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In this paper, a compact frequency and polarization agile patch antenna is presented. The antenna comprises a square patch with truncated corners along with a triangular slot etched at the center of the patch. Pin diodes are used to bridge the gap between the truncated corners and center triangular region with a radiating square patch. By appropriately biasing the pin diodes the antenna achieves frequency and polarization diversity. The antenna achieves five distinct states with three linear polarization (LP) states operating at three different frequencies and two circular polarization (LHCP/RHCP) states operating at the same frequency. The antenna gives a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 95 MHz (1.825–1.92 GHz) in the GSM band for LP state 1, 115 MHz (2.365–2.48 GHz) in the ISM band for LP state 2, 145 MHz (2.08–2.225 GHz) in UMTS band for LP state 3, 100 MHz (2.1–2.2 GHz) UMTS band for CP state 4 and 5. The antenna attains a measured peak gain of ∼4.8 dBi at LP states and ∼4.54 dBi at CP states in its operating band.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted significant interest due to their unique properties, such as high specific surface area, nanoporous structures, and versatile chemical and physical characteristics. These attributes make MOFs highly promising for optoelectronic applications, especially in solar cell research. Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) and Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) offer several advantages, including low-cost production, flexibility, and the potential for high efficiency. However, a major limitation of these solar cells is their stability, which affects their long-term performance and commercial viability. This review paper delves into the latest advancements in MOF synthesis and their applications in how MOFs enhance the efficiency and stability of PSCs and OSCs. It analyzes the relationship between MOFs' structure, properties, and their derivatives for energy conversion applications. MOFs have been utilized to address these stability issues by serving in various capacities, including electron and hole transport layers, additional interlayers, and hybrid perovskite/MOF structures. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for those interested in MOFs and their energy conversion applications.

Diabetes has been linked to a wide range of genetic abnormalities or disorders like Cushing syndrome, Wolfram’s syndrome. The factual significance of these relatively uncommon disorders originates from the knowledge that supplies into the potential processes driving prevalent diabetes. Diabetes-related syndromes are presently classified based on clinical and biochemical characteristics. However, until now, no expertise classification strategies are developed for classifying diabetes-associated syndrome disorders efficiently and accurately. Thus, we introduce an Artificial Neural Network framework based on CapsNets to categorize vital genetic disorders related to diabetes. Here, a capsule represents a bundle or set of neurons used to retain data about an essential subject and provides precise information in each image. The suggested approach was systematically compared using cutting-edge methods and basic classification models. With an overall 91.4 percent accuracy, the proposed CapsNets-based method provides the best sensitivity89.93%, specificity 90.77%, and F1-score value 93.10%

Purpose: Reduced access and utilization of radiation therapy (RT) is a well-documented healthcare disparity observed among racial and ethnic minority groups in the USA and a contributor to the inferior health outcomes observed among Black, Hispanic, and Native American patient groups. What is less understood are the points during the process of care following RT consultation at which patients either fail to complete their prescribed treatment or encounter delays. Identification of those points where significant differences exist among different patient groups may help identify opportunities to close gaps in the access of clinically indicated RT. Methods and Materials: This analysis examines 261,559 RT episodes abstracted from Medicare claims and beneficiary data between 2016 and 2018 to determine rates of treatment initiation following planning and timeliness of treatment completion for different racial groups. Results: Failure to initiate treatment was observed to be 29.3% relatively greater for Black, Hispanic, and Native American patients than for White and Asian patients. Among episodes for which treatment was initiated, Black and Hispanic patients were observed to require a significantly greater number of calendar days (when adjusted for fraction number) for completion than for White, Asian, and Native American patients. Conclusions: There appears to be a patient cohort for which RT disparities may be more marginal in their effects—allowing for access to consultation and treatment prescription but not for treatment initiation or timely completion of treatment—and may therefore permit effective solutions to help address current differences in cancer outcomes.

To determine the effect of SnO2nanoparticles on Picochlorum maculatum– isolated from a Qatar marine environment, algal growth media are amended with different nanoparticle concentrations (1, 5, 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1) and the culture was observed for 72 h. Algal growth, morphology, photosynthetic pigments and the potential for producing highly valuable biocompounds (including pigments, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.) are investigated. The data obtained show that the SnO2nanoparticles have a toxicity effect on the algae growth, with lower doses presenting more negative impacts than higher doses. The results of SEM observations highlight that the slow growth observed at 1–5 mg L−1is triggered by the attachment of SnO2nanoparticles to algal cells which caused dramatic damage to the cell morphology, cell shape, and size. However, at high concentrations of SnO2(50–100 mg L−1), agglomeration of nanoparticles around the cells leads to a reduced effect on cell morphology and appearance. These data are supported by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of the cells after exposure to SnO2. Moreover, the effects of nanoparticles on algae composition are dose specific. Lipids and carbohydrates are stimulated by the decrease in nanoparticle concentrations, while an inhibition in protein production is observed. Besides, the presence of SnO2at low concentrations stimulates the synthesis of protective molecules such as carotenoids. Hence, exposure to SnO2nanoparticles can be one of the methods to induce the synthesis of highly valuable products in the local microalgae, which can be used for many applications in different industries.

