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Contains fulltext : 237071.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Idiom processing studies have paid considerable attention to the relationship between idiomatic expressions as a whole and their constituent words. Although most research focused on the semantic properties of the constituent words, their orthographic form could also play a role in processing. To test this, we assessed both form and meaning activation of individual words during the processing of opaque idioms. In two primed word naming experiments, Dutch native speakers silently read sentences word by word and then named the last word of the sentence. This target word was embedded in either an idiomatic or a literal context, and was either expected/correct in this context (COR), or semantically related (REL) or unrelated (UNREL) to the expected word. The correct target word in the idiomatic context was always part of an opaque idiom. Faster naming latencies for the idiom-final noun than for the unrelated target in the idiomatic context indicated that the idiom was activated as a whole during processing. In addition, semantic facilitation was observed in the literal context (COR

Our study examines the lexical representation and processing of compounds in participants with aphasia (PWA) and language-unimpaired control speakers. Participants were engaged in primed picture-naming in German, a language that marks for grammatical gender. Gender-marked determiners served as primes (dermasc, diefem, dasneut [the]) and noun-noun compounds as targets (e.g., Goldneutfischmasc [goldfish]). Experiment 1 tested whether the compound’s constituents are activated at a lexical-syntactic level during production. Primes were gender-congruent either with the morphological head of the target compound (e.g., dermasc for the target Goldneut fisch masc), or its modifier (dasneut for Gold neutfischmasc), or incongruent with both (diefem). Head congruency of prime and target produced strong facilitatory effects across groups. Modifier congruent primes produced contrasting effects. Modifier congruency speeded up picture naming in the controls and PWA with isolated deficits of lexical access (PWA-lex) but they delayed picture naming in PWA with additional deficits of phonological encoding (PWA-pho). Both patterns suggest that the lemmas of both constituents of compound targets and their grammatical gender are activated during compound retrieval, in line with a multiple-lemma representation of compounds. Experiment 2 explored the nature of the observed effects compared to a gender-neutral control condition. While facilitatory effects were shown by PWA-lex and the controls, PWA-pho did not profit from congruent primes but showed inhibitory effects by incongruent primes, exclusively. Inhibitory effects were also attested for the controls but not for PWA-lex. The functional origin of determiner priming effects and their theoretical and clinical implications are discussed in the framework of current accounts.

Ženska dvojina je ena izmed posebnosti slovenskega knjižnega jezika, ki pa je v jezikoslovni stroki in splošni rabi med uporabniki pogosto zapostavljena. V nalogi so zbrane teoretske osnove s področja ženske dvojine, postavljene v zgodovinski in družbeni kontekst ter kritično obdelane. Med 131 uporabniki slovenskega knjižnega jezika je bila opravljena raziskava v obliki testa preverjanja znanja, s katero sta bila preverjena poznavanje in raba dvojinskih ženskih oblik pri samostalniku, pridevniku in glagolu. Rezultati potrjujejo teze, ki so se nanašale na napake, do katerih prihaja pri uporabi ženske dvojine. Female dual forms are a peculiarity of Slovene language, which is often neglected among native speakers as well as in the linguistics. This thesis reviews the theoretical basis of feminine duality forms, evaluates them and places them in the historical and social context. We performed an empirical study among 131 users of the Slovene language. Test subjects were requested to take an exam that was designed to evaluate their knowledge of feminine dual forms for nouns, adjectives and verbs. The results confirm our hypotheses regarding the most common grammatical errors in feminine dual forms.

In this article, the Persian repetitions used in Alisher Navoi's epic "Saddi Iskandarii", to which word group they belong, the difference between repetitions in the epic and double words, double words and repeated words have their own characteristics. - it refers to the fact that they differ from each other, that repeated words are written with a hyphen, that they express meanings such as plurality, continuity, and repetition.

Нақши пешвандҳои феълсози забонҳои тоҷикӣ ва англисӣ баррасӣ шудааст. Дар заминаи маводи луғатномаҳои П. Ҷамшедов ва Т. Розӣ, инчунин А. Мамадназаров хусусиятҳои ташаккули феълҳои сохтаи забонҳои тоҷикию англисӣ мавриди баррасӣ қарор гирифтаанд. Дар мисоли пешванди тоҷикии бозва англисии reмавридҳои васлгардии ҳар ду унсури калимасозро ба калимаҳо нишон додааст, доираи маъноии чунин феълҳои сохта ошкор карда шудааст. Ҳисоби омории теъдоди феълҳои якмаъно ва сермаънои дар фарҳангҳои П. Ҷамшедов ва Т. Розӣ, инчунин А.Мамадназаров зикр гардида, таъкид шудааст, ки феълҳои сохта дар забонҳои тоҷикию англисӣ аз як то нӯҳ маъноро ифода мекунанд. Хулоса шудааст, ки имкони васлгардии чунин пешвандҳо дар забони англисӣ дар қиёс бо тоҷикӣ фарохтар буда, онҳо на танҳо ба феълҳо, балки ба исмҳо низ ҳамроҳ мешаванд ва калимаҳои нави ифодакунандаи амалу ҳолат сохтаанд., The article discusses the role of verb-building prefixes in Tajik and English. Based on the materials of the dictionaries of P. Jamshedov and T. Razi, as well as A. Mamadnazarov, the features of the formation of derivative verbs in both languages are considered. On the example of Tajik prefix бозand English rethe cases of combining both word-building elements with words are shown, the range of meanings of such derivatives verbs that have a limited and extensive possibility is revealed and the derivative verbs in Tajik and English express from one to nine meanings. It is concluded that the possibilities of connecting such prefixes in English are wider compared to Tajik, and they are attached not only to verbs, but also to nouns, deriving new words which express actions and situations.

