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Перспективными источниками биологически активных веществ (БАВ), обладающих нейротропной активностью, являются представители рода Nepeta L. - котовник кошачий (Nepeta cataria L.) и котовник крупноцветковый (Nepeta grandiflora Bieb.). Цель - изучение в эксперименте in vivo и in vitro фармакологической активности экстрактов и фракций БАВ котовника кошачьего и котовника крупноцветкового. Методика. Для сравнительной оценки нейротропной активности экстрактов котовников кошачьего (Nepeta cataria L.) и крупноцветкового (Nepeta grandiflora Bieb.) проведен биологический скрининг образцов, обладающих дофаминергической активностью с применением тирозингидроксилазной специфической ферментной биотест-системы в условиях in vitro. Определение параметров острой токсичности и противовоспалительной активности экстракта проводили в экспериментах in vivo. Для оценки острой токсичности экстракта по методу Кербера использованы белые нелинейные мыши-самцы. Экстракты вводили животным внутрижелудочно в дозах 500, 1000, 1500 и 2000 мг/кг. Изучали влияние курсового (3-4 сут) введения выбранных по результатам скрининга экстрактов (дозы 10 и 100 мг/кг) на центральную нервную систему и поведение животных на моделях «приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт» и «хлоралгидратный сон». Препаратом сравнения служил экстракт пустырника (100 мг/кг). Результаты. В результате проведенных скрининговых исследований в условиях опытов in vitro с применением специфической ферментной биотест-системы на основе тирозингидроксилазы выявлена дофаминергическая активность у котовника крупноцветкового экстракта сухого и котовника кошачьего экстракта сухого. При однократном введении экстракты не приводили к гибели животных, изменению внешнего вида и поведенческих реакций мышей. В соответствии с классификацией токсичности химических веществ по ГОСТ 12.1.007-76 экстракты является малотоксичными веществами. В дозах 10 и 100 мг/кг экстракты оказывали статистически значимое седативное действие, снижали нервно-эмоциональное напряжение. Седативное действие проявлялось в ускорении процесса засыпания и увеличении продолжительности сна. Заключение. Выявлена дофаминергическая активность экстрактов котовника крупноцветкового экстракта сухого и котовника кошачьего экстракта сухого. Экстракты котовника кошачьего и котовника крупноцветкового являются малотоксичными веществами, обладают в опытах in vivo выраженным седативным действием, снижают нервно-эмоциональное напряжение. Экстракты котовника кошачьего и котовника крупноцветкового перспективны для дальнейшего изучения. Promising sources of biologically active substances (BAS) with neurotropic activity are representatives of the genus Nepeta L. - cat’s cat (Nepeta cataria L.) and large-flowered cat’s cat (Nepeta grandiflora Bieb.). The aim of the work is to study the pharmacological activity of extracts and fractions of BAS Catnip and large-flowered Catnip with the use of specific enzyme Biotest systems in in vitro experiments and using biological models on laboratory animals. Method. For a comparative assessment of the neurotropic activity of cat extracts (Nepeta cataria L.) and large-flowered (Nepeta grandiflora Bieb.) biological screening of samples with dopaminergic activity was performed using a tyrosine hydroxylase-specific enzyme Biotest system in in vitro experiments. The parameters of acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the extract were determined. When studying the acute toxicity of the extract using the Kerber method, white non-linear male mice in the number of 30 individuals were used. Extracts were administered to animals intragastrically in doses of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg. We studied the effect of course (3-4 days) administration of selected extracts based on the results of screening on the Central nervous system and animal behavior at doses of 10 and 100 mg / kg on the models «raised cruciform labyrinth» and «chloral hydrate sleep». Comparison drug-motherwort extract tablets at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Results. As a result of screening studies in in vitro experiments based on tyrosine hydroxylase, dopaminergic activity was detected in the cat’s large-flowered dry extract and cat’s dry cat extract. When administered once, the extracts did not lead to the death of animals, changes in the appearance and behavioral reactions of mice were not observed. According to the chemical toxicity classification according to GOST 12.1.007-76, extracts are low-toxic substances. In doses of 10 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg, these extracts have a significantly pronounced sedative effect, reduce nervous and emotional tension. The sedative effect is shown in improving sleep and increasing the duration of sleep. Conclusions. Dopaminergic activity was detected in the cat’s large-flowered dry extract and the cat’s dry cat extract. Extracts of Catnip and large-flowered Catnip are low-toxic substances, have a pronounced sedative effect in experiments in vivo, reduce nervous and emotional tension. Extracts of Catnip and large-flowered Catnip are promising for further study.

