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A Pseudomonas strain SG3 producing biosurfactant and showing antifungal and insecticidal activities was isolated from agricultural soil severely contaminated with machine oils. The antagonistic bacterium inhibited mycelial growth of all of the tested fungal pathogens. The fermentation broth of SG3 also effectively suppressed the development of various plant diseases including rice blast, tomato gray mold, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, barley powdery mildew and red pepper anthracnose. An antifungal substance was isolated from the fermentation broth of SG3 by ethyl acetate partitioning, silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC under the guide of bioassay. The chemical structure of the antifungal substance was determined to be rhamnolipid B by mass and NMR spectral analyses. The antifungal biosurfactant showed a potent in vivo antifungal activity against gray mold and late blight on tomato plants. In addition, rhamnolipid B inhibited mycelial growth of B. cinerea causing tomato gray mold and zoospore germination and mycelial growth of P. infestans causing tomato late blight. Pseudomonas sp. SG3 producing rhamnolipid B could be used as a new biocontrol agent for the control of plant diseases occurring on tomato plants.

Recently, RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) has emerged as the main technology in the logistic services. When the existing recognition technology based on bar codes brings about lots of problem due its own limits. RFID becomes the center of attention to solve them. However, RFID is not without any obstacles : companies have their own operating systems. while RFID is developed regardless of each campany`s special features. RFID middleware system based on web service is expected to remove these obstacles. This paper shows how to operate the middleware based on web service and to lay in the DB the tag informations taken from reader system Middle assures that companies adopting RFID system for their logistic service are given athptabwebty to any systems whatsoever, avaweable by way of defining logistic information, tag information and reader information. For this purse, we implement as the basic web service a middleware system that turns all data into XML(eXtensatle Markupmsngunfo) of SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol), the standard data.

We discovered two novel phytotoxins produced by the pathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. Among the twenty-five B. cinerea isolates, which were obtained from various host plants in 1994 and 1996, twenty-two showed strong or moderate pathogenicity on five plants such as cucumber, tomato, red pepper, tobacco and Chinese cabbage. The culture filtrate of the B. cinerea 2-16 strain showed the most potent phytotoxic activity in a tobacco leaf-wounding assay. Two novel phytotoxins were isolated from the liquid cultures of B. cinerea 2-16 by ethyl acetate extraction, flash silica gel column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, preparative TLC and subsequently preparative HPLC. Their chemical structures were determined to be 3-O-acetyl botcinol and 3-O-acetyl botcinolide, respectively, by mass and NMR spectral analyses. These two phytotoxins caused leaf necrosis in a leaf-wounding bioassay, and significant electrolyte leakage from leaf tissues of tobacco. In the two bioassays tested, 3-O-acetyl botcinol exhibited stronger phytotoxic activity than 3-O-acetyl botcinolide. This is the first report on the production of both 3-O-acetyl botcinol and 3-O-acetyl botcinolide from B. cinerea.

In the course of study on the roles of phytotoxins in the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea, we isolated two novel phytotoxins. They were identified as 3-O-acetyl botcinol and 3-O-acetyl botcinolide. In this study, we investigated correlation between the two phytotoxins and the pathogenicity of B. cinerea. In liquid cultures, the two phytotoxins were not produced by three low pathogenic isolates out of 25 B. cinerea isolates. Among strong or moderate pathogenic isolates, some produced the two phytotoxins, but the others did not. On the other hand, the ethyl acetate extracts of fermentation broths of 10 out of 25 isolates showed phytotoxic activity against various plants tested in a whole plant assay. The phytotoxins were detected in all of the 10 phytotoxic ethyl acetate extracts. In planta, the two phytotoxins were detected in all of the plant tissues infected with strong pathogenic isolates. However, there was no correlation between the ability of B. cinerea isolates to produce the two phytotoxins and their pathogenicities. The two phytotoxins began to detect in tomato plant tissues infected with B. cinerea 2-16 at 3 days after inoculation, increased gradually till 4 days after inoculation, and then decreased. The above results suggest that 3-O-acetyl botcinol and 3-O-acetyl botcinolide are one of pathogenicity factors for B. cinerea, but not a primary determinant of its pathogenicity.

