Search

Streamline segment statistics are collected from tomographic particle image velocimetry and direct numerical simulation data of a turbulent wavy channel flow. The model equation for such statistics is adapted for inhomogeneous turbulence. The novel formulation is applied to explain the observations and identify the locally acting mechanisms.

To investigate the association between plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1-β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and the soluble TNF receptor 1 [sTNF-R1]), disability, and risk of falls in older women with acute low back pain (LBP). This cross-sectional study comprised a subsample of older women from the Back Complaints in the Elders international cohort study. Plasma levels of IL-1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and sTNF-R1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pain was assessed using the Numerical Pain Scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire, while disability was measured using the Roland Morris Questionnaire and gait speed. Risk of falls was estimated using the Physiological Profile Assessment. Linear regression model was used to verify the association between independent variables and fall risk. One hundred and ten women (aged 69.97 ± 5.5 years) with acute LBP were included. The regression model showed an association between the risk of falls and IL-6 levels, pain, gait speed, and years of education. It also explained 21.2% of risk of falls variance. The model equation was: fall risk = 1.28 + (0.19 IL-6) + (0.02 quality of pain) + (− 0.71 gait speed) + (−0 .17 educational level). This study showed an association between risk of falls and IL-6, pain, gait speed, and educational level in older women with LBP. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

When considering fractional diffusion equation as model equation in analyzing anomalous diffusion processes, some important parameters in the model related to orders of the fractional derivatives, are often unknown and difficult to be directly measured, which requires one to discuss inverse problems of identifying these physical quantities from some indirectly observed information of solutions. Inverse problems in determining these unknown parameters of the model are not only theoretically interesting, but also necessary for finding solutions to initial-boundary value problems and studying properties of solutions. This chapter surveys works on such inverse problems for fractional diffusion equations.

Disturbances play a critical role in forest ecosystem dynamics. Disturbances cause changes in forest structure which in turn influence the species composition of the site and alter landscape patterns over time. The impacts of disturbance are seen over a broad spectrum of spatial scales and varying intensities, ranging from biotic agents such as insect and leaf disease outbreaks to abiotic agents such as a windstorm (a stand-replacing disturbance). This study utilized Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data collected between 1999 and 2014 in the US Lake States (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) to examine the impacts that disturbances have on the growth of residual trees using species-specific diameter increment equations. Results showed that animal and weather damage were the most common disturbance agents and fires were the least common in the region. Results also indicated that while the diameter increment equations performed well on average (overprediction of 0.08 ± 1.98 cm/10 years in non-disturbed stands), when the data were analyzed by species and disturbance agent, the model equation was rarely validated using equivalence tests (underprediction of 0.30 ± 2.24 cm/10 years in non-disturbed stands). This study highlights the importance of monitoring forest disturbances for their impacts on forest growth and yield.

Into this paper, the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of the Van der Polar fractional oscillator are studied in order to establish their relationship with the orders of fractional derivatives included in the model equation. Using the harmonic balance method, analytical formulas were obtained for the amplitude-frequency, phase-frequency characteristics, as well as the quality factor – the energy characteristic of the oscillatory system. It was shown that the quality factor depends on the orders of fractional derivatives, and change in their values can lead to both an increase and a decrease in the quality factor.

The paper considers a fractal dynamic charge accumulation model in thunderstorm clouds in view of the fractal dimension. Analytic solution to the model equation has been found. Using numerical calculations we have shown the relationship between the charge accumulation and the medium with the fractal structure. A comparative study of thunderstorm electrification mechanisms have been performed.

In this paper, the analysis of the nonlinear and complex modelling of a solar cell is addressed, to study its thermal behaviour. From literature it is well known that the output power of a solar cell monotonically decreases with the temperature; here, we investigate the specific expression based on derivation of current and power to simplify the equation model. Thus, applying the specific expression of the series resistance, we analyze the relation characteristics between the power and the temperature. Moreover, we aim to present a method to determine the specific theoretical expression of the series resistance with combination of parallel parasitic resistances. The analytical model equation is tested and compared with experimental results to add validity to the model.