Nepeta curvidens is a plant of the mint family and an important species of the genus Nepeta. The main habitat of the N. curvidens in the Garin Mountains in Lorestan Province, Iran. Although locals have used N. curvidens as a food flavoring agent for years, few studies have been conducted on its phytochemical and biological properties. The chemical constituents of N. curvidens essential oil and then its biological properties were studied in detail in this investigation. N. curvidens essential oil was prepared from the aerial parts of the plant using the hydrodistillation method and its chemical composition was analyzed by the GC-MS method. Antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-Leishmania, and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil were investigated in vitro. In addition, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in vivo. Most of N. curvidens essential oil compositions are composed of trans-caryophyllene (17.53%), allo-spathulenol (13.41%), germacrene D (10.12%), bicyclogermacrene (9.36%), α-pinene (9.12%), and β-phellandrene (6.87%). The highest antimicrobial and antifungal effects were observed against L. monocytogenes (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) and K. marxianus (MIC=625 µg/ml), respectively. Concentration-dependent effects were detected in the treatment of L. major, so that the number of macrophages infected with amastigote dropped significantly with higher concentrations. The essential oil showed the highest effect on the lung cancer cell line (A549) with the lowest IC50 (133.2μg/mL). The most resistant cell line to the essential oil was bladder cancer (C450) with an IC50 of 430.69 µg/mL. SI 19.49 index indicated high immunity of the essential oil on macrophage lines. Compared with morphine analgesic, the highest pain control effect of the essential oil was observed in primary and secondary phases at 100 mg/kg concentration in rats. At 100 mg/kg concentration, reduced swelling of the paw and ear was observed in mice compared to the dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug. The essential oil presents remarkable therapeutic properties such as antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties that probably attributed to the presence of an important trans-caryophyllene compound. Outstandingly, the essential oil has low toxic effects on the normal line and high antitumor properties against cancer cells. Therefore, it is expected to be used in the preparation of less toxic drugs than chemical ones, although more studies are required.

Nepeta tenuifolia (N. tenuifolia) is a common aromatic herb that is widespread in East Asia. The aerial parts and spikes can be used as the traditional phytomedicines for the treatment of cold, fever, respiratory diseases, and skin diseases in the clinic and as a vegetable in salads or cooked foods. These applications have lasted for thousands of years due to their outstanding performance. In this review, with the help of PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and CNKI, we have summarized the research achievements made in recent years on the various aspects of N. tenuifolia, covering botany, traditional uses, processing, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmaceutics. A total of 102 phytochemicals have been found and identified in N. tenuifolia, which were grouped into terpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids and other components, including many bioactive compounds such as pulegone, hesperidin, and rosmarinic acid. This plant has also exhibited antiviral, immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and miscellaneous bioactivities, including antitumour, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antithrombus activities. The progress to date has provided basic and strong evidence to support the traditional uses of this herbal medicine. However, the present explanations seem insufficient and unsatisfactory, in term of the relationships between the traditional uses and the modern pharmacological actions, the action mechanisms and the material basis. Therefore, in the future, some comprehensive studies should be well designed for further understanding the development and utilization of N. tenuifolia.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., resurged as an important urban pest in the last 20 yr. Yet, there are no commercial repellent products labeled for bed bugs available in the United States. We evaluated the repellency of two catnip oils from newly developed cultivars, CR3 and CR9, and compared each to 10 and 25% N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). CR3 contains 63.4% E,Z-nepatalactone and 27.5% Z,E-nepatalactone, and CR9 contains 94.9% Z,E-nepatalactone. Arena studies showed that CR3 and CR9 oils were more effective than DEET within a 24-h period. At 10% concentration, both CR3 and CR9 oils exhibited a repellency of over 94% during the first 8 h. At 25% concentration, the repellency of CR3 and CR9 oils increased to 100%, and repellency of DEET was 92% during the first 24 h. Repellency of 25% CR3 and CR9 oils became lower than 25% DEET after being aged for 3 d. After 28-d aging, repellency of 25% CR3, CR9, and DEET reduced to 25, 64, and 92%, respectively. Soiled socks were placed above repellent treated bands to determine if the repellent can protect soiled socks from being infested. The 20% CR3 oil prevented 100% of bed bugs from infesting soiled socks showing that it was more effective than DEET. These results indicate that catnip oils from CR3 and CR9 cultivars are more repellent than DEET over a 24-h period following application, but their longevity is shorter than DEET after 72 h.

