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A new intelligent model to simulate evacuation behavior in ships called neighborhood particle swarm optimization is proposed. This model determines the rules of behavior and velocity updating formulas to solve staff conflicts. The individuals in evacuation are taken as particles in PSO and update their behaviors by individual attributes, neighborhood attributes, and social attributes. Putting the degree of freedom movement of ships into environment factor and using the real Ro-Ro ship information and IMO test scenarios to simulate the evacuation process, the model in this paper can truly simulate the behavior of persons in emergency and provide a new idea to design excellent evacuation model.

An Modified Recursive Probabilistic Velocity Obstacles approach for real-time multi-agent navigation is proposed in this paper. It is an extension of the Recursive Probabilistic Velocity Obstacles, which takes into account the perception and motion goals of other objects. The theoretical proof of the effectiveness is carried out, which is validated in several virtual collision avoidance experiments. The experimental results fully show that the proposed method can guarantee collision-free and oscillation-free motions for each of the agents.

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway plays a critical role in a multitude of cellular processes. Activation of the NF-κB transcription factor family is essential for the initiation of inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and apoptosis through a list of responsive genes. In hepatic tissue, activation of the NF-κB pathway has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions. Here we described a mouse model for noninvasive quantification of NF-κB activation in the hepatic tissues. Mice were subjected to hydrodynamic delivery with a mixture of pattB-NF-κB-Fluc reporter and φC31o integrase vector. Hepatic expression of φC31o integrase mediated chromosomal integration of the pattB-NF-κB-Fluc reporter, resulting in stable luciferase expression at 300 days post transfection. We applied noninvasive imaging and were able to detect NF-κB activation under acute liver injury and hepatitis conditions. During hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration, NF-κB activation was detected locally in the tissues at the surgery site. Treatment with Sorafenib suppressed NF-κB activation, accompanied with perturbation of liver regeneration. In conclusion, we established a method for stable transfection of the hepatic tissues and applied the transfected mice to longitudinal monitoring of NF-κB activity under pathological conditions. Further exploration of this methodology for establishment of other disease models and for evaluation of novel pharmaceuticals is likely to be fruitful.

To describe the incidence trends and to access the histological changing patterns of thyroid cancer in urban areas of Beijing.Total of 4883 new cases diagnosed as thyroid cancer in 1995-2010 in urban areas of Beijing were extracted from the population-based data base of Beijing cancer registry, among which 1185 were males and 3698 were females with a coverage population of 56 143 454 person-years and 54 430 655 person-years, respectively. Incidence, age adjusted incidence, annual percentage change (APC) and gender specific incidence change of different histology patterns during last 16 years were calculate.There were 4883 cases diagnosed as thyroid cancer during 1995 - 2010 with the sex ratio of 1:3 (1185 males and 3698 females). Incidence rate of thyroid cancer in urban areas of Beijing increased dramatically from 1.55/100 000 (97/6 245 016) in 1995 to 9.90/100 000 (768/7 758 759) in 2010 with an increase rate of 538.71%. After adjusted by world population, the standardized incidence rate increased from 1.27/100 000 in 1995 to 6.96/100 000 in 2010 with a 12.12% annual percentage change (APC = 12.12%, P0.05). Among males, incidence rate increased from 0.85/100 000 (27/3 185 669) to 4.58/100 000 (179/3 912 458) with an increase rate of 438.82%. After adjusted by world population, the standardized incidence rate of males increased from 0.68/100 000 in 1995 to 3.19/100 000 in 2010 with an 11.09% annual percentage change (APC = 11.09%, P0.05). Among females, the incidence rate increased from 2.29/100 000 (70/3 059 347) to 15.31/100 000 (589/3 846 301) with an increase rate of 568.56%. After adjusted by world population, the standardized incidence rate of females increased from 1.89/100 000 in 1995 to 10.82/100 000 in 2010 with a 12.48% annual percentage change (APC = 12.48%, P0.05). Incidence rate ranked 18th and 12th in 1995 among males and females, respectively; while it ranked 14th and 5th in 2010 respectively. Among 4883 cases, 4594 cases were confirmed histologically as primary tumor accounting for 94.08% of total cases. Papillary carcinoma was the most common subtype accounting for 77.31% (3775/4883) of total cases. Among all the pathological types of thyroid cancer, the proportion of papillary carcinoma has risen from 51.55% (50/97) in 1995 to 87.63% (673/768) in 2010. However, the proportion of the follicular carcinoma decreased from 5.15% (5/97) to 1.69% (13/768).Incidence of thyroid cancer in urban areas of Beijing keeps increasing which is mainly due to the rising of papillary carcinoma. Risk factors of papillary thyroid cancer should be focused on when strategies for thyroid cancer prevention and control are conducted.