The fullPIERS model is a risk prediction model developed to predict adverse maternal outcomes within 48 h for women admitted with pre-eclampsia. External validation of the model is required before implementation for clinical use. We assessed the temporal and external validity of the fullPIERS model in high income settings using five cohorts collected between 2003 and 2016, from tertiary hospitals in Canada, the United States of America, Finland and the United Kingdom. The cohorts were grouped into three datasets for assessing the primary external, and temporal validity, and broader transportability of the model. The predicted risks of developing an adverse maternal outcome were calculated using the model equation and model performance was evaluated based on discrimination, calibration, and stratification. Our study included a total of 2429 women, with an adverse maternal outcome rate of 6.7%, 6.6%, and 7.0% in the primary external, temporal, and combined (broader) validation cohorts, respectively. The model had good discrimination in all datasets: 0.81 (95%CI 0.75-0.86), 0.82 (95%CI 0.76-0.87), and 0.75 (95%CI 0.71-0.80) for the primary external, temporal, and broader validation datasets, respectively. Calibration was best for the temporal cohort but poor in the broader validation dataset The likelihood ratios estimated to rule in adverse maternal outcomes were high at a cut-off of >= 30% in all datasets. The fullPIERS model is temporally and externally valid and will be useful in the management of women with pre-eclampsia in high income settings although model recalibration is required to improve performance, specifically in the broader healthcare settings.

In this study the results of the Dirichlet boundary value problem are for homogeneous and inhomogeneous complex partial differential equations are collected and analyzed. This study consists of two chapters. In the first chapter, some basic definitions and theorems from functional analysis and some technical preliminaries are presented. After these chapter 1 is devoted to the investigation of the Dirichlet problem for the one dimensional partial differential equations with complex variable in the unit disc D := {z : z < 1} of the complex plane. In the Chapter 2, I studied the Dirichlet problem for the two dimensional partial differential equations with complex variable in D 2 := D1 × D2 = {z = (z1, z2) : |zk| < 1, k = 1, 2}.

The calibration of the coordinate measuring machines is performed based on the mathematical model of those machine. The feature of the artifact is measured by CMM, the kinematic parameters are determined by comparing the calculated coordinates and the calibrated coordinates. However, it is assumed that the CMM is rigid and stable in any orientations and locations. The actual CMM is not sufficiently rigid and stable. Especially the articulated arm CMM is not. In order to consider the CMMs’ deformation and improve the accuracy of those, it is proposed that the model equation, the kinematic parameters and the estimators are replaced with the neural network. The calibration method using the neural network is called the adaptive calibration. The neural network is trained based on the relationship between the inputs and the coordinates successfully. In this article, the adaptive calibration is applied to the articulated arm coordinate measuring machine.

The Haar wavelet method (HWM) is adapted for solving nonlinear evolution equations. The Burgers equation is considered as a model equation here. The 2D wavelet expansion is employed. The aim of the study is to validate HWM in the case of complex problems (solution include steep slopes). The convergence in regard to mesh has been observed in direction of both axes. The numerical results obtained are found to be in good agreement with analytical solution.

The stability-limit conjecture (SLC) proposes that the liquid spinodal of water returns to positive pressure in the supercooled region, and that the apparent divergence of water's thermodynamic response functions as temperature decreases are explained by the approach to this reentrant spinodal. Subsequently, it has been argued that the predictions of the SLC are inconsistent with general thermodynamic principles. Here we reconsider the thermodynamic viability of the SLC by examining a model equation of state for water first studied to clarify the relationship of the SLC to the proposed liquid-liquid phase transition in supercooled water. By demonstrating that a binodal may terminate on a spinodal at a point that is not a critical point, we show that the SLC is thermodynamically permissible in a system that has both a liquid-gas and a liquid-liquid phase transition. We also describe and clarify other unusual thermodynamic behavior that may arise in such a system, particularly that associated with the so-called "critical-point-free" scenario for a liquid-liquid phase transition, which may apply to the case of liquid Si., Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures

Background Dengue fever is a leading cause of severe illness and hospitalization in Taiwan. This study sought to elucidate the linkage between dengue fever incidence and climate factors. Results The result indicated that temperature, accumulated rainfall, and sunshine play an important role in the transmission cycles of dengue fever. A predictive model equation plots dengue fever incidence versus temperature, rainfall, and sunshine, and it suggests that temperature, rainfall, and sunshine are significantly correlated with dengue fever incidence. Conclusions The data suggests that climate factors are important determinants of dengue fever in southern Taiwan. Dengue fever viruses and the mosquito vectors are sensitive to their environment. Temperature, rainfall and sunshine have well-defined roles in the transmission cycle. This finding suggests that control of mosquito by climatic factor during high temperature seasons may be an important strategy for containing the burden of dengue fever.

An attempt was made in this work to evaluate a simple flat sheet supported liquid membrane technique for the separation of carrier free 90Y from 90Sr using two diglycolamide carrier ligands, (i) N,N,N′,N′-tetra-n-octyl-diglycolamide (TODGA), and (ii) N,N,N′,N′-tetra-(2-ethylhexyl)-diglycolamide (TEHDGA). Various experimental parameters were optimized to get selective transport of 90Y over 90Sr. At 6 M HNO3 feed acidity, >95% 90Y could be recovered selectively in just 4 h with both the ligands. Under identical experimental conditions, about 0.1% transport of Sr was also recorded which could be completely removed by passing through a Sr selective column to get medical grade 90Y pure product. A mathematical model equation was also derived and experimentally validated for predicting the transport of 90Y through membrane.