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Nepeta nuda subsp. albiflora Boiss. were reported in this study. The ethanol and water extracts of Nepeta nuda subsp. albiflora were prepared and used for biochemical analyses. Antioxidant capacities of the extracts were evaluated by three different in vitro bioanalytical methods including a reducing antioxidant method and two radical scavenging antioxidant methods. The water and ethanol extracts of the plant sample were found to have effective antioxidant potentials. Phenolic content of Nepeta nuda subsp. albiflora was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Rosmarinic acid (182.0±4.5 µg/g), apigenin (84.5±57.6 µg/g), and quercetin (44.5±62.9 µg/g) were identified as major compounds in the ethanol extract of the plant sample. This study has a potential scientific base for further studies about Nepeta nuda subsp. albiflora related to plant biochemistry and plant based pharmacological industry.

Nepeta camphorata Boiss. & Heldr. is an endemic aromatic plant found on Mt Taygetos (South Peloponnese, GR) at small populations. It has an interesting biochemical profile and potential ornamental use. In the present study, we evaluated, for the first time, its antioxidant potential, asexual propagation and cultivation using different substrate mixtures. Wild N. camphorata plant material collected from Mt Taygetos was successfully propagated in-vitro without the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Eighty seven percent of the meristematic tissues used (i.e. nodes) were established and the average of 4.27 shoots/tissue, was recorded. Complete acclimatization of the plantlets was recorded after cultivation for 10-months. Stem cuttings taken from the micropropagated stock plants, gave 82% of rooting. N. camphorata plants cultivated in soil-based substrate mixtures showed significantly higher plant heights, leaf numbers, lateral stem and flower numbers, compared to plants cultivated in peat-based mixtures. Furthermore, anthesis was completed earlier in plants cultivated in the soil-based substrate. The antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds in N. camphorata was relatively high, especially in plants cultivated at the premises of the University of Peloponnese. We suggest that N. camphorata showed great potential for commercial use.

not available Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(1): 185-189, 2020 (June)

The floristic study carried out during 2015–2018 revealed that the flora of Koh-e-Safaid Range comprised of 654 species, 401 genera from 116 families. Leading families were Poaceae 72 species (11.07%), Asteraceae 56 species (8.61%), Rosaceae 43 species (6.61%), Lamiaceae 41 species (6.25%), Papilionaceae 38 species (5.84%), Brassicaceae 32 species (4.92%), Ranunculaceae 17 species (2.61%), Apiaceae and Polygonaceae each with 16 species (2.41%). The largest genera were: Prunus (9 species), Potentilla and Astragalus (8 species each), Artemisia, Allium (7 species) Euphorbia and Amaranthus (6 species each), Lepidium, Nepeta and Cotoneaster (5 species each). Therophytes with 257 species (39.23%) were the dominant life form, followed by nanophanerophytes 104 species (15.92%), geophytes 100 species (15.31%), hemicryptophytes 98 species (15.00%). Cuscuta reflexa, Viscum album and Viscum articulatum were three of the shoot parasites. The leaf spectrum was dominated by nanophylls 246 species (37.67%) followed by microphylls 140 species (21.43%) and mesophylls 128 species (19.54%). Eleven species (1.68%) were aphyllous. Majority of the species (459 species, 70.29%) had simple lamina while seven species (1.07%) had spiny leaves. Present report also listed the some of the endemic species while Cleome amblycarpa and Salvia reflexa are reported as a new addition to the list of Flora of Pakistan.

