Fed Bahia, Nursing Sch, Salvador, BA, Brazil Queen Mary Univ London, Biol & Expt Psychol, London, England Natl Univ Pharm, Med Chem Dept, Kharkov, Ukraine Univ Bolton, Dept Educ & Psychol, Bolton, England La Trobe Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Gen Hosp Northern Theater Command, Dept Gastroenterol, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China Doctors Hosp, Dept Nephrol, Athens, Greece Univ Hosp Essen, Pediat 3, Essen, Germany Imperial Coll London, Infect Dis Epidemiol, London, England Sorbonne Univ, Dept Psychiat, Paris, France UNSW Sydney, Educ, Sydney, NSW, Australia Stanford Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Hannover Med Sch, Clin Laryngol Rhinol & Otol, Hannover, Germany Curtin Univ, Ctr Aboriginal Studies, Perth, WA, Australia Iran Univ Sci & Technol, Biomed Engn Dept, Tehran, Iran Univ Calif San Francisco, Anesthesiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, Mech Engn, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates Univ Florida, Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL USA James Cook Univ, Australian Inst Trop Hlth & Med, Ctr Biodiscovery & Mol Dev Therapeut, Cairns, Qld, Australia Univ Porto, Fac Med, CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal Shaoxing Peoples Hosp, Med Res Ctr, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, Peoples R China NIH, Dept Transfus Med, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA AIIMS, Dept Biotechnol, New Delhi, India Univ Ottawa, Biochem Microbiol & Immunol, Ottawa, ON, Canada Univ Oslo, Inst Clin Med, Div Mental Hlth & Addict, Oslo, Norway Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Dept Radiol, Groningen, Netherlands Univ Hong Kong, Sch Nursing, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Tokyo Med Univ, Ibaraki Med Ctr, Urol, Tokyo, Japan Univ Hosp Zurich, Dept Radiat Oncol, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Maryland, Inst Human Virol, Div Immunotherapy, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA Univ Maryland, Dept Surg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Div Mol Biol & Human Genet, Stellenbosch, South Africa China Agr Univ, Coll Biol Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Suita, Osaka, Japan Univ Washington, Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA Natl Res Council Italy, Inst Biosci & BioResources, Naples, Italy Univ Lyon, Phys, Lyon, France Univ Basel, Fac Psychol, Ctr Social Psychol, Basel, Switzerland Queen Mary Univ London, Barts Canc Inst, Ctr Mol Oncol, London, England EBI, EMBL, Samples Phenotypes & Ontol Team, Cambridge, England Charles Sturt Univ, Fac Arts & Educ, Bathurst, NSW, Australia Shandong Univ, Helmholtz Inst Biotechnol, Sch Life Sci, State Key Lab Microbial Technol, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China Shantou Univ, Dept Biol, Shantou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Shanxi Univ, Inst Biomed Sci, Taiyuan, Shanxi, Peoples R China St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Computat Biol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA Harbin Med Univ, Coll Bioinformat Sci & Technol, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China NIH, Radiol & Imaging Sci, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA XtalPi Inc, Cambridge, MA USA Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Partner Inst Max Planck Soc, Inst Invest Biomed Buenos Aires IBioBA, Bioinformat, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Sydney, Save Sight Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia Univ South Australia, Canc Res Inst, Australian Ctr Precis Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia Jinan Univ, Inst Life & Hlth Engn, Guangdong Higher Educ Inst, Key Lab Funct Prot Res, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston, Epidemiol Human Genet & Environm Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USA Weill Cornell Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY USA Guangdong Inst Appl Biol Resources, Biotechnol Lab, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Shandong Normal Univ, Coll Life Sci, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China Shandong Univ, Life Sci Dept, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China South China Agr Univ, Integrat Microbiol Res Ctr, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Liaoning Acad Agr Sci, Crop Mol Improving Lab, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China Lawson Hlth Res Inst, Med Biophys, London, ON, Canada Univ Melbourne, Infrastruct Engn, Parkville, Vic, Australia Univ Canberra, Fac Hlth, Canberra, ACT, Australia Univ Cambridge, MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit, Cambridge, England Emory Univ, Biostat & Bioinformat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Anesthesiol & Crit Care Med, Baltimore, MD USA Nottingham Trent Univ, Sch Anim Rural & Environm Sci, Nottingham, England Univ Exeter, Biosci, Exeter, Devon, England Hillingdon Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, London, England Univ Glasgow, MRC CSO Social & Publ Hlth Sci Unit, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Evaggelismos