Aims: To characterize antifungal principles from the methanol extract of Magnolia obovata and to evaluate their antifungal activities against various plant pathogenic fungi. Methods and Results: Four neolignans were isolated from stem bark of M. obovata as antifungal principles and identified as magnolol, honokiol, 4-methoxyhonokiol and obovatol. In mycelial growth inhibition assay, both magnolol and honokiol displayed more potent antifungal activity than 4-methoxyhonokiol and obovatol. Both magnolol and honokiol showed similar in vivo antifungal spectrum against seven plant diseases tested; both compounds effectively suppressed the development of rice blast, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust and red pepper anthracnose. 4-Methoxyhonokiol and obovatol were highly active to only rice blast and wheat leaf rust respectively. Conclusions: The extract of M. obovata and four neolignans had potent in vivo antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi. Significance and Impact of the Study: Neolignans from Magnolia spp. can be used and suggested as a novel antifungal lead compound for the development of new fungicide and directly as a natural fungicide for the control of plant diseases such as rice blast and wheat leaf rust.

The genus Ulocladium represents phaeodictyosporic Hyphomycetes that produce conidia that are essentially obovoid in shape. Previous molecular studies that included Ulocladium and related taxa in Alternaria, Embellisia, and Stemphylium revealed a conflict between morphology and phylogeny, and Ulocladium was supported as polyphyletic with a paraphyletic core group. Moreover, the genus consistently resolved within a larger Alternaria/Ulocladium clade, resulting in paraphyly of Alternaria and questions as to the taxonomic status of Ulocladium. In the present study, 13 Ulocladium species and three genetic loci were included for a more comprehensive systematic analysis of the genus than had previously been conducted. Total genomic DNA was extracted from representative taxa and sequences were determined for the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region, including the 5.8S rDNA gene, and the protein-coding genes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and Alt a1. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods included related Alternaria, Embellisia, and Stemphylium spp. Results supported previous findings of polyphyletic and paraphyletic relationships of Ulocladium among other taxa. Ten Ulocladium species clustered into a core Ulocladium clade and all taxa possessed the key diagnostic feature of Ulocladium, namely, conidia essentially obovoid in shape. However, A. cheiranthi and E. indefessa also clustered within this group with high bootstrap support but did not posses this diagnostic feature. This paraphyletic clade resolved basal to the core Alternaria clade with high bootstrap support, unlike previous studies in which its position was imbedded within the primary Alternaria clade. Thus, the status of the genus as an independent lineage and a unique taxon is strongly supported. As previously reported, U. alternariae and U. oudemansii, which posses the key conidium characteristics of Ulocladium, clustered as a separate clade sister to the core Ulocladium clade. Further studies are necessary to determine if these taxa represent an independent lineage or share a common ancestor with other Ulocladium species. Obovoid conidia were poorly represented in the isolate of U. lanuginosum that was included in these analyses (the only U. lanuginosum isolate currently available), and the isolate resolved as A. radicina based upon all three loci sequenced. Based upon these data and the origin of the isolate, which was originally deposited as A. malvae, a reassessment of its identity is supported.

`Miso`, a new variety of oyster mushroom was developed for the bottle culture at the Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. Its mycelium grew rapidly with at on PDA medium. The optimum pH of the mycelial growth was pH 5.0. It took 24 days for the primitive primordium formation after inoculation on pine sawdust media mixed with 20% wheat bran. Fruiting body color was white, and the shape of pileus was convex-umbonate. In the bottle culture, the yield was 115.7 g per 850 ml bottle. Stipe length was about 54 mm, the number of stipe per bottle was 18.1, the size of pileus was 28 mm, and gill was crowded. The moisture content of `Miso` was lower than that of Jangan No.5 and Wonhyeong No.1, and contents of protein, ash and sugar of `Miso` were higher than those of other varieties, and tannin acid content of `Miso` was lower than that of others. On the basis of AFLP analysis, the `Miso` was distinct not only from Wonhyeong No.1, but also from their closest relative, oyster mushrooms.

Three kinds of 135D/108F ITY were produced from raw yarn 85D/72F + SDY 50D/36F with interlacing pressure 1.5kg/cm 2 , 2.5kg/cm 2 , 3.5kg/cm 2 respectively. 72 kinds of sized yarns were manufactured from three ITYs by altering sizing speed, sizing temperature and sizing tension. The mechanical characteristics of 72 kinds of plain fabrics which were woven using the sized yarn as a warp were analyzed after scouring. The initial modulus of scoured fabric responded sensitively to the sizing speed in high tension. The WT of scoured fabric recorded the highest in the conditions of sizing tension 30g, and air pressure 2.5kg/cm 2 in interlacing treatment. When sizing temperature was high, the WT value appeared low, but when sizing speed was high, the WT value was much affected by air pressure in interlacing raw yarn. The MIU value of fabric according to sizing tension variations increased up to sizing tension 40g, but decreased above it. The bulk density decreased up to sizing tension 30-40g, but increased above it. In addition, the bulk density decreased as sizing temperature increased.