The objective of this study was to authenticate the ethnobotanical claims of theNepeta ruderalisBuch.-Ham. (N. ruderalis) extract in the traditional system of medicine. Crude extract was prepared via a simple maceration process. DPPH free radical scavenging and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema models were used to monitor antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses of theN. ruderalisextract. Furthermore, it was tested for antiplatelet aggregation, cardioprotective, and calcium channel antagonistic activities via standard documented protocols. TheN. ruderalisextract exhibited 80.82% antioxidant activity (IC50=207.51±4.36 μg) while the anti-inflammatory response was significant (p<0.05top<0.01) at 50 mg/kg (45.58%) and 100 mg/kg (60.90%) doses. Moreover, it was found to inhibit platelet aggregation (IC50=1.06and 0.91 mg/mL) and, in addition, to increase the force of contraction at the concentration of 3.0-10 mg/mL with a decrease in the heart rate on isolated paired atria (EC50=11.78 mg/mL). Relaxant activity was observed on the isolated rabbit jejunum (EC50=0.96 mg/mL) and trachea (EC50=0.89 mg/mL). However, in a cumulative way, an 80-millimolar potassium-induced contraction was evaluated (EC50=1.31 mg/mL). TheN. ruderalisextract exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, platelet aggregating, cardiotonic, and calcium channel antagonistic activities, therefore proving scientifically its effectiveness in the traditional system of medicine.

Mucilage is considered to play an important role in the survival of seeds in harsh desert environments. Nepeta micrantha is an ephemeral plant of the Gurbantungut Desert, China. The outer surface of N. micrantha nutlets contains a layer of mucilage. We hypothesised that mucilage improves germination during and after osmotic stress. Germination of both intact and demucilaged nutlets under different polyethylene glycol (PEG)-simulated drought stress was tested at the optimal light and temperature conditions. Germination of intact and demucilaged nutlets decreased with an increase in PEG concentration. However, there were no significant differences in germination between intact and demucilaged nutlets at the same PEG concentration, except at 15% PEG. Recovery percentage and final germination of intact nutlets were considerably higher than that of demucilaged nutlets after treatment with 15% PEG. These findings demonstrate that mucilage contributes significantly to drought tolerance ofN. micrantha nutlets by decreasing germination under moderate osmotic stress and aiding germination after the release of this stress.

Among natural remedies, aromatic and medicinal plants constitute an essential source that deserves scientific attention. Thus, our study aims to promote the virtues of two aromatic and medicinal plants found in the wild in the region of Ouazzane (Morocco). The phytochemical tests of these species have shown the presence of flavonoids, gallic and catechic tannins, cyanidin, sterols and triterpenes. However, alkaloids, carotenoids, saponosides and reducing compounds were not detected. Then, extraction of total polyphenols from Origanum compactum and Satureja calamintha nepeta was conducted for 48 hours by maceration with a mixture of methanol/water (80/20) used as a solvent. Extractions yielded 35.2% crude extracts for Origanum compactum and 34.4% for Satureja calamintha nepeta. The fractionation of these crude methanol extracts was performed with three organic solvents of increasing polarity (chloroform, ethyl acetate then, n-butanol). Total phenol content of the extracts and fractions was assessed by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu. This revealed that the phenol-rich fractions were the crude extract for Origanum compactum and the butanol fraction for Satureja calamintha nepeta. Finally, the evaluation of the antioxidant power which was carried out using the method of trapping the free radical DPPH• and the reduction of iron by the method of FRAP. The DPPH• test showed a high antioxidant activity of the samples: 53.1 µg/ml of crude extract of Origanum compactum was needed to reduce 50% of DPPH•. The same IC50 was obtained for ascorbic acid (standard antioxidant). For Satureja calamintha nepeta, the IC50 was 67.5 µg/ml. On the other hand, the FRAP test revealed that the methanolic extract of origanum compactum has higher reducing power than that of n-buthanolic extract of satureja calamintha nepeta. Still, it remains relatively low compared to ascorbic acid. The high antioxidant activity of these two species could justify their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases.