Athens Hosp, ICU, Athens, Greece Univ Newcastle, Biol Sci, Callaghan, NSW, Australia Coventry Univ, Fac Hlth & Life Sci, Ctr Innovat Res Life Course, Coventry, W Midlands, England Lausanne Univ Hosp, Serv Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Lausanne, Switzerland Charles Sturt Univ, Sch Community Hlth, Bathurst, NSW, Australia Queens Univ Belfast, Inst Global Food Secur, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Policy Studies, Singapore, Singapore Univ Penn, Intitute Med & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA Univ Michigan, EECS, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA Univ British Columbia, Ctr Blood Res, Vancouver, BC, Canada UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Dept Hlth & Care Sci, Fac Hlth Sci, Tromso, Norway Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Physiotherapy, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Paris 05, Med Sch, Paris, France Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Sci, Natl Key Facil Crop Gene Resources & Genet Improv, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Ghent, Expt Clin & Hlth Psychol, Ghent, Belgium Indian Inst Adv Res, Bioinformat & Struct Biol, Gandhinagar, Gujart, India Bambino Ges Childrens Res Hosp, Lab Mol Med, Rome, Italy Heidelberg Univ, Ctr Infect Dis Parasitol, Heidelberg, Germany Stanford Univ, Elect Engn, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Univ Cadiz, Biol, Andalucia, Spain Mansoura Univ Hosp, Gen Surg, Mansoura, Egypt Inst Pasteur, Virol Pole, Dakar, Senegal Cardiff Univ, Div Canc & Genet, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales Ctr Expertise & Biol Diagnost Cameroon, Food Safety & Environm Microbiol, Yaounde, Cameroon Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Lab Thin Films & Photovolta, Dubendorf, Switzerland Assiut Univ, Assiut Urol & Nephrol Hosp, Fac Med, Assiut, Egypt UCL, GEE, London, England UCL, IHA, London, England Univ Derby, Univ Derby Online Learning, Derby, England SUNY Stony Brook, Family Populat & Prevent Med, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Mol Med Div, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Newcastle Univ, Northern Inst Canc Res, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England German Ctr Neurodegenerat Dis, Clin Dementia Res, Bonn, Germany Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, UMR 7144, Stn Biol, Paris, France Univ Barcelona, Odontoestomatol, Barcelona, Spain Janelia Res Campus, Comp Sci, Ashburn, VA USA Univ Oxford, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England Univ Bern, ARTORG Ctr Biomed Engn Res, Bern, Switzerland Australian Natl Univ, Eccles Inst Neurosci, John Curtain Sch Med Res, Canberra, ACT, Australia John Innes Ctr, Metab Biol, Norwich, Norfolk, England USDA ARS, Genom & Bioinformat Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Med Univ Graz, Inst Med Informat Stat & Documentat, Holzinger Grp, Graz, Austria Ajou Univ, Pharm, Suwon, South Korea City Univ Hong Kong, Sch Energy & Environm, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ British Columbia, Sch Kinseiol, Vancouver, BC, Canada Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Sect, Dept Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark Univ Vienna, Dept Commun, Vienna, Austria Univ Dundee, Sch Social Sci, Dundee, Scotland Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Bot, Dresden, Germany Univ Oxford, Div Struct Biol, Oxford, England Natl Univ Hlth Syst, Med, Singapore, Singapore Univ Canterbury, Sch Biol Sci, Christchurch, New Zealand Univ Hosp Southern Denmark, Focused Res Unit Mol Diagnost & Clin Res, Odense, Denmark Univ Oxford, Primary Care Hlth Sci, Oxford, England Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA Adnan Menderes Univ Aydin, Fac Nursing, Dept Publ Hlth Nursing, Aydin, Turkey Oasi Res Inst IRCCS, Dept Neurol IC, Troina, Italy Purdue Univ, Weldon Sch Biomed Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Kings Coll London, Kings Ctr Mil Hlth Res, London, England LSHTM, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London, England Leibniz Univ Hannover, BMWZ Organ Chem, Hannover, Germany Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Basic Med Sci, Dept Physiol & Pathophysiol, Xian, Shaanxi, Peoples R China Univ South Australia, Sch Pharm & Med Sci, Adelaide, SA, Australia Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Phys Educ, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Southern Med Univ, Nanfang Hosp, Dept Oncol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Stanford Univ, Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Shenzhen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Shenzhen Peoples Hosp 2, Inst Translat Med, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China Univ Hong Kong, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Hong Kong, Peoples R China UCL, Dept Mech Engn, London, England ASTAR, Singapore Immunol Network, Lab Microbial Immun, Singapore, Singapore Cent South Univ, State Key Lab Powder Met, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China Univ Aberdeen, Inst Appl Hlth Sci, Aberdeen, Scotland Univ Bridgeport, Biomed