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11 páginas : figuras. A través del tiempo se ha incrementado el uso y aplicación de las tecnologías geoespaciales para el control y seguimiento de los procesos evolutivos que se presentan día a día en la corteza terrestre, dando como resultado el planteamiento y desarrollo de diversas metodologías para el tratamiento de imágenes satelitales y uso de modelos digitales del terreno. En el presente artículo se presenta una metodología que permite estimar el volumen de aporte de sedimentos al rio Guayuriba, así como la evolución del retroceso de la cárcava localizada en la vía a la Vereda El Carmen. Para el cálculo del volumen de remoción en masa, se emplearon modelos digitales del terreno ALOS PALSAR de los años 2007 y 2010 con resolución espacial de 12.5 metros, dando como resultado un aporte de 97.000 m3 de material aportado por año. Para el análisis multitemporal se emplearon imágenes satelitales Landsat 5 ETM del año 1989 y Landsat 8 OLIS-TIRS del año 2015, las cuales permitieron identificar la evolución del deslizamiento y erosión remontante en la cárcava del caso de estudio. Over time, the use and application of geospatial technologies has increased to control and monitor the evolutionary processes that occur in a day in the earth's crust, resulting in the approach and development of various methodologies for the treatment of satellite images and use of digital terrain models. In the present article a methodology is presented that allows to estimate the volume of sediment contribution to the Guayuriba river, as well as the evolution of the retreat of the gully located on the road to the Vereda El Carmen. For the calculation of mass removal volume, digital models of the ALOS PALSAR plot were used in 2007 and 2010 with a spatial resolution of 12.5 meters, resulting in a contribution of 97,000 m3 of material contributed per year. For the multi-temporal analysis, Landsat 5 ETM satellite images from the year 1989 and Landsat 8 OLIS-TIRS from 2015 were used, which allowed us to identify the evolution of the receding landslide and erosion in the gully of the case study.

15 páginas : figuras. Lago de Tota, el más grande en extensión que tiene Colombia y el segundo en Suramérica, a través de los últimos años se ha venido observando la disminución exponencial de este cuerpo de agua, los cambios físicos y químicos presentes en este lago contribuyen a que se generen estudios continuos por estudiantes y entidades gubernamentales sobre las evoluciones geomorfológicas e hidrológicas que presenta en la actualidad. El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de identificar los cambios del nivel de agua del lago de Tota ubicado en el departamento de Boyacá a partir de un análisis multitemporal utilizando imágenes satelitales Landsat 5, 7 y Sentinel 2A en los periodos 1989, 2001 y 2018. Con el fin de evidenciar las afectaciones del cambio climático y los efectos antrópicos sobre las variaciones en el nivel de la superficie del lago. Los resultados evidenciaron la disminución del lago en un 2,65% desde el año 1989 hasta la actualidad (2018) con pérdidas significativas de 1. 5 Km2 y en perímetro disminución de 8. 620 m en la ronda hídrica del lago. ABSTRACT - Lake Tota, the largest in size that Colombia has and the second in South America, through recent years has been observing the exponential decrease of this body of water, the physical and chemical changes present in this lake contribute to the generate continuous studies by students and government entities on the geomorphological and hydrological evolutions that it presents at present. The present study aims to identify water level changes in Lake Tota located in the department of Boyacá, based on a multitemporal analysis using Landsat 5, 7 and Sentinel 2A satellite images in the periods 1989, 2001 and 2018. In order to demonstrate the effects of climate change and anthropic effects on variations in the surface level of the lake. The results showed the decrease of the lake by 2,65 % from 1989 to the present; the area has presented significant changes with losses of up to 1,5 Km2 and the perimeter decrease of 8.620 meters in the water round of the lake.

13 páginas : imágenes. Un análisis multitemporal es una alternativa para determinar los cambios que han sufrido las diferentes coberturas, ya que permite contrastar las coberturas de dos imágenes satelitales con diferente fecha, pero de un mismo lugar. El propósito de este estudio fue identificar los cambios de cobertura en el Departamento del Atlántico a través de un análisis multitemporal entre los años 2000 y 2017 con imágenes Landsat 5 y Landsat 7 respectivamente, empleando el software PCI Geomántica. Esto se realizó partir de una clasificación supervisada que permitió evidenciar como las diferentes actividades agrícolas y la expansión urbana y rural ocasionan pérdidas considerables en las áreas de coberturas vegetales y en las superficies de los cuerpos de agua. A multi-temporal analysis is an alternative to determine the changes that the different coverages have undergone, which allows contrasting the coverages of two satellite images with different dates, but from the same place. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in coverage in the Department of the Atlantic through a multitemporal analysis between 2000 and 2017 with Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 images respectively, using the PCI Geomántica software. This is due to the fact that agricultural activities and urban and rural expansion cause considerable activities in the areas of vegetation cover and on the surfaces of bodies of water.

A apropriação da natureza pela ação social estabelece estratégias próprias de produção e organização espacial. O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise multitemporal do uso e ocupação da terra entre os anos de 2002 a 2014, para a Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Tenente Amaral – MT, considerando as unidades geoambientais e as adequações às leis ambientais. Com esse propósito, a metodologia adota técnicas de geoprocessamento validadas por trabalho de campo. O processamento dos dados pode ser subdividido nas seguintes etapas: (a) análise multitemporal do avanço agropastoril, (b) delimitação das nascentes e suas respectivas Áreas de Proteção Permanente (APP), e (c) identificação do uso inadequado das áreas protegidas por lei. A análise multitemporal utiliza-se dos mapeamentos realizados pela WWF-Brasil para a Bacia do Alto Paraguai, de forma sistemática nos anos de 2002, 2008, 2010, 2012 e 2014. A Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Tenente Amaral ainda possui aproximadamente 32% de área de vegetação natural. A agricultura instala-se na morfoescultura do Planalto dos Guimarães, onde se encontra maior estabilidade geoambiental para tal uso, enquanto na Depressão Interplanáltica de Rondonópolis, os usos de maior destaque são a pecuária extensiva na zona de transição dessas duas morfoesculturas, e de subsistência no modo camponês de pequeno porte. As nascentes e suas APPs estão sendo usadas de forma ilegal, principalmente pela pecuária, na área da Depressão de Rondonópolis.AbstractThe appropriation of nature by social action establishes own strategies of production and spatial organization. This paper aims to conduct a multi-temporal analysis of the use and occupation of land between the years 2002-2014, to the basin of the river Tenente Amaral - MT, considering the geo-environmental units and adjustments to environmental laws. For this purpose, the methodology adopted geoprocessing techniques validated by fieldwork. Data processing can be subdivided into the following steps: (a) multi-temporal analysis of agropastoral advance, (b) definition of springs and their respective Permanent Protection Areas (PPA), and (c) identification of inappropriate use of areas protected by law. The multi-temporal analysis utilizes the mapping carried out by WWF-Brazil to the upper Paraguay River Basin, systematically in the years 2002, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. The basin of the river Tenente Amaral also owns approximately 32% of the area’s natural vegetation. Agriculture settles in the morphosculpture of Guimarães Plateau, where most geoambinetal stability for such use, while in Rondonópolis Depression, the most prominent uses are extensive cattle ranching in the transition zone of these two morphosculptures, and subsistence agriculture in small peasant mode. The sources and their PPAs are being used illegally, mainly by livestock in the area of Rondonópolis Depression.

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data have been widely used to characterize the 3-D structure of the forest. However, their use in a multitemporal framework has been quite limited due to the relevant challenges introduced by the comparison of pairs of point clouds. Because of the irregular sampling of the laser scanner and the complex structure of forest areas, it is not possible to perform a point-to-point comparison between the two data. To overcome these challenges, a novel hierarchical approach to the detection of 3-D changes in forest areas is proposed. The method first detects the large changes (e.g., cut trees) by comparing the Canopy Height Models derived from the two LiDAR data. Then, according to an object-based change detection approach, it identifies the single-tree changes by monitoring both the treetop and the crown volume growth. The proposed approach can compare LiDAR data with significantly different pulse densities, thus allowing the use of many data available in real applications. Experimental results pointed out that the method can accurately detect large changes, exhibiting a low rate of false and missed alarms. Moreover, it can detect changes in terms of single-tree growth, which are consistent with the expected growth rates of the considered areas.