(20 R )-25-Methoxyl-dammarane-3β,12β,20-triol (25-OCH 3 -PPD) is a dammarane-type sapogenin showing anti-proliferative potential. In our study, two series of analogs substituted at the C-3 or C-3 and C-12 positions with fatty acids were prepared conveniently. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was evaluated using four different human tumor cell lines (A549, Hela, HT-29 and MCF-7) and a normal cell line (IOSE144). As compared with 25-OCH 3 -PPD, compounds 1a , 1b , 2a and 2b showed better anti-proliferative activities against all tumor cell lines and all the derivatives, with low toxicities in the normal cell line. Compound 1a (C-3 monoformiate) exhibited the strongest activity with the IC 50 value of 5.2 μM towards HT29 cells. The results indicated that the difference in the substituents may affect the anti-proliferative activity of the compounds. The longer the side chain of 25-OCH 3 -PPD is, the lower the anti-proliferative activity would be. This information may be useful for evaluating the structure–activity relationship of other dammarane-type sapogenins and for development of novel antineoplastic agents.

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection remains a global problem, despite the effectiveness of the Hepatitis B vaccine in preventing infection. The resolution of Hepatitis B virus infection has been believed to be attributable to virus-specific immunity. In vivo direct evaluation of anti-HBV immunity in the liver is currently not possible. We have developed a new assay system that detects HBV clearance in the liver after the hydrodynamic transfer of a reporter gene and over-length, linear HBV DNA into hepatocytes, followed by bioluminescence imaging of the reporter gene (Fluc). We employed bioluminescence detection of luciferase expression in HBV-infected hepatocytes to measure the Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)-specific immune responses directed against these infected hepatocytes. Only HBcAg-immunized, but not mock-treated, animals decreased the amounts of luciferase expression, HBsAg and viral DNA from the liver at day 28 after hydrodynamic infection with over-length HBV DNA, indicating that control of luciferase expression correlates with viral clearance from infected hepatocytes.

Power system reform makes electric power enterprises face market environment is more complex, electric power customer satisfaction directly affects the power supply enterprise to improve the benefit, therefore, the power supply enterprise conducts electricity service quality evaluation and improvement of deficiencies become the urgent problem, this plays a vital role in improve enterprise competition ability and realize sustainable development. This paper analyzes the influence power supply enterprise external service quality of various factors so as to construct the power supply enterprise external service quality evaluation index system. The weight of each index is calculated by the AHP method and the entropy weight method , the mentalistic method is introduced to combined subjective weight and objective weight so the combined weights better balance between the two aspects of subjective and objective factors. In the traditional grey relation analysis, distinguish coefficient is 0.5, but it has certain defect so this paper use a new method to solve the distinguish coefficient and then establish the improved grey relational comprehensive evaluation model. The empirical analysis shows that the evaluation model is effective, and it have realistic meanings for the power supply enterprises to improve service quality.

30 novel compounds have been synthesized from 25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol (25-OH–PPD) and their in vitro anti-tumor activities were tested on three cancer cell lines and one normal cell line (IOSE144) by standard MTT assay. The results showed that compound 27 exhibited the best anti-tumor activity in the in vitro assays. Compounds 1 , 2 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 27 , 28 and 29 have better anti-tumor activities against MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines than 25–OH–PPD, together with low toxicity in the normal cell. The results may provide useful data for researching and developing new antitumor agents.