Engn, Bridgeport, CT 06601 USA Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Pharmaceut Sci, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA Univ Montana, Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA Univ Goettingen, Dept Syst Neurosci, Gottingen, Germany NHLBI, Lab Syst Genet, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Cleveland Clin, Lou Ruvo Ctr Brain Hlth, Imaging, Las Vegas, NV USA Flinders Univ S Australia, Coll Nursing & Hlth Sci, Nutr & Dietet, Adelaide, SA, Australia Univ Padua, Dept Math, Padua, Italy Lund Univ, Fac Law, Lund, Sweden Univ Gothenburg, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Gothenburg, Sweden NARO, Kachwekano Zardi, Entebbe, Uganda Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol, Bachelor Program Interdisciplinary Studies, Touliu, Yunlin, Taiwan Aarhus Univ, Dept Biomed, Danish Res Inst Translat Neurosci DANDRITE, Aarhus, Denmark Eduardo Mondlane Univ, Math & Comp Sci, Maputo, Mozambique Univ Bern, Dept Old Age Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland RAS, Inst Cytol, Lab Cytol Unicellular Organisms, St Petersburg, Russia Beijing Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Chem Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Queensland, Queensland Alliance Agr & Food Innovat, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Expt Med ITEM, Inhalat Toxicol, Hannover, Germany Univ Hong Kong, Publ Hlth, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Hlth Network, Anesthesia & Pain Med, Toronto, ON, Canada Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Univ Bath, Dept Hlth, Bath, Avon, England Univ Copenhagen, Computat & RNA Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS, Canada Goethe Univ, CEF MC, BMLS, Phys Biol, Frankfurt, Germany Albert Einstein Coll Med, Anat & Struct Biol, New York, NY USA Queensland Govt, Dept Environm & Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Uppsala Univ, Vasc Surg Sect, Dept Surg Sci, Uppsala, Sweden Childrens Canc Hosp, Res, Cairo, Egypt Leibniz Inst Nat Prod Res & Infect Biol, Bio Pilot Plant, Jena, Germany Duy Tan Univ, Inst Res & Dev, Da Nang, Vietnam Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Life Sci HiLIFE, Helsinki, Finland Univ Queensland, Australian Inst Bioengn & Nanotechnol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia George Inst Global Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia Griffith Univ, Griffith Inst Drug Discovery, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Dezhou Univ, Coll Phys & Elect Informat, Shandong Prov Key Lab Biophys, Dezhou, Peoples R China Henan Agr Univ, Coll Life Sci, Zhengzhou, Henan, Peoples R China Univ Tokyo, Publ Hlth, Tokyo, Japan Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Univ Illinois, Dept Med, Chicago, IL USA Beijing Inst Microbiol & Epidemiol, State Key Lab Pathogen & Biosecur, Beijing, Peoples R China Minist Hlth, Key Lab Neonatal Dis, Shanghai, Peoples R China Covenant Univ, Dept Phys, Ota, Nigeria Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ, Dept Phys Therapy & Hlth Rehabil, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia Lund Univ, Cognit Sci, Malmo, Sweden Natl Open Univ Nigeria, Dept Publ & Environm Hlth, Abuja, Nigeria Peking Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Lab Sci & Technol, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Sydney, Sch Publ Hlth, Menzies Ctr Hlth Policy, Sydney, NSW, Australia Univ Auckland, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Auckland, New Zealand Beijing Univ Chinese Med, Res Ctr TCM Informat Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Osped Niguarda Ca Granda, Cardiac Surg, Milan, Italy Univ Vet Med, Clin Horses, Hannover, Germany Harbin Med Univ, Lab Med Genet, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Psychol, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Univ Coimbra, Ctr Studies Geog & Spatial Planning CEGOT, Coimbra, Portugal Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Epidemiol, Groningen, Netherlands South Cent High Specialty Hosp, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, Pemex, Mexico Shandong Agr Univ, Coll Informat Sci & Engn, Tai An, Shandong, Peoples R China Curtin Univ, Natl Drug Res Inst, Perth, WA, Australia Wageningen Bioveterinary Res, Bacteriol & Epidemiol, Lelystad, Netherlands Guangdong Second Prov Gen Hosp, Dept Rheumatol & Immunol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Erasmus MC, Biomed Rngineering, Rotterdam, Netherlands Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Biomed & Hlth Sci, Hiroshima, Japan Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland Ohio State Univ, Mat Sci & Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA Kathmandu Univ, Sch Med Sci, Dept Physiotherapy, Dhulikhel, Nepal Univ Queensland, Sch Biomed Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Fraunhofer MEVIS, Image Guided Therapies, Bremen, Germany Natl Univ Hlth Syst, Haematol Oncol, Singapore, Singapore Sun Yat Sen Univ, Canc Ctr, Breast Oncol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Med Coll Wisconsin, Pharmacol & Toxicol, Wauwatosa, WI USA Queensland Univ Technol, Sci & Engn Fac, Sch