To predict the behavior of a dual plate composed of 5052-aluminum and 1002-cold rolled steel under ballistic impact, numerical and experimental approaches are attempted. For the accurate numerical simulation of the impact phenomena, the appropriate selection of the key parameter values based on numerical or experimental tests are critical. This study is focused on not only the optimization technique using the numerical simulation but also numerical and experimental procedures to obtain the required parameter values in the simulation. The Johnson-Cook model is used to simulate the mechanical behaviors, and the simplified experimental and the numerical approaches are performed to obtain the material properties of the model. The element erosion scheme for the robust simulation of the ballistic impact problem is applied by adjusting the element erosion criteria of each material based on numerical and experimental results. The adequate mesh size and the aspect ratio are chosen based on parametric studies. Plastic energy is suggested as a response representing the strength of the plate for the optimization under dynamic loading. Optimized thickness of the dual plate is obtained to resist the ballistic impact without penetration as well as to minimize the total weight.

endophytic fungi, ITS sequence.Endophytes are microorganisms that form symptomlessinfections within healthy plant tissues (Carroll, 1986;Carroll, 1988). Endophytic micr oorganism have been foundin nearly all plant families (Sieber et al., 1988), whichrepresent many species in different climate regions of theworld (Bussaben et al., 2001; Fisher et al., 1992; Larran etal., 2000, 2001, 2002; Luginbuhl and Muller, 1980;McInroy and Kloepper, 1991; Pereira et al., 1999; Petrini andCarroll, 1981; Spurr and Welty, 1975). Dryfuss and Chapela(1994) estimated that there may be at least 1 million speciesof endophytic fungi alone. It seems obvious that endo-phytes are a rich and reliable source of genetic diversity andnovel, undescribed species. Novel microbes usually haveassociated with their novel natural products. This fact alonehelps to eliminate the problems of dereliction in compounddiscovery (Strobel and Daisy, 2003).The presence of endophytes within plant tissues mayconfer certain advantages to the host plant (Carroll, 1991).Endophytic fungi are of biotechnological interest due totheir potential use as genetic vectors (Murray et al., 1992),as a source of secondary metabolites (Fisher et al., 1986;Stierle et al., 1993; Strobel et al., 1996) and a biologicalcontrol agents (Bacon, 1990; Clay, 1989; Dorworth andCallan, 1996; Schardl et al., 1991). Carroll (1988) hasdemonstrated the enhancing of the host survival againstfungal pathogens in plant-endophyte associations.

The seventy nine isolates of Botrytis spp. were obtained from leaf blight lesions of lily in Korea, Japan and Netherlands. Morphological and cultural characteristics of them were investigated and molecular characteristics of them were determined using sequence analysis of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) gene. A selection of Botrytis isolates were evaluated for their pathogenicity to lily. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, the Botrytis isolates were divided into two groups, and identified as B. elliptica (n

Marine environments are unique habitats for microorganisms and represent uninvestigated areas that possess valuable resources. Fungi may also be important because they contribute to marine ecosystems as decomposers. The aims of this study were to investigate the halo-tolerance of marine-derived fungi and their enzymatic properties. Eighteen fungal strains representing 11 different species were used, which included 17 ascomycetes and a zygomycete. The majority were not affected by salinity and showed endo-glucanase (EG) and β-glucosidase (BGL) activities. Interestingly, the cellulolytic enzyme activity derived from Penicillium chrysogenum FU42 increased with salinity. To investigate whether this increase was due to an adaptation or an innate ability of the species, P. chrysogenum KCTC6933, which originated from a terrestrial environment, was used as a control, and its enzymatic properties were compared. Consequently, P. chrysogenum FU42, which was derived from the ocean, showed unique enzymatic properties that might enable the fungus to live in the ocean and contribute to the nutrient cycle in marine ecosystems.

Emerging fungi resistant to triazoles are a concern because of the increased use of medical triazoles and exposure to agricultural triazoles. However, little is known about the levels of triazole susceptibility in outdoor airborne fungi making it difficult to assess the risks of inhalation exposure to airborne, antifungal-resistant fungi. This study examined triazole susceptibilities of the airborne thermotolerant fungi isolated from the ambient air of the Seoul Capital Area of South Korea. We used impactor air sampling with triazole-containing nutrient agar plates as the collection substrates to screen for airborne fungal isolates based on their triazole susceptibilities. This study estimated that 0.17% of all the culturable fungi belong to the pathogenic thermotolerant taxa, among which each isolate of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubingensis showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mu g/mL or greater for itraconazole. Their concentration in air was 0.4 CFU/m(3). Seven human pathogenic Paecilomyces variotii isolates had MICs of 32 mu g/mL or greater and lower than 2 mu g/mL for the agricultural fungicide tebuconazole and the medical triazole itraconazole, respectively. Though the concentration was low, our results confirm the presence of airborne fungi with high MICs for itraconazole in ambient air. Inhalation is an important exposure route because people inhale more than 10 m(3) of air each day. Vigilance is preferred over monitoring for the emergence of triazole-resistant fungal pathogens in ambient outdoor air.