Partially wet granular medium is a mouldable material due to capillary cohesion and its behavior plays key roles in geophysics. However, completely wet nanogranules may also demonstrate mouldable properties via van der Waals attraction and they exhibit colloidal glass or gel characteristics, depending on the solvent. As solvent-enhanced attractions prevail, phase separation is observed and nanogranular gel can be obtained. In contrast, as cage effects dominate, the stable slurry is seen and the nanogranular glass can be prepared. Upon surfactant addition, however, the arrested glass state changes into colloidal gel due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between nanogranules.

We reported a 23-year-old man who was involved in a high-speed motorcycle accident. He sustained a closed fracture at the right distal femur. The primary fracture happened on February 2008. He underwent open reduction and internal fixation with cloverleaf plate. And one hundred days after the surgery, the proximal screws were pulled-out, but the bone union was not achieved. Treatment consisted of exchanging the cloverleaf plate with a locking compression plate and using an auto-iliac bone graft to fill the nonunion gap. In July 2009, the patient had a sharp pain in the right lower limb. The X-ray revealed that the plate implanted last year was broken, causing a nonunion at the fracture site. Immediately the plate and screws were removed and an intramedullary nail was inserted reversely from the distal femur as well as a 7 cm long bone from the right fibula was extracted and longitudinally split into two pieces to construct cortical bone plates. Then we placed them laterally and medially to fracture site, drilled two holes respectively, and fastened them with suture. We carried on auto-iliac bone grafting with the nonunion bone grafts. The follow-up at 15 months after operation showed that the treatment was successful, X-ray confirmed that there was no rotation and no angular or short deformity. We briefly reviewed the literature regarding such an unusual presentation and discussed in details the possible etiology and the advantages of autologous double-strut fibular grafts to cope with such an intractable situation.

To reduce noise in the inversion for diffraction measurement of particle size distribution from scattering spectrum, an improved method was proposed. A regulate function was induced in the Chin-Shrine integral transform that led to the noise disappearing and didn't affect the peak of inversion spectrum. The improved method was tested using linear CCD detector array. The result showed that the method largely improved previous results because of using the regulate function, and it is feasible and effective. The authors also explained that selecting the minimum and maximum of sampling angle by way of the different focal length reduced the different trouble of inversion spectrum. Using suitable focal length achieved good results in actual measurements.

Based on LabVIEW software platform, an ECU calibration system was developed. The communication protocol is Keyword Protocol 2000, which is the universal serial communication Protocol in international automobile industry. This system has vivid and intuitive interface that can realize real-time displaying of monitoring datas of ECU. It also has off-line and on-line calibration function, calibration datas and monitoring datas can be saved conveniently. The experimental results proved that the system was stable and reliable, and had good real-time performance and strong expansibility.

Recent studies on comparative genomics have suggested that a round of fish-specific whole genome duplication (3R) in ray-finned fishes might have occurred around 226-316 Mya. Additional genome duplication, specifically in cyprinids, may have occurred more recently after the divergence of the teleosts. The timing of this event, however, is unknown. To address this question, we sequenced four Hox genes from taxa representing the polyploid Cyprinidae fish, common carp (Cyprinus carpio, 2n=100), crucian carp (Carassius auratus auratus, 2n=100), and silver crucian carp (C. auratus gibelio, 2n=156), and then compared them with known sequences from the diploid Cyprinidae fish, blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, 2n=48). Our results showed the presence of two distinct Hox duplicates in the genomes of common and crucian carp. Three distinct Hox sequences, one of them orthologous to a Hox gene in common carp and the other two orthologous to a Hox gene in crucian carp, were isolated in silver crucian carp, indicating a possible hybrid origin of silver crucian carp from crucian and common carp. The gene duplication resulting in the origin of the common ancestor of common and crucian carp likely occurred around 10.9-13.2 Mya. The speciations of common vs. crucian carp and silver crucian vs. crucian carp likely occurred around 8.1-11.4 and 2.3-3.0 Mya, respectively. Finally, nonfunctionalization resulting from point mutations in the coding region is a probable fate for some Hox duplicates. Taken together, these results suggested an evolutionary model for polyploidization in speciation and diversification of polyploid fish.