Chem Phys & Mech Engn, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Turin, Dept Mol Biotechnol & Hlth Sci, Turin, Italy Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Rehabil, Physiotherapy Dept, Tehran, Iran Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Sci, Helsinki, Finland Univ Messina, Human Pathol, Messina, Italy AO Papardo Hosp Messina, Messina, Italy Univ Ibadan, Coll Med, Inst Child Hlth, Ibadan, Nigeria King Faisal Univ, Coll Med, Fac Ophthalmol, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia Univ Stirling, Inst Social Mkt, Stirling, Scotland Saveh Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Saveh, Iran Gakujutsu Shien Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples R China Univ Plymouth, Med Sch, Plymouth, Devon, England CHU Toulouse, Immunol, Toulouse, France Azorean Biodivers Grp, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Environm Changes, Azores, Portugal Univ Acores, Azores, Portugal RIKEN, Ctr Integrat Med Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Peking Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Global Hlth, Beijing, Peoples R China Chang Gung Univ, Chang Gung Mem Hosp, Dept Neurol, Linkou Med Ctr, Taoyuan, Taiwan Chang Gung Univ, Coll Med, Taoyuan, Taiwan Univ Malawi, Coll Med, Biomed Sci Dept, Blantyre, Malawi Univ Malawi, Coll Med, Pharm Dept, Blantyre, Malawi Bioself Commun, Biocurat, Marseille, France Peking Univ, Hosp 3, Dept Neurol, Beijing, Peoples R China Ahmadu Bello Univ, Fac Basic Clin Sci, Coll Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Zaria, Nigeria Dalhousie Univ, Dept Anesthesia Pain Management & Perioperat Med, Halifax, NS, Canada VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy UCL, Canc Res UK, London, England UCL, UCL Canc Trials Ctr, London, England Univ Ottawa, Family Med, Ottawa, ON, Canada China Agr Univ, Coll Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Leiden Univ, Leiden Acad Ctr Drug Res, Div Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden, Netherlands Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Intervent Radiol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Amer Univ Beirut, Med Ctr, Infect Dis, Beirut, Lebanon Sheffield Hallam Univ, Dept Social Work Social Care & Community Studies, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England Mechnikov Res Inst Vaccines & Sera, Viral Hepatitis, Moscow, Russia Univ Ottawa, Pediat, Ottawa, ON, Canada Vreden Russian Res Inst Traumatol & Orthopaed, Dept Wound Infect Treatment & Prevent, St Petersburg, Russia Hangzhou Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept TB Control & Prevent, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China Kaohsiung Med Univ, Dept Biotechnol, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Zoetis, Diagnost, Kalamazoo, MI USA Aintree Univ Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, Head & Neck Oncol Res, Liverpool, Merseyside, England Wrightington Hosp, Trauma & Orthopaed, Manchester, Lancs, England Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA Atkins Vet Serv, Microbiol, Calgary, AB, Canada Univ Porto, FADEUP, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal Natl Univ Singapore, Saw Swee Hock Sch Publ Hlth, Singapore, Singapore Kangwon Natl Univ, Coll Biotechnol & Biosci, Dept Food Sci & Biotechnol, Chunchon, South Korea Kakatiya Med Coll, Internal Med, Warangal, Telangana, India Univ Antioquia, Vet Med Sch, CIBAV Res Grp, Medellin, Colombia IISER, Dept Phys, Soft & Act Matter Grp, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India Univ Rosario, Sch Med & Hlth, Ctr Studies Phys Activ Measurements, Bogota, Colombia Univ Hosp Essen, Cardiol & Vasc Med, Essen, Germany Univ Hosp Basel, Endocrinol, Basel, Switzerland Univ Tubingen, Inst Med Genet & Appl Genom, Tubingen, Germany Univ Hosp Munster, Div Gen Internal Med Nephrol & Rheumatolog, Dept Med D, Munster, Germany Univ Kentucky, Dept Nephrol, Lexington, KY USA Univ Freiburg, Dept Anaesthesiol & Crit Care, Med Ctr, Freiburg, Germany Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Med, Orange, CA 92668 USA Univ Hosp Leuven, Dept Urol, Leuven, Belgium Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Florida, Orthopaed & Rehabil, Gainesville, FL USA Chongqing Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Chongqing Key Lab Mol Oncol & Epigenet, Chongqing, Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol, Seoul, South Korea Childrens Hosp Kings Daughters, Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Dept Pediat, Norfolk, VA USA China Three Gorges Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Math, Yichang, Peoples R China Xiangtan Univ, Coll Informat Engn, Xiangtan, Hunan, Peoples R China Univ Hlth Network, Mood Disorders & Psychopharmacol, Toronto, ON, Canada Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Anim Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Vet Clin, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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220. Broad Hemagglutinin-Specific Memory B Cell Expansion by Seasonal Influenza Virus Infection Reflects Early-Life Imprinting and Adaptation to the Infecting Virus