Aims Niosomes have been considered as carriers for targeted delivery of drugs in modern drug delivery systems. The Iranian Nepta (Nepta genus) has unique biological properties; thus, this plant was used in this study to prepare the optimized formulation of niosomes containing extract, and to evaluate its cytotoxicity. Methods & Materials Initially, the extract of Iranian Nepta (N. persica) was prepared. Then, the nano-niosomal system, containing the extract was designed and synthesized using cholesterol and Span-60. The physicochemical properties of the system were evaluated by FTIR and SEM. MTT assay [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was used to determine the toxicity of the Nepta extract and nano-system containing it against bone cancer cells (MG63). Findings An optimized formulation was obtained using cholesterol and Span-60 with a ratio of 80:20. The amount of extract release from this formulation continued with a steady slope over a long period of time. The survival rate of MG63 cells against 100 μg/mL of the free form of N. persica extract and its niosomal form were 22% and 8.88%, respectively. Conclusion The present research results suggested that N. persica extract exert anti-cancer effects and niosome could improve its anti-cancer efficiency. Therefore, it could be used as a proper carrier to deliver the extract to the target tissue.

espanolNepeta es uno de los generos mas numerosos en especies de la familia Lamiaceae, ampliamente distribuida en Iran. Algunas especies del genero se usan tradicionalmente como plantas culinarias, industriales y medicinales. En el presente trabajo hemos estudiado catorce caracteres cuali- y cuantitativos de la morfologia polinica de veinticuatro poblaciones correspondientes a 18 especies de Nepeta mediante microscopia optica y electronica de barrido. Los granos de polen de todos ellos presentan simetria radial, son isopolares y hexacolpados, aunque se han observado diferencias en alguno de los caracteres cuantitativos entre diferentes taxones. El analisis de PCA revela que el caracter mas variable es la longitud y la anchura de los colpos. La forma de la vista polar de los granos de polen es circular en todos los taxones estudiados. Sin embargo, la forma de la vista ecuatorial varia desde prolado-esferoidal, pasando por subprolado y perprolado hasta prolado. Hemos observado que la exina puede ser microreticulada o bireticulada, esta presente en la mayoria de los taxones. La longitud de los ejes polares y ecuatoriales varia entre las poblaciones de la misma especie, por lo tanto, no representa un buen caracter para la identificacion de las mismas. Ademas, la vista polar es muy parecida entre diferentes especies y no deberia ser considerada como caracter diagnostico. La forma de la vista ecuatorial es estable entre las diferentes poblaciones de la misma especie. Existe una variacion infraespecifica en la ornamentacion de la exina. El agrupamiento de los taxones basado en la morfologia de los granos de polen no esta en concordancia con la clasificacion tradicional del genero en secciones. EnglishNepeta is one of the largest genera of Lamiaceae, which is widely distributed in Iran. Several species of the genus are traditionally used as culinary, industrial, and medicinal plants. In the present study, we examined fourteen qualitative and quantitative pollen morphological characters of twenty-four populations of eighteen Nepeta using light and scanning electron microscope. The pollen grains are radially symmetric, isopolar, and hexacolpate in all species. We have found that the quantitative features vary among the studied taxa. According to PCA analysis, the colpus length and width are the most variable traits. Polar view shapes in all the studied taxa are circular, while the equatorial view is prolate-spheroidal, subprolate, perprolate, and prolate. We determined microreticulate and bireticulate exine sculpturing, and the bireticulate type was dominant. We revealed that polar and equatorial axes length of pollen grains varied between populations of the same species, and they, therefore, should be ignored in taxonomical identification of species. The polar view was similar in all the studied pollen grai . ns and could not be considered as a diagnostic trait. The equatorial shape was stable between populations of the same species, and this was taxonomically important, while we registered some infraspecific variations in exine sculpture. Our cluster of taxa based on the pollen morphology is not in concordance with the traditional sectional classification of the genus.