В статье рассматриваются способы выражения подлежащего в русском языке. Анализ материала показывает, что грамматические функции предикативов, соотносительных с существительными, в предложениях с инфинитивом близки к грамматическим функциям существительных в роли сказуемого, а по семантике эти предикативы приближаются к словам на -о со значением оценки. Наличие в сказуемом оценки предполагает ее отнесенность к определенному субъекту, который обозначен подлежащим. Такие предложения обычно являются двусоставными. Расчленение на два состава бывает более четким, если инфинитив находится в препозитивном положении. Препозиция инфинитива тесно связана с его лексической весомостью и влияет на смысловые отношения между ними и предикативным словом. Значение оценки у предикативного слова вырисовывается четче. Предложение интонационно распадается на составные. Подлежащее, выраженное инфинитивом, неполноценно в смысловом и грамматическом отношении, так как предмет суждения не всегда может быть субстантивирован. Теоретически инфинитив в роли подлежащего легко заменяется отглагольным существительным. Однако в конструкциях с предикативами, соотносительными с существительными, инфинитив-подлежащее не всегда способен к такой замене. Это зависит как от самого глагола, так и от предикатива., The article discusses the ways of expressing the subject in the Russian language. The analysis of the material shows that the grammatical functions of predicatives correlating with nouns in sentences with an infinitive are close to the grammatical functions of nouns as a predicate, and in semantics these predicatives approach the words ending with -o with the meaning of evaluation. The presence of an assessment in the predicate implies its attribution to a certain subject, which is designated by the subject. Such sentences are usually of two parts. The division into two compositions is clearer if the infinitive is in the prepositive position. The preposition of an infinitive is closely related to its lexical weight and affects the semantic relationship between them and the predicative word. The value of the evaluation of the predicative word looms clearer. The sentence intonationally splits into compositions. The subject expressed by the infinitive is incomplete in semantic and grammatical terms, since the subject of the judgment cannot always be substantive. Theoretically, the infinitive in the role of the subject is easily replaced by a verbal noun. However, in constructions with predicatives correlating with nouns, the infinitive-subject is not always capable of such a replacement. It depends on both the verb itself and the predicative.

The article analyzes the spiritual-mystical components underlying speech, language and self-consciousness of a person. The research is carried out on the basis of an interdisciplinary scientific approach. The main attention is focused on the prologue of St. John, considered as a scientific theorem that paves the way for solving the problem of the existence of language and human self-consciousness. The methodological basis of the study is the author's concept of the formation of a sign-symbol of a mystical, disembodied being – a spirit, which formed the basis of a face symbol, in the phylogeny of humanity, as a consequence of mental mechanisms of transfer and replacement. This concept is used for the first time in the aspect of comprehending the prologue of St. John, which is the novelty of the study. The work logically substantiates the impossibility of the existence of the human word, and at the same time of abstract thinking and self-consciousness, without the psychic reality of an incorporeal, mystical controller and verbal designer of thought – namely, the spirit that prompts the subject to incessant acts of identification with him. At the same time, the logic of the study allows us to draw a conclusion about the scientific truth of the prologue of St. John, with regard to the beginning of human language and self-consciousness. Also, as a conclusion, the author emphasizes the key importance of a religious belief in a mystical ruler for the realization of the existence of language and self-consciousness of a person.

Many languages of the world have genders, that is, grammatical agreement classes, based on such core semantic properties as animacy, sex and humanness, and also shape. In Manambu, a language of New Guinea, nouns are assigned genders according to the sex of a human referent, and to shape and size of any other referent. Men are assigned to the masculine, and women to the feminine gender. A long tube and a large house are masculine, and a round plate and a small house are feminine. Switching gender for humans has pejorative overtones: an unusually boisterous or bossy woman can be treated as masculine, and a squat fattish man who does not display fully masculine behaviour as feminine. Classifying humans by their shape and size implies downgrading them to the level of inanimates. Gender switch also reflects social stereotypes. Feminine gender is functionally unmarked for non-humans, but not for humans. The noun du, “man” can be used as a generic term for “human being.” Linguistic Gender of humans in Manambu unequivocally reflects Social Gender relations.

