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Punctuality and delays within the railway system are of utmost concern in today’s society. With an infrastructure in a dire need of maintenance and the increasing pressure for environmentally friendly transportation solutions, punctuality and accessibility within the railway system becomes crucial. With an overall punctuality rate of approximately 90%, there is much to be improved. One of the problems within infrastructure is switches and crossings (S&C). In 2017, switches accounted for 21% of all delays, costing society millions of Swedish crowns each year in socio-economic costs. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how late trains become when a switch fails and if there are any contributing factors to these delays. This is done by analyzing delay data and creating linear and logistic regressions. Delays can be analyzed in several different ways. One way is to measure punctuality, which shows how many trains have arrived on time at their final destination. Another way is to measure delay minutes. Delay minutes can be measured at all stations along the trains route, making this method advantageous in analyzing delays at a particular station. For this reason, the registered delay increase has been utilized in this thesis. The registered delay increase indicates the delay that has occurred between two stations. The work is centered around Höör station and its switches. There are 7 switches at the site, 5 of which are directly connected to the Southern Main Line (Södra Stambanan). The station consists of two platforms with two tracks. The tracks lead north to Alvesta and Stockholm, and south to Malmö and the rest of Europe. The data in this thesis comes from the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). Trafikverket’s data comes from three different data systems: Lupp, Ofelia and BIS. Trafikverket’s data provides delay minutes, information regarding the switches’ location, type, and when, wher, Punktlighet och förseningar inom järnväg är något som står högt upp på agendan i dagens samhälle. Med en infrastruktur som är i ett stort behov av underhåll samtidigt som trycket på klimatsmarta transportlösningar bara ökar, blir punktligheten och framkomligheten inom järnvägen avgörande. Med en total punktlighet på ungefär 90% finns det mycket att göra. En av järnvägens infrastrukturproblem är spårväxlar. 2017 stod spårväxlar för 21% av alla förseningar vilket kostar samhället miljontals kronor varje år i samhällsekonomiska kostnader. Syftet med examensarbetet är att se hur sena tåg blir när en spårväxel går sönder och om det finns några faktorer som bidrar till dess förseningar. Det görs genom att analysera förseningsdata och skapa linjära och logistiska regressioner. Förseningar kan analysera på flera olika sätt. Ett sätt är att mäta punktligheten, vilket visar hur hur många tåg som har ankommit i tid till sin slutdestination. Ett annat sätt är att mäta förseningsminuter. Förseningsminuterna kan mätas vid alla stationer längs tågets väg vilket gör den metoden fördelaktig vid analys av förseningar vid en station. Av den anledningen är det merförseningar som har använts i detta examensarbete. Merförseningen ger den förseningen som har uppkommit mellan två stationer. Arbetet är utformat kring stationen i Höör och dess växlar. På platsen finns det 7 växlar, varav 5 av de är direkt kopplade på Södra stambanan. Stationen består av två plattformar med två spår. Norrut leder spåren mot Alvesta och Stockholm och söderut leder spåren mot Malmö och resten av Europa. Datan som har använts i examensarbetet kommer från Trafikverket och SMHI. Datan från Trafikverket kommer från tre olika datasystem Lupp, Ofelia, och BIS. Trafikverkets data tillhandhåller förseningsminuter, information angående växlarnas lokalisering, typ och när, var hur och varför de gick sönder. SMHI:s data består av lokalisering av väderstation, snödjup, temperatur och vindhastighet. Datamängden består av 1

Background:Several previous studies have analyzed patient experiences of long-acting injectable buprenorphine (LAIB) in treating opioid use disorder (OUD). This treatment approach reduces the need for daily supervised clinic visits, but also fundamentally changes the dynamic of the relationship between patients and staff. The perspective of staff working with opioid agonist treatment (OAT) on LAIB is lacking. This study aimed to explore how healthcare staff working in OAT clinics in Sweden perceive and manage treatment with LAIB. Methods:We conducted 10 individual semi-structured in depth qualitative interviews with OAT physicians in parallel with nine focus groups with OAT nurses, help-nurses, social workers, and other clinical staff categories (n=41) from eight publicly financed and two private OAT clinics in Sweden, covering a variety of rural and urban settings, and different socioeconomic areas. The data was transscribed verbatim and analyzed with thematic text analysis.Results:Analysis of interviews and focus groups with OAT physicians and staff revealed, in line with studies on patients’ experiences, themes regarding advantages and disadvantages of the new long-acting formulations and the importance of choice of medication. A learning curve regarding which patient categories were most likely to benefit from LAIBs emerged. Overall staff found more advantages than disadvantages with LAIB, especially for patients with ongoing substance use and low treatment adherence. Other themes concern the need for the staff to balance between control perceived as keeping tabs and being able to intervene and worries regarding patient safety. Less frequent visits were viewed as both enabling for some patients, who benefited from the increased freedom offered by LAIB formulations and also as potentially detrimental to the treatment alliance. Conclusions:Staff in addiction services face dilemmas regarding balancing between care and control. Keeping tabs to some degree was seen a

Ultraviolet rays are known to have positive effect on psoriasis, but the cold climate and latitude in Northern Europe reduce access to the sun. Climatotherapy is a treatment modality where the patient is relocated to a warmer region with a high ultraviolet (UV) index. Young patients with psoriasis can be particularly burdened by the disease, and studies have shown an association between psoriasis and mood disorders. Patients who have undergone climatotherapy often report beneficial psychological effects after treatment, but this has not yet been studied. To explore the psychosocial impact of climatotherapy, an observational study was designed. Thirty-four participants (median age of 24 years) underwent 3 weeks of treatment in Gran Canaria (Spain) and responded to questionnaires assessing the psychosocial aspects of the disease. Climatotherapy was associated with significantly reduced scores of HADS, PSS-10, PSQ, EQ-VAS, DLQI, and itch intensity at the end of and at 3 months after the end of treatment compared to before treatment onset. The results suggest that climatotherapy not only exerts effects on psoriasis skin disease but also improves symptoms of anxiety, depression, perceived stigmatization, stress, quality of life, self-assessed overall health perception, and itch intensity. The results can be of use in the decision-making process when choosing a suitable treatment for young patients with psoriasis.

In evolutionary phonetics research, important distinctions between humans and human ancestors are contingent on observations that modern humans possess “roughly 1:1” proportions between horizontal and vertical vocal tract sections. However, few descriptions of diverse adult speaker samples exist. We measured horizontal distance between the anterior-most point of the lower lip and the posterior wall of the pharynx, and vertical distance between staphylion and the superior margin of the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage. Our results show that proportions exhibit moderate variation between speakers. We discuss these findings in the context of the purported speech capacities of human ancestors.