Three strains of an unidentified Penicillium species were isolated during a fungal diversity survey of marine environments in Korea. These strains are described here as a new species following a multigene phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer barcodes (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), genes for β-tubulin, calmodulin and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit, and observation of macro- and micromorphological characters. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the three strains formed a strongly supported monophyletic group distinct from previously reported species of section Aspergilloides. Morphologically this species can be distinguished from its sister species, P. crocicola, by the reverse color on Czapek yeast autolysate agar, abundant production of sclerotia on malt extract agar and colony characters on yeast extract sucrose agar. We name this new species P. jejuense, after the locality where it was discovered. At 25 C for 7 d, P. jejuense colonies grew to 55-60 mm on CYA, 45-48 mm on MEA, 48-52 mm on YES and 23-26 mm on CREA. Conidia (2.2-3.4 × 2.0-2.6 μm) and sclerotia (160-340 × 125-210 μm) were globose to ellipsoidal.

Notes on Three Species of the Genus Euphoriomyces (Laboulbeniales) from KoreaTaxonomic Studies on Myelochroa from KoreaMolecular Analysis of Korean Anzia opuntiella (Lichenized Ascomycota) Based on...

Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaf and root samples of Taraxacum coreanum. Of the 72 isolates recovered, 39 were from leaves and 33 from roots with an isolation frequency of 54% and 46%, respectively. Based on ITS sequence analysis, 72 isolates were classified into 19 genera of which 17 were under the phylum Ascomycota and 2 were under Basidiomycota. Diverse genera were found and Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Phoma were dominant. Out of 19 genera, Apodus, Ceriporia, Dothideales, Leptodontidium, Nemania, Neoplaconema, Phaeosphaeria, Plectosphaerella and Terfezia were new to Korea. Seventy two isolates were screened for antifungal activity, of which 10 isolates (14%) were found active at least against one of the tested fungi. Isolate 050603 had the widest antifungal spectra of activity, and isolates 050592 and 050611 were active against three plant pathogenic fungi.

Bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of beach morning glory (Calystegia soldanella) and wild rye (Elymus mollis), two of the major plant species inhabiting the coastal sane dune in Tae-An, Korea, was studied by the analysis of community 16S rRNA gene clones. The amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) of the clones using HaeIII exhibited significant differences in the community composition between the two plant species as well as regional differences, but also identified a specific ARDRA pattern that was most common among the clones regardless of plant species. Subsequent sequence analysis indicated that the pattern was that of Lysobacter spp., which is a member of the family Xanthomonadaceae, class Gamma proteobacteria. The Lysobacter clones comprised 50.6% of the clones derived from C. soldanella and 62.5% of those from E. mollis. Other minor patterns included those of Pseudomonas spp., species of Rhizobium, Chryseobacterium spp. and Pantoea spp. among C. soldanella clones, and Pseudomonas sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila among E. mollis clones. It is not yet clear what kind of roles Lysobacter plays in association with sand dune plants, but its universal presence in the rhizosphere, together with the potential of this taxon for antagonistic activity against plant pathogens, suggests that Lysobacter might form a symbiotic relationship with its host plants.

Two Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented bacteria designated PSD1-4T and PHA3-4T, isolated from two sand-dune plant species inhabiting coastal areas in Tae-an, Korea, were subjected to taxonomic investigation. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that both isolates should be placed in the genus Chryseobacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The phenotypic properties of the strains were also consistent with their classification into this genus. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain PSD1-4T and other Chryseobacterium species were 95·2–97·2 %; those between PHA3-4T and others were 93·7–97·8 %. The DNA–DNA relatedness data indicated that strains PSD1-4T and PHA3-4T were clearly different from the nearest species, Chryseobacterium indoltheticum and Chryseobacterium taichungense. The major fatty acids were 13-methyltetradecanoic acid (iso-C15 : 0), 3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecanoic acid (iso-C17 : 0 3-OH) and omega-9-cis-15-methylhexadecenoic acid (iso-C17 : 1ω9c) for both strains. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic analysis results, it is evident that each of these strains represents a novel species of Chryseobacterium, for which the names Chryseobacterium soldanellicola sp. nov. (type strain PSD1-4T=KCTC 12382T=NBRC 100864T) and Chryseobacterium taeanense sp. nov. (type strain PHA3-4T=KCTC 12381T=NBRC 100863T) are proposed.