En día 30 de Marzo del año 2017, se presentó un evento de deslizamientos en Mocoa -Putumayo, el cual dejó como saldo aproximadamente 300 personas muertas, más de 300 desaparecidos y 400 personas heridas, tas cifras en pérdidas materiales fueron incalculables, de los 75000 habitantes promedio que tiene Mocoa, se vieron afectados por esta avalancha 40000 de los cuales aproximadamente 4500 perdieron sus viviendas. Al realizar análisis de la dinámica de las coberturas en los años 2001, 2013 y 2016, ve pudo evidenciar que se presentaron perdidas de coberturas boscosas y aumento de coberturas urbanas, al realizar ei análisis de la susceptibilidad a movimientos de remoción en masa, componente cobertura de la tierra, se pudo definir que el municipio posee en su mayoría susceptibilidad media y alta, finalmente para validad los resultados obtenidos se realizó una interpretación de coberturas después del evento presentado en el año 2017, en la cual se logró identificar especialmente las áreas afectadas por los derrumbes, siendo estas en su mayoría tejidos urbanos los cuales en el análisis de susceptibilidad me presentaban riesgo al estar catalogado con pérdida de coberturas naturales y susceptibilidad alta, confirmando así que la metodología utilizada en esta investigación basada en la guía de susceptibilidad del Servido Geológico Colombiano año 2017, arroja resultados reales para el análisis de este tipo de eventos, dicha información debería ser clave en la planificación del territorio colombiano On March 30, 2017, there was a landslide event in Mocoa - Putumayo, which left approximately 300 peopie dead, more than 300 missing and 400 people injured, the figures in material losses were incalculable, of the 75,000 average inhabitants that Mocoa has, were affected by this avalanche 40000 of which approximately 4500 lost their homes. When carrying out an analysis of the coverage dynamics in the years 2001, 2013 and 2016, it was evident that there were losses of forest cover and ¡ncrease of urban coverage, when carrying out the analysis of the susceptibility to removal movements in mass, component coverage of the land, it was possible to define that the municipality possesses mostly médium and high susceptibility, finally to valídate the results obtained, an interpretation of coverage was made after the event presented in the year 2017, in which the areas were spatially ídentified affected by the landslides, these are mostly urban tissues which in the susceptibility analysis presented risk to me when cataloged with loss of natural coverage and high susceptibility, confirming that the methodology used in this research based on the susceptibility guide of the Colombian Geological Service year 2017, yields real results for In the analysis of this type of events, this ¡nformation should be key in the planning of the Colombian territory in order to avoid and / or minimize the effects of these natural disasters, for this purpose a monitoring focused on three main axes is proposed: technological, environmental and social. Magíster en Gestión Ambiental Maestría

20 páginas : figuras. El municipio de Villanueva – Casanare, es uno de los territorios de Colombia donde el sector palmero se ecuentra consolidado como la principal actividad productiva, siendo esta la que mayor área ocupa. Este crecimiento en el sector se viene presentando hace pocos años, lo que ha llevado a un desbordamiento de las fronteras agrícolas sobre las coberturas naturales que se presentan en él. Por ello, en este documento se aplica un análisis multitemporal que evidencia como las coberturas naturales del municipio vienen sufriendo una pérdida importante en la cantidad de área que presentaban en el 2012. En la totalidad del área del municipio, la pérdida de coberturas leñosas llego a 2.403,38 ha. en 2017 de 13.331,33 ha. que existían en 2012, lo que representa una pérdida del 18,02% de estas coberturas, donde los bosques de galería fueron los que presentaron una mayor cantidad de área pérdida, la cual alcanzó las 794,92 ha. Estas pérdidas se ven representadas por una posible disminución de la biodiversidad en el municipio con una fragmentación de bosques naturales con su consecuente desconexión ecológica que conlleva a problemáticas en la prestación de diferentes servicios ecosistémicos necesarios para el desarrollo agrícola del territorio. The municipality of Villanueva - Casanare, is one of the territories of Colombia where the palm sector is consolidated as the main productive activity, this being the largest area occupied. This growth in the sector has been presented a few years ago, which has led to an overflow of agricultural frontiers over the natural coverage that are there. A multi-temporal analysis is applied in this document that shows how the natural coverage of the municipality is suffering an important loss in the amount of area presented in 2012. In the entire area of the municipality, the loss of woody cover reached 2,403, 38 ha. in 2017 of 13,331.33 ha. that existed in 2012, which represents a loss of 18.02% of these coverings, where the gallery forests were those that presented a greater amount of loss area, which reached 794.92 ha. These losses are represented by a possible decrease in biodiversity in the municipality with a fragmentation of natural forests with its consequent ecological disconnection that leads to problems in the provision of different ecosystem services necessary for the agricultural development of the territory.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-23T19:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO CÉSAR DO NASCIMENTO SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2017.pdf: 2656117 bytes, checksum: 0b2a6d38796702f280814934f96445dc (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO CÉSAR DO NASCIMENTO SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2017.pdf: 2656117 bytes, checksum: 0b2a6d38796702f280814934f96445dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-28 O sensoriamento remoto possibilita o acompanhamento da cobertura do solo a partir de índices de vegetação. Análises das tendências de longo prazo da cobertura do solo são, geralmente, executadas com sensores de alta resolução temporal e baixa resolução espacial. No entanto, em regiões como a Semiárida, a compreensão da dinâmica da cobertura do solo em escalas locais é muito importante, particularmente devido à ação humana. O uso de imagens de satélite com média resolução espacial permite identificar alterações na escala da ação humana no bioma Caatinga. Através da abordagem aplicada a este trabalho, é possível identificar o período em que ocorreram tais alterações. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se o teste de tendência de Mann-Kendall para avaliar o desempenho ou a capacidade dos indicadores biofísicos EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index); e albedo de superfície para identificar alterações na cobertura do solo. Foram também identificados, através de estimativas de tendências temporais, as áreas e períodos com possíveis variações na cobertura do solo em agrupamentos temporais de 5 anos. Utilizaram-se 162 imagens LANDSAT 5, 7 e 8 no período de 1986 a 2015, da Bacia do Rio Taperoá, localizada no semiárido do estado da Paraíba. Embora o EVI seja o indicador biofísico mais amplamente utilizado para avaliar alterações na cobertura do solo, o albedo de superfície mostrou-se mais sensível ao indicar prováveis áreas alteradas bem como em apontar em qual período tal mudança ocorreu. As avaliações executadas fornecem um ferramental para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de monitoramento remoto e gestão de ecossistemas, podendo ser usado para identificar regiões para intervenções e observações mais detalhadas. Remote sensing allows monitoring of land cover from vegetation indexes. Analyses of longterm trends in land´s cover are generally performed with high temporal resolution´s and low spatial resolution´s sensors. However, in heterogeneous regions such as the Brazilian Semi-arid Region, understanding the dynamics of land cover at local scales is very important, particularly in relation to the scale of human action. The medium spatial resolution allows identifying alterations in the scale of small rural properties and it is compatible with human action scale in Caatinga´s biome. The approach applied to this work makes possible to measure the period in which such changes occurred. In this work, the Mann-Kendall trend´s test was used to evaluate the performance or the capacity of the biophysical indicators EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index); and surface Albedo to identify changes in soil cover. It was possible, as well, to identify, through estimates of temporal trends, areas and periods with possible variations in soil cover in 5-year temporal groupings. In total, 162 LANDSAT images were used, in the period from 1986 to 2015, focusing on Taperoá´s river basin, in the State of Paraíba, Brazilian semiarid region. Although EVI is the biophysical indicator most widely used to assess changes in soil cover, surface Albedo has been more sensitive in indicating probable areas altered as well as in indicating in which period such a change occurred. The evaluations provide tools for the development of remote monitoring and ecosystem management systems and can be used to identify regions of priority for interventions and observations that are more detailed.