This study investigates the relationship between anatomical features and articulatory ranges of motion in speech production using electromagnetic articulography (EMA) data. Utilizing canonical correlation analysis (CCA), we identified significant associations between anatomical dimensions – such as vocal tract length and mandible length – and the movements of the tongue, jaw, and lips. The results indicate that longer vocal tracts and mandibles are linked to greater vertical tongue movements but smaller vertical mandibular movements. Additionally, short mandible lengths are associated with extended horizontal lower lip movements, suggesting a form of biomechanical adaptation. Furthermore, the analysis revealed an association between the tongue’s swallowing range and various articulatory variables. These findings highlight the role of anatomical structures in shaping articulatory patterns, offering insights into biomechanical constraints and adaptations in speech production.

Prevention programs targeting parents with ethnic minority backgrounds aiming to strengthen their parenting practices is a developing intervention field. The aim of our study was to gain understanding of how deliverers perceive working with a Swedish, practice-based, culturally informed, parenting program called Self-Assured Parents (SAP), that targets immigrant mothers living in social disadvantage with teenage children. We conducted four focus groups with 17 course leaders and collected survey data from 23 course leaders. The interview data was analyzed with thematic analysis and the survey data are presented with descriptive statistics. Four themes were identified: general assessment of SAP, language issues and interpretation, cultural sensitivity, and emotional energy. Course leaders reported a high degree of program acceptability, feasibility and appropriateness. They found recruitment and the use of interpreters to be the main challenges. Although SAP is a culturally informed program, issues regarding the culture of the mothers were seldom mentioned as a challenge. Social interactions with the course participants were described as energizing, which we relate to Randall Collins’ concept emotional energy. Course deliverers in parental education programs for immigrant mothers need to pay attention to recruitment and language issues, but may not necessarily need to focus on cultural aspects to a large extent. We propose that parental prevention programs may benefit from theoretical discussions about emotional and relational energy.

Background: Several previous studies have analyzed patient experiences of long-acting injectable buprenorphine (LAIB) in treating opioid use disorder (OUD). This treatment approach reduces the need for daily supervised clinic visits, but also fundamentally changes the dynamic of the relationship between patients and staff. The perspective of staff working with opioid agonist treatment (OAT) on LAIB is lacking. This study aimed to explore how healthcare staff working in OAT clinics in Sweden perceive and manage treatment with LAIB. Methods: We conducted 10 individual semi-structured in depth qualitative interviews with OAT physicians in parallel with nine focus groups with OAT nurses, help-nurses, social workers, and other clinical staff categories (n=41) from eight publicly financed and two private OAT clinics in Sweden, covering a variety of rural and urban settings, and different socioeconomic areas. The data was transscribed verbatim and analyzed with thematic text analysis. Results: Analysis of interviews and focus groups with OAT physicians and staff revealed, in line with studies on patients’ experiences, themes regarding advantages and disadvantages of the new long-acting formulations and the importance of choice of medication. A learning curve regarding which patient categories were most likely to benefit from LAIBs emerged. Overall staff found more advantages than disadvantages with LAIB, especially for patients with ongoing substance use and low treatment adherence. Other themes concern the need for the staff to balance between control perceived as keeping tabs and being able to intervene and worries regarding patient safety. Less frequent visits were viewed as both enabling for some patients, who benefited from the increased freedom offered by LAIB formulations and also as potentially detrimental to the treatment alliance. Conclusions: Staff in addiction services face dilemmas regarding balancing between care and control. Keeping tabs to some degree was

Introduction There are few accurate prognostic indications of the illness's development and severity for COVID-19, despite certain biomarkers having been investigated. The unexpected nature of COVID-19's course, which can quickly progress from asymptomatic to life-threatening symptoms, lies at the heart of the disease's intricacy. Predicting SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity through laboratory biomarkers and as such, identifying the patients' illness severity at the time of their initial admission would be crucial in improving patient care. In this study, we sought to evaluate the potential of hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory biomarkers in predicting the course of COVID-19 at a tertiary hospital in western Kenya. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 48 COVID-19 patients (16 asymptomatic; 16 moderate symptomatic; and 16 severe symptomatic) and 48 age-sex-matched COVID-19-negative clients attending the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya. Demographic information, self-reported chronic illnesses, symptoms, and laboratory results were collected at recruitment. Results Significantly, the severity of COVID-19 was associated with; hemoglobin (p < 0.0001), white blood cells (p = 0.0022), hematocrit (p < 0.0001), blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.01), blood sodium (p = 0.0002), potassium (p = 0.0483), C-reactive protein (p = 0.0002), and Lactate Dehydrogenase (p < 0.0001). Regression analysis of CRP revealed a strong positive correlation (p = 0.0006) whereas LDH revealed a weak positive correlation (p < 0.0001) with COVID-19 disease severity. Discriminative accuracy was highest when asymptomatic was compared to severe COVID-19 for CRP and LDH (AUC: 0.8867, 95% CI: 0.7532-1.000) and (AUC: 1.000, 95% CI: 1.000-1.000) respectively. Conclusion The hematological indices, inflammatory and biochemical biomarkers studied have the potential to predict the course of COVID-19. These parameters may be useful in helping design appropriate care for COV, Funding Agencies|This study was funded by the Genotype, Phenotype and Mental Health (GAMPIK)-Kenya.; Genotype, Phenotype and Mental Health (GAMPIK)-Kenya

Bats comprise one of the most diverse and abundant groups of mammals in the world and host a significant viral diversity with zoonotic potential. Bat adenoviruses (bat AdVs), members of the family Adenoviridae, have been detected in several bat species, suggesting that bats are natural reservoirs. Here, faeces and rectal/anal-swabs were collected from 321 bats of an urban Atlantic Forest remnant from Rio de Janeiro, during 2019-2022, and screened for bat AdV nucleic acid with PCR. The positivity of bat AdVs was 3.7 % (12/321). Twelve individuals of four bat species were infected: Artibeus lituratus (66.7 %; 8/12), Desmodus rotundus (8.3 %; 1/12), Platyrrhinus lineatus (16.7 %; 2/12), and Sturnira lilium (8.3 %; 1/12). Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that the detected bat AdVs clustered into four clades corresponding to the host species, identifying the presence of two potentially new bat adenoviruses. This is the first report of bat AdV detected in Platyrrhinus lineatus., Funding Agencies|FAPERJ [E-26/204.243/2021, E26/200.631/2022, E26/200.395/2022]; Coordenaao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior [CAPES 001]

Worldwide, approximately one fifth of all cases of diarrhea are associated with norovirus, mainly in children, with a defined seasonality in temperate climates, but seasonal dynamics are less known in tropical climates. The objective was to investigate the impact of external clinical, epidemiological, and climatic factors on norovirus detection rates in samples from children under 5 years of age from Roraima, the Amazon region of Brazil. A total of 941 samples were included. According to climatic factors, we observed correlations between external climatic factors and weekly positivity rates, where temperature (P = 0.002), relative humidity (P = 0.0005), absolute humidity (P < 0.0001) and wind speed had the strongest effect (P = 0.0006). The Brazilian Amazon region presents a typical and favorable scenario for the persistence, expansion, and distribution of viral gastroenteritis. Importance: This study is important as it will serve as a basis for studies carried out in Brazil and Latin American countries on the epidemiological importance, seasonality, climate change, antigenic diversity, among other factors in the circulation of gastroenteric virus., Funding Agencies|Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) [01/2019-Processo 88881.337140/2019-01]; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq [424376/2016-4, 49/2022]; Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ; Oswaldo Cruz Institute-IOC (PAEF)

