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The possible formamide symmetrical anhydride pathway was explored to gain insight into the high yielding reaction of acid with benzylisonitrile under microwave pyrolysis. The findings demonstrate the applicability of two component coupling (2CC) reaction to the synthesis of novel peptides and peptidic constructs.

The microwave-induced coupling of carboxylic acids with isonitriles to obtain various N-formylamides is reported. The two-component coupling reaction between phthaloyl glycine and serine isonitrile benzyl ester as a model for interdiction by an intramolecular hydroxyl group is also reported.

A study was conducted to explore the structural similarities and different magnetic behaviors exhibited by the new spin-crossover iron(II) complexes containing polynitrile anions. The results from intermolecular [pi] stacking revealed that complexes displaying frontal [pi] stacking present a spin transition and those involving a sideways [pi] stacking remain in the high-spin state.

The development a palladium-catalyzed benzamide sequence ortho-arylation/rection with [(C[F.sub.3]CO).sub.2]O for convenient one-pot synthesis of ortho-arylated benzonitriles and fluorenone derivatives is reported. The N-propyl benzamides is converted to fluorenones while N-cyclohexyl benzamides yield benzonitrile derivatives.

The reaction of bromobenzonitriles with n-BuLi in THF under standard cryogenic conditions was used to generate lithiated benzonitriles. The results suggested that under optimal conditions of reverse addition of n-BuLi, THF as a solvent, the Br/Li interconversion proceeds with good chemoselectivity.

A highly efficient strategy for chemoselective oxidation of aldoximes to nitrile oxides by iodosobenzene in neutral aqueous media is reported. The green approach provides insight into the use of iodosobenzene (PhIO) as oxidant for preparation of nitrile oxides.

The intramolecular arylcyanation of alkenes is shown to be a versatile protocol to prepare a range of synthetically interesting nitriles having a benzylic quaternary carbon. The characterization of important intermediates in the catalytic cycle and synthetic applications including enantioselective versions of the reaction is achieved.

A general method for the synthesis of bis-substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from readily available arylnitriles and activated carbonyls in a single continuous microreactor sequence is described. The synthesis involves incorporation of three sequential microreactors to obtain 1,2,4-oxadiazoles.

The application of [delta-L-[alpha]-aminoadipoyl-L-cysteine (1-(S)-carboxy-2-thiomethyl)ethyl ester (ACOmC) to determine the reaction mechanism of isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), a nonheme iron oxidase that catalyzes the central step in the biosynthesis of [beta]-lactam antibiotics, is reported. The anaerobically grown crystal structure of IPNS on exposure to high-pressure oxygen gas showed an unexpected sulfenate product complex to iron within the IPNS active site.

The terminal nitride complexes are prepared by salt elimination from [[NW[Cl.sub.3]].sub.4] and their X-ray structures are analyzed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have supported a [2+2] cycloaddition-cycloreversion mechanism that is analogous to that of alkyne metathesis and two distinct high-energy azametalacyclobutadiene intermediates are identified.

A new approach for the synthesis of new copper cyanide complexes via the hydrothermal reaction of diaminomaleonitrile and copper salts is discussed. The approach has shown to be extremely helpful for the synthesis of new cyanide-containing materials.

The article discusses a new approach, where in the process of organolanthanide-mediated intermolecular nucleophilic addition/cyclization of anthranilonitrile is employed for the synthesis of a novel aminoquinazolinate anionic ligand. The obtained ligand is shown to exhibit a coordinated pyrimidine ring skeleton structure.

The various activation parameters taking part in one competitive cleavage of C-CN and C-H bonds in 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile using [[(dippe)NiH].sub.2] are computed. The results prove that the C-H activation is more favorable than the C-C activation, when considered enthalpically.

Several studies are conducted to explain the principles underlying the encapsulation of the reaction taking place between carboxylic acids and isonitriles in small spaces. The analysis has also led to the identification of an elusive intermediate along the reaction pathway.

The radical reaction of tributyline hydride with o-iodo-N-methylanilides derived from [alpha]-azido acids as an excellent access to [alpha]-(aminocarbonyl)iminyl radicals is demonstrated. The iminyls obtained exhibit a tendency to form corresponding nitriles by [beta]-elimination of aminocarbonyl radicals.

The application of a readily available deprotonated [alpha]-aminonitrile, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carbonitriles, as a starting material in a convergent synthesis of lamellarin U and lamellarin G trimethyl ether is reported. The method could be used to introduce acid-sensitive protecting groups for the phenolic hydroxy functions, which could be cleaved under the harsh conditions of the classical Bischler-Napieralski reaction.

The facility of N-atom metathesis is described together with the metathesis involving Mo[triple bond]N bonds and alkynes to form molybdenum alkylidynes and organic nitriles showing the kinetic lability of these strong M[triple bond]N bonds. The studies have predicted that the energy of the transition state is notably higher for M = Mo relative to M = W.