ABSTRACTIn this article, a collection of literature relevant to dynamic model and simulation analyses of flexible robotic manipulators have been considered for the years 2006–2015. The dynamics of robotic link subjected to mechanical flexibility was considered in this prime work. The literature categorised on the basis of the number of links used, methodology inculcated and simulation techniques were implemented. Research papers are thoroughly studied and dynamic analysis of flexible manipulators was presented. In the simulation work, the method and number of links used for the manipulator are analysed. The existing lists of survey for three spells were found out and the introspective correlations of this work were also included. The percentage-wise categorised research papers relevant to this work were computed and tabulated for statistical purpose. The methods and statistical analyses guide the researchers who are currently working in the area of a lightweight manipulator with different composites, nano-materials and shape memory alloys and they give a new idea to work for a control systems approach.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to initially perform Senti-WordNet (SWN)- and point wise mutual information (PMI)-based polarity computation and based polarity updation. When the SWN polarity and polarity mismatched, the vote flipping algorithm (VFA) is employed. Design/methodology/approach: Recently, in domains like social media(SM), healthcare, hotel, car, product data, etc., research on sentiment analysis (SA) has massively increased. In addition, there is no approach for analyzing the positive or negative orientations of every single aspect in a document (a tweet, a review, as well as a piece of news, among others). For SA as well as polarity classification, several researchers have used SWN as a lexical resource. Nevertheless, these lexicons show lower-level performance for sentiment classification (SC) than domain-specific lexicons (DSL). Likewise, in some scenarios, the same term is utilized differently between domain and general knowledge lexicons. While concerning different domains, most words have one sentiment class in SWN, and in the annotated data set, their occurrence signifies a strong inclination with the other sentiment class. Hence, this paper chiefly concentrates on the drawbacks of adapting domain-dependent sentiment lexicon (DDSL) from a collection of labeled user reviews and domain-independent lexicon (DIL) for proposing a framework centered on the information theory that could predict the correct polarity of the words (positive, neutral and negative). The proposed work initially performs SWN- and PMI-based polarity computation and based polarity updation. When the SWN polarity and polarity mismatched, the vote flipping algorithm (VFA) is employed. Finally, the predicted polarity is inputted to the mtf-idf-based SVM-NN classifier for the SC of reviews. The outcomes are examined and contrasted to the other existing techniques to verify that the proposed work has predicted the class of the reviews more effectually for different datasets. Findings: There is no approach for analyzing the positive or negative orientations of every single aspect in a document (a tweet, a review, as well as a piece of news, among others). For SA as well as polarity classification, several researchers have used SWN as a lexical resource. Nevertheless, these lexicons show lower-level performance for sentiment classification (SC) than domain-specific lexicons (DSL). Likewise, in some scenarios, the same term is utilized differently between domain and general knowledge lexicons. While concerning different domains, most words have one sentiment class in SWN, and in the annotated data set their occurrence signifies a strong inclination with the other sentiment class. Originality/value: The proposed work initially performs SWN- and PMI-based polarity computation, and based polarity updation. When the SWN polarity and polarity mismatched, the vote flipping algorithm (VFA) is employed.

This proposed framework aims to mitigate global terrorist threats, suspicious activities, and legal violations by introducing an innovative system that monitors encrypted short-text messages across instant messaging programs. In the current landscape, criminals, terrorists, and clandestine entities extensively employ encrypted messages for illicit endeavours on a global scale. Despite the escalating use of encrypted messages on social media platforms, a comprehensive solution for combating online crime is notably absent.

