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Due to limited data-describing abilities of mushrooms to accumulate platinum group elements (PGEs) and rare-earth elements (REEs), the aim of this study was to determine, by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry followed by microwave-assisted sample digestion by nitric acid, the content of these elements in 20 mushroom species (10 above ground and 10 growing on wood), mostly edible, collected near a busy trunk road. The highest content of PGEs in above-ground mushroom species was observed inLepista gilvaandSuillus bovinusfruit bodies (0.38 ± 0.05 and 0.37 ± 0.03 mg kg−1DW, respectively), while in mushrooms growing on wood, the highest content was observed inPleurotus ostreatus(0.35 ± 0.04 mg kg−1DW). The mean content of PGEs for both these groups was 0.23 ± 0.08 and 0.26 ± 0.07 mg kg−1DW, respectively. The highest content of REEs inSuillus luteusandTricholoma equestrawas 5.03 ± 0.50 and 2.18 ± 0.56 mg kg−1DW, respectively, but within mushrooms growing on wood inGanoderma applanatumfruiting bodies it was 4.19 ± 0.78 mg kg−1DW. Mean contents of REEs were 1.39 ± 1.21 and 1.61 ± 0.97 mg kg−1DW in above-ground species and species growing on wood, respectively. Generally, the group of mushroom species growing on wood was capable of slightly higher accumulation of both REEs and PGEs. No limits have been established for both the groups until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace metals may be supportive to mammalian reproduction but also reveal certain toxicities. The present study investigated the content of selected metals (Ca, Cd, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in uterine and testicular tissue of free-ranging and household cats and its relation with hair metal status, cats’ age, weight, physical activity, diet and inhabited environment. Free-rangers and cats not fed by humans were characterized by higher concentrations of essential metals in their reproductive tissues as well as increased levels of toxic elements, particularly Cd and Ni. No difference in metal status was found for household individuals fed on different varieties of commercial food. Cats inhabiting urbanized areas were characterized by higher Pb levels in their reproductive system. Feline hair was found to be less, if at all, susceptible to environmental, lifestyle and dietary variables and most importantly, did not reflect a metal burden in reproductive tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1979 world production of mushrooms has increased almost 10-fold, but it is not known whether the mineral composition profile of fruit bodies has changed over time and if so, what the patterns of changes are. This work attempts to determine alterations in the mineral composition of Agaricus bisporus produced in Poland in the years 1977–2020. The obtained results indicated a general decrease in the content of most of the analysed elements, which was most likely associated with changes in the growing substrate (horse manure in the first years, followed by the production of compost containing straw and poultry manure). The observed alterations in the content of elements in around 2010 probably resulted from the introduction of supplements during the optimisation of mushroom cultivation. Consuming A. bisporus fruiting bodies produced in Poland has never caused a risk to human health or life. Despite fluctuations in the content of elements in selected years, the results indicate a gradual reduction in the content, especially of nonessential and toxic trace elements. The results obtained from the archival and unique research material reflect current cultivation trends described by changes in the mineral profile of white button mushroom production. [Display omitted] • Content of 45 elements in Agaricus bisporus between 1977 and 2020 in Poland is reported. • Intake of mushrooms from Polish producers was not associated with health risk. • Despite diverse mineral profile a general decrease of element contents was observed. • The high content of elements was most likely the result of using horse manure. • Changes in the mineral profile are an effect of using supplements in compost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a highly essential element, intakes of which in many populations are below the established requirements. As edible mushrooms represent an important part of the human diet in some regions, the present study investigated the concentrations of Se species (Se(IV), Se(VI), Se and Se) in three cultivated mushroom species ( Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pholiota nameko) growing on substrates supplemented with different concentrations of sodium selenite NaSeO (IV) and sodium selenate NaSeO (VI) solutions. The most effective Se supplementation was observed for P. ostreatus fruiting bodies growing on substrates with Se concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mM (53 and 62 mg kg DW, respectively). Additionally, supplementation with Se salts stimulated P. eryngii biomass growth only. The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of analysed Se species were observed for P. nameko fruiting bodies. Additionally, BCF values indicating accumulation of Se were observed when mushrooms were grown on substrates with ≥0.25 mM ( P. nameko) or ≥0.5 mM ( P. ostreatus and P. eryngii) Se addition. Our findings show that edible mushrooms growing on Se-supplemented substrates may represent food supplementation in the situation of Se deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tsunami events may have an enormous impact on the functioning of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by altering various relationships with biotic components. Concentrations of acid-leachable fractions of heavy metals and metalloids in soils and plant samples from areas affected by the December 2004 tsunami in Thailand were determined. Ipomoea pes-caprae, a common plant species growing along the seashore of this region, and frequently used in folk medicine, was selected to assess the presence of selected elements. Elevated amounts of Cd, Pb, Zn, and As in soil samples, and Pb, Zn, As, Se, Cr, and Ni in plant samples were determined from the tsunami-impacted regions for comparison with reference locations. The flowers of Ipomoea pes-caprae contained the highest amounts of these metals, followed by its leaves, and stems. In addition, its bioaccumulation factor (BAF) supports this capability of high metal uptake by Ipomoea pes-caprae from the areas affected by the tsunami in comparison with a reference site. This uptake was followed by the translocation of these elements to the various plant components. The presence of these toxic metals in Ipomoea pes-caprae growing in contaminated soils should be a concern of those who use this plant for medicinal purposes. Further studies on the content of heavy metals and metalloids in this plant in relation to human health concerns are recommended. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1-6. © 2014 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the potential application of a freely suspended cyanobacterial biomass of Microcystis aeruginosa as a sorption material for toxic metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solutions. In order to identify the most suitable conditions for removal of these elements (concentration range: 1-20 mg L), the laboratory experiments were carried out during different incubation times (1-48 h) and under various temperatures (10-40°C), pH (5-9) and with or without light irradiance. Competitive biosorption of Cd and Pb was also investigated. We found that M. aeruginosa demonstrates high efficiency in removing both of the studied metals from aqueous solutions. Sorption of Pb occurred, however, more rapidly and effectively, and was less disturbed by changes in physico-chemical conditions. Under pH=7, 25°C and light, the removal rates after 3 h and 6 h of incubation, were 90-100% for Pb and 79.5-100% for Cd, respectively. The co-occurrence of the metals decreased the rate of metal biosorption. Pb was sequestered preferentially over Cd. From the results we conclude that freely suspended M. aeruginosa can constitute a promising low-cost, easy-producible biosorbent material for toxic metals in contaminated wastewater. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical vapor or hydride generation (CVG/HG) still plays a significant role in continuous flow sample introduction system. The development and higher accessibility of new commercial CVG/HG accessories (especially modified spray chambers and nebulizers) improves the analytical possibilities of plasma–based optical emission spectrometry for determination of hydride forming analytes. These systems are still designed and widely applied despite the better availability of its alternatives. The commercialization of the first nitrogen microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry instrument (MIP OES) also contributes to the increase in popularity of these solutions. The latest achievements in commercial and laboratory–made generators and instruments, as well as new strategies in sample preparation for total content and speciation analysis, are discussed in the review. [Display omitted] • The recent applications of CVG and HG with ICP OES and MIP OES are reviewed. • Latest commercial and laboratory–made CVG/HG accessories are reviewed. • New strategies of sample preparation in accordance to the sample matrix are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization and application of a new hyphenated procedure for iron ionic speciation, i.e., high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with short cation–exchange column (50 mm × 4 mm) coupled to high resolution inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP hrOES), is presented in this paper. Fe(III) and Fe(II) species were separated on the column with the mobile phase containing pyridine–2,6–dicarboxylic acid (PDCA). The total time of the analysis was approx. 5 min, with a significantly low eluent flow rate (0.5 mL min−1) compared to the literature. Additionally, a long cation-exchange column (250 mm × 4.0 mm) was used as reference. Depending on the total iron content in the sample, two plasma views were chosen, e.g., an attenuated axial (<2 g kg−1) and an attenuated radial. The standard addition method was performed for the method's accuracy studies, and the applicability was presented on three types of samples: sediments, soils, and archaeological pottery. This study introduces a fast, efficient, and green method for leachable iron speciation in both geological and pottery samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the history of the development of six, paleo-lakes, which are at present filled with sediments, in a dune area in Central Poland, based on multiproxy paleoecological analyses and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating. The aims of the paleoecological studies were: i) to determine the initial age of lakes development, ii) to reconstruct the local and regional plant succession, as well as iii) to reconstruct the environmental conditions during the initial stage of the development of lakes and peatlands. The obtained results indicated that: the former lakes in dune depressions were developed during the Bølling and Allerød when sparse vegetation allowed strong aeolian activity. Climate warming in Bølling led to the development of a denser plant cover, inhibition of sand transportation and the formation of mid-dune reservoirs with the accumulation of organic sediments. As indicated by 14C dating, mid-dunes basins were formed between 14 686 ± 60 cal. yr BP and 13 421 ± 60 cal. yr BP. The results of the paleobotanical analysis suggested that the reservoirs were shallow, oligo-mesotrophic, inhabited by pioneer calcicole vascular plant species such as: Chara sp., Hippuris vulgaris, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton fresii, Potamogeton alpinus and Potamogeton filiformis, and mosses such as: Pseudocalliergon trifarium, Calliergon sp. and Calliergonella cordifolium. The area next to the reservoirs was covered with sparse pine forests combined with birch, which is typical of the Late Glacial period. The open areas were dominated by psammophilic and steppe vegetation, including Poaceae, Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides. Geochemical analysis revealed that Ca2+ and Fe3+ were in high concentrations, which could have influenced the presence of taxa preferring soil with high Ca2+ content. The accumulation of calcium in sediments confirms that the reservoirs were fed by groundwater originating from the progressive degradation of permafrost associated with thermal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace element accumulation varies in different human tissues. Distribution of several elements was found to be disrupted in the case of excessive alcohol consumption, causing negative effects and exacerbation of pathological processes in the liver. In this study, we analyzed the levels and interactions between seven trace elements including calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) in individuals with alcohol-use disorder (AUD) and patients without AUD (control group). The liver samples were collected during autopsy from 39 individuals with AUD and 45 control subjects. Elemental composition inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after wet mineralization by nitric acid was applied for the evaluation of the samples. Positive correlations dominated in the AUD group, mainly in relation to Mg, which strongly positively correlated with Ca, Mn, Fe; K correlated with Mn and Zn, and Cu positively correlated with K and Zn. The strongest positive correlation in the AUD group was observed for the Mg-Mn pair (r = 0.87). Significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) between the groups concerned the average concentration of Co, Cu, Mn, and Mg, which were lower in the AUD group, and Fe, the level of which was significantly higher in the AUD group compared to the control group. Evaluation of the chronic alcohol consumption effect on the accumulation of trace elements in the liver allows a better understanding of the pathological processes taking place in this organ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The article presents the new analytical method of determination of the content of selected iron forms in soil and sediment extracts. The presented tandem analytical system uses the molecular and atomic absorption and works in the flow injection mode. The system is equipped with two detectors: the spectrophotometric detector of diode array and the atomic absorption spectrometer. The new analytical system allows for the determinations of the content of ionic iron forms: Fe(II) and Fe(III), as well as the content of non-ionic forms complexed in the extracts of soil and sediment solid samples. The determination limits of 0.2, 0.9 and 0.9μgmL−1 were obtained, for Fe(II), Fe(III) and for iron in acid leachable fraction in solid sample extracts respectively, and the precision of determinations fell within the range of 1.8% - 2.4%. The developed