Statistical analysis for the removal of crystal violet (CV) using bacterial cellulose (BC) powder was evaluated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to observe the interactions between BC powder size (μm), initial CV concentration (mg/L), BC powder load (mg), and contact time (min) on the percentage of CV removal (%). The experiments were designed using Box-Behnken design by Statistica 8.0 software package. As a result, the mathematical model was developed to show the effect of each parameter and their interaction on the percentage of CV removal by BC powder. The statistical significance of the model equation was obtained as the calculated F-value (18.683) was greater than the tabulated F0.05 (2.510). A high coefficient of determination (R2) value which is 0.893 was also achieved. Additionally, the most significant parameter that affect the percentage of CV removal by BC powder was the linear and quadratic term of initial CV concentration (X2) with the largest t-value (9.635, −6.419) and smallest p-value (0.000000, 0.000005). Thus, the potential use of BC powder as an adsorbent material for the removal of CV solution had been statistically proven.

A nonthermal process that applies ultraviolet (UV)–C and helium cold plasma (CP) simultaneously (UV-CP) has been investigated as an intervention technology to inactivate Salmonella on black peppercorns. The optimum CP treatment voltage and UV-CP treatment time for inactivating Salmonella on black peppercorns were predicted using a model equation as 9.7 kV and 22.1 min, respectively, which non-thermally inactivated Salmonella by 3.7 log CFU/g. UV-CP treatment yielded a stronger bactericidal activity than UV treatment alone, without inducing photoreactivation. In addition, UV-CP-induced reactive species were similar to those found in individual UV and CP treatments. Furthermore, UV-CP treatment caused a profound deformation of Salmonella morphology and a greater extent of DNA damage than UV or CP treatment did alone. UV-CP treatment did not alter the color or 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity; however, it lowered the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and piperine concentration in the peppercorns. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential application of UV-CP treatment for decontamination of black peppercorns.

Background. Brunswik’s Lens Model and lens model equation (LME) have been applied extensively in medical decision making. Clinicians often face the dual challenge of formulating a judgment of patient risk for some adverse outcome and making a yes or no decision regarding a particular risk-reducing treatment option. Objective. In this article, I examine the correlation between clinical risk judgments and treatment-related decisions, referring to this linkage as “cohesion”. A novel form of the LME is developed to decompose cohesion. The approach is “bifocal” in that it focuses on 2 sets of linked responses from the same individual. Methods. Data from 2 studies were analyzed to illustrate how individual differences in cohesion could be explained by differences in the parameters of the bifocal lens model equation (BiLME). Results. Cohesion varied because of differences in cognitive control, similarities in the judgment and decision policies, and a possible reliance on a subjective threshold value applied to the judgments to make decisions. The parameters of the BiLME accounted for individual differences in cohesion; however, their relative influences differed between the two studies. Conclusion. The BiLME links the results from two regression models—one linear and one logistic—based on the same set of cases. In its current form, the equation holds promise for understanding cognitive individual differences that could underlie practice variation. With minor modifications, it becomes possible to apply the equation to traditional, dual-system judgment analysis studies, where continuous judgments are compared with an ecology composed of dichotomous outcomes, or vice versa. In this regard, the BiLME is quite flexible and adds to the set of tools available to judgment analysts.

This study developed a multiple-parameter equilibration-based kilning technology optimization method with a Box–Behnken factorial design and response surface methodology, assessing 10 kinds of indexes from multiple perspectives, including malt stale flavour, malty aroma and sensory evaluation, simultaneously. The results indicated that lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, nonenal potential and sensory score had a tendency to decline, while 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3 (2H)-furanone, thiobarbituric acid (TBZ) and stale aldehydes increased with the rise in kilning temperature, the extension of kilning time and withering time. The corresponding second-order mathematical models were established for predicting each parameter. Among them, p-values of a model equation of LOX activity, nonenal potential, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, TBZ, methional and furfural were all 0.9, which indicated that these equations had higher significance and that data in excess of 90% could be explained. Subsequently, the numerical optimization of kilning technology was carried out for balancing these positive or negative parameters and the optimum kilning temperature, kilning time and withering time were found to be 86.35 °C, 3.19 h and 14.00 h, respectively. Compared with the values of the original response, the values of the 10 parameters were optimized from 2.2 to 65.2%. This method offers an ability to monitor malt characteristics to obtain higher quality malt. Further, the method will help maltsters and brewers to comprehensively understand malt with different cultivar genetics and growing environments. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

The paper deals with the model of variable-order nonlinear hereditary oscillator based on a numerical finite-difference scheme. Numerical experiments have been carried out to evaluate the stability and convergence of the difference scheme. It is argued that the approximation, stability and convergence are of the first order, while the scheme is stable and converges to the exact solution.