La presente propuesta de investigación desarrolla una metodología, completamente implementada en un entorno orientado a objetos geográficos (GEOBIA), para la estimación y cuantificación de las dinámicas espaciotemporales de la cobertura Bosque (pérdida o deforestación), mediante el análisis de una serie de tiempo de imágenes multiespectrales de media resolución espacial (Landsat). Se formularon los procesos para la adecuada estructuración de los datos y construcción de la serie de tiempo, se determinaron a partir de los datos históricos de los mapas de Bosque y No Bosque (IDEAM) los parámetros para la optimización y definición del espacio de características que permitieron la segmentación, entrenamiento y clasificación de la serie de tiempo de objetos a partir de 4 algoritmos de aprendizaje de máquina (Machine Learning): Maquinas de soporte vectorial (SVM), árboles de decisión (DT), Bosques Aleatorios (RF) y K-nearest neigbor (KNN). Se formuló un marco metodológico, a partir del concepto de Link entre objetos temporales, para la generación de objetos de deforestación mediante el análisis espacio temporal de los objetos de bosque y no bosque clasificados en cada momento de la serie de tiempo; y a los objetos generados se aplicó una metodología de evaluación de exactitud integral orientada a objetos, matriz STEP, pues se consideran los aspectos geométricos y temáticos de los objetos generados en comparación al mapa de referencia. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que una metodología de detección de cambios completamente orientada a objetos facilita el modelamiento de las características temáticas, geométricas y temporales para el análisis de cambios en las coberturas de la tierra y que los conceptos de análisis y modelamiento espacial de procesos cartográficos pueden implementarse en el mismo proceso de clasificación de la serie de tiempo. The research proposal develops a methodology fully implemented in a geographical object oriented environment (GEOBIA), for the estimation and quantification of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the forest cover (loss or deforestation), by analyzing a time series of medium spatial resolution multispectral images (Landsat). Processes for the proper multispectral and multitemporal data struturation and construction of the time series were formulated, and based on the historical data maps of the Forest and Non-Forest maps (IDEAM) the parameters for the optimization and definition of the feature space, segmentation, training and classification of the time series of objects through four Machine learning algorithms: Vector support machines (SVM), decision trees (DT), Random Forests (RF) and K- Nearest neigbor (KNN) were determined. A methodological framework was formulated, based on the concept of Temporal Link between objects in the time series, for the generation of deforestation objects by means of the temporal analysis of the Forest and Non-Forest objects classified at each moment of the time series; A object oriented accuracy assesment, STEP Matrix, was applied since the geometric and thematic aspects of the generated objects are considered in comparison to the reference map. The results obtained allow us to conclude that a fullyy object - oriented change detection methodology facilitates the modeling of thematic, geometric and temporal characteristics for the analysis of changes in land cover and that the concepts of analysis and spatial modeling of cartographic processes can be implemented in the same time series classification process. IDEAM, Sistema de monitoreo de bosques y carbono

El propósito de la presente investigación es realizar un análisis multitemporal utilizando imágenes de satélite Landsat de los años 2010 y 2017, para determinar el cambio de cobertura de bosque en las sabanas del Yarí, debido a la deforestación que se ha presentando en la zona en los últimos años. Para realizar el estudio, se procesaron las dos imágenes por separado, inicialmente se realizó una clasificación temática y una evaluación de la exactitud con el propósito de observar cuales eran las coberturas predominantes en la zona de estudio, posteriormente se realizó un corregistro a las imágenes (resampleo) con el fin de que pudieran ser comparables espacialmente, y con ello estimar los cambios ocurridos de un año a otro con respecto a las coberturas presentes. The purpose of the present investigation is to carry out a multitemporal analysis using Landsat satellite images of 2010 and 2017, to determine the change of forest cover in the Yarí savannas, due to the deforestation that has been occurring in the area. In order to carry out the study, the two images were processed separately, initially a thematic classification and an evaluation of the accuracy were carried out with the purpose of observing the predominant coverage in the study area, then a correlation was performed to the images ( Resampleo) so that they could be spatially comparable, and thus estimate the changes that occurred from year to year with respect to the present coverage.

Los análisis multitemporales tienen como objetivo principal, ver cambios de una zona entre diferentes fechas de referencia. El propósito de este estudio es restaurar un predio usando imágenes satelitales Landsat en un periodo de 19 años a partir del año 1998. Asimismo, con éste, se quiere reconstruir un predio costero el cual ha sido cubierto en su totalidad por el mar en donde se utilizará los Software ArcGIS y PCI. Para la obtención de la distribución general de las coberturas se procede a realizar una clasificación supervisada, la cual pretende caracterizar geométricamente el espejo de agua para los periodos entre 1998 y 2017, y constituir posibles relaciones de esas coberturas con el predio. El procedimiento a realizar es básicamente la construcción de firmas espectrales que identifiquen valores similares de radiancia; posteriormente, mediante algoritmos, se extrapolan las diferentes clases según las firmas espectrales construidas para clasificar las categorías de uso o coberturas, y, para finalizar, se realiza -como ya se mencionaba- una clasificación supervisada con el fin de reflejar adecuadamente la variabilidad de las coberturas en la zona de estudio. The Multitemporal analisis have for primary objective, watch changes in azone from different dates of reference The purpose of this study is to restore a property using LANDSAT satelital Images in a 19 year period since the year 1998. Likewise, with this, you want to rebuild a coastal property wich has been covered in its majority by the sea where Software ArcGIS y PCI is going to be used. For Obtaining of the general distritbution of the the coverings you proceed to perform a supervised classification, which pretends to caracterize geometrically the watermirror for the periods in between 1998 and 2017, and constitute possible relations of those coverings in the property. The proces to perform es basically the construction of spectral firms that identify similar values of radiance; afterwards, trough algorithms, you extrapolate the different clasess according to the spectral firms built to classifcate the categories of use or covering, and, for final, you perform -as already mention- a supervised classification with the final purpose of reflect adequately the variability of coverings in the study zone.

El análisis multitemporal para establecer la evaluación morfológica del río Uré, elaborado por medio de tres fotografías aéreas de los años 1955,1970 y 1995, permitió construir un mapa de coberturas con identificación de acuerdo a factores picto-morfológicos, determinando que para cada año se presentaron condiciones muy cambiantes y el número de coberturas ascendió a través del tiempo, además se pudo inferir que para el año 1970 existió una temporada con mayor humedad, debido al aumento en el ancho del río y la extensión de superficies de agua como las ciénagas, mientras que 25 años más tarde, para el año 1995 se disminuyó el ancho del cauce de 6% con respecto al año 1970, además presenta mayor número de coberturas ocasionadas por la influencia del hombre sobre el paisaje, reflejado en el avance en construcciones urbanas y la zona minera instalada para el desarrollo de actividades de extracción de Níquel para la mina Cerro Matoso. De igual forma por medio de la superposición de los cauces observados se identificó una dinámica fluvial con aumento en la velocidad de las aguas, y en consecuencia disminución de la sinuosidad del río, acompañado de procesos de migración de la parce occidental-central del río con tendencia al norte y de la parte nor-oriental con tendencia al occidente, junto con varios procesos de acortamiento del cauce. The multitemporal analysis to establish the morphological evaluation of the Uré river, elaborated by means of three aerial photographs of the years 1955, 1970 and 1995, allowed to construct a map of coverages with identification according to picto-morphologic factors, determining that for each year presented very changing conditions and the number of coverings increased over time, it was also possible to infer that by 1970 there was a season with higher humidity, due to the increase in the width of the river and the extension of water surfaces such as marshes, while 25 years later, in 1995, this riverbed decreased 6% with respect to 1970, and also has a greater number of coverages caused by the influence of man on the landscape, reflected in the advance in urban constructions and the mining area, installed for development of nickel extraction activities for the Cerro Matoso mine. Likewise, by means of the overlapping of the riverbed observed, a river dynamics was identified with an increase in the velocity the waters, and consequently a decrease in the river sinuosity, accompanied by migration processes of the western-central part of the river with tendency to the north and of the north-eastern part with tendency to the west, along with several processes of shortening of the riverbed.