Nepeta nuda L. (syn. N. pannonica L.) is a herbaceous perennial plant, is the most widespread species of the genus Nepeta , the largest genera in Lamiaceae family. However, N. nuda is well spread worldwide, and divided into four subspecies according to morphological differences which occur within large geographical range of distribution: subsp. nuda , subsp. albiflora , subsp. lydiae and subsp. glandulifera . In this review, previous reports on N. nuda concerningits botanical description and systematics, phytochemistry, use in traditional medicine, pharmacology, and posibilities for other applications were critically summarized. This paper includes data about N. nuda phytochemical compounds, ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological properties, and prospect of it being applied as a natural herbicide an in management of plant diseases. All of this contributes to N. nuda being a highly promising plant in food and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in agriculture for the development of natural pesticides.

The issue of male sexual dysfunction arises due to numerous complications linked with sperm motility, imbalance of antioxidant enzymes and hormonal levels. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is widely used as a standard toxin to induce chemical injury and toxicity. A lot of research has been performed on many species of the genus Nepeta in vitro and in vivo but the plant Nepeta paulsenii have been rarely used in this aspect. The current research was designed to explore the impacts of methanolic extract of the Nepeta paulsenii plant on CCl4 induced testicular impairment in male albino rats. Forty-eight rats were distributed equally into 8 groups; Control, Vehicle control, CCl4 treated (1 ml/kg), CCl4 + Silymarine treated, CCl4 + Nepeta paulsenii (200 mg/kg) treated, CCl4 + Nepeta paulsenii (400 mg/kg), Nepeta paulsenii (200 mg/kg) and Nepeta paulsenii (400 mg/kg) treated. Blood and testicles were obtained and analyzed. To check antioxidant enzymes, hormonal concentrations, daily sperm production (DSP), protein content and histopathology various analyses were performed. CCl4 exposure resulted in adverse morphological changes and significant (p

It has been known for centuries that cats respond euphorically to Nepeta cataria (catnip). Recently, we have shown that Lonicera tatarica (Tatarian honeysuckle), Actinidia polygama (silver vine), and Valeriana officinalis (valerian) can also elicit this "catnip response". The aim of this study was to learn if the behavior seen in response to these plants is similar to the response to catnip. Furthermore, we studied if these responses are fixed or if there are differences between cats. While nepetalactone was identified decades ago as the molecule responsible for the "catnip response", we know that this volatile is found almost exclusively in catnip. Therefore, we also aimed to identify other compounds in these alternative plants that can elicit the blissful behavior in cats. Bioassays with 6 cats were performed in a low-stress environment, where 5 plants and 13 single compounds were each tested for at least 100 and 17 h, respectively. All responses were video recorded and BORIS software was used to analyze the cats' behavior.Both response duration and behavior differed significantly between the cats. While individual cats had preferences for particular plants, the behavior of individual cats was consistent among all plants. About half a dozen lactones similar in structure to nepetalactone were able to elicit the "catnip response", as were the structurally more distinct molecules actinidine and dihydroactinidiolide. Most cats did not respond to actinidine, whereas those who did, responded longer to this volatile than any of the other secondary plant metabolites, and different behavior was observed. Interestingly, dihydroactinidiolide was also found in excretions and secretions of the red fox, making this the first report of a compound produced by a mammal that can elicit the "catnip response". A range of different cat-attracting compounds was detected by chemical analysis of plant materials but differences in cat behavior could not be directly related to differences in chemical composition of the plants. Together with results of, among others, habituation / dishabituation experiments, this indicates that additional cat-attracting compounds may be present in the plant materials that remain to be discovered.Collectively, these findings suggest that both the personality of the cat and genetic variation in the genes encoding olfactory receptors may play a role in how cats respond to cat-attracting plants. Furthermore, the data suggest a potential distinct mechanism of action for actinidine.