Wild oat is a problematic weed species that requires new management techniques in the face of herbicide resistance; harvest weed-seed control (HWSC) may be an option. Wild oat demographic information was collected in long-term, rotational field studies in Lacombe, AB, Canada, in 2006 and 2007, and a periodic matrix model was parameterized using management extremes (no IPM, no herbicide to high IPM, and full herbicide). Population growth rates were calculated for each treatment and year. Prospective (elasticity) and retrospective (LTRE) analyses were conducted alongside a rearrangement of the model equation in which population growth rates were designated and the required proportion of newly shed seed survival that gives that growth rate was solved for. All populations had λ > 1 or increasing populations. Elasticity analyses indicated that λ was most-highly elastic to the overwinter seedbank (Esw = 1), followed by seedling survival, fecundity, and survival of newly shed seed (0.63 to 0.86 across treatments). The latter may be the most-accessible vital rate for management of herbicide resistant populations. LTRE exposed the stochasticity of wild oat population growth rates between years and their ability to take advantage of lapses in control. Decreasing the proportion of newly shed seeds (snew) that survives was the most-effective and available control strategy until reduced to 0.1 to 0.3 when the summer seedbank becomes more critical. When averaged across treatments, > 80% of newly shed seed must be eliminated to stop the population from growing, resulting in a stable population, but not a decline. Because of preharvest shattering, HWSC will likely not be effective enough alone to cause wild oat populations to decline. New management techniques for wild oat control that can be used in combination with HWSC and integrated weed management strategies are needed.

In order to gain a better understanding of the behavior of finite-amplitude acoustic waves under a Brinkman-based poroacoustic model, we make use of approximations and transformations to recast our model equation into the damped Burgers equation. We examine two special case solutions of the damped Burgers equation: the approximate solution to the damped Burgers equation and the boundary value problem given an initial sinusoidal signal. We study the effects of varying the Darcy coefficient, Reynolds number, and coefficient of nonlinearity on these solutions.

This paper presents the application of Galerkin method to discretize the model equation of groundwater ow in a conned aquifer semipermeable with tidal boundary conditions on one of its borders, the other borders remain constant. For the simulations was generated a numerical program, Ground Water Finite Element Method, which implements the method of nite elements with triangular elements with three nodes and a degree of freedom per node.

Conger myriaster is one of the most commercially important fish stocks in the Haizhou Bay, China. As the type of longline fishing hook has a significant effect on its capture, three hook sizes (nos. 302, 303, 304) were compared in experiments conducted along the Haizhou Bay from September to November 2012. C. myriaster selectivity analysis using the different hook widths was obtained by analysing the catch rate, CPUE, total length distribution and selection curves. The log‐normal model equation was used to explore the longline selection, and anova was employed to analyse the difference in catch rate and CPUE among the three hook sizes. The longline selectivity for C. myriaster was well described by a log‐normal model equation. Hook no. 303 proved to have the highest catch rate, CPUE, and the estimated model lengths within three types of hooks tested in the experiments, in accordance with the fact that no. 303 is also the favourite hook used by local fishermen. Overall, the present study indicates that hook no. 303 has the best selection and is an appropriate size for sustainable utilisation of C. myriaster.

The aims of the study were to observe the dissolution profile of four types of selected fruit powder fast dissolve tablet and apply different dissolution profile comparison methods, in order to select most applicable method. Spray dried powder of pitaya, pineapple, guava and mango were used as raw material. Each type of fruit powder tablet has identical dissolution profile. Dissolution profiles and dissolution rate of fruit powder tablets were different at different dissolution environment. In model-independent and statistical method pairwise comparison was performed and in model dependent method profile comparison was carried out based on best fitting of mathematical model equation. Dissolution Profile comparison methods represented that model independent method use wide range of value for profile comparison and it was direct and easy; model dependent method was indirect and complex and for critically compare the dissolution profile statistical method was the most suitable method.