Isolation of Inonotus obliquus from Betula costata in KoreaTaxonomic Study on Some Unrecorded Taxa of Korean AphyllophoralesSurveys of Host Plants of Pestalotiopsis spp. in KoreaBacillus subtilis B...

The taxonomic position of a novel marine, heterotrophic, aerobic, pigmented, non-motile bacterium isolated from sea water was determined. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain KMM 6143T is a member of the genus Cyclobacterium. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization experiments supported by phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Cyclobacterium, for which the name Cyclobacterium amurskyense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6143T (=KCTC 12363T=LMG 23026T).

The taxonomic position of a marine, gliding, pink-pigmented, aerobic, heterotrophic and Gram-negative bacterium was established using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain was a member of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’ in which it occupied a separate lineage. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C15 : 0 iso, C17 : 0 iso 3-OH, summed feature 3 and summed feature 4. The DNA G+C content was 48·7 mol%. Phylogenetic evidence and the results of phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses strongly support the assignment of the newly isolated bacterium as a member of a novel genus and species, for which the name Pontibacter actiniarum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6156T (=KCTC 12367T=LMG 23027T). It is also proposed that the illegitimate names Reichenbachia and Reichenbachia agariperforans are replaced with Reichenbachiella and Reichenbachiella agariperforans, respectively.

Molecular profIles of PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA were compared between morphologically distinguishable species of Trichoderma isolated from substrates of oyster mushroom in Korea, T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, T. virens, and two unidentified species, Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2. PCR­RFLP analysis divided the Trichoderma spp. into six RFLP groups, A, B, C, D, E, and F. The RFLP groups were generally agreed with described morphological species, except that the RFLP group A containing the two unidentified species. A neighbor-joining tree based on ITS sequences well supported RFLP groups observed by RFLP analysis of ITS regions of rDNA. Additionally, the two unidentified species, Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2, which could not be distinguished by PCR­RFLP analysis, were separated in sequence analysis of ITS regions of rDNA.

A total of 179 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were collected from oyster mushroom substrates in Korea. On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, Trichoderma isolates were divided into seven groups, namely T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, T. virens, and two unidentified species, referred to as Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2. The predominant species was Trichoderma sp. 2 (n

전국 각 지역의 잔디 근권에서 분리한 728 균주의 균류 중에서 식물(토마토) 생장 촉진 효과를 보이는 15 균주의 PGPF를 선발하였다. 분리된 PGPF 15 균주의 동정을 위하여 형태적 특징을 조사하였던 바 Gliocladium sp.가 1균주, Penicillium sp.가 5균주, Trichoderma sp.가 3균주, Fusarium sp.가 3균주, 및 미동정균 3균주로 분류되었다. PGPF 15균주 중 6균주(PF-31, PF-136, PF-238, PF-225, PF-395, PF-420)는 토마토 유묘의 생장을 현저히 촉진하였으며, 3균주(PF-31, PF-101, PF-255)는 고추의 생장을, 2균주(PF-31, PF-255)는 오이의 생장도 촉진하였다. PGPF 15 균주를 뿌리 정착 능력에 따라 4그룹으로 나눌 수 있었으며, 그 중 식물생장촉진 효과가 우수한 PF-17, PF-101, 및 PF-225은 뿌리 정착력이 우수한 group 1에 속하였다. 【Fifteen PGPF (plant growth promoting fungi) isolates were selected from 728 fungal isolates collected from rhizosphere of zoysiagrass in Korea. Identification of the 15 isolates was based on their morphological characteristics. They were classified as Gliocladium sp. (n=1), Penicillium sp. (n=5), Trichoderma sp. (n=3), Fusarium sp. (n=3), and unidentifed species (n=3). Of the 15 isolates, six (PF-31, PF-136, PF-238, PF-255, PF-395, PF-420) significantly promoted the growth of tomato seedlings, and three (PF-31, PF-101, PF-255) also promoted the growth of hot pepper and two (PF-31, PF-225) also promoted the growth of cucumber, The 15 PGPF isolates were divided into 4 groups based on root colonizing ability. Isolates PF-17, PF-101 and PF-225 were included in the group 1, which had high root colonizing ability.】