Medicinal plants are valuable species, but their geographic distributions may be limited or exposed to extinction by climate change. Therefore, research on medicinal plants in the face of climate change is fundamental for developing conservation strategies. Distributional patterns for a semi-endemic medicinal plant species, Nepeta glomerulosa, distributed in southwestern and central Asia was determined based on a maximum–entropy algorithm. We evaluated potential geographic shifts in suitability patterns for this species under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) of climate change for 2060. Our models based on climatic features indicate that the species occupies montane areas under current conditions; transfer of the model to future climate scenarios indicated that suitable areas for the species will increase in general, and the species will likely track its favored set of climate conditions. But the types and degrees of these changes differ among areas. Our findings can be used to inform conservation management programs for medicinal, endemic, and endangered species that probably respond similarly to climate change in southwestern and central Asia.

Nepeta badachschanica Kudrjasch., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 9: 18. 1947. Type: ��� Tajikistan, Pamir occidentalis. Inter fl. Jazgulem et Vancz, in viciniis pag. Chej-Chak, 1620 m, 29 September 1932, Lanina 1240 (holotype: LE!). Perennial herbs, 30���50 cm tall. Numerous stems, stout, almost branched from the base, 3���4 mm diameter, white pubescent; internodes 3���6 cm long. Leaves opposite, lamina almost round, at the base slightly heart-shaped, 1.5���3.5 cm long, margine dentate-crenate, abaxially strongly wrinkled, with depressed veins on both sides, densely white pubescent; petioles densely white pubescent, 1.2���4 cm long. Verticillasters with lower peduncles longer than 1 cm, the upper ones are only 0.3���0.5 cm long; floral leaves similar to stem leaves, lamina 7���8 mm long; petioles 5���6 mm long; the uppermost floral leaves are narrow, entire, lanceolate-linear, 5���6�� 1 mm, sessile, white pubescent; the bracts are shorter than half of the calyx, densely pubescent, curved upward; verticillasters 8���15 mm in diameter at fruiting, consisting of 6���8 flowers. The calyx is tubular, two-lipped, almost sessile or on a very short peduncle with 13 veins; the upper lip is three-toothed; the lanceolate teeth are 2 times shorter than the tube, the lower lip is bipartite, the teeth are narrower, 1.5 times shorter than the upper ones. Flowering calyx 7���8 mm, fruiting calyx 9���10 mm, densely pubescent. Corolla 12���13 mm long; tube protrudes slightly from the calyx, expanding towards the pharynx. The upper lip of the corolla is two���lobed, oval, pubescent outside, the lower lobe is tripartite, the lateral lobes are semicircular, triangular, the middle lobe is much wider, not dissected along the edge (Fig. 4). Phenology: ���Flowering from July to September, fruiting from September to October. Distribution, habitat and ecology: ��� Uzbekistan and Tajikistan; new record for Uzbekistan, occurring in southern part Uzbekistan mountain, Babatag and Gissar ridge, mountain Tschulbair. This species grows in colored clays and fine-soil hillsides, 900���1600 m (Tschukervanik 1987) (Fig. 5). Etymology: ���The specific epithet ��� badachschanica ��� derived from Badakhshan, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous region in Tajikistan, the type locality of this species. Common name (assigned here): ��� Badakhshon zufosi (Uzbekistan name). Taxonomic notes: ���Morphologically, Nepeta badachschanica is obviously different from other Central Asia species by having numerous leafy axillary branches (vs. branches less) and general inflorescence paniculate (vs. less branched paniculate) (Pojarkova 1954). Conservation status in Uzbekistan: ��� Nepeta badachschanica Kudrjasch. is distributed in only two localities of southern Uzbekistan: the first population is in the mountain Babatag, the second population is in Gissar ridge, Tschulbair mountain. The distance between the populations is 50 km. In total, there are approximately more than 2,000 individuals in two populations. The populations are not declining; there are no current threats, and the species is very unlikely to become Extinct or Critically Endangered in a short time. Thus N. badachschanica should be classified as Least Concern (LC) based on the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2019). Additional specimens examined: UZBEKISTAN: Surkhandarya, mountain Babatag, near village Kuruksai, 38��18���15.26���N, 68��16���29.09��� E, 12 Jun. 2019, O . T. Turginov s.n. (TASH!); Surkhandarya, South western Gissar, mountain Tschulbair, near village Sina, 38��23���19.13��� N, 67��39���40.04��� E, 24 May 2020, Pulatov et al. 604-619 (TASH!)., Published as part of Zhao, Yue, Chi, Jian-Cai, Chen, Ya-Ping, Liang, Cun-Zhu, Turginov, Orzimat T., Pulatov, Sardor O., Rakhmatov, Abdurashid A., Aromov, Tolmas B. & Xiang, Chun-Lei, 2022, Three new records of Lamiaceae from China and Uzbekistan, pp. 111 in Phytotaxa 531 (2) on page 111, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5869183, {"references":["Tschukervanik, T. I. (1987) Nepeta L. In: Adylov, A. T. (Ed.) Conspectus florea Asiae Mediae, vol. 9. Tashkent, Academiae Scientiarum URSS, pp. 44 - 57.","Pojarkova, A. I. (1954) Nepeta. In: Shishkin, B. K. & Yuzepchuk, S. V. (Eds.) Flora of the USSR. vol. 20. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., Moscow, pp. 191 - 292.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee."]}

Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes have been successfully used to encapsulate essential oils, improving their physicochemical properties and pharmacological effects. Besides being well-known for its effects on cats and other felines, catnip (Nepeta cataria) essential oil demonstrates repellency against blood-feeding pests such as mosquitoes. This study evaluates the tick repellency of catnip oil alone and encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin, prepared using the co-precipitation method at a 1:1 molar ratio. The physicochemical properties of this inclusion complex were characterized using GC-FID for encapsulation efficiency and yield and SPME/GC-MS for volatile emission. Qualitative assessment of complex formation was done by UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and SEM analyses. Catnip oil at 5% (v/v) demonstrated significant tick repellency over time, being comparable to DEET as used in commercial products. The prepared [catnip: β-CD] inclusion complex exerted significant tick repellency at lower concentration of the essential oil (equivalent of 1% v/v). The inclusion complex showed that the release of the active ingredient was consistent after 6 h, which could improve the effective repellent duration. These results demonstrated the effective tick repellent activity of catnip essential oil and the successful synthesis of the inclusion complex, suggesting that β-CDs are promising carriers to improve catnip oil properties and to expand its use in repellent formulations for tick management.

Microbial biodeterioration is a growing problem in cultural heritage (CH). Many biocides used to control CH biodeterioration have toxic effects and risks of contamination for health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs) due to their antimicrobial potential and low toxicity represent a sustainable and safe alternative in the control of microbial growth in heritage assets. Nevertheless, EOs volatility is one of the main challenges for its use in bio-mitigation adapted to cultural heritage. The encapsulation of EOs may have an alternative strategy for the use of EOs as green biocides that promote a controlled release of EO. In this study, seven EOs of flavouring herbs were screened to evaluate their antimicrobial potential against filamentous fungi, yeast or bacteria strains, previously isolated from colonized artworks. Free EOs, namely L. luisieri and C. nepeta EOs, showed a large antimicrobial spectrum, with high activity for A. niger, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Rhodotorula sp. and Arthrobacter sp. strains. EO of T. vulgaris shows similar antifungal activity when encapsulated by co-precipitation with β-cyclodextrin, for an encapsulation efficiency higher than 50%. The results suggest the potential use of EO in the safeguard of cultural assets, as eco-friendly, biodegradable and non-toxic biocides, as a green and useful approach when compared to traditional biocides.