The Brunswik lens model typically represents a judge's accuracy using parameters derived from linear regression. This is not optimal if the judgment or the ecological criterion is dichotomous. Alternative approaches, modeling dichotomies using logistic regression, or linearizing judgments with confidence ratings, have not been compared with the same data. Four techniques for deriving lens model equation parameters were compared: (i) linear and (ii) logistic regression applied to dichotomous patient outcomes and judgments; (iii) linear regression with confidence-adjusted judgments but dichotomous patient outcomes; and (iv) a hybrid with a linear model of the confidence-adjusted judgments and a logistic model of the patient outcomes. Judgment accuracy (ra) was slightly higher with confidence adjustment of the categorical judgments. The logistic lens model accounted for a higher proportion of ra than the linear lens model; the confident-linear and hybrid lens models were intermediate. For up to a quarter of participants, different methods identified different cues as most important. Display condition differences in achievement ra and in lens model components are similar with all lens model methods. Each of the three alternative lens model equation methods improves on the linear lens model equation's decomposition of the accuracy of dichotomous judgments. Confidence adjustment improves achievement although it requires additional work from the subjects. The logistic lens model equation explains the highest proportion of achievement, but with a small stimulus set, it is more vulnerable to cue intercorrelations than either the linear or the confident linear lens model equation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim of this research was to apply Box–Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) for grinding modeling of some copper sulphide ores. In the present work, the effects of some key grinding parameters such as ball size (20–40 mm), grinding time (10–30 min), solids content (65–80%), and also ore work index (12–15.4 kWh/t) on the grinding of some copper sulphide ore were investigated. Product 80% passing size (d80) was defined as process response. Grinding experiments were designed and executed by a laboratory ball mill. These experiments were conducted on two feed sizes (480 and 1000 μm). Predicted values of response obtained using model equation were in good agreement with the experimental values (R2 values were 0.997 and 0.996 for d80 of 480 and 1000 μm feed sizes respectively). The effect of parameters was explained as bellow: - The d80 of product was decreased with increasing solids content from 65 to 71%. - The relation between work index and also ball size with d80 were linear over the studied range. - The effect of ball size and also grinding time on d80 was more at lower values of solids content compared to higher values of solids content at studied levels. - The effect of grinding time on d80 was more at lower values of work index rather than higher values. - There was no effect of feed size on the order of effective parameters but increasing feed size had effect on the interaction of variables.

The coseismic surface uplift of the Longmen Shan (LMS) created an instantaneous topographic load over the western margin of the Sichuan Basin, where surface subsidence, decreasing eastward, has been measured using several methods, such as GPS, SAR and levelling. Using an elastic flexural model, we aim to interpret the coseismic surface uplift and subsidence, and constrain the effective lithospheric elastic thickness (Te) of the Sichuan Basin. Using different effective elastic thickness values for the Sichuan Basin, a series of subsidence curves were computed by the elastic flexure model equation for a broken elastic plate. The curves, produced by models using an effective elastic thickness of 30–40 km, provided the best fit to the general pattern of observed coseismic subsidence of the Sichuan Basin. However, the calculated subsidence (∼40–70 cm) at the front of the LMS is evidently lower than the observed values (∼100 cm), suggesting that the effective elastic thickness therein should be lower. These results indicate that the lithospheric strength may decrease westward from the Sichuan Basin to the LMS.

The title system has been investigated from the modeling points of view. Equilibration time is 20 min and the significant extraction occurs above pH 2. Considering the constancy of the organic to aqueous phase ratio (1:1), the factors affecting the extent of extraction (value of log D or log C D) are [V(IV)], pH (eq) , [Cyanex 302], [SO 4 2- ] and temperature (T). The levels of these factors chosen in experimentation are high (+) and low (-). Regression or model equation for the extraction of vanadium (IV) by Cyanex 302 is determined from 25 full factorial design. On abbreviating log[V(IV)], -log(1+4641.14x10 -pH + (1.5x10 6 )x10 -2pH ), log[Cyanex 302], -log(1+2.24 [SO 4 2- ]) and absolute temperatures as M, P, E, S and T, respectively, the model obtained is: log C D = 10.452-0.16M+1.0047P+2.0011E+1.0003S-2425.3729/T. From the regression model it is seen that there is no interaction effect between the factors under investigation. The model can describe the system well. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(1), 47-54, 2016

A number of liquid–gas experiments were carried out in order to elucidate evaporation mechanism of Cu from liquid Fe containing C and S. Rate of Cu evaporation in liquid Fe droplets at 1873 K (1600 °C) was determined using electromagnetic levitation equipment. Evaporation rate of the Cu under various conditions (flow rate of gas mixtures, initial C, and S concentrations) was examined. It was found from a series of kinetic analyses of the experimental data that Cu evaporates in forms of Cu(g) and CuS(g). As was reported for the Sn evaporation from liquid iron (Jung et al. Met. Mater. Trans. 46B, 250–258, 2014), S plays two roles for the evaporation of Cu: accelerating the rate by forming CuS(g) and decelerating the rate by blocking evaporation sites. As a result of these combinatorial effects, the evaporation of Cu is decelerated at low S content, but is accelerated at high S content. Based on the elucidated mechanism, an evaporation model equation for Cu was developed in the present study, which takes into account (1) evaporation of Cu in the two forms (Cu(g) and CuS(g)), (2) surface blocking by S using ideal Langmuir adsorption, and (3) effect of C. The obtained rate constant of a reaction Cu i + S i = CuS i (g), k CuS R , is 1.37 × 10−9 m4 mol−1 s−1, and the residual rate constant, k CuS r , is 4.11 × 10−10 m4 mol−1 s−1 at 1873 K (1600 °C). Both of them were found to be one order lower than those for Sn evaporation.