BackgroundMental health problems represent a large and growing public health concern. Primary care handles most of the patients with mental health problems, but there are many barriers to detection and treatment in this setting, causing under-recognition and under-treatment of patients. The service delivery model Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) shows promise to manage mental health problems in primary care, but more research is needed regarding its effects on multiple levels.MethodsThis project investigates the effectiveness and implementation of a large-scale implementation of PCBH in Region & Ouml;sterg & ouml;tland, Sweden. The aim is to generate new knowledge concerning the impact of a real-world implementation and use of PCBH in routine primary care. A Pragmatic Stepped-Wedge Cluster Trial will be used: 24 PCBH primary care centres in one region will be compared with 48 standard care centres in three other regions. The model will be implemented sequentially at the PCBH centres according to a staggered timetable. Results will be investigated at patient, staff and organization levels and various forms of data will be collected: (1) local and national registry data; (2) questionnaire data; (3) interview data; and (4) document data.DiscussionThis project investigates the effectiveness and implementation of PCBH in routine primary care. The project could result in improved mental health care for the included patients and contribute to the general good for a wider population who have mental health problems. The project's study design will make it possible to assess many important effects of the PCBH service delivery model at different levels, providing evidence of the effectiveness (or not) of the PCBH model under routine conditions in primary care. The project has the potential to generate clinically meaningful results that can provide a basis for decisions concerning further implementation and use of the model and thus for future development of mental, Funding Agencies|Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council [2023-01974, 2023-05984]

Hantaviruses cause the acute zoonotic diseases hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Infected patients show strong systemic inflammation and immune cell activation. NK cells are highly activated in HFRS, suggesting that also other innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) might be responding to infection. Here, we characterized peripheral ILC responses, and measured plasma levels of soluble factors and plasma viral load, in 17 Puumala virus (PUUV)-infected HFRS patients. This revealed an increased frequency of ILC2 in patients, in particular the ILC2 lineage-committed c-Kitlo ILC2 subset. Patients' ILCs showed an activated profile with increased proliferation and displayed altered expression of several homing markers. How ILCs are activated during viral infection is largely unknown. When analyzing PUUV-mediated activation of ILCs in vitro we observed that this was dependent on type I interferons, suggesting a role for type I interferons-produced in response to virus infection-in the activation of ILCs. Further, stimulation of na & iuml;ve ILC2s with IFN-beta affected ILC2 cytokine responses in vitro, causing decreased IL-5 and IL-13, and increased IL-10, CXCL10, and GM-CSF secretion. These results show that ILCs are activated in HFRS patients and suggest that the classical antiviral type I IFNs are involved in shaping ILC functions. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) are acute zoonotic diseases caused by orthohantaviruses. Hantavirus initially infect the lung and then spread systemically, primarily infecting endothelial cells. The innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family consists of ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and natural killer (NK) cells. While NK cells are well studied in viral infections, less is known regarding the other ILCs. Hantavirus-infected patients show highly activated immune cells, including NK cells, indicating that also other innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) might be affected. We dis, Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2018-02646]; Karolinska Institutet Research Foundation [2020-01469]; Center for Medical Innovation (CIMED) [2020-0141]; Academy of Finland [321809]; Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; Sigrid Juselius Foundation; Tampere University Hospital [9AA050, 9AB046, 9AA052]

Denna kvalitativa studie beskriver elevers frågor under utomhusundervisning i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena i F-3 utifrån intervjuer med lärare samt observation av elever. Forskning beskriver elevers frågor och intresse som en viktig aspekt av naturvetenskaplig undervisning generellt, men att det finns mycket lite forskning kring just vilken typ av frågor som förekommer och vilka källor dessa frågor har. Syftet med studien är därför att skapa en bredare förståelse av elevers frågor i samband med utomhusundervisning i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena. Studien undersöker frågeställningarna: Vilka källor till elevers fråge-aktivitet beskriver lärare för F-3 att de har erfarenhet av i samband med naturvetenskaplig utomhusundervisning? samt Vilka typer av frågor ställer elever i F-3 i samband med utomhusundervisning i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena? Studien baseras på intervjuer av lärare för F-3 samt en observation av naturvetenskaplig undervisning utomhus i F-3. Insamlad data har analyserats genom tematisk analys samt analysschema. Studiens resultat besvarar frågeställningarna genom två övergripande teman: källor till frågor samt förekomst och typer av frågor. Under utomhusundervisning i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena ställer elever frågor som beskriver utforskande, reflektion, omsorg samt frågor av praktisk karaktär. Intervjuer med lärare visar att elever blir mer benägna att ställa frågor genom engagemang och stimulans i samband med undervisning, att observera samt i form av modellering och uppmuntran av lärare. Studien har relevans för naturvetenskaplig undervisning för de yngre åldrarna och bidrar med insyn i elevers fråge-aktivitet i samband med naturvetenskaplig utomhusundervisning.

Stalkning är ett brett fenomen och dess definition är något komplex. I svensk lagstiftning går stalkning under brottsrubriceringen olaga förföljelse enligt 4 kap 4b § i Brottsbalken [BrB] (SFS 1962:700). Uppfattningar om stalkning har visat sig påverkas av flera faktorer, bland annat relationen mellan offer och förövare. Det råder bristande forskning kring uppfattningar om stalkning, framförallt inom polismyndigheten. Föreliggande studie ämnade att undersöka hur polisstudenters uppfattningar skiljer sig åt beroende på om förövaren är en främling eller tidigare partner. En kvantitativ webbenkät innehållande vinjetter genomfördes där deltagarna (N = 136) fick ta del av ett fiktivt scenario med antingen en främling eller tidigare partner som förövare. Utifrån scenariot fick deltagarna svara på frågor om deras ställningstaganden. Resultatet påvisade inga signifikanta skillnader mellan polisstudenter som fick scenariot med en främling respektive tidigare partner vad gäller; (1) att identifiera stalkning, (2) uppfattad allvarlighetsgrad och (3) tillskrivelse av ansvar till offret och förövaren. Resultatet visade däremot en positiv korrelation mellan uppfattad allvarlighetsgrad och uppmaning till anmälan. Studiens resultat diskuterades i relation till tidigare forskning på ämnet samt teorin om idealoffer och hypotesen om en rättvis värld., Stalking is a broad phenomenon, and its definition is somewhat complex. In Swedish legislation, stalking falls under the criminal classification of unlawful persecution according to Chapter 4, Section 4b of the Penal Code (SFS 1962:700). Perceptions of stalking have been found to be influenced by several factors, including the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator. There is a lack of research on perceptions of stalking, particularly within the police force. The present study aimed to examine how police students' perceptions differ depending on whether the perpetrator is a stranger or a former partner. A quantitative online survey containing vignettes was conducted, where participants (N = 136) were presented with a fictional scenario involving either a stranger or a former partner as the perpetrator. Based on the scenario, participants answered questions about their perceptions. The results showed no significant differences among police students who received the scenario with a stranger versus a former partner regarding; (1) identifying stalking, (2) perceived severity and (3) attribution of responsibility to the victim and the perpetrator. However, the results did show a positive correlation between perceived severity and encouragement to report the incident. The study's findings were discussed in relation to previous research on the subject and the theory of Ideal victim and the The just-world hypothesis.