The concept of developing zero-carbon hydrogen energy sustainable society with the impetus of COVID-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACTThe aim is to utilise a light-weight hybrid composite material for single-link robotic manipulator purpose to reduce its weight. The numerical analysis is carried out for competing and replacement of the rigid one. During the working condition of the light-weight structural soft robotic manipulator, as a consequence of static and dynamics forces, there is a distributed dynamic deflection of end effectors. In a working volume, without overshooting the end point of the robot must reach a specified point with high accuracy. This accuracy is affected by link deflection due to bending and vibration; this needs to be minimised. The hybrid composite single-link robotic manipulator with mechanical flexibility was taken as for numerical study analysis. This paper deals with the precise control of a light-weight soft manipulator made by a hybrid polymer composite material, by using classical and more recent approaches proposed for the light-weight soft manipulator and control purpose.

A 72-year-old Chinese man presented with a 5-month history of chronic dry cough, weight loss, and progressive dyspnea. There was no associated hemoptysis, hoarseness, epistaxis, or fever on systemic review. He was a nonsmoker and had no family history of malignancy. He was treated for pulmonary TB 40 years ago. A chest radiograph (Fig 1) showed mass-like consolidation in the right midzone with loss of the right hilar border, a small right pleural effusion, and bi-apical scarring. On physical examination, he was afebrile and normotensive, and he had pulse oxygen saturation of 97%. Examination of the chest was remarkable only for reduced breath sounds over the right chest. He did not have digital clubbing, distended neck veins, or cervical lymphadenopathy.

Purpose: To determine difference in surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), post-operative intraocular pressure (IOP) and axial length (AL) between single site and twin-site phacotrabeculectomy augmented with Mitomycin C (MMC). Design: Prospective interventional randomised controlled study. Methods: In a prospective interventional comparative study, eligible patients were scheduled for phacotrabeculectomy. They were randomised to either group A: single site or group B: twin-site phacotrabeculectomy with MMC 0.2 mg/mL. Axial length was measured by using Zeiss IOL master I, pre-operatively and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Corneal topography was performed using Bausch and Lomb Orbscan I pre-operatively and at 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively to analyse surgically induced astigmatism. Vector analysis was used to analyse the surgically induced astigmatism. Results: One hundred and eight eyes of which 55 patients in group A, and 53 patients in group B were enroled for vector analysis. The mean preoperative astigmatic vector power was +0.89 ± 0.4 D and +0.97 ± 0.5 D in group A and B respectively. The mean post-operative astigmatic vector power was +0.78 ± 0.4 D in group A and +0.96 ± 0.5 D in group B at the end of 12 months. Corneal topography showed post-operative superior flattening (51.8% at 3 months and 55.4% at 12 months) in group A (P= 0.072) compared to superior steepening (59.6% at 3 months and 61.5% at 12 months) in group B (P= 0.977). Conclusions: The two commonly used techniques of combined cataract and glaucoma surgery proved to be efficacious without significant difference in surgical induced astigmatism.

The disease cancer takes millions of lives every year, although not being a contagious disease, the risk imposed by the cancer stands tall when compared to other diseases. Among those, liver cancer is one of the most commonly occurring cancers (841,080 cases diagnosed in 2018, which is 5 % of cancers that year). (HCC) is the of frequent source of liver cancer, which is the fastest improving causes of cancer death and is the second frequent occurring cancer of all. Hepatitis-B infection when moved into chronic stage causes to form cancer in the liver (HCC). Apparently 1 in 12 deaths in the world are due to liver cancer, in that 75 % of all liver cancers are caused by HCC, of which hepatitis-B virus reports 50 % cases HCC worldwide. To prognosis of survival rate using a dataset that contains lots of information or parameters about serum hepatitis patients. Initially the data will be pre-processed, to make better suitable for further processing and for being in acceptable format for the algorithms. Then, apply couple of algorithms to specify the prediction and bring out the accuracy of the model. And further compare those algorithms to specify the algorithm with most efficacy. The accuracy is calculated by comparing the predicted outcome with real-time outcome (i.e. “Class” = Live/Die) of the patient. Based on considering various parameters, the model will be predicting the risk of a patient of his survival rate.

ABSTRACTDental X-ray segmentation is one of the most important and necessary steps to analyze the dental images for better medical diagnosis. The aim of this work is to develop an effective method for the prediction of normal and abnormal images using classification process. The hybrid fuzzy-based classification model (HFCM) includes the hybridization of Bayesian hidden morkov model and fuzzy classifier. Parameters such as accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, precision, and computational time are calculated to assess the robustness of the proposed approach.