This study optimized the high pressure conditions for development of a reduced fat sausage. A three-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design was adopted to study the simultaneous effects of one compositional variable (15, 20 and 25% fat content) and two processing variables (150, 200 and 250 MPa high pressure, along with 5, 6 and 7 min high pressure treatment time) on firmness of emulsion-type sausages. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the potential interactive and quadratic effects between these variables. The results revealed that, the optimum processing conditions for an optimum gel setting were 22.19% fat content, 197.30 MPa high pressure and 5.92 min pressure treatment time. The adequacy of the model equation for predicting the optimum response values was effectively verified. In conclusion, the emulsion-type meat sausages using a novel high pressure based processing method were preferred for their improved textural properties and reduced fat content. Industrial relevance For health reasons, there is a need to reduce fat content of processed meat products. This study developed a novel processing method using high pressure to produce emulsion-type meat sausages with reduced-fat, with improved functional qualities, including objective appearance, textural properties and sensory evaluation. Importantly, this was achieved with a model, mainly based on prediction of the firmness of the pressure treated sausages with reduced fat contents.

In his comment on our 2013 paper ‘A low-uncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant’ [1] Macnaughton claims that his re-analysis “…reveals systematic non-random patterns in residuals of the key fitted model equation”. He claims that “these patterns violate the assumptions underlying the analysis” and “raise questions about the validity of [our] estimate of kB”. He also claims that we deleted “troublesome” data in a “somewhat arbitrary” manner. While we are grateful to Macnaughton for his attention to our freely accessible data, we disagree with his conclusions. The dataset we analysed consists of 263 data points, while the ‘trends’ in the data to which he refers constitute at most 12 points. Concerning the improper removal of data points to which he alludes we note that all 324 data points that we acquired were included in the supplementary data, but some data were excluded from the analysis for the reasons stated in the original text. Macnaughton was able to determine the effect of including or excluding these data but did not do so. In this paper we demonstrate that none of the issues to which Macnaughton draws attention could conceivably have any significant effect on our final estimate for the Boltzmann constant or its uncertainty.

The International Committee for Weights and Measures has projected a major revision of the International System of Units in which all the base units will be defined by fixing the values of certain fundamental constants of nature. To assist, de Podesta et al recently experimentally obtained a precise new estimate of the Boltzmann constant. This estimate is proposed as a basis for the redefinition of the unit of temperature, the kelvin. The present paper reports a reanalysis of de Podesta et al's data that reveals systematic non-random patterns in the residuals of the key fitted model equation. These patterns violate the assumptions underlying the analysis and thus they raise questions about the validity of de Podesta et al's estimate of the Boltzmann constant. An approach is discussed to address these issues, which should lead to an accurate estimate of the Boltzmann constant with a lower uncertainty.

We investigate a model equation in the crystal growth, which is described by a level-set mean curvature flow equation with driving and source terms. We establish the well-posedness of solutions, and study the asymptotic speed. Interestingly, a new type of nonlinear phenomena in terms of asymptotic speed of solutions appears, which is very sensitive to the shapes of source terms., 29 pages

The Okamura model equation of saline oscillator is refined into a non-autonomous ordinary differential equation whose coefficients are related to physical parameters of the system. The dependence of the oscillatory period and amplitude on remarkable physical parameters are computed and compared to experimental results in order to test the model. We also model globally coupled saline oscillators and bring out the dependence of coupling coefficients on physical parameters of the system. We then study the synchronization behaviors of coupled saline oscillators by the mean of numerical simulations carried out on the model equations. These simulations agree with previously reported experimental results.

We consider the linear degenerate elliptic system of two first order equations ${\mathbf{u}}=-a(\phi)(\nabla{p} - \mathbf{g})$ and $\nabla\cdot(b(\phi)\mathbf{u})+\phi{p}=\phi^{1/2}{f}$, where $a$ and $b$ satisfy $a(0)=b(0)=0$ and are otherwise positive, and the porosity $\phi\ge0$ may be zero on a set of positive measure. This model equation has a similar degeneracy to that arising in the equations describing the mechanical system modeling the dynamics of partially melted materials, e.g., in the earth's mantle and in polar ice sheets and glaciers. In the context of mixture theory, $\phi$ represents the phase variable separating the solid one-phase ($\phi=0$) and fluid-solid two-phase ($\phi>0$) regions. The equations should remain well-posed as $\phi$ vanishes so that the free boundary between the one- and two-phase regions need not be found explicitly. Two main problems arise. First, as $\phi$ vanishes, one equation is lost. Second, it is shown by stability or energy bounds for the solution that the pre...