and optimised analytical method was applied in the studies of iron speciation in the acid leachable fraction of sediments and soils of different origin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this work, a methodology for determination of As(III), As(V), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), Fe(II) and Fe(III) in fifty-eight samples (forty-nine products of thirteen brands from three countries) commercial yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) was performed. The hyphenated high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HPLC-ICP OES) technique was used. Arsenic was determined below the quantification limit in 38 samples of yerba mate. As(III) was found at the level 0.09 and 0.08 mg kg−1. The As(V) content was in the range: 0.21 to 0.28 mg kg−1. The content of DMA was found the highest of the three arsenic species in the range: 0.21 to 0.47 mg kg−1. The content of Fe(II) and Fe(III) was found in the range: 0.61 to 15.4 mg kg−1 and 0.66 to 43.1 mg kg−1, respectively and the dominance of Fe(III) was observed. Moreover, total and extractable content of 16 elements were determined. The results have been subjected to statistical analysis in order to establish relationships between samples of the same origin (country), kind (type) and composition (purity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an independent application of two hyphenated techniques, wherein an identical chromatographic system i.e. high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was coupled to microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A cation–exchange column and a mobile phase based on pyridine–2,6–dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) were employed to separate Fe(II) and Fe(III) within 300 s. Additionally, two methods of sample preparation were employed. Optimization and validation of both methods were conducted parallel. The applicability was presented with different sample matrix types: post–glacial sediments, archaeological pottery, soils located in the proximity of industry wastes disposal site, river sediments and yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Obtained results were compared in terms of the excitation source (microwave induced or inductively coupled) and supplied gas (nitrogen or argon). The research introduces HPLC–MIP OES for iron speciation analysis and its applicability were critically evaluated with HPLC–ICP OES. [Display omitted] • The optical emission detectors with different plasma sources has been applied for iron species determination. • The hyphenated techniques HPLC–MIP–OES and HPLC–ICP–OES has been optimized and validated. • The application of speciation analysis has been elaborated for different matrixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a new usage of a commercial in–spray chamber hydride generator, Multi–mode Sample Introduction System (MSIS) as a connector of high pressure liquid chromatography and inductivity coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HPLC/HG–ICP–OES). This hyphenated technique was applied in a determination of inorganic and organic arsenic species. The optimization of a hydride generation process in MSIS and a chromatographic separation (using anion–exchange HPLC column with phosphate buffer as a mobile phase) were carried out compositely. The method allowed to determine three arsenic forms, As(III), As(V) and dimethylarsinate (DMA) within 400s of a single analysis. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) were 2.08 μg L−1 for As(III); 6.97 μg L−1 for As(V); 6.15 μg L−1 for DMA and precision 2.7%, 4.8%, and 5.7%, respectively, for 100 μg L−1. The described method was used for environmental and food samples analyses. Image 1 • The new kind of interface in hyphenated technique has been applied. • The hyphenated technique HPLC-MSIS-ICP-OES had been optimized and validated. • The application for routine speciation analysis has been elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. In the caption of Fig. 2, comment given during proofreading process was erroneously inserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace elements play an important role in the pathogenesis of several serious ophthalmological disorders, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, cataract, etc. This study aimed to measure alterations of chemical elements' (67) levels in the aqueous humor of patients undergoing cataract surgery. The pilot study included 115 patients, (age 74 ± 7.27, female 64.35%, male 35.65%). The aqueous levels of elements were measured by the use of the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), quality controlled with certified standards. The classification of elements based on their concentration was achieved by hierarchical cluster analysis. This is the first screening study that quantifies over 60 elements which are present in the fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye of cataract patients. The obtained results can be suitable for understanding and identifying the causes that may play a role in the initiation and progression of lens opacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthrospira spp. (known commercially as Spirulina) and Chlorella spp., valued for their evidence-based nutritional and bioactive properties, are cultivated for the purpose of production of food supplements for worldwide distribution. However, the quality and safety of the final product depends on culturing and manufacturing conditions. The present study investigated the content of toxic elements (As species, Al, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pt, Pb, Cr (VI), rare earth elements) and minerals (Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Mg, Mn, P, Zn) in Chlorella (n = 10) and Spirulina (n = 13) food supplements registered in the European Union. Considering the most common recommended daily dosage 3.0, supplementation with any of the studied product would contribute significantly to mineral intake, with the exception of Fe which was found at high but acceptable levels in both Spirulina and Chlorella formulas. The majority of products revealed agreement between factual mineral content and that declared on the label, the only exception being Cu content in Chlorella products found to be significantly higher (> 130%). All studied supplements were found to have Cd, Hg, and Ni levels much below safety limits, although selected ones were characterized by increased content of Al, Pb, and inorganic As. No hexavalent Cr was detected in the studied products. The study highlights that microalgal supplements can be safe for consumers if appropriate measures are taken to ensure consumer safety, although it underlines the continuous need to monitor these products in order to fully eliminate those of low quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern food production accounts for over 25% of human greenhouse gas emissions, predominantly from animal-related products. Climate change calls for transforming food and feed industries. Edible insects are attracting attention as an alternative low-carbon footprint source of protein. However, questions remain about their total nutritional value and some safety issues. This study analyzed the content of essential, toxic, and rare earth elements (REEs) in insect-based food and feed products commercially available in the European Union. In general, the content of macro- and microelements decreased in the following order: K>Na>P>Ca>Mg, and Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn>Mo>Se>Cr>Co. The highest mineral content