Se realizó el análisis multitemporal de la ciudad de Bogotá D.C con el fin de evidenciar el cambio de las coberturas a causa de la expansión urbana para un periodo de 25 años mediante la clasificación supervisada de imágenes Landsat correspondientes a los años 1991 y 2016. La detección de cambios en los raster resultantes de las clasificaciones previas se ejecutó con el algoritmo de superposición THMROVR de la librería de análisis espacial de PCI Geomatics y posteriormente se definió el proceso de cambio evidenciado en dichas coberturas. Se determinó que la expansión de la zona urbana de la ciudad de Bogotá se ha concentrado principalmente sobre áreas agrícolas y de vegetación secundaria, adicionalmente dicha expansión ha provocado en zonas colindantes al perímetro urbano un evidente cambio de coberturas naturales a espacios agrícolas. Con el fin de salvaguardar los beneficios ecológicos que ofrecen las coberturas naturales se recomienda a los organismos de control ambiental efectuar un mayor seguimiento de los procesos de urbanización presentados en las periferias de la ciudad. The multitemporal analysis of the city of Bogotá D.C was carried out in order to show the change of coverage due to the urban expansion for a period of 25 years through the supervised classification of Landsat images corresponding to the years 1991 and 2016. The detection of changes in the raster resulting from the previous classifications was executed with the THMROVR overlay algorithm of the PCI Geomatics space analysis library and later defined the process of change evidenced in those covers. Artículo de investigación para optar al título de Especialista en Geomática It was determined that the expansion of the urban area of the city of Bogotá has concentrated mainly on agricultural areas and secondary vegetation, additionally this expansion has caused in an area adjacent to the urban perimeter an obvious change from natural coverages to agricultural spaces. In order to safeguard the ecological benefits offered by natural coverages, it is recommended that the environmental control agencies carry out a better monitoring of the urbanization processes presented on the outskirts of the city.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The groundwater is a resource of which many countries are dependent for the water supply of the population, being the maintenance of these reserves necessary. The anthropic activities can cause the commitment of the water supply. These activities result in changes on the landscape natural patterns, altering the land use. In this regard, there is the need to evaluate if the kind of land use in a region affects the groundwater recharge, and which activities can compromise in the future the aquifers supply. As such, the objective of this study was analyze the changes in land use on the recharge zone of the Botucatu Aquifer and how these changes affects the potential capacity of water infiltration in the ground and increase the local contamination potential. To this end, for the accomplishment of this research, the Chibarro and Ribeirão do Feijão watersheds were selected, located in the São Carlos municipality. First of all, a bibliographic review about this subject was made, followed by a multitemporal analysis of the land use, using the years of 1985, 2000 and 2015, using the Land Change Modeler of IDRISI software. Thus, the land cover scenarios for 2030 were projected, and it was made aquifer vulnerability maps using the DRASTIC methodology and the Susceptibility Index. The next step was the elaboration of maps of the infiltration potential capacity, trough the connection between the local geological materials and land cover. The results showed that both watersheds report trends of urban growth. In Chibarro watershed there was an increase of natural vegetation, while in Ribeirão do Feijão watershed there was a decrease. The vulnerability maps showed that the land use in both areas exercising pressure upon the aquifer may cause contamination. The infiltration potential capacity maps showed that in both watersheds is possible to happen the decrease of this capacity, risking the aquifer recharge. A água subterrânea é um recurso do qual diversos países dependem para o abastecimento hídrico da população, sendo a manutenção dessas reservas essencial. As atividades antrópicas podem acarretar no comprometimento do abastecimento dessas reservas. Estas atividades ocasionam modificações nos padrões naturais da paisagem, alterando o uso e ocupação do solo. Nesse sentido, verifica-se a necessidade de avaliar se o tipo de ocupação de uma determinada região interfere na recarga subterrânea, e quais atividades podem comprometer futuramente o abastecimento dos aquíferos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as mudanças de uso e ocupação do solo nas zonas de recarga do aquífero Botucatu e como afetam a capacidade potencial de infiltração de água no solo e aumentam o potencial de contaminação da região. Para isso, foram selecionadas as bacias hidrográficas do Chibarro e do Ribeirão do Feijão, localizadas no município de São Carlos, para a realização das análises. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a respeito do assunto, após isso foi feita uma análise multitemporal do uso e ocupação do solo entre 1985, 2000 e 2015, utilizando o Land Change Modeler do software IDRISI Selva. Com isso, foram projetados cenários de ocupação para 2030 e então foram elaboradas cartas de vulnerabilidade do aquífero com a metodologia DRASTIC e com o Índice de Susceptibilidade. A próxima etapa foi a elaboração das cartas de capacidade potencial de infiltração, através da relação entre os materiais inconsolidados da região e os usos do solo identificados. Os resultados mostraram que as duas bacias apresentam tendências de expansão urbana. Na bacia hidrográfica do Chibarro houve o aumento da vegetação natural, enquanto que na do Ribeirão do Feijão ocorreu a diminuição. As cartas de vulnerabilidade mostraram que os usos do solo nas duas áreas exercem uma pressão sobre o aquífero, podendo causar contaminação. As cartas de capacidade potencial de infiltração indicaram que nas duas bacias pode ocorrer a diminuição dessa capacidade, comprometendo a recarga do aquífero. CAPES: Código de Financiamento 001

The aim of this work is to analyze the evolution of arid areas by remote sensing and to assess the extent of landscape changes over time. The study consists of a multitemporal analysis of LANDSAT TM and ETM + satellite images from 1987, 2000 and 2009 covering the Oued Righ valley in south-eastern Algeria.Numerous colored compositions carried out, allowed us a very good visual characterization of the surface states. Supervised classification charts, carried at the second step, are of good quality as indicated by the precision indices and Kappa indices from the various confusion matrices.The change maps obtained by diachronic analysis of the classifications carried out show a clear modification of the natural landscape with a significant increase in the surface of the water, the number of the population and a reduction of the palm groves.Keywords: Remote sensing; Change mapping; land cover; multitemporal analysis; Northern Sahara

This paper addresses the problem of exploiting very high-resolution multifrequency SAR data collected by the COSMO-SkyMed and RADARSAT-2 missions to support risk monitoring and assessment in urban and suburban areas. The proposed approach aims at taking benefit from the synergy between the two SAR data sources to optimize the accuracy of thematic products of interest to risk monitoring. In particular, an unsupervised change detection approach is discussed, in which feature-level fusion is applied to a satellite image time series including both COSMO-SkyMed and RADARSAT-2 acquisitions to improve the detection results as compared to those generated through single-frequency processing.

The present Deliverable, D4.5, illustrates the activity carried out, within Task 4.2 and Task 4.3, in the first 30 months of the project. It provides an overview of the algorithms adopted or developed to analyse time series of continuous environmental variables and demonstrate their applications for selected case study. The techniques collection contributes to the provision of products and tools for the assessment of ecosystem state and changes, which play a key role in ecosystem service assessment.

This study presents an inventory of sediment source areas updated to 2016 of the Rio Cordon catchment, a small headwater basin located in the Eastern Italian Alps. The aim of the 2016 inventory was to update an old sediment source areas dataset dating back to 2006, built using LiDAR-derived geomorphometric parameters interpretation and field survey, in order to evaluate the geomorphic changes occurred in the last 10 years in the catchment. The new inventory was realized by means of an extensive field survey campaign conducted with a mobile GIS mounted on a rugged notebook integrating a GPS receiver. Pictures of individual or collective sediment source areas were also acquired in order to integrate the GIS dataset and to better define their current status of activity. The images were also used for a comparison with the images acquired in 2006 to identify the evolution or stabilization of each sediment source area. The identification and delimitation of large and/or unreachable areas was carried out in the office by interpreting aerial photo images (Bing satellite images and Web Map Services for AGEA 2009-2012 aerial photographs, compared with the old LiDAR-derived high resolution images used for the 2006 sediment source inventory). The comparison with the previous inventory shows that several old sediment sources resulted totally stabilized indicating a general decrease of erosion processes in the catchment. In contrast, some new sediment source areas were identified. They were mainly related to a very recent rock fall that took place in July 2016 in the Lastoni di Formin group and many new shallow landslides were found in the upper part of small Rio Cordon tributary where a small debris flow event occurred in 2012.

Grasslands cover approximately 40% of the Earth’s surface. Low-cost tools for inventory, management, and monitoring are needed because of their great expanse, diversity, and the importance for environmental processes. Remote sensing is a useful technique for providing accurate and reliable information for land use planning and large-scale grassland management. In the context of “GIO land” (Copernicus Initial Operations land program), which is currently contracted by the European Environment Agency, a high-resolution grassland layer of 39 European countries is being created with an overall classification accuracy of better than 80%. Since grassland canopy density, chlorophyll status, and ground cover (GC) are highly dynamic throughout the growing season, no unique spectral signature can be used to map grasslands. Therefore, it is necessary to use image time series to characterize the phenological dynamics of grasslands throughout the year in order to discriminate between grasslands and other vegetation with similar spectral responses. This paper describes an operational approach based on a multisensor concept that employs optical multitemporal and multiscale satellite imagery to generate the high-resolution pan- European grassland layer. The approach is based on the supervised decision tree classifier C5.0 in combination with previous image segmentation and seasonal statistics for various vegetation indices (VIs). Results from the grassland classification for Hungary are presented. The accuracy assessment for this classification was carried out using 328 independent sample points derived from a ground-based European field survey program (LUCAS) and current CORINE Land Cover data. The grassland classification approach is explained in detail on the example of Hungary where an overall accuracy of 92.2% has been reached.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:30:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1413-41522014000500069.pdf: 1563933 bytes, checksum: 87c63e9a0da5911336954da5fb1e12e4 (MD5) O Pantanal é um dos ecossistemas mais ricos em biodiversidade do Brasil, estendendo-se pelos territórios de Mato Grosso e de Mato Grosso do Sul, além de pequenas porções da Bolívia e Paraguai. A compreensão desse sistema é muito importante, já que para preservar é necessário conhecer. Assim, através da utilização de imagens MODIS, objetivou-se estimar as diferenças de cobertura do solo do Pantanal entre os anos de 2003 e 2010, avaliando a capacidade dessas imagens na identificação das mudanças na cobertura do solo da região. O limite de Pantanal adotado foi adaptado de limites consagrados na literatura; o método utilizado para a classificação das imagens foi o da classificação automática não supervisionada. Como resultado foi identificada a diminuição da vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva e o aumento das áreas de gramíneas entre os anos de estudo. The Pantanal is one of the richest Brazilian ecosystems in terms of biodiversity, extending into the territories of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as small portions of Bolivia and Paraguay. Understanding this system is very important because in order to preserve it is necessary to understand. Thus, using MODIS images, the present work aimed to estimate the differences in soil covering the Pantanal region between the years 2003 and 2010, evaluating the capacity of these images to identify changes in land cover. The Pantanal boundary used was adapted from boundary consecrated in the literature. The method used for image classification was the unsupervised automatic classification. As a result we identified a decrease in forest vegetation and an increase in grassland areas during the studied years. Doutor em Geologia Ambiental pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) – Curitiba (PR), Brasil. Professor na Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Engenheira Ambiental pela UFMS Doutor em Ciências pela Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR) Universidade Ananguera-Uniderp Doutora em Biologia Vegetal pela Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) UFMS Mestre em Saneamento Ambiental e Recursos Hídricos pela UFMS Doutora em Biologia Vegetal pela Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP)