We propose a modeling paradigm, termed field inversion and machine learning (FIML), that seeks to comprehensively harness data from sources such as high-fidelity simulations and experiments to aid the creation of improved closure models for computational physics applications. In contrast to inferring model parameters, this work uses inverse modeling to obtain corrective, spatially distributed functional terms, offering a route to directly address model-form errors. Once the inference has been performed over a number of problems that are representative of the deficient physics in the closure model, machine learning techniques are used to reconstruct the model corrections in terms of variables that appear in the closure model. These reconstructed functional forms are then used to augment the closure model in a predictive computational setting. As a first demonstrative example, a scalar ordinary differential equation is considered, wherein the model equation has missing and deficient terms. Following this, the methodology is extended to the prediction of turbulent channel flow. In both of these applications, the approach is demonstrated to be able to successfully reconstruct functional corrections and yield accurate predictive solutions while providing a measure of model form uncertainties.

Galik R., Boďo S. Staroňova L. (2015): Monitoring the inner surface of teat cup liners made from different materials. Res. Agr. Eng., 61 (Special Issue): S74–S78. The modern milking equipment consists of several rubber parts. Among these rubber parts, the most important is a teat cup liner, which provides direct contact force to teat tissue. Properties of teat cup liners directly affect the technical and technological process of milking, udder health condition and quality of obtained milk. The aim of the study is to specify the inner surface roughness of cup liners made from different materials. Roughness was measured using Surftest-301 Mitutoyo connected to a printer. Teat cup liners were monitored and evaluated at three different locations of the inner surface, every three months in primary production. The obtained results showed linear regression between the inner surface roughness of teat cup liners and exposure time. Significant differences of selected indicators of silicone liners were observed with Pvalue (0.029) < alpha (0.05). The model equation shows that if the value of cup liners exposure time increases by one month, inner surface roughness is likely to increase by approximately 0.039 μm.

The [Formula: see text]-dimensional generalized Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)-type model equation is investigated based on the Hirota bilinear method. Diversity of exact solutions for this equation are obtained with the help of symbolic computation. We depicted the physical explanation of the extracted solutions with the free choice of the different parameters by plotting three-dimensional plots and contour plots. The obtained results are useful in gaining the understanding of high dimensional soliton-like structures equation related to mathematical physics branches, natural sciences and engineering areas.

The combined effects of temperature and light intensity on the viability of Ussuri catfish, Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, were evaluated using a central composite orthogonal quadratic design and the response surface methodology. The optimum experimental combination was also determined. The linear and quadratic effects of temperature had a significant effect on viability (P 0.05) but the quadratic effect had a significant effect on the fry survival rate (P 0.05). A model equation of the survival activity index (SAI) of temperature and light intensity was established, with r2, Adjusted r2 and Predictive r2 values as high as 0.9832, 0.9665 and 0.898, respectively. By applying the optimisation technique, the optimum conditions for viability were 26 ℃ and a light intensity of 1000 lx, at which the SAI was 9.53 and the desirability value was as high as 0.948.

This study was devoted to introducing a new method for a priori prediction of aspiration pressure buildup in closed coupled atomization (CCA) nozzles. There have been considerable controversies about increasing or decreasing the aspiration pressure for a reliable operation of CCA nozzles, mainly because of the complex nature of CCA process. Here for the first time, we applied an artificial neural network (ANN) based machine learning algorithm for the prediction of aspiration pressure in close-coupled HPGA nozzles. An analytical model equation was obtained based on the largest experimental dataset from the literature and proved to be useful for prediction of non-dimensionalized aspiration pressure with R2 of 0.98. But, its prediction accuracy of absolute aspiration pressures was degraded with a decrease of R2 score to 0.73 and an average prediction error of 17 %, mainly due to the limitation of literature data. Based on parametric study and a sensitivity test, protrusion length of CCA nozzles and Re number were found to be relatively significant as compared to the apex angles. Finally, we provided a comprehensive contour map to facilitate the conceptual design and operation of CCA nozzles to minimize the aspiration pressure.

The local well-posedness for a nonlinear equation modeling the evolution of the free surface for waves of moderate amplitude in the shallow water regime was proved in Duruk Mutlubas (2013). In this paper, we correct the mistake made in the proof of the main result and give the appropriate assumptions and corresponding results.