To establish taxonomic system of morphologically similar species of small-spored Alternaria, phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS 1, ITS 2 and 5.8S rDNA) and mitochondrial small subunit (mt SSU) rDNA sequences and URP-PCR fingerprinting analysis from 11 species ofAlternaria were performed. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and mt SSU rDNA sequences revealed that 10 out of 11 species of the smallspored Alternaria were phylogenetically identical with a bootstrap value of 100%. A. infectoria only was phylogenetically differentiated from the other species. The results suggest that the 10 small-spored Alternaria species are very closely related evolutionally and the markers can not be used for differentiation of the smallspored Alternaria species. URP-PCR fingerprinting analysis from eleven species of smallspored Alternaria using 10 URP primers showed that it was possible to differentiate the species, although genetic similarities were found among the species. The Alternaria sp. from common pokeweed could be distinguished from other species by URP-PCR analysis, and it was considered as a new species. A. infectoria could be easily distinguished from the other 10 species by phylogenetic analysis of ITS and mt SSU rDNA sequences and the URPPCR fingerprinting analysis.

The aggregability of red blood cells (RBCs) was determined by laser backscattering light analysis in a microfluidic channel Available techniques for RBC aggregation often adopt a rotational Couette-flow using a bob-and-cup system for disaggregating RBCs, which causes the system to be complex and expensive A disposable microfluidic channel and vibration generating mechanism were used in the proposed new detection system for RBC aggregation Prior to measurement, RBC aggregates in a blood sample were completely disaggregated by the application of vibration-induced shear With the present apparatus, the aggregation indexes of RBCs can be measured easily with small quantities of a blood sample The measurements with the present aggregometer were compared with those of LORCA and the results showed a strong correlation between them The aggregability of the defibrinogenated blood RBCs is markedly lower than that of the normal RBCs The noble feature of this design is the vibration-induced disaggregation mechanism, which can incorporate the disposable element that holds the blood sample

This paper may be the first trial regarding the optimal design of a multi-layered plate under ballistic impact. An optimal design of a multi-layered plate to endure ballistic impact is suggested by using size optimization based on numerical simulations. The NET2D, a Lagrangian explicit time-integration finite element code for impact analyses, is used to find the optimal parameter values. Three different materials such as mild steel and aluminum for a multi-layered plate structure and die steel for the pellet are assumed. In order to consider the effects of strain rate hardening, strain hardening and thermal softening, the Johnson–Cook model is used as the constitutive models for the simulation. Several mesh types of different size and aspect ratio are tried to check the effect of mesh on the solution and to obtain the appropriate mesh density. The measuring domain is selected to reduce the analyzing time without affecting the sensitivity. The response surface method based on the design of experiments is used to obtain the optimal design. The average temperature or the equivalent plastic strain is introduced as a response for the optimization of the impact problem. Furthermore, the perforation criteria with the equivalent plastic strain to determine whether the plate structure is perforated or not is suggested. The optimized thickness of each layer in which perforation does not occur and the strength of multi-layer is maximized is obtained at a constant velocity of a pellet with a designated total thickness.

An optimal design of a multi-layered plate structure to endure high-velocity impact has been suggested by using size optimization after numerical simulations. The NET2D, a Lagrangian explicit time-integration finite element code for analyzing high-velocity impact, was used to find the parameters for the optimization. Three different materials such as mild steel, aluminum for a multi-layered plate structure and die steel for the pellet, were assumed. In order to consider the effects of strain rate hardening, strain hardening and thermal softening, Johnson-Cook model and Phenomenological Material Model were used as constitutive models for the simulation. It was carried out with several different gaps and thickness of layers to figure out the trend in terms of those parameters' changes under the constraint, which is against complete penetration. Also, the measuring domain has been shrunk with several elements to reduce the analyzing time. The response surface method based on the design of experiments was used as optimization algorithms. The optimized thickness of each layer in which perforation does not occur has been obtained at a constant velocity and a designated total thickness. The result is quite acceptable satisfying both the minimized deformation energy and the weight criteria. Furthermore, a conceptual idea for topology optimization was suggested for the future work.

Twenty five isolates of Alternaria were obtained from various solanaceous crops in Korea. For all isolates, morphological characteristics of the conidia were determined and compared with those of representative isolates of A. solani and A. tomatophila. A selection of the isolates and the representative Alternaria isolates were evaluated for Pathogenicity to potato, tomato, egg plant and red pepper. Molecular characteristics of 17 isolates of Alternaria inculding the representative isolates were determined using sequence analysis of IRS rDNA and histone H3 gene, and URP-PCR analysis. Based on morphological characteristics, the isolates from the solanaceous crops were grouped as identical or very similar to either A. tomatophila (ATO), A. solani (ASO), and unidentified Alternaria sp. (ASP). Isolates of ASO were moderately pathogenic to all the solanaceous crops tested, but ATO isolates were highly pathogenic to tomato and the ASP isolate was pathogenic only to potato. Among the molecular markers used in this study, the URP-PCR analysis was found to be appropriate for taxonomic resolution of these species. Based on the conidial morphology, pathogenicity test and molecular characteristics, A. tomatophila (early blight of tomato) could be distinguished from A. solani (early blight of potato), and the Alternaria sp. (ASP) from potato, which was closely related to ASO in conidial morphology, was considered as a new species.