Aluminium alloy foams are highly utilised material because of their high ductility, low density, high thermal conductivity, and lesser cost. Cryogenics would be an unconventional methodology amongst the material fields for the improvement of mechanical properties. The cryogenic treatment of non-ferrous alloy foams will also produce more wear resistance and longer durability products. This research is to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of closed-cell aluminium foam made of Al 6101 aluminium alloy with different heat regimes namely heat treatment (HT), cryogenic treatment (CT), and cryogenic heat treatment (CHT). The experimental results reveal that the cryogenic treatment of Al 6101 foam decreases the elastic limit and leads to brittleness. A comparison of the stress-strain curve emphasises that the increase of brittleness in the CHT regime is due to the reduction of the elastic region and also the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images prove that the cryogenic treatment changes the morphology of aluminium alloy foam.

Herein, cost‐effective and highly efficient Co3−XNiXO4electrodes with various Ni concentrations (X= 0.1 to 0.5) are synthesized for supercapacitors. Ni‐doping effects are elucidated by various structural, morphological, and spectroscopic characterizations. The electrochemical studies show a ≈2‐fold increase in the specific capacitance for X= 0.5 when compared to its pristine counterpart. With varying concentrations of Ni, the specific capacitance of Co3O4, Co3−0.2Ni0.2O4, Co3−0.5Ni0.5O4nanorods exhibits 473, 657, and 892 Fg−1at a current density of 1 Ag−1with a capacitance retention rate of 94%, 91%, and 93%, respectively, up to 8000 cycles. Significant enhancement in specific capacitance without compromising the cycling stability is due to the low charge transfer and internal resistances. Symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors are fabricated using the sample with maximum performance, i.e., X= 0.5. The symmetric supercapacitor exhibits a specific capacitance of 222 Fg−1at 1 Ag−1and a capacitance retention of 89.3% over 1000 cycles at 5 Ag−1. For the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) fabrication, Co3Ni0.5O4and activated carbon are used as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The ASC device shows an excellent energy density of 39.4 Wh kg−1at a power density of 754.8 Wh kg−1with a retention rate of 98.4%. Supercapacitive performance of Co3O4and Co3−XNiXO4granular nanorods in three electrode and two electrode configurations.

A Novel Inclined Solar still (ISS) assessed by sand as Sensible Heat Thermal Energy Storage Material (SHTESM) was fabricated with the view of improving yield. The performance of the ISS with and without SHTESM has been experimented in Chennai, India. The use of sand materials placed on the basin keeps the basin temperature high enough to yield higher distilled water during the evening time. The effect of sand as SHTESM on energy and exergy efficiencies was calculated. The calculation revealed that the energy and exergy efficiencies were maximum when ISS was assessed by sand materials. The diurnal yield was found to be 2.3 and 1.7 kg for the ISS with and without sand, respectively. The results showed that the yield of the ISS with sand was 35 % higher than the ISS without sand. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of the ISS without SHTESM are 30.4 % and 1.6 %, and for the ISS with SHTESM are 40.1 % and 2.2 %, respectively.

Aims To compare the long-term safety and efficacy of subconjunctival injection mitomycin C(MMC) with conventional sponge applied MMC during trabeculectomy.Methods and Material Retrospective analysis of 98 eyes of 90 patients who underwent trabeculectomy with Mitomycin C were divided into two groups, group 1- sponge (n = 52) and group 2- Injection(n = 46). Follow-up data were collected on day one, day 15, one month, three months, six months, one year, two years and three years. Data from baseline and follow-up visits were analyzed and compared to study the significant difference in intraocular pressure (IOP), number of antiglaucoma medications (AGM) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) . P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results Mean preop IOP was 34.61 ± 13.3 mmHg in group one and 33.07 ± 9.6 mmHg in group two, which reduced to 11.43 ± 3.2 and 11.59 ± 3.2 mmHg at three years (p< 0.001 in both groups) with no significant difference between the groups. Mean number of preoperative AGM was 2.28 ± 0.8 and 2.42 ± 0.7 in group one and two respectively which reduced to 1.19 ± 1.1(p= 0.405) and 0.88 ± 0.9(p= 0.001) at three years. Complete and overall success rates (complete + qualified) were 59.3% and 78.9% in group one and 60.9% and 80.4% in group two at three years. No statistically significant difference was found in complication rates, post-operative interventions, and final visual outcome in both groups.Conclusions Subconjunctival Injection MMC was a safe and effective alternative to sponge application with comparable long term surgical outcomes.