Colombia cuenta con diversidad de ecosistemas naturales, algunos sólo se encuentran en zonas determinadas. Muchos de estos ecosistemas han sido alterados y transformados por actividades antrópicas como el sobre uso del suelo que implica la deforestación, explotación agrícola, producción agropecuaria, minería a cielo abierto y crecimiento urbano.Todos estos factores generan impactos negativos en las esferas ambientales y sociales, por un lado agotando recursos físicos y acabando los naturales. Afecta la calidad de vida de uno o varios grupos de individuos cercanos a éstos ecosistemas y que depende de éste su subsistencia.En la actualidad mediante diversos estudios y técnicas en las ciencias de la tierra se buscan dar solución a ésta clase de problemas con el fin de prevenir y mitigar impactos. Uno de estos estudios es el análisis espacial por medio de sensores remotos, los cuales proporcionan imágenes de la cobertura de la tierra y mediante operaciones y técnicas se pueden detectar a gran escala el deterioro de los recursos naturales y el aprovechamiento potencial de los mismos. Este proyecto busca el análisis de los suelos desnudos generados por la explotación minera de materiales para construcción y cómo en un periodo de 12 años entre 2003 y 2015, ha cambiado el entorno en una zona que presenta un ecosistema único el cual se ubica en el sector de Mondoñedo municipio de Mosquera en el departamento de Cundinamarca. Este análisis se realiza mediante imágenes del programa Landsat 7 y Landsat 8 para cada año respectivamente. Colombia has a diversity of natural ecosystems, some are only found in certain areas. Many of these ecosystems have been altered and transformed by anthropic activities such as over-use of land that involves deforestation, agricultural exploitation, agricultural production, open pit mining and urban growth. All these factors generate negative impacts in the environmental and social spheres, on the one hand, depleting physical resources and finishing the natural ones. It affects the quality of life of one or several groups of individuals close to these ecosystems and their livelihood depends on it. At present, various studies and techniques in the earth sciences seek to solve these problems in order to prevent and mitigate impacts. One of these studies is the spatial analysis by means of remote sensors, which provide images of the land cover and through operations and techniques can detect on a large scale the deterioration of natural resources and the potential exploitation of them.This project looks for the analysis of the bare soils generated by the mining of materials for construction and how in a period of 12 years between 2003 and 2015, the environment has changed in an area that presents a unique ecosystem which is located in the sector Of Mondoñedo municipality of Mosquera in the department of Cundinamarca. This analysis is performed using images from the Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 programs for each year respectively.

Sheep production is present on all continents and has been practiced in Brazil since the colonization. In this study, the multitemporal dynamics of sheep production in Brazil is examined using official government data (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics-IBGE) from 1976 to 2010. Maps of flock growth rates and growth acceleration maps by municipality were elaborated. The Southern states are seen to show a reduction in production mainly due to the wool crisis in the 1970s and 80s. The Northeast is seen to be important for meat production. More recently, centerwest and northern states have shown an increase in growth rates but this is still incipient. The maps of growth, acceleration and midpoint for sheep production showed a noticeable return to an increase in production in the South in recent years. The midpoint of production flow was in the northeast direction, which has stagnated. There was great dynamics in sheep production over the whole Brazilian territory, which affected supply chains due to the expansion of domestic and foreign markets. Areas with higher fluctuations in production are more vulnerable in terms of investment policies.

Il linguaggio analitico, pianificatorio e progettuale utilizzato per la componente agroforestale nei Piani di Gestione dei siti iscritti alla World Heritage List dell’UNESCO spesso non è rispondente all'argomento. Tale contraddizione risulta ancora più reale per ciò che concerne i paesaggi storici, più precisamente i paesaggi tradizionali, per i quali è nata, dal 1992, la categoria di “paesaggi culturali”. Gli attuali strumenti di gestione di queste aree (laddove esistano) spesso prescindono da un quadro conoscitivo realmente calibrato sulle loro peculiarità. Persino le linee guida del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali "Progetto di definizione di un modello per la realizzazione dei Piani di Gestione dei siti UNESCO" non fanno alcun riferimento a valori quali la complessità del mosaico paesaggistico, la frammentazione, la diversità bioculturale, la resilienza nei confronti di dinamiche paesaggistiche di abbandono. L'occasione per la sperimentazione di una nuova struttura metodologica è giunta con l'incarico per il coordinamento scientifico delle attività riguardanti la componente agroforestale del Piano di Gestione del sito UNESCO di "Porto Venere, Cinque Terre e Isole (Palmaria, Tino e Tinetto)”. Dopo una breve descrizione del Sito e delle motivazioni della sua iscrizione al Patrimonio Mondiale UNESCO, è sembrato indispensabile riportare una sintesi dei principali strumenti di pianificazione, programmazione di livello regionale e provinciale e di vincoli e aree protette presenti, riferiti ai caratteri e ai valori prioritari per il Sito. Gli strumenti individuati hanno una forte correlazione con il processo di formazione del sistema di gestione e ne possono influenzare le strategie messe in campo, ma, allo stato attuale presentano spesso indirizzi in contrasto con la tutela dei valori del Sito. Nella struttura metodologica proposta la situazione attuale dei valori relativi alla significatività del sistema è esaminata sia attraverso l’approccio di valutazione storico ambientale (VASA) che attraverso una Situation Analysis impostata su indagini ISTAT e sull’utilizzo di questionari ed interviste. I fattori di vulnerabilità del Sito sono stati individuati e quantificati attraverso l’uso di analisi multicriteriali che hanno portato ad una stima della vulnerabilità da abbandono e del rischio incendi. I risultati di queste indagini sottolineano un dato rilevante: in soli 39 anni di intervallo (1973-2012), ben il 21% della superficie del Sito è stato interessato dalla dinamica evolutiva di forestazione. L'abbandono delle pratiche agricole, determinato dal progressivo spopolamento dei comuni dell’area e dalle mutate condizioni economiche, è stato la causa principale di questo fenomeno. Nelle strategie e negli indirizzi gestionali proposti deve pertanto essere confermata la centralità degli agricoltori, quali attori principali di questo sistema paesaggistico, al fine di contrastare con misure dirette ed indirette l' abbandono dei terrazzamenti. The analytical, planning and design language used for the agricultural and forestry component in Management Plans of the sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List is often not pertinent to the subject. This contradiction is even more actual regarding the historical landscapes, more specifically the traditional landscapes, for which in 1992 UNESCO created the specific category of "cultural landscapes". The current management instruments for these areas (when they exist) often disregard a cognitive framework truly tailored to their peculiarities. Even the guidelines made by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism "Project for the definition of a model for the implementation of the UNESCO site management plans" make no reference to values such as the complexity of the landscape mosaic, fragmentation, biocultural diversity, resilience against landscape dynamics of abandonment. The opportunity to test a new methodological framework has come with the assignment for the scientific coordination of activities relating to the agricultural and forestry component of the Management Plan of the UNESCO Site of "Porto Venere , Cinque Terre and the Islands ( Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto )". After a brief description of the site and of the reasons for its inclusion in the World Heritage List, it seemed essential to include a summary of the main regional and provincial planning instruments, restrictions and protected areas, referring to priority values and characteristics of the site. The identified instruments have a strong correlation with the development process of the management system and may affect the strategies put in place, but, at the current state, they often have directions in contrast with the protection of the site values. In the methodological proposal the framework of the current situation of the values relating to the significance of the system it is examined both through the approach of the historical environmental assessment (VASA), and through a Situation Analysis set on ISTAT surveys and the use of questionnaires and interviews. Vulnerability factors of the Site have been identified and quantified through the use of multicriteria analysis which led to a valuation of abandonment vulnerability and risk of fires. The results of these surveys underline a relevant fact: in only 39 years (1973-2012), about 21 % of the area of the Site has been affected by the dynamic of forestation. The abandonment of agricultural practices, determined by progressive depopulation of the municipalities of the area and by the changed economic conditions, was the main cause of this phenomenon. Therefore in the strategies and in the management policies must be confirmed the centrality of the farmers as the principal actors for the maintenance of this landscape system, in order to oppose the abandonment of the terraces, with direct and indirect measures. Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze e tecnologie per la gestione forestale e ambientale

The results of a long-lasting geomorphological survey carried out in Rome are summarized. A method aimed at integrating survey data, historical maps, aerial photographs and archaeological and geomorphological literature produced a geomorphological map of the present-day historical centre. The geomorphology of Rome is related to the paleogeographical conditions prior to the founding of the City; they allow us to recognize the stages of landscape evolution of the ancient Caput Mundi (Capital of the World). The study area has been affected by continuous man-made changes to the drainage network and to the topographic surface over the last 3000 years. It has forced the authors to develop innovative solutions to undertake effective analysis of the urban environment and the legend of the geomorphological map in this peculiar context. The resulting map is useful for urban planning and archaeological research.