Since transpiration model of tomato is a main index for precise irrigation control in greenhouse soilless culture, more precise transpiration model needs to be developed for tomato cultivation. Although various models have been developed, they are limited under low VPD condition due to high light intensity in greenhouse, especially during the daytime at summer season of Korea. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop an improved model considering the above unusual environment in greenhouse. Experiments were conducted between 2017 and 2018. The actual transpiration rate was measured by a load cell, weight measuring device, and used as data for model development. In 2018 experiment, an environment suitable for the growth of crops was established through shading film and humidification. The model equation was developed by calibrating parameters within the VPD range suitable for crop growth with compensated radiation under high light conditions. Experimental results showed that the transpiration rate had exponential increase to the maximum with respect to radiation and transpiration rate to VPD was fitted to gaussian peak shape. The developed model equation was verified by comparing with measured transpiration rate. Verification result showed that the developed model had a higher correlation coefficient than the existing one. In summary, a tomato transpiration model considering the specific environment in the greenhouse was developed in this study. It could be used to precision irrigation and environment control in greenhouse tomato cultivation.

In this paper the mathematical model of moisture content in soil have been designed in the form of three-dimensional nonlinear PDEs. The analytical solution of model equation has been obtained by using the combine LA-transform with decomposition method. The accuracy and efficiency of suggested method is illustrated by three problems.

This study aimed to propose new indole derivatives as anticancer through Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and molecular docking method. The best predicted anticancer activity of indole derivatives was recommended based on the QSAR equation. A data set consist of 18 indole derivatives from literature with anticancer activity against the A498 cell line was used to generate a QSAR model equation. The data set was divided randomly into training (14) and test (4) set compounds. The structure of indole compound was optimized first using AM1 semi-empirical methods, and the descriptors involved were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The best QSAR equation obtained was Log IC50 = 65.596 (qC2) + 366.764 (qC6) – 92.742 (qC11) + 503.297 (HOMO) – 492.550 (LUMO) – 76.966. Based on the QSAR model, varying electron-withdrawing groups in C2 and C6 atom, as well as adding electron-donating groups in C11 were proposed could increase the anticancer activity of the indole derivatives. The QSAR analysis showed that compound 15 has the best predicted anticancer activity, supported by molecular docking results that showed hydrogen bond interaction with essential amino acids to build anticancer activity such as MET769, THR830, and THR766 residues.

The present study introduces third-order quasi-analytical solutions of a turbulence-modeling equation, where the standard [Formula: see text] model equation is used because this model is commonly and widely used in engineering applications. These quasi-analytical solutions describe the robustness of decaying homogeneous turbulence. In the present study, decaying homogeneous turbulence influenced by a weak fluid acceleration of mean flow, which is equivalent to the small strain of the mean flow, is considered. Here, the small strain of the mean flow only slightly affects the anisotropy of the decaying homogeneous turbulence, as shown in previous experiments. Simplified governing equations are derived from the governing equations of the turbulence modeling by introducing the conditions of the small strain. Here, two nondimensional functions are introduced in order to describe the influence on the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation using decay laws of the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation. Three constants included in the quasi-analytical solutions could be obtained using observable parameters.

The paper considers a charge distribution model in a thundercloud presenting a self-organizing system in view of its fractal structure. An analytical solution to the model equation is obtained. Using numerical calculations, the distribution of charges in the fractal medium is shown and a comparative analysis of the existing models is carried out.

We study the time correlation functions of coupled linear Langevin dynamics without and with inertia effects, both analytically and numerically. The model equation represents the physical behavior of a harmonic oscillator in two or three dimensions in the presence of friction, noise, and an external field with both rotational and deformational components. This simple model plays pivotal roles in understanding more complicated processes. The presented analytical solution serves as a test of numerical integration schemes, its derivation is presented in a fashion that allows to be repeated directly in a classroom. While the results in the absence of fields (equilibrium) or confinement (free particle) are omnipresent in the literature, we write down, apparently for the first time, the full nonequilibrium results that may correspond, e.g., to a Hookean dumbbell embedded in a macroscopically homogeneous shear or mixed flow field. We demonstrate how the inertia results reduce to their noninertia counterparts in the nontrivial limit of vanishing mass. While the results are derived using basic integrations over Dirac delta distributions, we mention its relationship with alternative approaches involving (i) Fourier transforms, that seems advantageous only if the measured quantities also reside in Fourier space, and (ii) a Fokker--Planck equation and the moments of the probability distribution. The results, verified by numerical experiments, provide additional means of measuring the performance of numerical methods for such systems. It should be emphasized that this manuscript provides specific details regarding the derivations of the time correlation functions as well as the implementations of various numerical methods, so that it can serve as a standalone piece as part of education in the framework of stochastic differential equations and calculus.