A one-pot stereoselective synthesis of oxazolines based on metal triflate catalyzed haloamidation reaction of alkenes with NBS, a nitrile, and water is described. The reaction used Lewis acids, Cu[(OTf).sub.2] and Zn[(OTf).sub.2] and chalcones as catalyst for synthetic transformation.

The stereoselective synthesis of a series of 3,3-diarylacrylonitriles as tubulin polymerization inhibitors for potential use in cancer chemotherapy is reported. The synthetic pathway involved stannylcupration and palladium-catalyzed Stille cross-coupling chemistry, facilitating both E and Z isomers of 3,3-diarylacrylonitriles to be prepared in a very short sequence of reactions.

The Bronsted acid TfOH-mediated ground state cycloaddition of a variety of diarylvinylidenecyclopropanes (VDCPs) with nitriles to obtain the corresponding 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole derivatives in good to excellent yields under mild conditions is reported. The VDCP substrate containing a strongly electron-donating methoxy group on the benzene ring under the same conditions can also be used to obtain different type of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole derivatives.

A Rhodococcus erythropolis AJ270, the nitrile hydratase and amidase-containing microbial whole cell catalyst, under very mild conditions were used to study the biotransformations of a number of racemic [beta]-hydroxy and [beta]-amino nitrile derivatives. The study provided an efficient and powerful approach to highly enantiopure [beta]-hydroxy and [beta]-amino acids and their amide derivatives that are valuable chiral intermediates in organic synthesis.

The C[triple bond]N infrared absorption line shape of acetonitrile in water and tetrahydrofuran are calculated to effectively explain the structure and dynamics of proteins. The analysis shows that the nitrile groups can be easily applied as the vibrational probes in proteins.

A singe-step synthesis involving visible-light photolysis of the complex [CpFe([[eta].sup.6]-toluene)][P[F.sub.6]] was used to obtain multinuclear and dendritic iron-nitrile piano-stool cationic complexes. The piano-stool iron complexes and dendrimers are robust and present high stability to air and moisture and showed single fully reversible redox waves in CV except for the para-substituted dinitrilediiron complex.

Sequential 1,2-1,4-Grignard addition-methylations to 3-oxo-1-cyclohexene-1-carbonitrile are used to synthesize diverse cyclic hydroxyl nitriles. It is observed that acid-catalyzed cyclizations of diastereomeric hydroxyl nitriles intimately depend on the relative stereochemistry of the nitrile and alcohol groups.

A simple method was developed for the direct formation of unsaturated iminosugars starting from readily available [omega]-methanesulfonylglycononitriles. The nucleophilic addition/cyclization reaction with variation of the Grignard reagent allows for a range of different side chains to be incorporated to generate libraries of broussonetine analogues.

The new chemistry of carboxylic acids and isonitriles is described. The isonitrile-initiated chemistry has gone beyond the synthesis of secondary amides, providing access to tertiary amides bearing N-methyl groups.

The treatment of nickel acetate Ni[(OAc).sub.2].4[H.sub.2]O with various 3-iminoisoindolin-1-ones in a suspension of RCN in the presence of triethanolamine has formed the nickel 1,3,5-triazapentadienato complexes. The studies have helped in understanding the mechanism of the single-pot synthesis of unsymmetrical (1,3,5-triazapentadienato)[Ni.sup.II] complexes.

The reaction of reduced [C.sub.60] with benzyl bromide in benzonitrile, which resulted in unexpected formation of a novel cis-1 [C.sub.60] adduct, 1,4-dibenzyl-2,3-cyclic phenylimidate [C.sub.60] instead of expected 1,4-dibenzyl [C.sub.60] is reported. The reaction provides a new pathway for preparation of heterocyclic [C.sub.60] derivatives and opens new perspectives on fullerene chemistry.

A study is conducted to analyze the hydrogenation that account for the observed product distribution and yields in the five step synthesis of caprolactam starting from natural L-homoserine. The key step in the synthesis includes a chemoselective reductive cyclization of [alpha][beta]-unsaturated nitrile mediated by Raney-Co type metals.

The diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of tulipalin A with various benzonitrile ylides whose selectivity is significantly affected by CH/[pi] interaction is reported. The energy profiles of reaction pathways and energy and structural differences between the located transition states are observed.

Alkylations of conformationally constrained acyclic nitriles containing vicinal dimethyl groups and an adjacent phenyl group or trisubstituted alkenes are shown to be highly diastereoselective. The analysis of metalated nitrile alkylations has identified the key structural features needed for high 1,2-asymmetric induction, has addressed the challenge of asymmetric alkylations with acyclic metalated nitriles and has provided a versatile method for installing hindered quaternary centers with excellent stereocontrol.