In this study, two sediment source inventories produced in 1994 and 2006 have been compared and an analysis of sediment connectivity has been carried out in a 5 km2 headwater catchment (Rio Cordon catchment, Eastern Italian Alps). The 2006 sediment sources inventory was produced through an integrated approach encompassing field survey and interpretation of geomorphometric parameters (i.e., openness, surface roughness and wetness index) computed on a LiDAR-derived 1-m resolution DTM. The 2006 inventory aimed at updating a sediment source dataset dating back to 1994, which had been implemented by means of traditional techniques, i.e., field survey and interpretation of aerial photographs. Moreover, a topography-based index of connectivity (Cavalli et al., 2013) has been applied in order to evaluate the potential connection of 2006 sediment source areas with regard to the channel network. The analysis indicates that using a geomorphometric approach based on high-resolution LiDAR DTM in combination with field survey helps obtaining reliable and detailed sediment sources inventory and improving sediment delivery assessment.

An integrated analysis of recent satellite imageries and dated aerial photos demonstrated to be a good investigation tool ( Gallo et al., 2009 ) for the identification of new sites and for the assessment of landscape changes of wide archaeological areas in Ethiopia. In the Melka Kunture archaeological sequence, the obsidian exploitation represents a leitmotiv during the last 1.7 Myr and the first known example of Oldowan utilization ( Piperno et al., 2009 ). The primary nearest obsidian source, the site of Balchit, 7 km North from Melka Kunture, is a dome-flow dated to 4.37 ± 0.07 Myr ( Chernet et al., 1998 ). Large areas of the Balchit site are covered by secondary obsidian debris resulting from the erosion of primary sources. The proximity between primary and secondary Balchit obsidian sources and the high quality of this raw material, easily available in large quantity, represent a unique condition in the framework of the Oldowan and Acheulian East African sites ( Piperno et al., 2009 ). In order to evaluate the human impact on the multitemporal change of obsidian sources, the land use of the study area, following the CORINE Land Cover Nomenclature, has been classified from aerial photos and IKONOS II imageries, respectively dated to 1972 and 2006. The accurate positioning of the primary and secondary sources and their extent have been measured thanks to the multispectral characteristics and to the high spatial resolution of the available imageries. Satellite scenes, covering an area of about 100 km 2 , have been also utilized in stereoscopy for the creation of the new topographic map, at the scale of 1:10,000, and of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Images orientation has been performed through the use of Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) which accuracy has been improved by the availability of Ground Control Points (GCPs) properly measured during a DGPS survey. Then, the images have been orthorectified and radiometrically and spectrally enhanced in order to favour the recognition of obsidian presence, in respect with ground observations collected during fieldworks. Photointerpretation and semi-automatic classification processes of images have been performed with the support of spectral signatures of obsidian samples recorded by a FieldSpec Pro spectroradiometer, ranging in the visible-short wave infrared electromagnetic interval (0.4–2.5 μm).

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo quantificar o uso da Terra e suas mudanças no município de Luis Eduardo Magalhães usando dados de sensoriamento remoto. A região teve uma grande expansão da agricultura e do agronegócio desde a década de 1980, devido às condições ambientais favoráveis com terras planas e estação chuvosa bem definida. As principais culturas são soja, algodão, milho e café, mas o solo do Cerrado também produz frutas, feijão e arroz, além de pastagens. O método de detecção de mudança de pós-classificação foi utilizado para determinar as diferenças entre as imagens durante as últimas duas décadas. Esta metodologia requer a comparação de imagens classificadas independentemente, minimizando os problemas de normalização da atmosfera, diferenças de sensor e condições ambientais (fenologia, ciclos precipitação e umidade do solo). Imagens ALOS e Landsat foram utilizadas para elaborar mapas a partir da classificação da cobertura e uso da Terra entre 1987 e 2008. O método utilizado para classificar cada imagem foi a interpretação visual. Durante os últimos 20 anos, os agricultores converteram cerca de 40% das áreas de cerrado em áreas de agropecuária. As mudanças na cobertura e uso da Terra do município de Luis Eduardo Magalhães refletem os impactos das decisões tomadas na política agrícola e econômica. The present work aims to quantify land use and land cover changes in Luis Eduardo Magalhães municipality using remote sensing data. The region presented a large expansion of the agriculture and agribusiness since the 1980s due to the environmental conditions favorable with flat lands and a well-defined rainy season. Main crops are soybean, cotton, maize and coffee, but the Cerrado soil also produces fruits, beans and rice, besides pastures. The post-classification change detection method was used to determine differences between images during the last two decades. This methodology requires the comparison of independently classified images, thereby minimizing problems of normalization for atmospheric, sensor differences and landscape conditions (phenology, precipitation cycles and soil moisture). ALOS and Landsat images were used to produce land cover classification maps between 1987 and 2008. The method used to classify each image was visual interpretation. During the last 20 years, farmers converted approximately 40% of savanna into farmlands. Land cover changes in the Luis Eduardo Magalhães reflect the impacts of management decisions made in agricultural and economic policy.

El propósito fundamental del trabajo es realizar un estudio multitemporal del cuerpo de agua de la laguna El Sonso en un periodo aproximado de 23 años a partir del año 1991, usando imágenes satelitales Landsat, por medio de herramientas de clasificación supervisada mediante el software PCI Geomatica. The main purpose of this work is to perform a multitemporal study of body water of the lagoon El Sonso in an approximate period of 23 years from 1991, using Landsat satellite images, through supervised classification tools by PCI Geomatica software.

Obtaining radiometric surface temperature information with both high acquisition rate and high spatial resolution is still not possible through a single sensor. However, in several earth observation applications, the fusion of data acquired by different sensors is a viable solution for so called image sharpening. A related issue is the presence of clouds, which may impair the performance of the data fusion algorithms. In this paper we propose a robustified setup for the sharpening of thermal images in a non real-time scenario, capable to deal with missing thermal data due to cloudy pixels, and robust with respect to cloud mask misclassifications. The effectiveness of the presented technique is assessed via numerical simulations based on SEVIRI data.

A bacia hidrográfica do rio Paranã possui um dos maiores fragmentos da Floresta Estacional Decidual no Brasil, também chamada de Mata Seca. Esse tipo de vegetação apresenta-se bastante fragmentada principalmente pela exploração seletiva de madeira e ampliação de áreas destinadas à pastagem, o que torna necessário estudos para compreensão de sua dinâmica e manutenção de sua diversidade, cuja flora é muitas vezes endêmica. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo definir um método de identificação regional da Mata Seca na bacia hidrográfica do rio Paranã. Devido ao comportamento sazonal desse tipo de vegetação foi utilizada na sua detecção uma seqüência temporal de imagens do índice NDVI do sensor MODIS. A metodologia pode ser subdividida nas seguintes etapas: (a) confecção de um cubo 3D relativo à série de imagens temporais do índice NVDI, (b) tratamento do ruído presente no espectro do NDVI multitemporal utilizando o método Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) e (c) análise do espectro do NDVI multitemporal com a formulação de um índice com o propósito de realçar a presença da Mata Seca. A Mata Seca apresenta um comportamento espectral do NDVI multitemporal típico com os valores mais altos na época de chuva e mais baixos na época de estiagem, diferenciando-se dos demais tipos de vegetação. O método de detecção de mudança pela subtração permitiu realçara a localização da ocorrência de Mata Seca. Desta forma, a metodologia adotada mostrou-se eficaz para a delimitação regional da Mata Seca. Paranã river basin has one of the major fragments of Decidual Seasonal Forest in Brazil. This vegetation is widely fragmented due to the selective wood exploitation and the growth of pasture areas, what justifies the development of studies in order to understand its dynamics and preserve its diversity. Thus, the present study aimed at defining a method for regional identification of the Deciduous Forest in the Paranã river basin. The deciduous forest has a typical phenological cycle in comparison with other savanna physiognomies. Due these characteristics, a temporal series of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images of the MODIS sensor was used for its detection. The adopted methodology may be subdivided into the following steps: (a) elaboration of the 3D cube of NDVI images, where the z profile corresponding to temporal signature or NDVI spectrum, (b) noise elimination using the Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transformation, and (c) NDVI temporal variability examination of deciduous forest vegetation, with the establishment of the best NDVI band applied in the vegetation index differencing method. The Deciduous Forest presents a typical NDVI spectral behaviour, with higher values in the raining season and lower values in the dry season, what makes this kind of vegetation different from others. The employment of a changing detection algorithm between two images: one for the dry season and the other for the raining season enhances the localization of the Decidual Seasonal Forest. So, the methodology has proved to be effective for regional delimitation of Deciduous Forests considering the MODIS sensor. Considering the changing detection method, Deciduous Forest region is characterized by presenting NDVI alteration values.