This paper proposed a fast denoising disposal method for scattered point cloud. The best approximation plane is determined by application of least-squares method and a new three-dimensional coordinates is established by the law vector of the plane as Z-axis, Scattered point will be coordinate transformation to new coordinate system; to conversion of scattered data process surfacelet transform and use improved 3D context model to estimate coefficient threshold of transformed different scales. According to threshold, the coefficient is filtered for denoising aim and the scattered point cloud convergence for a stable 3-D digital model. The experiment results show that noise is significant suppressed after denoising fairing data. Compared with other methods, processed data is more fairing and this method better retains detail features of the scattered points of 3D shape. This method makes full use of the relationship of 3D point cloud and provides the necessary preconditions for further three-dimensional reconstruction work.

The increasing demand of the frequency spectrum for land mobile satellite communication services has led to the approach of moving the current operating frequency up to EHF (30/20 GHz) band. In this thesis, the propagation characteristics of the EHF mobile satellite communication channel are estimated and modeled. Conventional and multiple trellis-coded modulation schemes designed for fading environment are considered for the EHF mobile satellite channel. The design criteria for optimum trellis-coded modulation scheme on the folding channel are studied. Through computer simulation, the performances of both coherent and differential trellis-coded modulation systems with selected coding schemes on the EHF channel models are evaluated. The effects of using channel state information and interleaving technique on the trellis-coded modulation systems are also studied. Finally the simulation results are presented and discussed.

The efficient support of cache coherence is extremely important to design and implement many-core processors. In this paper, we propose a synchronization-based coherence (SBC) protocol to efficiently support cache coherence for shared memory many-core architectures. The unique feature of our scheme is that it doesn’t use directory at all. Inspired by scope consistency memory model, our protocol maintains coherence at synchronization point. Within critical section, processor cores record write-sets (which lines have been written in critical section) with bloom-filter function. When the core releases the lock, the write-set is transferred to a synchronization manager. When another core acquires the same lock, it gets the write-set from the synchronization manager and invalidates stale data in its local cache. Experimental results show that the SBC outperforms by averages of 5% in execution time across a suite of scientific applications. At the mean time, the SBC is more cost-effective comparing to directory-based protocol that requires large amount of hardware resource and huge design verification effort.

The synchronization between threads has serious impact on the performance of many-core architecture. When communication is frequent, coarse-grained synchronization brings significant overhead. Thus, coarse-grained synchronization is not suitable for this situation. However, the overhead of fine-grained synchronization is still small when the communication is frequent. For the many-core architecture which supports fine-grained synchronization with on-chip storage, we propose fine-grained synchronization algorithms for scientific computation application 2-D wavefront and LU decomposition. At first, according to the memory access mode, an efficient method of data allocation is proposed. Then, way of thread partition and synchronization are discussed. Finally, we estimate the two algorithms based on Godson-T many-core architecture. The results of experiments show that the relative speedup is almost linear and the execution time is only 53.2 % of the coarse-grained synchronization. After the global barriers are eliminated, LU decomposition achieved 13.1% performance improvement. Moreover, the experiments prove that the fine-grained mechanism is able to improve the performance of processor and it has a good scalability.

On-chip many-core architecture is an emerging and promising computation platform. High speed on-chip communication and abundant chipped resources are two outstanding advantages of this architecture, which provide an opportunity to implement efficient synchronization scheme. The practical execution efficiency of synchronization scheme is critical to this platform. However, there are few researches on systematic evaluation method of choice synchronization schemes for on-chip many-core processors, and effect of dedicated hardware support in this context. So we focus on the evaluation method and criterion of synchronization scheme on the platform. Firstly, we present several criterions proper to on-chip many-core architecture, that is, absolute overhead of synchronization operation, the transferring time between different synchronization operations, overhead caused by load imbalance, and the network congestion caused by synchronization operation. Secondly, we illustrate how to design microbenchmarks which one dedicated to evaluate a performance criterion respectively. Finally, we implement these microbenchmarks and synchronization schemes on an on-chip many-core processor with shared level-two cache and AMD Opteron commercial chip multi-processor, respectively. And we analyze effect of dedicated hardware support. Results show that the most overhead of synchronization is caused by load imbalance and serialization on synchronization point. It also shows that synchronization scheme supported with dedicated hardware can improve its performance obviously for chipped many-core processor.