An Fe[Cl.sub.3]-mediated intramolecular heterocyclization of 3-alkoxyimino-2-arylalkylnitriles is applied to prepare a series of functionalized N-alkoxyindole-3-carbonitrile derivatives. The novel synthetic method allows the N-moiety on the side chain to be annulated to the benzene ring as the final synthetic step which in turn facilitates the functionalization of the benzenoid portion of the indole at an early stage of the synthesis.

The bifunctional chiral amido Ir complex catalyzed asymmetric electrophilic direct amination of [alpha]-substituted [alpha]-cyanoacetates by using azodicarboxylates has provided the corresponding hydrazine adducts. The deprotonation of cyanoacetates with the chiral amide complex has led to the formation of the N-bound nitrile complexes.

A study was conducted to determine the binding mode of sulfite to the catalytic heme center of pentaheme cytochrome c nitrite reductase (ccNiR) from Wolinella succinogenes at a resolution of 1.7 Angstrom. The observation showed that sulfite and nitrite both provide a pair of electrons to form the coordinative bond to the Fe(III) active site of enzyme while the oxygen atoms of sulfite are found to interact with the three active site protein residues conserved within the enzyme family.

The excited state intramolecular charge transfer reaction of 4-(1-azetidinyl)benzonitrile (P4C) in water-tertiary butanol (TBA) mixtures with different alcohol mole fractions is studied using florescence spectroscopy. The P4C absorption spectrum shows a red shift with alcohol concentration in the range of 0.0-0.10 of TBA mole fraction and the spectrum shows a continuous blue shift for the entire range of alcohol concentration on further addition of TBA.

The article presents a comparative study of the classical and the new decarboxylative Blaise reactions. The newly devised reaction is found to be much safer than and endothermic than the classical one.

A palladium-catalyzed C-H functionalized reaction is described for the synthesis of highly substituted aromatic nitriles. The modularity of the reaction is shown by the broad range of aryl iodides that are coupled with metal cyanides and alkyl halides or aryl bromides.

An enantioselective synthesis of enantiopure 2R,3S-3-arylaziridine-2-carboxamides from the biotransformations of racemic nitriles and amides is described. The chiral aziridine-2-carboxamides have acted as reactive intermediates for undergoing stereospecific ring-opening reactions.

The kinetics of reactions of acceptor-stabilized carbanions with benzylidenebarbituric and -thiobarbituric acids, are determined in a dimethyl sulfoxide solution and the electrophilicity parameters are determined by using second-order rate constants. The studies have shown that the electrophilicities of these acids are comparable to those of analogously substituted benzylidenemalononitriles.

An analysis presents the results of several time-resolved fluorescence emission studies that are used to analyze the dependence of the excited-state intramolecular charge-transfer reaction in (alkylamino)benzonitriles on ion-size and the concentration of the electrolyte.

The Stark spectroscopy of structurally diverse nucleosides is examined in order to explore the use of vibrational Stark effect (VSE) in nucleic acids. Nitrile-deoxyuridine and nitrile-deoxyguanosine can be used for the major and minor grooves of DNA.

A time saving method to detect the behavior of nitrilases-producing strain is presented. Results conclude that application of o-hydroxybenzonirile derivatives is very quick and time saving method for detecting the activity of nitrilases.

The synthesis of 2,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted pyrroles by cycloaddition of highly regioselective [alpha]-(alkylideneamino)nitriles and nitroolefins is described. The reaction leads to convergent construction of the pyrrole ring in four steps from a nitroalkane and three aldehydes.

A new 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition distortion/interaction reactivity model is developed. The generalization of this distortion/interaction model to all types of cycloadditions is studied.

Grignard addition-alkylations to cyclic 5-7-membered oxonitriles which efficiently generate highly substituted cyclic nitriles are described.

The study describes a newly developed one-step synthesis of several heterocyclic privileged medicinal scaffolds by employing the multicomponent reactions of the malonitrile with different aldehydes and thiols. The results show that the process is extremely efficient, as it can lead to the development of a large number of diverse libraries of such compounds without involving any kind of chromatography in the process.

A metal triflate catalyzed one-pot reaction of alkenes, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), nitriles, and trimethylsilyl azide (TMS[N.sub.3]) for the expedient synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles containing an additional [alpha]-bromo functionality of the N1-alkyl substituent that might provide a further avenue for structural elaboration is described. Different combinations of alkenes and nitriles are used to generate a variety of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles containing an additional [alpha]-bromo functionality of the N1-alkyl substituent.

In situ reactions of organonitriles with hydrazine hydrate in the presence or absence of metal ions under solvothermal conditions are described. The results show that after the initial formation of 2-pyridylamidrazone, two reaction paths are involved in the formation of the 1,2,4-triazoles, in which the first path is dominant in the absence of metal ions and in the presence of metal ions, the second path is dominant.