Syftet med denna studie är att studera hur väl tre av Blantons et al. fem stora idéer är representerade och fördelade i tre svenska matematikläroböcker för årskurs 1. Vidare används variationsteorin för att identifiera de variationsmönster som erbjuds i uppgifterna inom dessa stora idéer. Med hjälp av Blantons stora idéer och variationsteorin undersöker denna studie vilka möjligheter till algebraiskt tänkande som svenska läromedel erbjuder. Studiens frågeställningar är: 1) I vilken utsträckning förekommer uppgifter som kan kategoriseras till Blantons stora idéer i de utvalda läroböckerna för årskurs 1? 2) I vilken utsträckning förekommer variationsmönster i uppgifter inom dessa stora idéer? 3) På vilket sätt fördelas variationsmönstren i var och en av studiens läroböcker? Studien grundar sig i en innehållsanalys där tre läroböcker för årskurs 1 har analyserats. Dessa läroböcker är: Favorit matematik 1A, Mattekojan 1A, Mitt i prick 1A. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa ansatser har kombinerats i analysen. Den kvalitativa ansatsen tillämpas vid tolkning av uppgifter och den kvantitativa ansatsen vid kvantifiering av uppgifter utifrån förbestämda kategorier. De förbestämda kategorierna är de stora idéerna: idé 1 (ekvivalens, uttryck, ekvationer och olikheter), idé 2 (generaliserad aritmetik), idé 3 (funktionellt tänkande), samt variationsmönstren: kontrast, generalisering och förening. Resultaten visar att läroböckerna erbjuder förutsättningar för att utveckla algebraiskt tänkande i olika utsträckning. En likhet som framkom är att de stora idéerna ekvivalens, uttryck, ekvationer och olikheter och funktionellt tänkande är väl representerade i respektive lärobok medan generaliserad aritmetik är start underrepresenterad. Ett annat resultat visar att endast två av läroböckerna erbjuder alla tre variationsmönster. Studiens resultat bekräftar tidigare forskning, således att det råder en markant brist på uppgifter inom den stora idéen generaliserad aritmetik. Läroböckerna inn

Unaccompanied minors (UM) entering Europe face significant psychosocial challenges. Uncertain residence situations, marginalization during the asylum process, and low levels of support increase their risk of developing mental health and drug use issues. However, little is known about drug involvement (using and dealing) in this group. This is the first study to investigate drug involvement among young adults who entered Europe as UM from their subjective perspectives. We conducted qualitative interviews with 11 Afghan men who came to Sweden as UM in 2015/2016 and had experience of using and/or selling drugs, and analyzed the transcripts based on grounded theory. Drug initiation usually occurred after arrival in Sweden and was related to peer influence. Using and selling fulfilled specific psychosocial functions including self-medication and money-making. ‘Not having a real life’ (being excluded from school, employment, and many social activities) emerged as a central motive for drug involvement. By using or selling drugs, feelings of social belonging and control over one's own life could be experienced. Long, uncertain asylum processes and social exclusion exacerbate the risk of UM and former UM using or selling drugs. Policy and intervention measures must focus on providing this group with support, social inclusion, and meaningful activities.

RNA binding motif protein X-linked (RBMX) encodes the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G (hnRNP G) that regulates splicing, sister chromatid cohesion and genome stability. RBMX knock down experiments in various model organisms highlight the genes importance for brain development. Deletion of the RGG/RG motif in hnRNP G has previously been associated with Shashi syndrome, however involvement of other hnRNP G domains in intellectual disability remain unknown. In the current study, we present the underlying genetic and molecular cause of Gustavson syndrome. Gustavson syndrome was first reported in 1993 in a large Swedish five-generation family presented with profound X-linked intellectual disability and an early death. Extensive genomic analyses of the family revealed hemizygosity for a novel in-frame deletion in RBMX in affected individuals (NM_002139.4; c.484_486del, p.(Pro162del)). Carrier females were asymptomatic and presented with skewed X-chromosome inactivation, indicating silencing of the pathogenic allele. Affected individuals presented minor phenotypic overlap with Shashi syndrome, indicating a different disease-causing mechanism. Investigation of the variant effect in a neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y) revealed differentially expressed genes enriched for transcription factors involved in RNA polymerase II transcription. Prediction tools and a fluorescence polarization assay imply a novel SH3-binding motif of hnRNP G, and potentially a reduced affinity to SH3 domains caused by the deletion. In conclusion, we present a novel in-frame deletion in RBMX segregating with Gustavson syndrome, leading to disturbed RNA polymerase II transcription, and potentially reduced SH3 binding. The results indicate that disruption of different protein domains affects the severity of RBMX-associated intellectual disabilities., Funding Agencies|Uppsala University, Faculty of Medicine, for psychiatric and neurological research; Uppsala University Hospital; Svenska Laekaresaellskapet (SLS); Jeansson foundations; Swedish Society for Medical Research (SSMF); Swedish Research Council [2020-04395]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Saevstaholm Foundation; Uppsala University

Livsmedelsindustrin står inför stora utmaningar i framtiden, varav en är att erbjuda och producera livsmedel till en växande population på ett hållbart sätt. Ett sätt att övervinna denna utmaning är att implementera AI-teknik som kan användas för att effektivisera och främja hållbar utveckling inom livsmedelsindustrin. Syftet med studien är därför att kartlägga nivån av AI-readiness hos livsmedelsföretag i Norden, det vill säga undersöka hur redo dessa verksamheter är att implementera AI-teknik. Frågeställningen har besvarats genom en digital enkätundersökning baserat på det teoretiska ramverket TOE - Technology, Organization and Environment. Enkäten besvarades av 59 anonyma respondenter. Svaren kategoriserades baserat på det huvudsakliga verksamhetslandet för respondentens företag, den del av industrin företaget främst är verksamt inom och företagets storlek. Det insamlade datat har analyserats med hjälp av Chi2-test som resulterade i insikten att större företag har högre nivå av AI-readiness än små företag. Resultatet indikerade även på tre förbättringsområden för att öka nivån av AI-readiness. Företag bör i större utsträckning utveckla en strategisk plan för implementering av AI-teknik, säkerställa tillräckligt med mänskliga resurser med rätt kompetens och öka kunskapen om externa regleringar bland sina anställda. Den kunskap som studien genererar kan vara relevant för företag som arbetar med implementering av AI-teknik, för företag verksamma inom livsmedelsindustrin som vill öka sin AI-readiness samt för framtida forskning inom liknande områden., The food industry faces major challenges in the future, one of which is to provide and produce food for a growing population in a sustainable way. One way to overcome this challenge is to implement AI-technologies that can be used to promote sustainable development in the food industry. The purpose of this study is therefore to map the level of AI-readiness among food companies in the Nordic region, specifically to investigate how ready these businesses are to implement AI-technology. The question has been answered through a digital survey based on the theoretical framework TOE - Technology, Organization and Environment. The survey was answered by 59 anonymous respondents. The answers were categorized based on the main country of operation of the respondent's company, the part of the industry the company is mainly active in and the size of the company. The collected data has been analyzed using Chi2-tests which resulted in the insight that larger companies have a higher level of AI-readiness than smaller companies. The result also indicated three areas of improvement to increase the level of AI-readiness. Companies should to a greater extent develop a strategic plan for the implementation of AI-technology, ensure sufficient human resources with the right skills and increase the knowledge of external regulations among their employees. The knowledge generated by the study can be relevant for companies working on the implementation of AI-technology, for companies operating in the food industry that want to increase their AI-readiness, and for future research in similar areas.