was found in products based on house cricket. The level of toxic elements was below the allowance thresholds in foodstuffs. Increased content of Al and Pb was found in feed based on yellow mealworm (18.6 and 10.3 mg/100 g, respectively). REEs were not abundant (median 6.6 µg/100 g). The highest content of REEs was observed in feed products (133 µg/100 g). These results demonstrate that insect-based food can have favourable mineral content with low metal, metalloid, and REEs contamination levels, not posing any safety concerns. However, their elevated content in a single feed product advocates for further studies to understand the potential risk of introducing toxic elements into the food chain. • Essential, toxic and rare earth elements were analyzed in insect-based products. • Products based on house cricket had the highest mineral density. • All tested foodstuffs were deemed safe for human consumption. • The content of rare earth elements was low. • Increased contents of Pb and Al were found in insect-based animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Soybean sprouts cultured in 20 m m FeSO4 were introduced into corn snacks (1.75–3.50%) to supplement iron. The effect of extrusion process on the ferritin iron stability and on product quality was studied. Iron stability in these fortified snacks depended mainly on feed moisture levels, with the best results seen when the feed moisture and temperature were 12% and 110 °C, respectively. Lower feed moisture was beneficial to hardness, expansion ratio and bulk density, while lower temperature increased snack hardness and density, while worsening the expansion ratio. The snacks’ water absorption was strongly and directly dependent on the temperature, while their solubility mainly depended inversely on feed moisture. All of the variables tested altered the colour of the snacks. The conditions that were best for producing the ferritin‐fortified snacks – 12% feed moisture, and temperature equal than or less to 140 °C – may yield a product with the desired quality features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated effect of substrate supplementation with Se alone or in combination with Cu or/and Zn Se on (1) the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii; (2) elements accumulation in mushrooms; (3) the antioxidant activities of bio-enriched mushroom extracts in human platelets. The accumulation of elements generally increased over concentration gradient reaching its maximum at 1.2 mM for P. ostreatus and P. eryngii: (1) over 100 and 80 mg kg of Se, respectively (Se supplementation); (2) over 15 and 30 mg kg of Cu, respectively (Se+Cu); (3) over 30 and 85 mg kg of Zn, respectively. Se was predominantly accumulated as an organic fraction. Contrary to P. eryngii, the P. ostreatus biomass decreased with substrate elements concentration but was satisfactory up to 0.9 mM of Se, Se+Cu and Se+Zn. The Se+Cu+Zn model yielded low biomass and elements accumulation. Extracts from mushrooms bio-enriched with Se and Se+Zn (0.6-1.2 mM) revealed significant antioxidant activities in human platelets by ameliorating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing lipid peroxidation. The study demonstrated the potential application of Pleurotus mushrooms as functional food products bio-enriched with essential elements. ROS inhibition by extracts of these mushrooms may be useful in control of platelets activation cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees have long been recognized as promising for arsenic phytoremediation, however, the most suitable traits of various tree species are still under examination. Therefore, the aim of the studies was to investigate the uptake and accumulation capabilities of As(III) by one-year-old trees from of species ( Acer platanoides L., Betula pendula Roth., Quercus robur L., Ulmus laevis Pall) using hydroponic culture. A further aim was to analyse the influence of As(III) on the content of selected nutritional minerals, such as B, Ca, K, Mg, Na and Si. The highest accumulation of As(III) was detected in A. platanoides (BCF = 2.16) and Q. robur (BCF = 2.69). In A. platanoides > 80% of total As(III) of the whole plant was accumulated in its stem while its TF was 10.8. Q. robur TF was 0.1 and it accumulated As(III) predominantly in its roots – > 85% of total As(III) of whole the plant. The high As(III) accumulation capabilities of A. platanoides and its location predominantly in the stem classify this tree species as a hyperaccumulator and a good candidate for As(III) phytoextraction while Q. robur would be more suitable for phytostabilization and eco-restoration. As(III) uptake also caused alteration in the content of nutritional minerals. Decreased levels of B and Si were detected in the roots of most trees exposed to As(III) indicating the competition between these elements in the uptake process. In A. platanoides stems a high accumulation of As(III) resulted in a significant decrease of Si content in all the studied organs, suggesting that As(III) was transported from root to shoot predominantly by Si transporters. As(III) also led to a general alteration in the level of other macronutrients – e.g. an increase in the level of Na and K. The reactions varied between tree species and organs. Hence, As(III) uptake and accumulation results in a deterioration of cation balance and homeostasis, which could be one of the factors affecting the vitality of the examined trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Archaeological vs. contemporary pine and oak wood from Biskupin site was analysed. • Pine and oak woods showed different metal sorption rates. • Metal sorption rates differed in archaeological and contemporary wood samples. • Metal concentrations had no effect on wood remains from the Lusatian culture site. Contents of 40 elements were determined in samples of archaeological and contemporary wood of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) after 10 years of their deposition in two environments (bottom sediment vs. wet peat) at a Lusatian culture archaeological site in Biskupin (Poland). Contents of the elements were also determined in the soil, in which wood samples were deposited. The assays were performed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the results were interpreted based on statistical analyses (t -test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD). It was stated that greater contents of elements were recorded for lake bottom deposits compared to wet peat. It was also established that Q. robur (both modern and archaeological) contained more minerals than P. sylvestris. Regardless of the deposition conditions, species and degree of wood degradation, the concentration of chemical elements is too low to influence the degradation process of the remains of the Lusatian culture sludge in Biskupin. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and related sea-level rise pose significant threats to lowland coasts. However, the role of key controlling factors responsible for the frequency and landward extent of extreme storm surges is not yet fully understood. Here, we present a high-resolution sedimentary record of extreme storm surge flooding from the non-tidal southern Baltic Sea, spanning two periods: 3.6–2.9 ka BP and 0.7 ka BP until present. Sediments from coastal wetland, including sandy event layers, were analyzed by sedimentological (grain size, loss-on-ignition, micromorphology), geochronological (14C), geochemical (XRF), mineralogical (heavy minerals) and micropaleontological (diatoms) methods. The results show that both periods were characterized by high-frequency of storm surge flooding, in order of 1.3–4.2 events per century. These periods correlate with phases of enhanced storminess in northwest Europe and took place during both rising and fluctuating sea levels. The study shows that the frequency and landward extent of coastal inundation, largely depended on the development of natural barriers (e.g. beach ridges and aeolian foredunes). Thus, in the context of the future coastal storm-surge hazard, the protection of existing coastal barriers and their morphology is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineral composition of wild-growing mushroom species is influenced by various environmental factors, particularly the chemical properties of the soil/substrate. We hypothesised that element uptake might also correlate with taxonomic classification, potentially allowing us to predict contamination levels based on mushrooms within the same taxonomic rank. This study compared the mineral composition (Ag, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) of 16 saprotrophic mushroom species from 11 genera across 4 families and 2 orders. Among these were 13 edible and 3 inedible mushrooms, all collected from natural, wild stands in a forest in central-western Poland between 2017 and 2020. Phallus impudicus exhibited the highest mean content of Ba (together with Phallus hadriani) (6.63 and 8.61 mg kg−1, respectively), Ca (with Paralepista gilva and Stropharia rugosoannulata) (803, 735 and 768 mg kg−1, respectively), Cd (with Lycoperdon perlatum) (3.59 and 3.12 mg kg−1, respectively), Co (0.635 mg kg−1), and Fe (with P. hadriani and S. rugosoannulata) (476, 427 and 477 mg kg−1, respectively), while Macrolepiota mastoidea showed the highest content of Ag (1.96 mg kg−1), As (with Coprinus comatus) (1.56 and 1.62 mg kg−1, respectively) and Cu (with Macrolepiota procera and Chlorophyllum rhacodes) (192, 175 and 180 mg kg−1, respectively). Comparing the content of the analysed elements in the genera represented by at least two species, a similarity was observed, the same as the mean concentration in soil under these species. Soil characteristics could be a superior factor that overshadows the impact of the mushroom genus on the elements accumulation, obscuring its role as a determinant in this process. The results are not definitive evidence that belonging to a particular taxonomic rank is a prerequisite condition affecting the accumulation of all elements. A closer focus on this issue is needed. [Display omitted] • Mineral composition of 16 mushroom species in 2 taxonomic orders was examined. • Taxonomic rank may affect mushroom physiology expressed in uptake of elements. • Discriminative taxonomic rank may be mostly mushroom genus, sometimes the species. • Mineral profile of mushrooms depends on chemical characteristics of soil. • Chosen mushroom species contain high amounts of K and Mg and possibly As and Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their enzymatic and bioaccumulation faculties the use of macromycetes for the decontamination of polluted matrices seems reasonable for bioremediation. For this reason, the aim of our study was to evaluate the mycoremediation ability of Agaricus bisporus cultivated on compost mixed with flotation tailings in different quantities (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% addition). The biomass of the fruit bodies and the content of 51 major and trace elements were determined. Cultivation of A. bisporus in compost moderately polluted with flotation tailings yielded significantly lower (the first flush) and higher (the second flush) biomass of fruit bodies, compared with the control treatment. The presence of toxic trace elements did not cause any visible adverse symptoms for A. bisporus. Increasing the addition of flotation tailings to the compost induced an elevated level of most determined elements. A significant increase in rare earth elements (both flushes) and platinum group elements (first flush only) was observed. The opposite situation was recorded for major essential elements, except for Na and Mg in A. bisporus from the second flush under the most enriched compost (20%). Nevertheless, calculated bioaccumulation factor values showed a selective accumulation capacity—limited for toxic elements (except for Ag, As, and Cd) and the effective accumulation of B, Cu, K, and Se. The obtained results confirmed that A. bisporus can be used for practical application in mycoremediation in the industry although this must be preceded by larger-scale tests. This application seems to be the most favorable for media contaminated with selected elements, whose absorption by fruiting bodies is the most efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms fortified with iron (Fe) can offer a promising alternative to counter the worldwide deficiency problem. However, the factors that may influence the efficiency of fortification have not yet been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three Fe forms (FeCl3 6H2O, FeSO4 7H2O, or FeHBED) in three concentrations (5, 10, or 50 mM) for three mushroom species (Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus, or Pholiota nameko) on their chemical composition, phenolic compounds, and organic acid production. The most effective metal accumulation of all the investigated species was for the 50 mM addition. FeCl3 6H2O was the most favorable additive for P. eryngii and P. nameko (up to 145 and 185% Fe more than in the control, respectively) and FeHBED for P. ostreatus (up to 108% Fe more than in control). Additionally, P. nameko showed the highest Fe accumulation among studied species (89.2 ± 7.51 mg kg−1 DW). The creation of phenolic acids was generally inhibited by Fe salt supplementation. However, an increasing effect on phenolic acid concentration was observed for P. ostreatus cultivated at 5 mM FeCl3 6H2O and for P. eryngii cultivated at 5 mM FeCl3 6H2O and 5 mM FeSO4 7H2O. In the case of organic acids, a similar situation was observed. For P. ostreatus, FeSO4 7H2O and FeHBED salts increased the formation of the determined organic acids in fruiting bodies. P. eryngii and P. nameko were characterized by a much lower content of organic acids in the systems supplemented with Fe. Based on the obtained results, we recommend starting fortification by preliminarily indicating which form of the element is preferred for the species of interest for supplementation. It also seems that using an additive concentration of 50 mM or higher is most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) remediation is challenging due to the complex nature and the persistence of these metalloid compounds. While it may seem that differences between As forms influence have been extensively described, new findings challenge the previously accepted knowledge, particularly for woody plants. Therefore, this study focused on 2-year-old Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings early (0, 2, 4, 12, 24 h) and late (3, 7, 12, 18, 25, 33 days) responses during growth under: As(III), As(V) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) (0.3 mM). Time-dependent transformations of As forms, distribution in plants, and microbiological characteristics (actinobacteria, bacteria, fungi, enzyme activity) were investigated. The highest increase in total As content was observed in plants exposed to As(V) and As(III). Dynamic metalloid form changes in the solution and tree organs were indicated. The most phytotoxic was DMA. This form was the main factor limiting the growth and effective accumulation of As. Despite