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The explosive growth of the Internet traffic requires the design of next generation switching systems accommodating huge data-centric traffic at the packet level. All-optical packet switching (OPS) with greater flexibility, granularity and switching capacity is able to meet the complexity of traffic. An all-optical fiber-optic switching device maintains the signal as light, from input to output. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are widely studied as nonlinear elements for high bit rate all-optical switching applications, such as wavelength conversion and regeneration. All optical switches incorporating SOAs have peculiarities like small size, low switching energy requirement and high non linearity. Here simulation of a 4 x 4 optical packet space switch array based on Optically Amplified Suppressed Interference Switches (OASIS) with different data rate has been performed. The OptiSystem version-12 simulator is used to model the structure, it is also used to assess the behavior and performance of this switch array. The simulation of 4x4 space switch array with different bit rate and for different modulation format is done which gives the BER within the acceptable range. Implications of cascadability of this switch array will be analysed which improves the quality and capacity of the existing networks

Together with the NOE and the J-coupling, the one-bond Residual Dipolar Coupling (RDC) that reports on the three dimensional orientation of an internuclear vector in the moleculear frame plays an important role in the conformation and configuration analysis of small molecules in solution by NMR. When the molecule has few C-H bonds or too many bonds are in parallel, the available RDCs may not suffice for obtaining the alignment tensor used for structure elucidation. Long range RDCs that connect nuclei over multiple bonds are normally not parallel to the single bonds and therefore complement the one-bond RDCs. Herein we present a method for extracting the long range RDC of a chosen proton or group of protons to all remotely connected carbons, including non-protonated carbons, to complement the other NMR parameters. Using alignment tensors fitted directly to the total long range couplings (T=J+D), an easy and straightforward analysis of both the long range and one-bond RDCs has been performed on the natural product strychnine. Long Range Residual Dipolar Couplings: A tool for determining the Configuration of Small Molecules (PDF Download Available). Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/279850590_Long_Range_Residual_Dipolar_Couplings_A_tool_for_determining_the_Configuration_of_Small_Molecules [accessed Aug 31, 2015].

Mechanism of Hydrodesulphurisation of Thiophene over Alkalised Iron Catalyst

Decomposition of Litters and Their Effect on Physicochemical and Microbial Properties of Soil

This study reports the knowledge and perceptions of the people with regard to cause and transmission of chronic forms of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and its elimination programme during mass drug administration (MDA) under the programme to eliminate LF in an urban area of Orissa, India. The paper is based on both quantitative and qualitative surveys undertaken before and after the first MDA among different socio-economic strata of the urban area. The data revealed that the urban residents are aware of the chronic forms of LF and also felt that LF is a problem in their area. But most of them do not know the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of the disease. A few people explained the association between LF and hydrocele, and the role of mosquitoes. In the present study, it is observed that poor knowledge about LF is highly influenced by socioeconomic conditions. People from lower economic category were least aware of the cause of both lymphoedema and hydrocele. However, knowledge in some issues with regards to the disease and the awareness on MDA have increased significantly after MDA.