Yoido Full Gospel Church of David Yonggi Cho is the world's largest church, and naturally Cho deserves attention from scholars for his work. Some claim that his work and theology are related to the shamanism of Korean culture because Cho emphasizes healing and blessings. However, his messages on healing and blessings originate from the American Pentecostal/Charismatic movements rather than from Korean shamanism. Therefore, one should consider that Cho's work is part of a process of spreading the American Pentecostal movements in Korea rather than one of shamanizing the Christian gospel.Cho has kept relationships with missionaries (especially Pentecostal ones) more than with other pastors in Korea. He was an associate to Pentecostal missionaries in the beginning. However, the foreign Pentecostals and Charismatics have become Cho's friends, helping his ministry to globalize. Through his fellowship with foreigners, he has been able to discover recent trends of the Pentecostal/ Charismatic movements and apply them to his ministry in Korea.

Several strains of Penicillium section Citrina were isolated during a survey of fungi from marine environments along the southern coast of Korea. Based on multigene phylogenetic analyses (β-tubulin and calmodulin) and morphological characteristics, the 11 strains were identified as P. citrinum, P. hetheringtonii, P. paxilli, P. sumatrense, P. terrigenum, and P. westlingii. To understand the ecological role of these species, we tested all strains for extracellular enzyme activity; six strains representing four species showed β-glucosidase activity. Four of the identified species — P. hetheringtonii, P. paxilli, P. terrigenum, and P. westlingii — are new records for Korea. For these new species records, we describe morphological characteristics of the strains and compare results to published data of type strains.

A new species, Trichoderma songyi, was found to be associated with the pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) in Korea. This species was isolated from three different substrates: Tricholoma matsutake basidiomata, as well as roots of Pinus densiflora and soil in the fairy ring. Based on its molecular and phenotypic characteristics, we demonstrate that Trichoderma songyi is unique and distinguishable from closely related species. We performed phylogenetic analyses based on two molecular markers, the genes for both translation elongation factor 1-alpha and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Trichoderma songyi is closely related to Trichoderma koningii aggregate and Trichoderma caerulescens. Morphologically, Trichoderma songyi can be distinguished from these closely related taxa by its growth rates, colony morphology on PDA in darkness, and coconut-like odour. Due to the economic importance of the pine mushroom, the relationship between Trichoderma songyi and Tricholoma matsutake should be studied further.

Basidiomycetous macrofungi play important roles in maintaining forest ecosystems via carbon cycling and the mobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus. To understand the impact of human activity on macrofungi, an ongoing project at the Korea National Arboretum is focused on surveying the macrofungi in unexploited areas. Mt. Oseo was targeted in this survey because the number of visitors to this destination has been steadily increasing, and management and conservation plans for this destination are urgently required. Through 5 field surveys of Mt. Oseo from April to October 2012, 116 specimens of basidiomycetous macrofungi were collected and classified. The specimens were identified to the species level by analyzing their morphological characteristics and their DNA sequence data. A total of 80 species belonging to 57 genera and 25 families were identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify five of these species-Artomyces microsporus, Hymenopellis raphanipes, Pholiota abietis, Phylloporus brunneiceps, and Sirobasidium magnum-in Korea.

The antagonistic fungus Simplicillium lamellicola BCP has been developed as a microbial biopesticide that effectively controls the development of various plant diseases caused by both pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Antibacterial bioassay-directed fractionation was used to isolate mannosyl lipids from S. lamellicola BCP, and the structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectral analysis and chemical degradation. Three novel mannosyl lipids were characterized and identified as halymecins F and G and (3R,5R)-3-O-β-D-mannosyl-3,5-dihydrodecanoic acid. Massoia lactone and (3R, 5R)-3-hydroxydecan-5-olide were also isolated from S. lamellicola BCP. The three novel compounds inhibited the growth of the majority of phytopathogenic bacteria that were tested, and halymecin F displayed the strongest antibacterial activity. Agrobacterium tumefaciens was the most sensitive to the three novel compounds, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.58 to 24.8 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth from the antagonistic fungus effectively reduced the bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on tomato seedlings. These results indicate that S. lamellicola BCP suppresses the development of plant bacterial diseases through the production of antibacterial metabolites.