Author

Tesini, Brenda L., primary, Kanagaiah, Preshetha, additional, Wang, Jiong, additional, Hahn, Megan, additional, Halliley, Jessica L., additional, Chaves, Francisco A., additional, Nguyen, Phuong Q. T., additional, Nogales, Aitor, additional, DeDiego, Marta L., additional, Anderson, Christopher S., additional, Ellebedy, Ali H., additional, Strohmeier, Shirin, additional, Krammer, Florian, additional, Yang, Hongmei, additional, Bandyopadhyay, Sanjukta, additional, Ahmed, Rafi, additional, Treanor, John J., additional, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, additional, Golding, Hana, additional, Khurana, Surender, additional, Zand, Martin S., additional, Topham, David J., additional, and Sangster, Mark Y., additional

Published
2019
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222. The immunological potency and therapeutic potential of a prototype dual vaccine against influenza and Alzheimer's disease

Author

Martinez-Sobrido Luis, Movsesyan Nina, Petrushina Irina, Zamarin Dmitriy, Cadagan Richard, Ghochikyan Anahit, Davtyan Hayk, Albrecht Randy A, García-Sastre Adolfo, and Agadjanyan Michael G

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Background Numerous pre-clinical studies and clinical trials demonstrated that induction of antibodies to the β-amyloid peptide of 42 residues (Aβ42) elicits therapeutic effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, an active vaccination strategy based on full length Aβ42 is currently hampered by elicitation of T cell pathological autoreactivity. We attempt to improve vaccine efficacy by creating a novel chimeric flu vaccine expressing the small immunodominant B cell epitope of Aβ42. We hypothesized that in elderly people with pre-existing memory Th cells specific to influenza this dual vaccine will simultaneously boost anti-influenza immunity and induce production of therapeutically active anti-Aβ antibodies. Methods Plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used for the rescue of recombinant influenza virus containing immunodominant B cell epitopes of Aβ42 (Aβ1-7/10). Results Two chimeric flu viruses expressing either 7 or 10 aa of Aβ42 (flu-Aβ1-7 or flu-Aβ1-10) were generated and tested in mice as conventional inactivated vaccines. We demonstrated that this dual vaccine induced therapeutically potent anti-Aβ antibodies and anti-influenza antibodies in mice. Conclusion We suggest that this strategy might be beneficial for treatment of AD patients as well as for prevention of development of AD pathology in pre-symptomatic individuals while concurrently boosting immunity against influenza.

Published
2011
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223. Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

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Brown, Peter, Zhou, Yaoqi, Tan, Aik-Choon, El-Esawi, Mohamed A., Liehr, Thomas, Blanck, Oliver, Gladue, Douglas P., Almeida, Gabriel M.F., Cernava, Tomislav, Sorzano, Carlos O., Yeung, Andy W.K., Engel, Michael S., Chandrasekaran, Arun R., Muth, Thilo, Staege, Martin S., Daulatabad, Swapna V., Widera, Darius, Zhang, Junpeng, Meule, Adrian, Honjo, Ken, Pourret, Olivier, Yin, Cong-Cong, Zhang, Zhongheng, Cascella, Marco, Flegel, Willy A., Goodyear, Carl S., van Raaij, Mark J., Bukowy-Bieryllo, Zuzanna, Campana, Luca G., Kurniawan, Nicholas A., Lalaouna, David, Hüttner, Felix J., Ammerman, Brooke A., Ehret, Felix, Cobine, Paul A., Tan, Ene-Choo, Han, Hyemin, Xia, Wenfeng, McCrum, Christopher, Dings, Ruud P.M., Marinello, Francesco, Nilsson, Henrik, Nixon, Brett, Voskarides, Konstantinos, Yang, Long, Costa, Vincent D., Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bradshaw, William, Grimm, Dominik G., Kumar, Nitin, Martis, Elvis, Prieto, Daniel, Sabnis, Sandeep C., Amer, Said E.D.R., Liew, Alan W.C., Perco, Paul, Rahimi, Farid, Riva, Giuseppe, Zhang, Chongxing, Devkota, Hari P., Ogami, Koichi, Basharat, Zarrin, Fierz, Walter, Siebers, Robert, Tan, Kok H., Boehme, Karen A., Brenneisen, Peter, Brown, James A.L., Dalrymple, Brian P., Harvey, David J., Ng, Grace, Werten, Sebastiaan, Bleackley, Mark, Dai, Zhanwu, Dhariwal, Raman, Gelfer, Yael, Hartmann, Marcus D., Miotla, Pawel, Tamaian, Radu, Govender, Pragashnie, Gurney-Champion, Oliver J., Kauppila, Joonas H., Zhang, Xiaolei, Echeverría, Natalia, Subhash, Santhilal, Sallmon, Hannes, Tofani, Marco, Bae, Taeok, Bosch, Oliver, Cuív, Páraic O., Danchin, Antoine, Diouf, Barthelemy, Eerola, Tuomas, Evangelou, Evangelos, Filipp, Fabian, Klump, Hannes, Kurgan, Lukasz, Smith, Simon S., Terrier, Olivier, Tuttle, Neil, Ascher, David B., Janga, Sarath C., Schulte, Leon N., Becker, Daniel, Browngardt, Christopher, Bush, Stephen J., Gaullier, Guillaume, Ide, Kazuki, Meseko, Clement, Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Zaucha, Jan, Al-Farha, Abd A., Greenwald, Noah 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Abstract

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical science.

Published
2019

224. SARS-CoV-2 spike E484K mutation reduces antibody neutralisation

Author

Alshammary, Hala, Amoako, Angela A., Awawda, Mahmoud H., Beach, Katherine F, Bermúdez-González, Maria C., Chernet, Rachel L., Eaker, Lily Q., Ferreri, Emily D., Floda, Daniel L., Gleason, Charles R., Kleiner, Giulio, Jurczyszak, Denise, Matthews, Julia C., Mendez, Wanni A., Mulder, Lubbertus C.F., Russo, Kayla T., Salimbangon, Ashley-Beathrese T., Saksena, Miti, Shin, Amber S., Sominsky, Levy A., Srivastava, Komal, Jangra, Sonia, Ye, Chengjin, Rathnasinghe, Raveen, Stadlbauer, Daniel, Krammer, Florian, Simon, Viviana, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, García-Sastre, Adolfo, and Schotsaert, Michael

Published
2021
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225. AGL2017-82570-RReverse genetics approaches for the development of new vaccines against influenza A virus infections.

