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Purpose: To investigate the morphologic characteristics of the medial rectus muscle in patients with consecutive exotropia. Design: Retrospective, nonrandomized, interventional study. Participants and Controls: Eleven eyes of 10 patients with consecutive exotropia were studied. Thirteen eyes of 13 age-matched normal subjects were studied as controls. Methods: All of the patients underwent an advancement of a previously operated medial rectus muscle. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the insertion of the medial rectus muscle: Normally recessed stretched scar, and slipped muscle. Main Outcome Measures: A comparison was made of the clinical findings, intraoperative findings, and distance from the limbus to the medial rectus muscle measured on magnetic resonance images among the groups. Results: The medial rectus of 4 eyes of 3 patients had normally recessed insertions and 7 eyes had abnormal insertions (3 stretched scars, 4 slipped muscles). The clinical findings were not different among the 3 groups. The magnetic resonance images showed that the medial rectus muscle was located closest to the limbus in the control subjects and most distant in the patients with a slipped muscle (P<0.005). The clinical findings in the patients with a stretched scar and with normally recessed were indistinguishable. Conclusions: Magnetic resonance images of the medial rectus muscles of the control subjects and operated groups are significantly different morphologically. A slipped medial rectus muscle has characteristic magnetic resonance findings that are distinguishable from the muscle with normally recessed and stretched scar. Financial Disclosure(s): The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanidium caldarium (Tilden) Geitler, a unicellular red alga, has extraordinarily high aluminum (Al) tolerance. Algal cells cultured in the presence or absence of Al were subjected to transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Substantial changes to the thylakoid lumens were observed for the algal cells cultured in medium containing 200 mM Al, while other organelles were largely unaffected. Several spherical electron-dense bodies were found in the cytoplasm near the nucleus of both of the control and Al-treated cells. Although high levels of Fe and P were found in the bodies of control cells, immunocytochemical and morphological analysis data did not match the criteria established for Fe-accumulating substances like ferritin and phytate. In addition to these elements, Al was found in the bodies of the Al-treated cells. These results suggest that the electron-dense bodies function as an Fe-storage site under normal culture conditions, and that sequestration of Al in these bodies contributes to the high Al tolerance exhibited by C. caldarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marx insists that the richer country exploits the poorer one through an unequal exchange of labour quantities. Elsewhere I have confirmed that the unequal exchange of labour quantities is possible, but I failed to consider carefully whether this implies an unequal exchange of values, i.e. international exploitation. This paper argues that Marx is wrong to insist on it, in that he does not consider properly the comparison of values differently dated, and points out that a similar failure can be found in the theory of Bauer and Grossmann. Finally, I state my own theory, which is free from the difficulties found in Marxian theories. JEL Classification Numbers: B1, F0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this note is to extend their argument to the case of public goods which are intermediate goods, and to show that there are cases where pressures from industry on government cause an under-supply of public goods even when the financing is done by an earmarked lump-sum tax on the industry. In spite of Galbraith (1958) an under-supply of public goods has been thought to be the least likely result for intermediate public goods, since industries have more influence on governments than do consumers (see for example Downs, 1957, pp. 255-259). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]