Sveriges klimatpåverkan domineras av förbränningen av fossila bränslen, där transport står för en tredjedel av det totala utsläpp av växthusgaser i landet (Naturvårdsverket 2023). För att minska koldioxidutsläpp arbetar Eskilstuna kommun för att minimera bilbehovet och öka resor till fots, med cykel och kollektivtrafik (Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen 2019). För att uppmuntra till hållbara resesätt delar Eskilstuna kommun ut busskort till alla skolelever i kommunen. Statistik från 2021 visar att 10% av alla gymnasieelever inte använder busskortet för att transportera sig till och från skolan. Det betyder att en del av gymnasieeleverna transporterar sig på andra sätt, däribland genom ohållbara transporter. I och med Eskilstuna kommuns arbete för att minska koldioxidutsläpp finns ett behov av att motivera gymnasieelever i kommunen att transportera sig mer miljövänligt för att på sikt skapa hållbara vanor. Syftet med examensarbetet är att bidra med kunskap till Eskilstuna kommun om hur de kan designa information i text och bild för att motivera gymnasieelever att välja hållbara resesätt när de transporterar sig till och från skolan. För att besvara arbetets forskningsfrågor har en funktionell textanalys, semistrukturerade intervjuer och enkäter använts. Resultaten från de empiriska undersökningarna visar att målgruppen vill ha information om miljö- och hälsofördelar, ekonomiska fördelar och chansen att vinna eller få något för att de väljer hållbara transporter. Resultaten visar också att målgruppen föredrar information som är kort, tydlig och sammanfattande och kommer från skolan, sociala medier och/eller finns i kollektivtrafikens applikation. Baserat på resultaten från de empiriska undersökningarna, tidigare forskning och teorier om nudging, retorik och text och bild i samverkan, har ett gestaltningsförslag utformats i text och bild för att motivera gymnasieelever att välja hållbara transportsätt när de transporterar sig till och från skolan., Sweden's climate impact is dominated by the burning of fossil fuels, where transport accounts for a third of the total emissions of greenhouse gasses in the country (Naturvårdsverket 2023). To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, Eskilstuna is working towards minimizing car usage, and increasing transportation by foot, bicycle and public transport (Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen 2019). To encourage sustainable travel, Eskilstuna distributes free bus cards to all school students in the city. However, statistics from 2021 indicate that around 10% of all high school students in the city do not utilize the bus card. This indicates that a portion of high school students commute in other ways, including through unsustainable transportation. Given Eskilstuna’s efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, there is a need to motivate high school students in the city to transport themselves more environmentally friendly in order to create sustainable habits in the long term. The aim of this thesis is to provide Eskilstuna kommun with knowledge on how to design information using text and images (i.e dual coding) to motivate high school students to choose sustainable transportation options for their commutes to and from school. To answer the research questions, methods such as functional text analysis, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaires have been used. The results from the empirical research indicate that the target group prefers information about environmental and health benefits, financial advantages, and rewards for choosing sustainable transport. The findings reveal that the target group prefers information that is short, clear, and concise, and that the information should be distributed through the school, social media, and/or the public transport application.

En förutsättning för en lyckad utryckning är uppdaterad och tillförlitlig vägdata. Bristfällig data kan leda till en kostsam situation när utryckningstiden rinner iväg, där både liv och pengar riskerar att gå förlorade. Tidigare situationer under utryckningar där datan varit ofullständig har lett till sådana konsekvenser, detta har visat på hur viktigt det är att prioritera arbetet med att uppdatera nödvändig data. För att säkerställa att datan till blåljusaktörer är uppdaterad och tillförlitlig, började Trafikverket och Lantmäteriet, tillsammans med blåljusaktörer och Botkyrka kommun, år 2015 ta fram checklistan Blåljuskollen som fungerar som ett stöd till kommuner när de ajourhåller den data som används av blåljusaktörer vid utryckningar. Däremot är det få kommuner som faktiskt har slutfört Blåljuskollen. Det finns tecken på att Blåljuskollen kräver mycket resurser och tid av kommunerna och att detta är en anledning till att få har genomfört den. Därför ämnar detta arbete att utreda vad som är kritisk data för att blåljusaktörer snabbt ska hitta rätt vid utryckningar, samt att undersöka om den befintliga datan i Blåljuskollen uppfyller detta syfte. En uppdatering av den datan som ingår i Blåljuskollen skulle kunna leda till att det blir enklare och motivationshöjande för kommuner att genomföra denna. Under arbetets gång har intervjuer genomförts med involverade aktörer för att ta reda på vad som är kritisk data för att blåljusaktörer snabbt ska hitta rätt. Resultatet av arbetet visar att det finns punkter i Blåljuskollen som bör finnas kvar men även punkter som bör tas bort, samt punkter där det råder delade meningar om de är relevanta för Blåljuskollen eller ej. Dessutom finns det punkter som bör läggas till i Blåljuskollen. Arbetet visar även att det finns mycket arbete kvar att göra med Blåljuskollen för att den ska uppfylla sitt verkliga syfte; att minska utryckningstider och således rädda liv., A prerequisite for successful emergency responses is updated and reliable data. Deficient data can lead to situations where response times are extended, which can put both lives and money at a risk. Unfortunately, this has shown in previous emergency responses where a lack of data has led to such consequences. These situations have demonstrated how important it is to prioritize the work with updating the required data. To ensure that the data that the first responders use is updated and reliable, Trafikverket and Lantmäteriet, in collaboration with first responders and Botkyrka municipality, started to create the checklist Blåljuskollen in 2015. This checklist functions as a support for Swedish municipalities when updating the data that is being used by the first responders during their emergency responses. However, few municipalities have completed Blåljuskollen. There are signs that Blåljuskollen requires a lot of resources and effort from the Swedish municipalities and that this is a reason that very few have completed the checklist. Therefore, this study aims to examine what critical data first responders need to navigate, as well as an examination of whether the existing data in Blåljuskollen satisfies its purpose or not. An update of the existing data in Blåljuskollen could lead to it being easier for the municipalities to complete it. The motivation to complete the checklist could also rise. During this study, interviews have been conducted with the involved actors to find out what data is critical for the first responders to navigate. The result of this study shows that there are elements in Blåljuskollen that should remain, however there are also elements with differing opinions whether they are relevant for Blåljuskollen or not. Furthermore, there are also elements that should be added to Blåljuskollen. This study also shows that the checklist still requires work to fulfill its purpose; to decrease emergency response times and therefore save lives.