Author

Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, DeDiego, Marta L, and Nogales, Aitor

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) represent a serious concern globally because they are capable of rapid spread and cause severe disease in humans and other animals. The development and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics approaches have allowed the manipulation and recovery of recombinant IAVs from complementary DNA copies of the viral genome. Furthermore, IAV reverse genetics have provided researchers an efficient and powerful platform to introduce specific changes in the viral genome with the final goal of studying IAV biology, designing more effective vaccine strategies, and to reduce the rates of incidence and mortality associated with viral infections. In this review, we briefly discuss IAV reverse genetics and their applications to prevent IAV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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226. Structural basis of RNA cap modification by SARS-CoV-2.

Author

Viswanathan, Thiruselvam, Arya, Shailee, Chan, Siu-Hong, Qi, Shan, Dai, Nan, Misra, Anurag, Park, Jun-Gyu, Oladunni, Fatai, Kovalskyy, Dmytro, Hromas, Robert A., Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, and Gupta, Yogesh K.

Subjects
SARS-CoV-2, SARS disease, RNA modification & restriction, COVID-19
Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 illness, has caused millions of infections worldwide. In SARS coronaviruses, the non-structural protein 16 (nsp16), in conjunction with nsp10, methylates the 5′-end of virally encoded mRNAs to mimic cellular mRNAs, thus protecting the virus from host innate immune restriction. We report here the high-resolution structure of a ternary complex of SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 and nsp10 in the presence of cognate RNA substrate analogue and methyl donor, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). The nsp16/nsp10 heterodimer is captured in the act of 2′-O methylation of the ribose sugar of the first nucleotide of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA. We observe large conformational changes associated with substrate binding as the enzyme transitions from a binary to a ternary state. This induced fit model provides mechanistic insights into the 2′-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap. We also discover a distant (25 Å) ligand-binding site unique to SARS-CoV-2, which can alternatively be targeted, in addition to RNA cap and SAM pockets, for antiviral development. Specific non-structural proteins (nsp) of SARS coronaviruses are involved in methylation of virally encoded mRNAs to mimic cellular mRNAs for protection against host innate immune restriction. Here, the authors present a high resolution structure of SARS-CoV-2 nsp16/nsp10 ternary complex in the presence of cognate RNA substrate analogue and methyl donor, S-adenosyl methionine, revealing unique ligand-binding sites that may represent alternative targets for antiviral development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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231. TIM-1 Mediates Dystroglycan-Independent Entry of Lassa Virus

Author

Brouillette, Rachel B., primary, Phillips, Elisabeth K., additional, Patel, Radhika, additional, Mahauad-Fernandez, Wadie, additional, Moller-Tank, Sven, additional, Rogers, Kai J., additional, Dillard, Jacob A., additional, Cooney, Ashley L., additional, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, additional, Okeoma, Chioma, additional, and Maury, Wendy, additional

Published
2018
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234. Broad cross-reactive IgG responses elicited by adjuvanted vaccination with recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (rHA) in ferrets and mice

Author

Wang, Jiong, primary, Hilchey, Shannon P., additional, DeDiego, Marta, additional, Perry, Sheldon, additional, Hyrien, Ollivier, additional, Nogales, Aitor, additional, Garigen, Jessica, additional, Amanat, Fatima, additional, Huertas, Nelson, additional, Krammer, Florian, additional, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, additional, Topham, David J., additional, Treanor, John J., additional, Sangster, Mark Y., additional, and Zand, Martin S., additional

Published
2018
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235. A Highly Potent and Broadly Neutralizing H1 Influenza-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody

Author

Nogales, Aitor, primary, Piepenbrink, Michael S., additional, Wang, Jiong, additional, Ortega, Sandra, additional, Basu, Madhubanti, additional, Fucile, Christopher F., additional, Treanor, John J., additional, Rosenberg, Alexander F., additional, Zand, Martin S., additional, Keefer, Michael C., additional, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, additional, and Kobie, James J., additional

Published
2018
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238. A Highly Potent and Broadly Neutralizing H1 Influenza-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody

Author

Nogales, Aitor, Piepenbrink, Michael S, Wang, Jiong, Ortega, Sandra, Basu, Madhubanti, Fucile, Christopher F, Treanor, John J, Rosenberg, Alexander F, Zand, Martin S, Keefer, Michael C, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Kobie, James J, Nogales, Aitor, Piepenbrink, Michael S, Wang, Jiong, Ortega, Sandra, Basu, Madhubanti, Fucile, Christopher F, Treanor, John J, Rosenberg, Alexander F, Zand, Martin S, Keefer, Michael C, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, and Kobie, James J

Abstract

Influenza's propensity for antigenic drift and shift, and to elicit predominantly strain specific antibodies (Abs) leaves humanity susceptible to waves of new strains with pandemic potential for which limited or no immunity may exist. Subsequently new clinical interventions are needed. To identify hemagglutinin (HA) epitopes that if targeted may confer universally protective humoral immunity, we examined plasmablasts from a subject that was immunized with the seasonal influenza inactivated vaccine, and isolated a human monoclonal Ab (mAb), KPF1. KPF1 has broad and potent neutralizing activity against H1 influenza viruses, and recognized 83% of all H1 isolates tested, including the pandemic 1918 H1. Prophylactically, KPF1 treatment resulted in 100% survival of mice from lethal challenge with multiple H1 influenza strains and when given as late as 72 h after challenge with A/California/04/2009 H1N1, resulted in 80% survival. KPF1 recognizes a novel epitope in the HA globular head, which includes a highly conserved amino acid, between the Ca and Cb antigenic sites. Although recent HA stalk-specific mAbs have broader reactivity, their potency is substantially limited, suggesting that cocktails of broadly reactive and highly potent HA globular head-specific mAbs, like KPF1, may have greater clinical feasibility for the treatment of influenza infections.