Conflict can decrease performance of computer severely, such as bank conflicts reduce bandwidth of interleave multibank memory systems and conflict misses reduce effective on-chip capacity, and this incurs much conflict miss further. Conflicts can be avoided by a suitable address mapping scheme which maps the most frequently occurring patterns conflict-free. In this paper, we present a new XOR-based mapping scheme, called XORM, which focuses on multi-bank shared cache of on-chip many-core architecture. The XORM mapping scheme can map arbitrary bits of address to set indices and compute each set index bit as XOR of a transpositional subset of the bits in the address. Then, we analyze necessary characteristics of an address mapping scheme to avoid conflict in many-core architecture. Next, we give a case study to design optimal hash functions based on XORM scheme for skewed-associative cache. Finally, we introduce another case study, in which we illustrate how to design an XORM mapping scheme with lower implementation cost, complexity and computing latency in shared cache of chipped many-core architecture. The evaluated results show the effectiveness of XORM mapping scheme.

Computer architectures make a dramatic turn away from improving single-processor performance towards improved parallel performance through integrating many cores in one chip. However, providing directory based coherence protocols for these platforms is too complex and expensive. As a substitute, we propose a synchronization based cache coherence solution, which uses different cache policies according to three flexible software guided scopes (exclusion, producer and consumer scopes) to solve the data-race and coherence problem. Furthermore, this protocol implements word dirty bits (only one bit per word is needed in each L1 cache line) and a special hardware synchronization manager (HSM) to support multi-writer, the write-validate policy and to eliminate the remote un-cache spinning at the “flag”. We evaluate Godson-T, a platform supporting this protocol, against an idealized interleaved dual tag directory based protocol on the Splash2 and two bioinformatics benchmarks. The performance of the synch-based protocol is degraded only at 3.2% on average, but the real chip area is reduced at 32% even if the overhead of HSM is included.

to date, most of many-core prototypes employ tiled topologies connected through on-chip networks. The throughput and latency of the on-chip networks usually become to the bottleneck to achieve peak performance especially for communication intensive applications. Most of studies are focus on on-chip networks only, such as routing algorithms or router micro-architecture, to improve the above metrics. The salient aspect of our approach is that we provide a data management framework to implement high efficient on-chip traffic based on overall many-core system. The major contributions of this paper include that: (1) providing a novel tiled many-core architecture which supports software controlled on-chip data storage and movement management; (2) identifying that the asynchronous bulk data transfer mechanism is an effective method to tolerant the latency of 2-D mesh on-chip networks. At last, we evaluate the 1-D FFT algorithm on the framework and the performance achieves 47.6 Gflops with 24.8% computation efficiency.

Current many-core architectures (MCA) have much larger arithmetic to memory bandwidth ratio compared with traditional processors (vector, superscalar, and multi-core, etc). As a result, bandwidth has become an important performance bottleneck of MCA. Previous works have demonstrated promising performance of MCA for dense matrix operations. However, there is still little quantitative understanding of the relationship between performance of matrix computation kernels and the limited memory bandwidth. This paper presents a performance model for dense matrix multiplication (MM), LU and Cholesky decomposition. The input parameters are memory bandwidth Band on-chip SRAM capacity C, while the output is maximum core number P max . We show that $P_{max}=\Theta(B\ast \sqrt{C})$. P max indicates that when the problem size is large enough, the given memory bandwidth will not be a performance bottleneck as long as the number of cores P max . The model is validated by a comparison between the theoretical performance and experimental data of previous works.

Location consistency (LC) is a weak memory consistency model which is defined entirely on partial order execution semantics of parallel programs. Compared with sequential consistency (SC), LC is scalable and provides ample theoretical parallelism. This makes LC an interesting memory model in the upcoming many-core parallel processing era. Previous work has pointed out that LC does not guarantee SC execution behavior for all data race free programs. In this paper, we compare the semantics of LC with PRAM consistency and memory coherence, and prove that LC is strictly weaker than PRAM consistency. For data race free programs, we prove that the semantics of LC is equivalent to memory coherence. In addition, by introducing memory ordering semantics into LC judiciously, we prove that the enhanced model is equivalent to SC for data race free programs. Finally, we discuss possible solutions for adding reasoning rules for LC-like weak memory models.