As pollinators bumble bees play the crucial role of contributing to propagation of flowering plants in favour of food production as well as biodiversity. Over the course of a few decades bumble bees have seen a remarkable decline, with contributing factors being climate change, pesticides and pathogens such as viruses and parasites. In Sweden, commercially reared bumble bees are bought for the purpose of pollination in fruit and berry plantations. However, these reared bumble bees are a suspected contributor to a spillover of pathogens to wild bees in the same area. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of five viruses and five parasites in wild bumble bees nearby commercially reared bumble bees and to determine seasonal variation in pathogen distribution. qPCR was used for analysis of Acute bee paralysis virus, Deformed wing virus, Slow bee paralysis virus, Black queen cell virus and Sacbrood virus as well as the parasites Crithidia bombi, Apicystis bombi, Nosema bombi, Sphaerularia bombi and Locustacarus buchneri. The results showed a statistically significant, 4,8 times higher prevalence of A. bombi nearby commercially reared bumble bees in greenhouses compared to control landscapes. The results were also compared to pathogen prevalences in bumble bees caught in June the same year, showing a significantly higher prevalence in a majority of the parasites. It also showed a decrease in all viruses except Black queen cell virus, where the decrease might be explained by RNA degradation.

Målet med mitt arbete har varit att utvecklas som låtskrivare, främst inriktat på låttexter. Jag har gjort det genom att analysera 5 olika låttexter utifrån ett par förbestämda parametrar för att få en djupare förståelse för hur de teoretiska metoderna kan appliceras i praktiken. Jag har sedan skrivit 4 egna låttexter efter 4 olika tillvägagångssätt och sedan jämfört hur processen har sett ut i olika delar av låtskrivandet. I slutet av arbetet ansåg jag att det inte var särskilt stor skillnad på de olika tillvägagångssätten jag hade valt till just det här arbetet, men jag kom fram till att det förmodligen skulle vara större skillnad om jag hade valt andra tillvägagångssätt att jobba med. Jag hoppas att det här arbetet kan ge inspiration till att verkligen tänka till på hur mycket påverkan en text kan ha när man skriver musik och att mitt arbete kan inspirera till en större djupdykning i just låttexter.

Hur vanligt är det att studenter bedriver projekt som inbegriper etiskt känsligt innehåll? I denna artikel redogörs för en undersökning rörande ett högskolepedagogiskt utvecklingsarbete som avser formaliserad etikprövning av studentuppsatser. Undersökningen inbegriper uppsatser som examinerats och godkänts vid fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle vid Malmö universitet under åren 2014–2017. Med etiskt känsligt innehåll avses här känsliga personuppgifter samt intervenerande metoder, som vid forskning kräver etikprövning enligt lag (2003:460) om etikprövning av forskning som avser människor. Av totalt 1215 granskade uppsatser hade 277 (22,8 %) etiskt känsligt innehåll; vanligast var känsliga personuppgifter avseende hälsa. 165 (13.6 %) uppsatser innehöll sådana uppgifter. Etiskt känsligt innehåll var mer vanligt förekommande i uppsatser på avancerad nivå (32,9 %) än på grundnivå (20,4 %). Var femte student på grundnivå genomförde alltså studier som skulle ha krävt Etikprövningsmyndighetens godkännande om de hade varit forskare. Enligt fakultetens riktlinjer ska samtliga studentarbeten med ett innehåll som skulle ha krävt förhandsprövning vid forskning förhandsprövas av fakultetens etikråd för studentarbeten. Men endast 191 av de 277 uppsatser (68,9%) som borde ha genomgått sådan handläggning passerade etikrådet. Implementeringen av formaliserad etikprövning av uppsatsprojekt tycks fungera bäst då studentens handledare är forskarutbildad och kan antas ha egen erfarenhet av etikprövning. Vår undersökning visade också att etikprövningen implementerats i olika grad vid olika institutioner. I artikeln diskuteras möjliga förklaringar till denna skillnad., Ethical Review of Student Projects: The Responsibility of Higher Education Institutions How common is it for students to undertake projects involving ethically sensitive content? This article presents a study on higher education pedagogical development project concerning the formalized ethical review of student essays. The survey included essays that were examined and approved at the Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö university during 2014–2017. Ethically sensitive content refers here to sensitive personal data and intervention methods that, in research, require ethical review according to the Act (2003:460) on ethical review of research involving humans. Out of a total of 1215 examined thesis, 277 (22.8%) contained ethically sensitive content; the most common being personal health-related data. 165 (13.6%) essays contained such information. Advanced level theses had a higher prevalence of ethically sensitive content (32.9%) compared to undergraduate theses (20.4%). This indicates that a significant proportion of undergraduate students undertook projects involving content that would require ethical review if they were researchers. The faculty’s guidelines stipulate that all student works containing content requiring prior ethical review in research, should be reviewed by the faculty’s ethics council. However, only 68.9% of the essays that necessitated such review passed the ethics council, indicating a gap in compliance with ethical review processes. The study suggests that the effectiveness of formalized ethical review of thesis projects is enhanced when the student’s supervisor holds a doctoral degree, likely due to their familiarity and experience with ethical review procedures. Furthermore, the research highlights variations in the implementation of ethical review across different departments within the faculty. The article delves into possible reasons for these discrepancies.

Aims: Nutrition counselling is characterized by a collaborative approach whereby the patient and the dietitian establish goals that promote health and self-management. Little is known about goal-setting in nutrition interventions of patients at risk of malnutrition. This study describes the perspectives and needs of patients at risk of malnutrition regarding goals of nutrition interventions. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 patients from three primary care centres and one hospital in mid-Sweden. Interview transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to identify themes and patterns in the data. Results: Findings highlight that the participants rarely reflected on their personal goals of the nutrition intervention. Instead, they strived to maintain strength and energy, with the nutrition counselling being seen as supportive in managing nutrition impact symptoms. They described discrepancies between their perspectives and the dietitian’s regarding weight goals and the diet prescribed to gain weight. Conclusion: Elucidating patients’ goals is key to counteracting the discrepancies between the dietitians’ clinically oriented goals and patients’ perspectives. New strategies and tools that support collaborative goal-setting in nutrition interventions are needed to provide person-centred nutrition care.