To meet societal and environmental needs in the future, it is vitally necessary to develop more efficient electricity storage. The need for more effective, efficient energy storage has reignited scientific and commercial interest in enhanced capacitor designs, where the collection of experimental methods and theories that make up nanotechnology play a crucial role. Morinda pubescens fruit (MPF)-like structures Bi@BiVO4were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal approach, which manifested in highly efficient, stable pseudo-capacitance applications. MPF-like structure Bi@BiVO4was found to form in the monoclinic scheelite phases in the prepared samples, as determined by the XRD analysis. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) systems, the pseudo-capacitance behaviour of working electrodes covered with a highly crystalline MPF-like structure, Bi@BiVO4, was investigated. The maximum specific capacitance, 1105 F/g in 1 A/g at 2 M KOH, was attained by a modified electrode utilizing the MPF-like structure Bi@BiVO4. The MPF-like structure of Bi@BiVO4coated on a Ni foam electrode was shown to be significantly more stable for 10,000 cycles at 1 A/g than the stability of previously fabricated electrode materials. With great capacitance retention and columbic efficiency of 100.8 % and 89 % at 1 A/g, this redesigned supercapacitor performs well. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor of Bi@BiVO4@NF//AC@NF has a good capacitance retention value of 98 % and the energy density and power density of Bi@BiVO4@NF//AC@NF are 39.7 Wh k/g and 3205 W k/g, respectively. This gadget is inexpensive and very effective. It is a viable contender and a suitable alternative material for supercapacitor applications.

A hybrid wireless network handles both ad hoc networks and infrastructure networks, these networks are affected by malicious attacks which affect the routing by packet drops, modifications and selective forwarding. These attacks lead to the link failure in a network. Link failures are the main reason for packet loss and network unreliability in these kinds of networks. Due to link failures, the life time of the network and the performance of routing path is affected. The previous security mechanisms for protecting wireless networks are not sufficient for hybrid networks. In this article, the authors propose a trust-based security model to enhance security factors in hybrid networks. The proposed routing protocols implemented in hybrid network platforms consist of different networks such as a fixed node for WLANs (wireless televisions, personal computers, printers, cellular, etc.) with zero mobility, a sensor node for WSNs with zero mobility, mobile nodes with movements considered MANETs, and nodes with high movements (vehicles) considered as VANETs. This article proposes routing protocols to avoid link failure in the current routing path and provide quick recovery, improve the throughput, reduce end to end delay, maximize the life time of routing path without affecting energy consumption and QoS/QoE while compared with other existing techniques.

The paper presents a set of methods for user-centred design of autonomous mobility for public transportation in the context of a multi-disciplinary research programme in Singapore, called TUMCREATE. While traffic engineers plan the operation of the new mobility system, the Industrial Designers of TUMCREATE take on the role of designing the autonomous vehicles (AVs) and infrastructure for greater comfort and a positive travel experience for users. Tasks have been identified to promote user acceptance and facilitate the operation of autonomously driven vehicles for public transport. To fulfil these tasks, conventional design methods have been enhanced with Virtual Reality (VR) technology and with simulations developed by the computer scientists of TUMCREATE. Since public transportation is a complex and broad area, it cannot be investigated with a single design method. First results showed that conventional methods that consider the Universal Design principles guarantee the accessibility, usability and understandability of AVs and stations. VR has been identified as a suitable tool for Industrial Designers to evaluate communication concepts between AVs and pedestrians. This confirms that digital tools (i.e. VR) enhance conventional design methods, especially with regard to technologies that are not available on the market yet (e.g. AVs

The proposed framework aims to prevent global crimes, specifically terrorist attacks, bomb blasts, and drone attacks, by using the Suspicious Cryptographic Message Detection (SCMD) system to detect and decrypt suspicious messages. Terrorists often use encrypted messages to communicate with their teammates in different parts of the world, making it difficult for authorities to monitor their activities. The framework addresses this issue by detecting with gradient boosting algorithm and cryptanalyzing by using Simple Substitution Cipher techniques to decrypt suspicious messages and predict potential criminal activity. The framework utilizes various emerging trends in information technology, including machine learning techniques, pre-defined decision rules, wordnet, and semantic web ontology, to predict the type of crime, the criminal's name and location, and other criminal details. It comprises multiple components, including Semantic web Ontology, Suspicious Database, and machine learning techniques, to facilitate the detection and reporting of criminal activity. When the server receives a suspicious encrypted message, the framework detect and decrypts it and predicts the type of crime based on microblogs before it can be executed by the criminals. The details of the criminals are then alerted to the cybercrime department, reducing the burden on security departments and enhancing public safety. In summary, the framework provides a comprehensive solution to the challenges posed by encrypted messages in criminal activities. It uses advanced technologies to identify and predict potential criminal activities, enabling law enforcement agencies to take preemptive actions to prevent major and minor attacks, including terrorist attacks.