experimenting in hydroponics, microorganisms played an important role in As form transformations, suggesting the potential for microbial-assisted dendroremediation strategies. The study confirmed that trees can convert more toxic forms into less toxic ones (e.g. As(III) to phytochelatins - As(III)-(PC 3)), whose presence in roots seedlings exposed to As(III) and As(V) has been identified. The formation of hydrophobic forms (e.g. dimethylarsinoyl lipid) in the roots of seedlings grown under As(V) was confirmed. It is the first discovery for trees, previously observed only in bacteria and algae. The dynamics of metalloid form changes indicated that T. cordata transforms As forms according to their needs, which may give tree species an advantage in phytoremediation techniques. It holds great promise for the potential of dendroremediation. [Display omitted] • Biotransformation of As forms began at the first hours of tree seedlings growth. • Phytotoxicity for T. cordata seedlings decreased as follows: DMA > As(III) > As(V). • Low concentrations of As(V) in solution stimulated seedlings' biomass increase. • T. cordata seedlings have ability to convert more toxic into less toxic As forms. • First discovery hydrophobic As forms (e.g. dimethylarsinoyl lipid) in tree roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the use of various substrates in the production of edible mushrooms which may contain metals, including Cu and Pb, it is important to understand the influence of mutual interactions between them in the process of their accumulation in fruit bodies. For this reason, the effects of Cu, Pb, and Cu × Pb on yield, accumulation of five major elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P), trace elements (Cu, Pb and Fe) and some bioactive compounds in Lentinula edodes fruit bodies were studied. Both the metals were added in doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mM (Cu0.1, Cu0.5, Pb0.1, Pb0.5 and their combinations). The addition of the metals resulted in a reduction in size, amount and finally yield of fruit bodies. Depending on the presence of Cu and or Pb and their concentration in the substrate, both antagonism and synergism may occur. The influence on the accumulation of other determining elements was also recorded. Among phenolic compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected. 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid dominated in fruit bodies in the control variant, Pb0.1, Pb0.5 and all experimental variants enriched with Cu + Pb, while gallic acid was the major phenolic after Cu0.1 and Cu0.5 addition. Only protocatechuic acid content increased in all combinations. A significant decrease of all aliphatic acid contents in comparison to the control variant was observed in the Cu0.1 and Pb0.1 variants. Significant stimulation of aliphatic acid synthesis was recorded in Cu0.5 and Pb0.5 variants and in the mixture of both the metals. The additions pointed to the possible role of the determined molecules in detoxification mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-elemental composition of 4 edible wild-growing mushroom species that commonly occur in Polish forests was compared to 13 cultivated mushroom species available in trade. A considerable variation in the macroelements content was revealed with cultivated species containing higher amounts of macroelements. The mean content of B, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb, Pr, Pt, Sb, Sm, Sr, Te, and Tm was higher in cultivated mushroom species, while the opposite was noted for Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg, La, Mo, Sc, and Zn. Selected cultivated forms exhibited increased content of Al (F. velutipes), As (H. marmoreus, F. velutipes), Ni (P. ostreatus, A. polytricha, H. marmoreus), and Pb (P. ostreatus, A. polytricha, F. velupites, and L. edodes). Wild-growing species, B. boletus, I. badia, and S. bovinus contained high Hg levels, close to or exceeding tolerable intakes. Compared to cultivated mushrooms, they also generally revealed a significantly increased content of Al (with the highest content in B. edulis and I. badia), As and Cd (with the highest content in B. edulis and S. bovinus in both cases). In turn, the cultivated mushrooms were characterized by a higher content of Ni (particularly in A. bisporus) and Pb (with the highest content in P. eryngii). The exposure risks may, however, differ between wild and cultivated mushrooms since the former are consumed seasonally (although in some regions at a high level), while the latter are available throughout the year. Both cultivated and wild-growing mushrooms were found to be a poor source of Ca and Mg, and only a supplemental source of K, Cu, Fe, and Zn in the human diet. These results suggest that mushrooms collected from the wild or cultivated, should be consumed sparingly. The study advocates for more strict monitoring measures of the content of toxic metals/metalloids in mushrooms distributed as food, preferentially through the establishment of maximum allowance levels not limited only to a few elements and mushroom species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical characteristics of substrate are one the most significant factors influencing the growth and development of cultivated mushroom species. The aim of this study was to determine the mineral composition of six Pleurotus species (P. cistidiosus, P. djamor, P. ostreatus, P. ostreatus var. florida, P. pulmonarius and P. sajor-caju) growing on three wheat straw substrates with the addition of agricultural fertilizer rich in ammonium and with addition of salt solution rich in nitrates. Significant differences in the concentration of Al, Ca, Cu, Ir, Ni, Ru, Sn and Te were observed in all substrates used in this experiment. Cultivation on chemically-enriched substrates did not result in changes in yield with the exception of P. sajor-caju, which had a lower yield when grown on ammonium-rich substrate. No macroscopic alterations in fruit bodies were observed for any species regardless of the applied substrate. A higher concentration of selected elements was not correlated with their higher content in particular mushroom species, or such a relationship was present only in selected mushroom species. The efficiency of element accumulation depends on their concentration in the substrate (positive values of rs), although the mushroom species and the nitrogen form concentration may also have a significant impact (negative rs values). The obtained results show that cultivation of different Pleurotus strains on substrates enriched with a different share of ammonium and nitrate may cause changes in their mineral composition in spite of the similarity in the concentration of the majority elements in substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of substrate supplementation with germanium (Ge) and selenium (Se), alone or combined, on the growth, element accumulation and ergosterol content in the fruiting bodies of the mushroom species Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus. Both species were grown in four independent experimental systems with different concentrations of germanium powder (1, 5 and 10 mM), selenite [Se(IV)] and selenate [Se(VI)] (0.1, 0.4 and 0.8 mM of each Se species). Se supplementation caused no observable changes to morphology while the addition of Ge induced changes in size and/or colour, especially for P. ostreatus. A synergistic effect of Ge supplementation on Se accumulation in fruiting bodies of G. lucidum was observed only at the two highest levels of supplementation with