Background Childhood cancer predisposition (ChiCaP) syndromes are increasingly recognized as contributing factors to childhood cancer development. Yet, due to variable availability of germline testing, many children with ChiCaP might go undetected today. We report results from the nationwide and prospective ChiCaP study that investigated diagnostic yield and clinical impact of integrating germline whole-genome sequencing (gWGS) with tumor sequencing and systematic phenotyping in children with solid tumors. Methods gWGS was performed in 309 children at diagnosis of CNS (n = 123, 40%) or extracranial (n = 186, 60%) solid tumors and analyzed for disease-causing variants in 189 known cancer predisposing genes. Tumor sequencing data were available for 74% (227/309) of patients. In addition, a standardized clinical assessment for underlying predisposition was performed in 95% (293/309) of patients. Findings The prevalence of ChiCaP diagnoses was 11% (35/309), of which 69% (24/35) were unknown at inclusion (diagnostic yield 8%, 24/298). A second-hit and/or relevant mutational signature was observed in 19/21 (90%) tumors with informative data. ChiCaP diagnoses were more prevalent among patients with retinoblastomas (50%, 6/12) and high-grade astrocytomas (37%, 6/16), and in those with non-cancer related features (23%, 20/88), and ≥2 positive ChiCaP criteria (28%, 22/79). ChiCaP diagnoses were autosomal dominant in 80% (28/35) of patients, yet confirmed de novo in 64% (18/28). The 35 ChiCaP findings resulted in tailored surveillance (86%, 30/35) and treatment recommendations (31%, 11/35). Interpretation Overall, our results demonstrate that systematic phenotyping, combined with genomics-based diagnostics of ChiCaP in children with solid tumors is feasible in large-scale clinical practice and critically guides personalized care in a sizable proportion of patients., De fyra sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet

Background: Long-acting injectable buprenorphine (LAIB) formulations are a novel treatment approach in opioid agonist treatment (OAT), which provide patients with a steady dose administered weekly or monthly and thus reduce the need for frequent clinic visits. Several studies have analyzed patient experiences of LAIB but the perspective of OAT staff is unknown. This study aimed to explore how healthcare staff working in OAT clinics in Sweden perceive and manage treatment with LAIB. Methods: Individual qualitative interviews were conducted with OAT physicians (n = 10) in tandem with nine focus group sessions with OAT nurses and other staff categories (n = 41). The data was analyzed with thematic text analysis. Results: Five central themes were identified in the data: (1) advantages and disadvantages of LAIB, (2) patient categories that may or may not need LAIB, (3) patients’ degrees of medication choice, (4) keeping tabs, control and treatment alliance, and (5) LAIB’s impact on risk and enabling environments in OAT. Overall staff found more advantages than disadvantages with LAIB and considered that patients with ongoing substance use and low adherence were most likely to benefit from LAIB. However, less frequent visits were viewed as problematic in terms of developing a treatment alliance and being able to keep tabs on patients’ clinical status. Clinics differed regarding patients' degrees of choice in medication, which varied from limited to extensive. LAIB affected both risk and enabling environments in OAT. Conclusions: LAIB may strengthen the enabling environment in OAT for some patients by reducing clinic visits, exposure to risk environments, and the pressure to divert medication. A continued discussion about the prerequisites and rationale for LAIB implementation is needed in policy and practice.

Companies in the transporting sector are undergoing an important transformation of electrifyingtheir fleets to meet the industry’s climate targets. To meet customer’s requests, keep its marketposition, and to contribute to a sustainable transporting industry, Scania needs to be in frontof the evolution. One aspect of this is to attract customers by providing accurate information anddetecting customer’s opportunities for electrification. Understanding the natural behavior of weatherparameters and their impact on energy consumption is crucial for providing accurate simulations ofhow daily operations would appear with an electric truck. The aim of this thesis is to map weatherparameters impact on energy consumption and to get an understanding of the correlations betweenenergy consumption and dynamic weather data. ML and deep learning models have undergone training using historical data from operations per-formed by Scania’s Battery Electric Vehicles(BEV). These models have been assessed against eachother to ensure that they are robust and accurate. Utilizing the trained models ability to providereliable consumption predictions based on weather, we can extract information and patterns aboutconsumption derived from customised weather parameters. The results show several interesting correlations and can quantify the impact of weather parametersunder certain conditions. Temperature is a significant factor that has a negative correlation withenergy consumption while other factors like precipitation and humidity prove less clear results. Byinteracting parameters with each other, some new results were found. For instance, the effect ofhumidity is clarified under certain temperatures. Wind speed also turns out to be an importantfactor with a positive correlation to energy consumption.

Background: Sustainability reporting has become more important for companies, serving as a tool to describe the company’s commitment to and promotion of sustainable development. As a result of the increasing attention to climate and human rights issues, Agenda 2030 was introduced, consisting of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This call for action from all countries, through a global partnership, has further increased the importance of sustainability reporting for companies to report on their commitment to and promotion of sustainable development. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the unexplored area concerning changes in the content of companies sustainability reports before and after the launch of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Purpose: The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about how the implementation of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has affected car manufacturers' sustainability reporting. The focus is on identifying how sustainability reporting has changed and which SDGs are being emphasized. Finally, the study aims to contribute to the literature on institutional theory and isomorphism, to see if it can explain the similarities between the companies' sustainability reports. Method: To fulfill the purpose of the study, a qualitative research method with a deductive research approach was utilized. The study’s data collection was conducted through content analysis, where each company’s sustainability reports were mapped based on excerpts categorized according to themes related to the UN’s 17 SDGs. Conclusion: After conducting the analysis, the conclusion can be drawn that the launch of the UN’s SDGs has not led to a change in companies’ choice of focus area in their sustainability reports, which is explained by the fact that companies previously followed similar guidelines, such as the GRI, which already included similar guidelines covering both economic, social, and environmental aspects, Bakgrund: Hållbarhetsrapportering har blivit viktigare för företag och fungerar som ett verktyg för att beskriva företagets engagemang och främjande av hållbar utveckling. Som resultat av den stigande uppmärksamheten kring klimatet och mänskliga rättigheter introducerades Agenda 2030, som utgörs av de 17 globala målen (SDGs). Denna uppmaning till handling från alla länder, genom ett globalt partnerskap, har ytterligare ökat betydelsen av hållbarhetsrapportering för företag för att rapportera om deras engagemang och främjande av hållbar utveckling. Denna studie har därför som avsikt att bidra till det utforskade området kring förändring av innehållet i företags hållbarhetsrapporter före respektive efter lanseringen av FN:s globala mål (SDGs). Syfte: Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om hur införandet av FN:s globala mål (SDGs) har påverkat biltillverkares hållbarhetsrapportering. Fokus ligger på att identifiera hur hållbarhetsrapporteringen har förändrats samt vilka SDGs som ligger i fokus. Slutligen avser studien att bidra till litteraturen kring institutionell teori och isomorfism, ifall det kan förklara likheterna mellan företagens hållbarhetsrapporter. Metod: För att uppfylla syftet med studien användes en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en deduktiv forskningsansats. Studiens datainsamling utfördes genom innehållsanalys där respektive företags hållbarhetsrapports kartlades baserat på utdrag som kategoriserades utifrån teman kopplat till FN:s 17 SDGs. Slutsats: Efter en genomförd analys kan slutsatsen dras att lanseringen av FN:s SDGs inte har lett till en förändring i företagens val av fokusområde i sina hållbarhetsrapporter, vilket förklaras av att företag tidigare följt liknande riktlinjer, som GRI, som redan innehöll liknande riktlinjer som berör både ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga aspekter. Trots ökade förväntningar på hållbarhetsrapporteringen efter SDG-lanseringen har företagens omfattning av innehåll och initiativ i rapporterna ökat, utan att