According to art. 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol, Italy, like other Parties included in Annex I, shall report the net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from afforestation, reforestation and deforestation activities (ARD). To evaluate these activities, Italy has to elaborate methods to estimate the conversion of non-forested to forested land, occurred after 31 December 1989. The aim of this study was to test a methodology to estimate the ARD activities. The approach was experimented in the Comunità Montana del Grappa (about 10500 ha) considered as a pilot area in the Prealpine region (NE Italy). The land-use change relative to the forest area was assessed by multitemporal classification of 1131 sampling points on orthocorrected aerial photos relative to 1991, 1996 and 1999. The forest area based on different definitions (minimum land cover equal to 10%, 20% or 30% and minimum surface equal to 2000 m2 or 5000 m2) was also assessed. Between 1991 and 1999, the total increment of the forest area was equal to 224 ha. However, the estimated increment was strongly related to the minimum surface (2000 m2 vs 5000 m2) of the forest definition. The proposed procedure was relatively easy to implement and highlighted the role of ARD and revegetation to attain the goals appointed from the Kyoto Protocol.

Fires occur extensively across Zambia every year, a problem recognized as a major threat to biodiversity. Yet, basic tools for mapping at a spatial and temporal scale that provide useful information for understanding and managing this problem are not available. The objectives of this research were: to develop a method to map the spatio-temporal seasonal fire occurrence using satellite imagery, to develop a technique for estimating missing data in the satellite imagery considering the possibility of change in land cover over time, and to demonstrate applicability of these new tools by analyzing the fine-scale seasonal patterns of landscape fires in eastern Zambia. A new approach for mapping burned areas uses multitemporal image analysis with a fuzzy clustering algorithm to automatically select spectral-temporal signatures that are then used to classify the images to produce the desired spatio-temporal burned area information. Testing with Landsat data (30m resolution) in eastern Zambia showed accuracies in predicting burned areas above 92%. The approach is simple to implement, data driven, and can be automated, which can facilitate quicker production of burned area information. A profile-based approach for filling missing data uses multitemporal imagery and exploits the similarity in land cover temporal profiles and spatial relationships to reliably estimate missing data even in areas with significant changes. Testing with simulated missing data from an 8-image spectral index sequence showed highly correlated (R2 of 0.78-0.92) and precise estimates (deviations 4-7%) compared to actual values. The profile-based approach overcomes the common requirement of gap-filling methods that there is gradual or no change in land cover, and provides accurate gap-filling under conditions of both gradual and abrupt changes. The spatio-temporal progression of landscape burning was evaluated for the 2009 and 2012 fire seasons (June-November) using Landsat data. Results show widespread burning (~ 60%) with most fires occurring late (August-October) in the season. Fire occurrence and burn patch sizes decreased with increasing settlement density and landscape fragmentation reflecting human influences and fuel availability. Small fires (< 5ha) are predominant and were significantly under-detected (>50%) by a global dataset (MODIS Burned Area Product (500m resolution)), underscoring the critical need of higher geometric resolution imagery such as Landsat imagery for mapping such fine-scale fire activity. Ph. D.

Uno de los métodos utilizados para analizar impactos ambientales ocurridos a través del tiempo, es conocer la evolución de los ecosistemas mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica-SIG; así que en este artículo, se presenta un análisis multitemporal de una zona con influencia de dos sistemas productivos principalmente: la ganadería y la minería y sobre la cual se presentan impactos ambientales significativos. La metodología partió de la utilización y digitalización de fotografías aéreas de los años 1998 y 2010 y una imagen tomada de Google Earth del año 2015 debidamente georreferenciada, se trabajó con una escala 1:25000; así mismo, se utilizó el programa ArcGIS para el procesamiento de la información. En el análisis se estableció como han sido las variaciones en las coberturas vegetales en el tiempo, la influencia de los sistemas productivos sobre las áreas boscosas, las áreas que han tenido procesos de recuperación y otras que con el tiempo han ido desapareciendo. One of the methods used to analyze environmental impacts occurred over time, is to know the evolution of ecosystems using Geographic Information Systems-GIS; so in this article, it is presented a multitemporal analysis of an area with influence of two production systems mainly: livestock and mining, and on which there are significant environmental impacts. The methodology was based on the use and digitalization of aerial photographs of the years 1998 and 2010 and an image taken of Google Earth of the year 2015 properly georeferenced, was worked with a scale 1: 25000; Also, the ArcGIS program was used for information processing. The analysis established the variations in plant cover over time, the influence of productive systems on forested areas, areas that have had recovery processes and others that have disappeared over time.

On 24 August 2016, the M 6.2 Amatrice earthquake struck central Italy, well-known as a seismically active region, causing considerable damage to buildings in the town of Amatrice and the surrounding area. Damage from this earthquake was assessed quantitatively by means of multitemporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) coherence and SAR intensity methods using dual-polarized SAR data obtained from the Sentinel-1 (VV, VH) and ALOS-2 (HH, HV) satellites. We developed linear discriminant functions based on three items: (1) the differential coherence values; (2) the differential backscattering intensity values of pre- and post-event images; and (3) a binary damage map of the optical pre- and post-event imagery. The accuracy of the proposed model was 84% for the Sentinel-1 data and 76% for the ALOS-2 data. The damage proxy maps deduced from the linear discriminant functions can be useful in the parcel-by-parcel assessment of building damage and development of spatial models for the allocation of urban search and rescue operations.

La micro-cuenca torrencial ‘La Machirí’, ubicada en el estado Táchira, no ha escapado a los procesos de erosión. La coincidencia de aspectos naturales que le otorgan una cierta fragilidad ambiental y la intervención antrópica, desencadenaron uno de los fenómenos erosivos más importantes al occidente venezolano: las cárcavas de la Machirí, dado el desequilibrio ecológico que representó en su momento de aparición y que sigue estando presente en nuestros días. Se evaluó la dinámica de los procesos generadores de volúmenes de suelo desplazados por procesos de erosión de la micro-cuenca torrencial ‘La Machirí’, mediante el estudio multitemporal con un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG), a partir de fotografías aéreas, una ortofoto generada a partir de un Software Fotogramétrico Digital (SFD) y una imagen satelital SPOT-5, lográndose a partir de ellas estimar la evolución, estado, tipo y grado de los procesos en la micro-cuenca torrencial ‘La Machirí’ para los periodos 1952, 1976 y 2010. The micro-watershed torrential ‘The Machirí’ located in Táchira state, has not escaped erosion processes. The coincidence of natural features that give a certain environmental fragility, and human intervention, triggered one of the most important erosive phenomena in western Venezuela: the Machirí gullies, given the ecological imbalance it has had at the time of occurrence that is still present nowadays. The dynamics of the processes generating volumes of soil displaced by erosion processes of the micro-watershed torrential ‘The Machirí’, were evaluated by means of the Geographic Information System (GIS) multi-temporal study from aerial photographs, an orthophoto created from a Digital Photogrammetric Software (DPS) and a SPOT-5 satellite image, from which it was able to estimate the evolution, state, type and degree of the processes in the micro-watershed torrential “The Machirí” for the periods 1952-1976 and 1976-2010. 85-99 ccamargo@unet.edu.ve rvidal@ula.ve andrades@ula.ve semestral

The use of COSMO-SkyMed constellation has been tested for post-fire monitoring activities. A typical Mediterranean ecosystem, seriously damaged by a wildfire, has been selected as study area. The multitemporal and multipolarization capabilities of COSMO-SkyMed have been exploited for automatic burnt area detection and monitoring of vegetation regrowth. Different imaging configurations have been tested to define the proper monitoring strategy in Mediterranean areas. Results showed X-band suitability for Mediterranean maquis post-fire monitoring.