Published
2018

244. Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs through large-scale compound repurposing

Author

Riva, Laura, Yuan, Shuofeng, Yin, Xin, Martin-Sancho, Laura, Matsunaga, Naoko, Pache, Lars, Burgstaller-Muehlbacher, Sebastian, De Jesus, Paul D., Teriete, Peter, Hull, Mitchell V., Chang, Max W., Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo, Cao, Jianli, Poon, Vincent Kwok-Man, Herbert, Kristina M., Cheng, Kuoyuan, Nguyen, Tu-Trinh H., Rubanov, Andrey, Pu, Yuan, Nguyen, Courtney, Choi, Angela, Rathnasinghe, Raveen, Schotsaert, Michael, Miorin, Lisa, Dejosez, Marion, Zwaka, Thomas P., Sit, Ko-Yung, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Liu, Wen-Chun, White, Kris M., Chapman, Mackenzie E., Lendy, Emma K., Glynne, Richard J., Albrecht, Randy, Ruppin, Eytan, Mesecar, Andrew D., Johnson, Jeffrey R., Benner, Christopher, Sun, Ren, Schultz, Peter G., Su, Andrew I., García-Sastre, Adolfo, Chatterjee, Arnab K., Yuen, Kwok-Yung, and Chanda, Sumit K.

Abstract

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 has triggered an ongoing global pandemic of the severe pneumonia-like disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1. The development of a vaccine is likely to take at least 12–18 months, and the typical timeline for approval of a new antiviral therapeutic agent can exceed 10 years. Thus, repurposing of known drugs could substantially accelerate the deployment of new therapies for COVID-19. Here we profiled a library of drugs encompassing approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved small molecules to identify candidate therapeutic drugs for COVID-19. We report the identification of 100 molecules that inhibit viral replication of SARS-CoV-2, including 21 drugs that exhibit dose–response relationships. Of these, thirteen were found to harbour effective concentrations commensurate with probable achievable therapeutic doses in patients, including the PIKfyve kinase inhibitor apilimod2–4and the cysteine protease inhibitors MDL-28170, Z LVG CHN2, VBY-825 and ONO 5334. Notably, MDL-28170, ONO 5334 and apilimod were found to antagonize viral replication in human pneumocyte-like cells derived from H9 human embryonic stem cell lines, and apilimod also demonstrated antiviral efficacy in a primary human lung explant model. Since most of the molecules identified in this study have already advanced into the clinic, their known pharmacological and human safety profiles will enable accelerated preclinical and clinical evaluation of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.

Published
2020
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245. Onward transmission of viruses: how do viruses emerge to cause epidemics after spillover?

Author

Wasik, Brian R., de Wit, Emmie, Munster, Vincent, Lloyd-Smith, James O., Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, and Parrish, Colin R.

Subjects
VIRAL transmission, ARBOVIRUSES, PARVOVIRUS B19, CANINE parvovirus, EPIDEMICS, ARTHROPOD vectors, VIRUSES, ZIKA Virus Epidemic, 2015-2016
Abstract

The critical step in the emergence of a new epidemic or pandemic viral pathogen occurs after it infects the initial spillover host and then is successfully transmitted onwards, causing an outbreak chain of transmission within that new host population. Crossing these choke points sets a pathogen on the pathway to epidemic emergence. While many viruses spill over to infect new or alternative hosts, only a few accomplish this transition—and the reasons for the success of those pathogens are still unclear. Here, we consider this issue related to the emergence of animal viruses, where factors involved likely include the ability to efficiently infect the new animal host, the demographic features of the initial population that favour onward transmission, the level of shedding and degree of susceptibility of individuals of that population, along with pathogen evolution favouring increased replication and more efficient transmission among the new host individuals. A related form of emergence involves mutations that increased spread or virulence of an already-known virus within its usual host. In all of these cases, emergence may be due to altered viral properties, changes in the size or structure of the host populations, ease of transport, climate change or, in the case of arboviruses, to the expansion of the arthropod vectors. Here, we focus on three examples of viruses that have gained efficient onward transmission after spillover: influenza A viruses that are respiratory transmitted, HIV, a retrovirus, that is mostly blood or mucosal transmitted, and canine parvovirus that is faecal:oral transmitted. We describe our current understanding of the changes in the viruses that allowed them to overcome the barriers that prevented efficient replication and spread in their new hosts. We also briefly outline how we could gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and variability in order to better anticipate these events in the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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246. Avian Interferons and Their Antiviral Effectors