This bachelor thesis explores how Dubai, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia are portrayed on Instagram through posts by celebrities, aiming to understand the messages they convey and their impact on soft power. By using a multimodal method and semiotic analysis, the study reveals that through celebrity marketing, each country presents distinct messages and images to a broader audience. The study finds that each country uses celebrities in unique ways to promote themselves. Dubai, through the swedish influencer Kenza, showcases luxury and modernity, while Saudi Arabia, with Ronaldo's help, highlights its culture and history. Qatar, partnering with Beckham, emphasizes its role in sports and community. These efforts are seen as strategies to enhance their global image and influence. The study also discusses the concept of “sportswashing”, where countries use sports events to improve their reputation. Overall, celebrity endorsements play a significant role in shaping how these countries can be perceived internationally, ultimately contributing to their soft power.

Syftet med denna fallstudie har varit att, med hänsyn till rådande försämrat säkerhetsläge, granska hur anställda inom försvarsindustrin beskriver företags brottsutsatthet. Vidare har syftet varit att diskutera hur brottsutsattheten kan förklaras utifrån kriminologisk teori. Detta har gjorts med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där anställda inom försvarsindustrin varit intervjudeltagare. Intervjudatan relaterades sedan till rutinaktivitetsteorin samt strainteorin. Av studiens huvudresultat har det framgått att anställda på företag i försvarsindustrin upplevde att företagens brottsutsatthet i huvudsak bestod av verkstadsstölder, cyberbrott, IP-intrång samt otillåten informationsspridning. Denna brottsutsatthet kunde förklaras av rutinaktivitetsteorin i vissa fall, samt i kombination med strain i andra fall. Brottsutsattheten upplevdes ha ökat i samband med att landets säkerhetsläge försämrades samt det huvudsakliga företaget expanderade personellt. Studiens viktigaste slutsatser var att brottsutsattheten i stort upplevdes ha ökat gällande samtliga ovan nämnda brott, men att orsaken till ökningen skiljde sig åt och att endast för cyberbrott upplevdes det föreligga ett samband med säkerhetsläget., This case study examined how defense industry employees perceive crimes against their companies, in the context of a deteriorating security situation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees, and the data was analyzed in relation to routine activity theory and strain theory. The main findings show that employees perceived the companies' exposure to crime mainly as a result of workshop thefts, cybercrime, IP infringement, and unauthorized dissemination of information. This crime exposure can be explained by routine activity theory in some cases and strain theory in others. The crime exposure increased as the country's security situation deteriorated and the main company expanded its personnel. The most important conclusions of the study were that crime exposure was generally perceived to have increased for all the above-mentioned crimes, but that the reason for the increase differed and that only for cybercrime was there perceived to be a connection with the security situation.

Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker huruvida aktiemarknaden reagerar på publiceringen av blankningsrapporter. När företag ägnar sig åt bedrägligt beteende spelar blankare och blankningsföretag en avgörande roll för att uppdaga dessa olagliga aktiviteter och för att avslöja övervärderade aktier som påverkar samhället och aktiemarknaden som helhet. För att förklara skillnader mellan olika stora marknadsreaktioner på blankningsrapporter undersöks också free float (andelen aktier som inte ägs av aktörer med kontrollintresse och som fritt kan handlas på marknaden) för att förstå varför vissa reaktioner är större än andra. Denna studie baseras på en eventstudie av 135 blankningsrapporter för att undersöka marknadens reaktion. Resultaten av uppsatsen visar att ja, marknaden reagerar negativt på informationen i blankningsrapporterna där den kumulativa abnormala avkastningen i uppsatsens eventfönster på 21 dagar uppgår till -17,84 %. Vidare finner undersökningen ingen signifikant skillnad mellan företag med hög free float och låg free float gällande storleken på marknadsreaktionen. Reaktionen på blankningsrapporten är större dagarna innan publicering, som sannolikt beror på att blankningsföretagen har tagit omfattande blankningspositioner innan publicering samt potentiellt informationsläckage., This bachelor's thesis seeks to investigate whether or not the stock market reacts to the publication of short selling reports. As companies indulge in fraudulent behavior, short sellers and research firms play a crucial part in finding overpriced and illegal activities that affect society and the stock market as a whole. To assist our paper we use free float (the proportion of shares freely traded on the market, not under a controlling interest) to understand why some reactions were greater than others. This bachelor's thesis is based on an event study of 135 short reports, with daily stock prices combined with a global index to investigate this further. Furthermore this study uses free float data to gain a greater understanding of the reactions of different companies. The results of the study is: yes, short reports have a documented effect on returns and in our event window of 21 days the cumulative average abnormal returns is down by 17,84 %. Moreover, our sample does not show any documented effect of free float where firms with high free float do not show a smaller market reaction compared to those with low free float. The reaction is greater in the days before publication, which probably depends on the shorting positions of research firms as well as potential leakage of information beforehand.

BACKGROUND: Many adolescent males visit a general practitioner regularly, yet many report unmet health needs and negative experiences. This indicates a gap between provided healthcare and the needs of adolescent males. In order to improve adolescent males' possibilities to discuss their health concerns with general practitioners, the study's aim was to explore and describe how adolescent males understand and assign meaning to their experiences of consultations with general practitioners. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted at two healthcare centres in mid-Sweden in 2022. Nine males 15 to 19 years old described their experiences in semi-structured interviews immediately after consulting a general practitioner, regardless of reason for the consultation and whether or not accompanied by a parent. The analysis was guided by thematic analysis according to Braun & Clarke and reflective lifeworld theory's concepts of openness and sensitivity. RESULTS: One overarching theme, To be listened to, and three themes were developed: To handle insecurity and uneasiness, To be understood and cared for, and To get parental support on his terms. In a good appointment, the general practitioner cares about him, listens attentively, and takes him seriously. More importantly, the general practitioner's understanding permeates the consultation, so that all aspects of it is adapted to him. The adolescent males doubted their ability to express themselves and to understand what would happen in the consultation, and therefore feared being dismissed without receiving any help. Such difficulties may be due to unfinished neurocognitive development and inexperience. They struggled with embarrassment, partly due to notions of masculinity, and strived to balance their needs of parental support, privacy, and being the one that the doctor listens to. CONCLUSIONS: We argue that adolescent males are particularly vulnerable due to on-going neurocognitive and emotional development, inexperie