In this paper we focus on the extraction and analysis of long-term satellite image time series, and on applications in urban development monitoring. A Satellite Image Time Series (SITS) comprised of more than 100 data sets, covering a time span of over 25 years is extracted from the current Landsat data archives, Then we create stacks of intra-annual images, which are analyzed by applying a series of direct multidate classifications in order to extract the annual built-up surface. The evolution of the built-up areas is then compared against population dynamics for the studied area.

Human activities, such as deforestation and industrial development, have drastically altered natural environments throughout the world, ranging from the loss of biodiversity to possible climatic changes on a global scale. The mapping of vegetation cover is an important source of information for the evaluation of the evolution of landscapes over time and space. The present study is based on a pioneering multitemporal analysis of the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes on the right bank of the lower São Francisco River. This approach was used specifically to assess the effects of the deforestation process on the remaining populations of two endangered tit monkey species, Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi & Langguth (1999), which inhabits the Atlantic Forest and is classified as endangered by the IUCN, and Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz (1990), which is found in the Caatinga, and is classified as critically endangered. The objective of this study was to produce a mutitemporal analysis of the historical deforestation process (1980-2010) in the study area and diagnose its effects on the distribution of Callicebus populations within this area. The study area (8º27 56 -12º3 35 S, 36º14 43 -40º59 4 W) encompasses the whole of the Brazilian state of Sergipe and the northern extreme of the neighboring state of Bahia, with a total area of approximately 80,000 km². Pre-processing involved the collection of images and the collection of data in the field. The multitemporal analysis included arithmetic operations (VI - Vegetation Index and PCA - Principal Components Analysis), visual interpretation, supervised classification, based on the Euclidian distance classifier, post classification, edition, and the production of the mosaic of the classified scenes. Eight classes were mapped - arboreal Caatinga, arboreal-shrub Caatinga, shrub Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, pasture, urban areas, water features, and cloud. The deforestation analysis took into account the biome, vegetation type, fragmentation processes and patterns, and records of Callicebus. The data from the 25 scenes were found to have errors of less than half a pixel (less than 15 meters), varying from 0.403 to 0.498 pixels. A total of 750 points were collected during the field excursions, supported GPS readings and approximately 8000 photographs. Large tracts of arboreal-shrubby Caatinga were found to persist in some areas over the three decades of the study period, whereas the Atlantic Forest was characterized by extensive deforestation and an increase in the areas of pasture. A total of 279 records of the presence/absence of titi monkeys were classified as presence, unconfirmed report, local extinction, and absence. A number of scenarios were analyzed and two theoretical models of deforestation created - (a) fragmentation and (b) nucleus. Model (a) is consistent with a greater probability of extinction of titi monkeys, due to the reduced size of the fragments, their isolation and lack of connectivity, whereas model (b) represents a more favorable scenario for conservation, with larger fragments and better connectivity. The area of transition between the distributions of the two species, where the genus appears to be absent, was also investigated. The data provide a number of insights into the conservation status of the species and their ecological requirements, as well as guidelines for decision-making on management strategies for the conservation of these taxa and the forest fragments they inhabit. As atividades humanas têm mudado drasticamente a cobertura natural de nosso planeta. Mundialmente, a destruição de ecossistemas e o desenvolvimento industrial desenfreado provocam graves problemas ambientais, que vão desde a perda de biodiversidade até eventuais mudanças climáticas globais. O mapeamento da cobertura vegetal é um insumo científico essencial para avaliar a evolução da paisagem no tempo e no espaço. Neste trabalho, utilizamos a análise multitemporal, o qual teve caráter inédito para os biomas da região, a Mata Atlântica e a Caatinga, na verificação do histórico de desmatamento da região. Estas técnicas foram utilizadas para avaliar os efeitos do processo de desmatamento sobre as populações remanescentes de duas espécies ameaçadas, os macacos guigós, Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi & Langguth (1999), que habita a Mata Atlântica e está classificada como ameaçada de extinção na categoria em perigo pela IUCN e Callicebus barbarabrownae Hershkovitz (1990) que habita a Caatinga e está classificada atualmente como criticamente em perigo de extinção. O objetivo foi realizar uma análise multitemporal do processo de desmatamento (1980-2000) da área de estudo e diagnosticar seus efeitos sobre as populações de Callicebus. A área de estudo (8º27 56 -12º3 35 de latitude Sul e 36º14 43 -40º59 4 de longitude Oeste) compreende o estado de Sergipe e parte da região do extremo norte do estado da Bahia atingindo uma área de aproximadamente 80.000 km2. O pré-processamento compreendeu a coleta e registro das imagens e trabalho de campo. A análise multitemporal incluiu operações aritméticas (IV Índice de Vegetação e ACP Análise por Componentes Principais), interpretação visual, classificação supervisada através do classificador de distância euclidiana, pós-classificação, edição e mosaico das cenas classificadas. Oito classes foram mapeadas: Caatinga arbórea, Caatinga arbórea-arbustiva, Caatinga arbustiva, Mata Atlântica, Pasto, Área Urbana, Hidrografia e Nuvens. A análise do desmatamento levou em conta o bioma, o tipo de vegetação, a fragmentação, a distribuição desta fragmentação, a redução ou aumento dos fragmentos de vegetação e o tipo de registro de Callicebus. O registro das 25 cenas atingiram erros menores que meio pixel (menor que 15 metros) variando de 0,403 a 0,498 pixels. Foram coletados 750 pontos nos trabalhos de campo, através do receptor GPS e aproximadamente 8000 fotos. Foram identificadas grandes áreas de Caatinga arbórea-arbustiva que se mativeram nas três décadas, enquanto que a Mata Atlântica foi caracterizada por extenso desmatamento e o aumento das áreas de pasto. Foram coletados 279 registros de presença/ausência do macaco guigó divididos nas categorias: registro de presença, relatos não confirmados, extinções locais e áreas vistoriadas sem registro. Diversos cenários foram analisados para dois modelos teóricos criados, o de fragmentação (a) e de redução de núcleo (b). O modelo (a) apresenta cenários que indicam a maior probabilidade de extinção do macaco guigó, devido ao tamanho reduzido dos fragmentos, isolamento e a falta de conectividade, enquanto o modelo (b) apresenta cenários mais favoráveis para conservação com grandes fragmentos e melhor conectividade. A área de transição entre a distribuição das duas espécies,onde o género parece estar ausente, também foi investigad. Os dados fornecem uma série de insights sobre o estado de conservação das espécies e seus requisitos ecológicos, bem como diretrizes para a tomada de decisões sobre as estratégias de manejo para a conservação destas espécies e os fragmentos florestais que elas habitam.

El presente trabajo permite hacer un análisis sobre los cambios que han sucedido en los humedales Tierra Blanca y Neuta entre los años 1941 y 2006. Para este fin se utilizó cartografía básica a escala 1:10.000, fotografías aéreas, imágenes satelitales, y servicios web disponibles en el software ArcGIS de ESRI y el Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi (IGAC). Mediante la observación directa se identificó como la expansión urbana ha afectado los ecosistemas naturales de la zona y como a partir de esta no planeada incursión se han generado problemas ambientales y sociales. IGAC UMNG The present project allow to do an analysis of change happen to Tierra Blanca and Neuta swamp between 1941 and 2006. Through this project were used base cartography chart at 1:10.000 scale, aerial photography, satellite images and web services like ESRI base map imagery and Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute (IGAC). Thanks to the direct observation were identified where the urban expansion affect the natural ecosystem and at the same time how this create social and environmental problems.

Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia Computer Assisted Photo-Interpretation (CAPI) uses remotely sensed imagery to control farmers’ subsidy applications in the context of the EU’s Common Agriculture Policy. A simple and reproducible method to automatize CAPI in an operational context with the overreaching goal to reduce control costs and completion time was developed in this study. Validated control data provided by the Portuguese Control and Paying Agency for Agriculture (IFAP) and a multispectral atmospherically corrected Landsat ETM+ time series were used to calibrate and test the method. Taking advantage of the nature of subsidy declarations, object-based land cover classification for the 12 most controlled classes was carried out in the region of Ribatejo. The main feature of the presented method is that it allows choosing a confidence level on the automatic classification of farmers’ parcels. While higher confidence levels reduce the risk of misclassifications, lower levels increase the number of automatic control decisions. A confidence level of 80% is a good compromise. This confidence level leads to over 55% of automatically taken control decisions with an overall accuracy of 84%. Furthermore, over 85% of all parcels classified as maize, rice, wheat or vineyard can be controlled by the method with the optimal confidence level.