During a survey of marine fungi from the waters surrounding Jeju Island, Korea, several Penicillium strains were isolated from seawater and marine sponges. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and RNA polymerase subunit II, four strains were identified as Penicillium antarcticum, a fungus that, to the best of our knowledge, had not been previously reported in Korea. Here, we provide detailed descriptions of the morphological characteristics and extracellular enzyme activities of the four strains.

The use of biosurfactants for agricultural crop protection has been gaining interest because they are generally biodegradable and environmentally friendly. In the present study, we identified an insecticidal biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas protegens F6 (F6) and examined its use for aphid control. The growth of F6 was accompanied by increased aphid mortality and decreased water surface tension. Bioassay-guided chromatography coupled with instrumental analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS) identified orfamide A as a major metabolite that showed insecticidal activity against green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae ). Orfamide A revealed a dose-dependent mortality against aphids, producing a LC50 value at 34.5 μg/mL, and caused a considerable decrease in the surface tension value of water, giving about 35.7 mN/m at 10 μg/mL. Laboratory and greenhouse mortality bioassays suggested that orfamide A may be applicable to control aphids in organic agriculture. This is the first report of orfamide A as an insecticidal metabolite against Myzus persicae .

Selective intestinal decontamination (SID) with norfloxacin has been widely used for the prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) because of a high recurrence rate and preventive effect of SID for SBP. However, it does select resistant gut flora and may lead to SBP caused by unusual pathogens such as quinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli or gram-positive cocci. Enterococcus hirae is known to cause infections mainly in animals, but is rarely encountered in humans. We report the first case of SBP by E. hirae in a cirrhotic patient who have previously received an oral administration of norfloxacin against SBP caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and presented in septic shock.

Basal stem rot symptoms were found on blueberry seedlings imported from the United States of America in 2008. The fungus obtained from the diseased seedlings was identified as Calonectria colhounii based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The consignments of the blueberry seedlings infected with C. colhounii were destroyed to prevent introduction of the fungus to Korea.

Two isolates, Bacillus sp. BS87 and RK1, selected from soil in strawberry fields in Korea, showed high levels of antagonism towards Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in vitro. The isolates were identified as B. velezensis based on the homology of their gyrA sequences to reference strains. BS87 and RK1 were evaluated for control of Fusarium wilt in strawberries in pot trials and field trials conducted in Nonsan, Korea. In the pot trials, the optimum applied concentration of BS87 and RK1 for pre-plant root-dip application to control Fusarium wilt was 10(5) and 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml, respectively. Meanwhile, in the 2003 and 2005 field trials, the biological control efficacies of formulations of RK1 were similar to that of a conventional fungicide (copper hydroxide) when compared with a non-treated control. The RK1 formulation was also more effective than BS87 in suppressing Fusarium wilt under field conditions. Therefore, the results indicated that formulation of B.velezensis BS87 and RK1 may have potential to control Fusarium wilt in strawberries.

Upon studying the diversity of fungal endophytes associated with pine trees in Korea, many species of Penicillium were encountered. In this study, we report two species of Penicillium isolated from the needles of Pinus rigida. Based on ID region analysis, cultural and morphological characteristics, the two species were identified as Penicillium fellutanum and P. toxicarium, both of which are new to Korea.

The phylogenetic relationship between Alternaria radicina and A. carotiincultae was reexamined based on morphology, sequence analysis of rDNA (ITS and mitochondrial small subunit [mtSSU]), protein coding genes (actin [ACT], beta-tubulin, chitin synthase [CHS], translation elongation factor [EF-1a], Alternaria allergen a1 [Alt a1], and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [gpd]), and RAPD and ISSR analysis of total genomic DNA. Although some morphological characters overlapped to a degree, with A. radicina isolates expressing moderate variation and A. carotiincultae isolates being highly uniform, A. carotiincultae could be differentiated from A. radicina based on significantly greater growth rate on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or acidified PDA (APDA) and average number of transverse septa per conidium. Sequence of rDNA and two protein coding genes, ACT and CHS, were invariant between species. However polymorphism with the EF-1a, beta-tubulin, and Alt a1 gene strictly separated the population of A. radicina and A. carotiincultae as distinct lineages, as did RAPD and ISSR analysis. The polymorphic gpd gene did not strictly separate the two species. However isolates of A. radicina encompassed several haplotypes, one of which was the exclusive haplotype possessed by A. carotiincultae isolates, suggesting evidence of incomplete lineage sorting. The results suggest that A. carotiincultae is closely related to A. radicina but is a recently divergent and distinct lineage, which supports its status as a separate species.