The stack-based floating point unit (FPU) in the x86 architecture limits its floating point (FP) performance. The flat register file can improve FP performance but affect x86 compatibility. This paper presents an optimized two-phase floating point register renaming scheme used in implementing an x86-compliant processor. The two-phase renaming scheme eliminates the implicit dependencies between the consecutive FP instructions and redundant operations. As two applications of the method, the techniques used in the second phase of the scheme can eliminate redundant loads and reduce the mis-speculation ratio of the load-store queue. Moreover, the performance of a binary translation system that translates instructions in x86 to MIPS-like ISA can also be boosted by adding the related architectural supports in this optimized scheme to the architecture.

Uterine leiomyoma may cause slightly or moderately increased F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) uptake in the low pelvis. However, severely intense FDG accumulation resulting from the disease is rare. We present a patient with uterine leiomyoma and metastatic clear cell carcinoma from the ovary, whose F-18 FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging revealed heterogeneous, slightly increased FDG uptake of the ovarian cancer, but homogeneous, greatly increased FDG uptake of the uterine leiomyoma lesions. These findings suggest that intense FDG uptake in a uterine leiomyoma may be combined with malignancy.

Malignant struma ovarii is a rare disease in gynecology and the optimal treatment regimen for the tumor remains obscure. We present a patient who had malignant struma ovarii with peritoneal implants and pelvic structures and liver metastases shown on posttreat- ment iodine I-131 single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) and low-dose computed tomography (CT). The roles of I-131 ablation in the management of the disease are reviewed and discussed.

The regulation of neurite outgrowth is crucial in developing strategies to promote neurite regeneration after nerve injury and in degenerative diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of an adaptor/scaffolding protein SH2B1β promotes neurite re-growth of differentiated PC12 cells, an established neuronal model, using wound healing (scraping) assays. Cell migration and the subsequent remodeling are crucial determinants during neurite regeneration. We provide evidence suggesting that overexpressing SH2B1β enhances protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent cell migration and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-ERK-dependent neurite re-growth. Our results further reveal a cross-talk between pathways involving PKC and ERK1/2 in regulating neurite re-growth and cell migration. We conclude that temporal regulation of cell migration and neurite outgrowth by SH2B1β contributes to the enhanced regeneration of differentiated PC12 cells.

Granular materials consisting of macroscopic grains have commercial applications and their flow behavior plays key role in geophysics. However, flow characteristics of nanogranules differ significantly from those of granules. The former can form low-volume fraction (5%) particle gels in air and do not exhibit gravity-driven granular flow easily. It is found that although dry nanogranules possess a high compressibility, close to gases, they are less susceptible to flow than granules due to high yield stress and viscosity. Such differences can be attributed to van der Waals attractions, which support the weight of nanoparticles to form aerogels and resist shearing deformation.

Left-handed material (LHM) is an artificial material. It has negative permittivity and negative permeability simultaneously and has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. This paper investigates a patch antenna based on SRR-shaped left-handed material by using the method of finite difference time domain (FDTD). A patch antenna based on SRR and notches is designed by employing the traditional construction method; the results show that there exists a wave resonance state at 7.67 GHz, where its refraction index is close to − 1. The effect has greatly enhanced the electromagnetic wave's resonance intensity, and has improved the localized extent of the electromagnetic energy noticeably in such an LHM structure; besides, it can also enhance the radiation gain, broaden the frequency band, improve the impedance matching condition, and restrain the high harmonics.

Particle gels are usually formed by density matching or Brownian motion against gravity. However, the suspended state of non-Brownian particles is essential in applications, such as Si-wafer wire sawing. By the addition of alkyl amine, micron-sized SiC suspensions are shown to form particle gel in ethylene glycol. The ratio of storage to loss modulus is about 3, indicating a weak gel. The structure by particle-particle attraction is demonstrated through existing yield stress. With increasing surfactant concentration, the gel forms easier, the sediment layer swells more significantly, and the yield stress is greater accordingly. A gelling mechanism has been proposed and examined.