both elements. Even though inorganic Se was used to enrich the experimental substrates, organic Se compounds dominated in the fruiting bodies. Increasing levels of Ge in the substrates elevated the content of organic selenium in the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. No such trend was recorded in P. ostreatus. The maximum mean Ge levels in P. ostreatus and G. lucidum reached up to 70 and 80 mg kg−1, respectively. However, the bioaccessibility of this element was low, in the range 5.4–6.6% (P. ostreatus) and 0.4–7.6% (G. lucidum). Ergosterol content in the fruiting bodies of both species displayed the highest values in all the experimental systems supplemented with Se. The addition of Ge and Se + Ge resulted in losses of ergosterol content in comparison to cultivation with Se supplementation and control. The obtained results show the significant role of Ge–Se interaction in the accumulation of these elements in the studied mushroom species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing interest in the production of mushrooms as food, and with their consumption on the rise, there is a need to establish different safety measures. In the present study, six mushroom species (Agrocybe cylindracea, Clitocybe maxima, Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus eryngii) were cultivated on two commonly used substrates (A—based on alder and beech sawdust; B—based on oak sawdust and flax shives). The aims were to determine their growth and the accumulation of 70 elements in their fruiting bodies, 33 of which were detected in all analysed samples and were used for statistical evaluation. Cultivation of C. maxima, G. lucidum and L. edodes resulted in higher yield and mineral content when substrate A was used, cultivation of A. cylindracea and F. velutipes yielded better results on substrate B, P. eryngii cultivation outcomes were similar for both substrates. L. edodes was found to have a high affinity to accumulate Cd, C. maxima can bioconcentrate Al and Ni, Ganoderma lucidum—Pb, while F. velutipes—Hg. The study indicated that the chemical composition of substrates could affect both the yield and the level of various toxic and nutritional elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altered function of maternal platelets has been evidenced in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) but intraplatelet burden of trace elements, factors known to affect platelet activity, remains unknown in IUGR pregnancy. This study assessed the intraplatelet status of Ca, Cu, Mg, Na, K, P, Zn and their ratios (Ca/P, Ca/Mg, Na/K, Cu/Zn) in IUGR pregnancy (n = 35), uncomplicated pregnancy (n = 25) and in non-pregnant females (n = 25). The IUGR group was characterized by the lowest content of Ca, Mg and Zn, and Ca/P ratio (<1.0), and the highest Ca/Mg and Cu/Zn ratios. The studied parameters in non-pregnant women and in uncomplicated pregnancy were comparable except P content and Ca/Mg ratio which were significantly lower in the former group. No differences in Na and K contents, and Na/K ratio between studied groups were found. This study reports that maternal intraplatelet status of selected minerals may be altered in IUGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • core boreholes from trees growing near the busiest roads in Poznań were analyzed. • increase in the content of determined elements from the pith to the cambium layer. • no particular species accumulated the most of all the elements. • increasing degree of pollution in the urban environment over 30 years. • core fragments with several increments are a promising tool in urban dendromonitoring. Dendromonitoring helps answer the question of how polluted cities are and how this pollution will change over the years. However, due to many possible over-interpretations of the obtained results, it is necessary to understand the deposition processes of pollutants in trees thoroughly. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the mineral composition of the wood of 3 common deciduous tree species: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), and black poplar (Populus nigra L.) growing near the busiest roads in Poznań, Poland. The research material consisted of core fragments containing the annual increments collected at the breast height of living trees. The content of 22 elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sr, Ti, Tl, and Zn) in the obtained samples together with the determination of the number of annual increments and density of 3 cm wood fragments were presented. The obtained results indicated an overall increase in the content of determined elements from the pith to the cambium layer. The range of the examined elements was extensive, and it was not found that one particular species accumulated the most of all the elements. Acer platanoides accumulated the highest concentration of 13 (Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Ti), B. pendula of 3 (Ba, Mn, and Zn), and P. nigra of 6 (Al, Cr, Pr, Rb, Sb, and Tl) elements. Despite the growth of individuals of the same species in different parts of the city, a general trend associated with the increase in the content of most elements was observed. We can assume that the concentration increase indicated in our study reflects the increasing degree of pollution in the urban environment over 30 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has recently been suggested that food fortification with Li is worth serious consideration as a strategy to support psychiatric treatment and decrease violent behaviors in the general population. Therefore, the present study developed the cultivation of three commercially important mushroom species, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus, on substrates enriched with Li (0.25-1.0 mM) in the form of acetate or carbonate. The growth of the mycelium colony, production of fruiting bodies and accumulation of Li were evaluated. Analysis of Li was performed using an optical emission spectrometry with excitation by inductively coupled plasma using an Agilent 5100 ICP-OES spectrometer. As found, LiCO was a more bioavailable form although it had a greater adverse effect on mushroom growth. Substrate supplementation with CHCOOLi resulted in lower or no growth retardation but decreased uptake of Li. The most promising results were obtained for G. lucidum, which accumulated up to 73.58 ± 10.87 (LiCO) and 25.59 ± 9.98 (CHCOOLi) mg Li kg dry mass. Given the popularity of the investigated mushroom species in various cultures as food or alternative medicines, their Li-biofortified forms could potentially find social acceptance. The concentrations of Li accumulated in fruiting bodies were not high enough for application in psychiatric treatments but could potentially support the daily intake of Li for behavior modification or health beneficiary purposes. Further studies are necessary to fully investigate the safety implications of Li-enriched mushrooms for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytoextraction of arsenic (As) is dependent on numerous factors. One such factor is the specific interaction between As and other elements but there are also possible interactions of this metalloid form, present in both substrate and in plants. Thus an estimation was made of As(III), As(V) and cacodylic acid (DMA) phytoextraction in two-years old U . laevis seedlings, growing under diverse ratios of the above mentioned forms in solution. The pot experiment did not reveal any significant diversity in plant biomass growing in different systems, with the exception of DMA present in higher concentrations. However, diversity in phytoextraction of particular As forms and differences in their translocation were observed. All three forms were accumulated mainly in roots. Additionally, As(III) and As(V) were found in both roots and leaves, whereas DMA was only present in roots. The exposure of seedlings to higher concentrations of DMA was directly related to their rapid withering. The higher availability of As(III) or As(V) was generally associated with higher phytoextraction of these forms. Moreover, an increase in the concentration of As(V) in solution brought about the most effective phytoextraction of As(III). DMA was accumulated when As(III) was present in solution, while an adverse effect was observed for As(V). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence of large subglacial reservoirs of liquid water on Mars, while the debate continues on whether any surface water intermittently flows following the subsurface ice melting in selected locations. The chemical conditions of waters that could be present on Mars were previously subject to modeling studies or experimental research that did not involve perchlorates which are known to be present in Martian regolith. Therefore, the present experimental research aimed to understand the chemistry of water incubated for 21 days with the Martian regolith simulant MGS-1 mixed with different levels of perchlorate (0.25–1.0% corresponding to 1.5–6.0 m M ClO 4 − ions). The dissolution of chemical compounds from MGS-1 was rapid with electric conductivity (EC) in the 1.8–2.3 mS/cm range after 1 h incubation. Throughout the experiment, fluctuations of pH, EC and oxidation-reduction potential were observed, although generally, the water was rich in ions, highly oxidized and had a circumneutral pH. Dominant elements included S, Mg, Ca, Na, K and Fe. Two patterns of element concentrations were observed: (1) a rapid increase with a peak 3 h after flooding the regolith and then a gradual decrease indicating adsorption and immobilization (Al, Cr, Fe, Si and Ti), and (2) a gradual increase in concentration throughout the experiment (Ca, K, Mg, Na and S). The presence of perchlorate in the simulant did not affect the general patterns of water chemistry parameters, although it appeared to enhance the leaching out of Mg, Na, S (with max concentrations noted in the presence of 1.0% perchlorate), Al, Ca (0.5%) and Cr, Fe, Si and Ti (0.25%). No detectable concentrations of Mn and P were leached from the regolith simulant throughout the experiment. This study provides a pilot experimental overview of the complex physicochemical conditions that modern liquid water on Mars could present with the potential implications for the survival of biological life and use as an in situ resource. • The chemistry of water flooding the Martian regolith simulant was studied. • Rapid leaching of elements was observed with the dominance of S, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Fe. • Perchlorate presence in regolith simulant influenced washing out of chemicals. • High turbidity of water after mixing may be challenging for photoautotrophs. • The results have potential implications for in situ resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shrinking of the Aral Sea represents one of the greatest ecological disasters of modern time. The data on the surviving northern part (Small Aral) is scarce and requires an update. This study aimed to analyze the chemistry, phyto- and zooplankton composition, and their relation in the waters of the Small Aral and its tributary, Syr Darya River. The chemistry of both ecosystems was significantly different. Small Aral was characterized by higher ionic concentrations, salinity, and electric conductivity and more significant spatial variation of chemical properties. The area near the river mouth was more pristine, while the ions concentration and salinity in the distant bays were much higher (>10‰). The highest concentrations of nitrates and total phosphorus in the Syr Darya were observed near Kyzylorda, indicating urban pollution. Overall, 109 phytoplankton taxa were identified in both ecosystems, with diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria being most abundantly represented. Oligohalobes dominated, but no polyhalobes and euhalobes algal species were identified. In total, 27 taxa of zooplankton were identified in both studied ecosystems, with the domination of rotifers over microcrustaceans. An exceptionally high level of dominance (65–91%) of rotifer Keratella cochlearis in the Syr Darya was found. The phyto- and zooplankton species richness was higher in the Syr Darya. Plankton communities of the Small Aral reflected horizontal variability of chemical properties. The total phosphorus promoted the prevalence of diatoms, rotifers, and crustaceans. Increased nitrogen concentration promoted cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, cryptophytes and chrysophytes, and rotifers Keratella cochlearis and K. quadrata. The abundance of dinophytes, diatoms Navicula cryptotenella and Cocconeis placentula , green algae Mychonastes jurisii and rotifer Keratella tecta was driven by the higher alkalinity and conductivity/salinity levels. The results represent a reference point for future monitoring of the area and add to understanding the complexity of biological transformations in the Aral Sea and its tributary. [Display omitted] • The chemistry and biology of Small Aral and its tributary Syr Darya were studied. • Small Aral had higher spatial chemical variation, ionic levels and electric conductivity. • Chemistry shaped distinctively different biocenoses in both ecosystems. • Phytoplankton and 27 zooplankton taxa were identified. • Higher species richness was found in the Syr Darya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant properties, phenolic and flavonoid contents and composition and content of ascorbic acid in Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii enriched simultaneously with selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). Non-enriched mushrooms contained Se and Zn at the level as in the most popular mushrooms. The total phenolic content (TPC) for non-enriched P. ostreatus and P. eryngii was 9.64 ± 0.33 and 7.91 ± 1.02 mg/g of extract, the total flavonoid content was 2.11 ± 0.19 and 1.26 ± 0.17 mg/g of extract, and ascorbic acid content ranged from 10.28 ± 0.39 to 16.64 ± 0.47 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Methanolic extracts contained 4-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, t-cinnamic and vanillic acids and naringenin. In methanolic extract of P. eryngii, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was also quantified. The correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activity in mushroom was confirmed. Additionally, the correlations between Zn and Se concentration in fruiting bodies and EC value and phenolic compounds were confirmed. Our results with simultaneous supplementation with Zn and Se provide the opportunity to increase the content of the elements in fruiting bodies and to improve antioxidant properties and antioxidant contents in enriched mushrooms. Additionally, the obtained results demonstrated that simultaneous enrichment with micronutrients with a contrary effect on antioxidant properties can activate synthesis of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid. The investigation is the first study evaluating the effect of addition of two elements to the substrate at the same time on antioxidant properties of mushrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]