Author

Santhakumar, Diwakar, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Munir, Muhammad, Santhakumar, Diwakar, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, and Munir, Muhammad

Abstract

Interferon (IFN) responses, mediated by a myriad of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), are the most profound innate immune responses against viruses. Cumulatively, these IFN effectors establish a multilayered antiviral state to safeguard the host against invading viral pathogens. Considerable genetic and functional characterizations of mammalian IFNs and their effectors have been made, and our understanding on the avian IFNs has started to expand. Similar to mammalian counterparts, three types of IFNs have been genetically characterized in most avian species with available annotated genomes. Intriguingly, chickens are capable of mounting potent innate immune responses upon various stimuli in the absence of essential components of IFN pathways including retinoic acid-inducible gene I, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and possibility IRF9. Understanding these unique properties of the chicken IFN system would propose valuable targets for the development of potential therapeutics for a broader range of viruses of both veterinary and zoonotic importance. This review outlines recent developments in the roles of avian IFNs and ISGs against viruses and highlights important areas of research toward our understanding of the antiviral functions of IFN effectors against viral infections in birds.

Published
2017

247. NS1 Protein Amino Acid Changes D189N and V194I Affect Interferon Responses, Thermosensitivity, and Virulence of Circulating H3N2 Human Influenza A Viruses

Author

Nogales, Aitor, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Topham, David J, DeDiego, Marta L., Nogales, Aitor, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Topham, David J, and DeDiego, Marta L.

Abstract

Influenza virus NS1 protein is a nonstructural, multifunctional protein that counteracts host innate immune responses, modulating virus pathogenesis. NS1 protein variability in subjects infected with H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) during the 2010/2011 season was analyzed, and amino acid changes in residues 86, 189, and 194 were found. The consequences of these mutations for the NS1-mediated inhibition of IFN responses and the pathogenesis of the virus were evaluated, showing that NS1 mutations D189N and V194I impaired the ability of the NS1 protein to inhibit general gene expression, most probably because these mutations decreased the binding of NS1 to the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30). A recombinant A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) H1N1 virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-D189N protein was slightly attenuated, whereas the virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-V194I protein was further attenuated in mice. The higher attenuation of this virus could not be explained by differences in the ability of the two NS1 proteins to counteract host innate immune responses, indicating that another factor must be responsible. In fact, we showed that the virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-V194I protein demonstrated a temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype, providing a most likely explanation for the stronger attenuation observed. As far as we know, this is the first description of a mutation in NS1 residue 194 conferring a ts phenotype. These studies are relevant in order to identify new residues important for NS1 functions and in human influenza virus surveillance to assess mutations affecting the pathogenicity of circulating viruses.IMPORTANCE Influenza viral infections represent a serious public health problem, with influenza virus causing a contagious respiratory disease that is most effectively prevented through vaccination. The multifunctional nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is the main viral factor counteracting the host antiviral response. Therefore, influenza virus surveillance

Published
2017

248. Functional Evolution of Influenza Virus NS1 Protein in Currently Circulating Human 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Viruses

Author

Clark, Amelia M, Nogales, Aitor, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Topham, David J, DeDiego, Marta L., Clark, Amelia M, Nogales, Aitor, Martinez-Sobrido, Luis, Topham, David J, and DeDiego, Marta L.

Abstract

In 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza virus emerged in humans, causing a global pandemic. It was previously shown that the NS1 protein from this human 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus was an effective interferon (IFN) antagonist but could not inhibit general host gene expression, unlike other NS1 proteins from seasonal human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Here we show that the NS1 protein from currently circulating pH1N1 viruses has evolved to encode 6 amino acid changes (E55K, L90I, I123V, E125D, K131E, and N205S) with respect to the original protein. Notably, these 6 residue changes restore the ability of pH1N1 NS1 to inhibit general host gene expression, mainly by their ability to restore binding to the cellular factor CPSF30. This is the first report describing the ability of the pH1N1 NS1 protein to naturally acquire mutations that restore this function. Importantly, a recombinant pH1N1 virus containing these 6 amino acid changes in the NS1 protein (pH1N1/NSs-6mut) inhibited host IFN and proinflammatory responses to a greater extent than that with the parental virus (pH1N1/NS1-wt), yet virus titers were not significantly increased in cell cultures or in mouse lungs, and the disease was partially attenuated. The pH1N1/NSs-6mut virus grew similarly to pH1N1/NSs-wt in mouse lungs, but infection with pH1N1/NSs-6mut induced lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines, likely due to a general inhibition of gene expression mediated by the mutated NS1 protein. This lower level of inflammation induced by the pH1N1/NSs-6mut virus likely accounts for the attenuated disease phenotype and may represent a host-virus adaptation affecting influenza virus pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs) are among the most common causes of respiratory infections in humans. In addition, occasional pandemics are caused when IAVs circulating in other species emerge in the human population. In 2009, a swine-origin H1N1 IAV (pH1N1) was transmitted to humans, infecting people then and up t

Published
2017

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