Sentiment analysis SA is concerned with determining users’ opinions from text reviews. However, mining these opinions from massive amounts of unstructured and lengthy documents is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose methods that extract valuable opinions and values from online movie reviews to improve SA in Arabic. First, we propose a method that explores the role of n-gram and skip-n-gram models in opinion classification. Second, we study a method that exploits subjective words such as adjectives and nouns by applying Part-Of Speech tagging. Both of the methods are combined with a feature reduction technique to enhance SA results. Third, we present a method that seeks to extract relevant opinions such as review summaries and conclusion opinions. Then, a combined approach is proposed to augment opinion classification results. Forth, we introduce a method for analyzing customers’ opinions by determining factors impacting their attitudes based on the costumer value model. Experimental results conducted on two datasets prove that our proposed methods are effective and provide better scores than baseline sentiment classifiers. The best obtained classification results reached 96% in F-Measure. These results indicate also that the aesthetic factor is the most influent factor in Arabic movie reviews.

The purpose of the article is to examine the Hebrew (im)politeness marker bevakasha ‘please’ (the prefixed preposition bϵ ‘in’ + the noun bakasha ‘request’) in order to account for its present-day polysemy. The analysis of bevakasha, a hitherto neglected marker by both synchronic and diachronic investigations, is based in this article on corpora documenting the various stages of the Hebrew language. The findings illustrate a change in the contexts in which the marker has been used throughout history, i.e. from religious texts and letters of authoritative ruling to secular, casual contexts, from authoritative to egalitarian relationships, from first person to second- and third-person's benefits and further to argumentative contexts. The article concludes that the change in contexts has led to pragmatic expansion and a reanalysis of the marker which gave rise to the meaning of (im)politeness and to a shift in the power balance between the speaker and the addressee. Furthermore, the study suggests that the grammaticalization path of bevakasha has been motivated by a changing orientation towards the various components of the speech act, i.e. speaker, hearer and discourse.

The semantic incorporation of nouns into predicates, like give a hug, is not morphologically marked in English, and how syntactic incorporation strategies like light verb constructions influence the discourse-prominence structure of an utterance has not yet been studied systematically. One hypothesis is that since semantically incorporated nouns are not morphosyntactically incorporated in English, they can function like any other noun as prominent and accessible referents for anaphora. Another hypothesis is that their semantic status and their predicative meaning influence their discourse prominence, and hence their accessibility by anaphoric means. We tested these two hypotheses in two experimental studies on different anaphoric preferences of English pronouns. Our studies demonstrate that the felicity patterns for the two different pronominal reference strategies are determined at different linguistic levels: For it, we found an impact of morphosyntactic form; for that, the semantic type of the referent (object vs. event) seems to play a role. Crucially, the degree of semantic incorporation does not affect discourse prominence and pronoun choice to the extent that we had expected.

The paper is devoted to the study of the problem of part-of-speech affiliation of the term in the field of oil and gas industry. Many terminologists believe that terms should be represented only by nouns. Others believe that other significant parts of speech can also act as a term. The question remains controversial: is the terminology limited to nouns or does it also include adjectives and verbs? The article irrefutably proves that terms can be nouns, verbs and adjectives. Different points of view on part-of-speech affiliation of terms in the linguistic literature are presented in this article. The theoretical questions related to part-of-speech issue in oil and gas terminology are described. The analysis proves that nouns are not the only means of expressing a special concept, but the fact that nouns represent a stable part of the vocabulary of the oil and gas terminology system remains unchanged., Статья посвящена изучению проблемы частеречной принадлежности термина в области нефтегазовой промышленности. Многие терминоведы считают, что термины должны быть представлены только именами существительными. Другие полагают, что и другие части речи также могут выступать в функции термина. Дискуссионным продолжает оставаться вопрос: ограничивается ли терминология существительными или же в нее входят также прилагательные и глаголы? Статья неопровержимо доказывает, что терминами могут быть как существительные, так и глаголы и прилагательные. В данной исследовательской работе представлены различные точки зрения о частеречной принадлежности терминов и описаны теоретические вопросы, связанные с частеречной проблемой в нефтегазовой терминологии. Анализ доказывает, что имена существительные не являются единственным средством выражения специального понятия, однако неизменным остается тот факт, что термины-существительные представляют устойчивую часть словарного состава нефтегазовой терминологической системы.

words such as Fr. livraison ‘delivery’, It. fedeltà ‘faithfulness’, Sp. semejanza ‘resemblance’, belong to the word class of nouns. They do not possess materiality and therefore lack sensory perceivability. Within the spectrum of nouns, abstract nouns are located on the opposite side of proper names; between them, there are common nouns, collective nouns, and mass nouns. Abstract nouns are in part non-count and not able to be pluralized. In terms of meaning, there is typically a threefold division in groups: (a) Action/result nouns (e.g., Fr. lavage ‘washing’, It. giuramento ‘oath’, Sp. mordedura ‘bite’); (b) Quality nouns (e.g., Fr. dignité ‘dignity’, It. biancore ‘whiteness’, Sp. modestia ‘modesty’); and (c) Status nouns (e.g., Fr. episcopat ‘episcopate’, It. cuginanza ‘cousinhood’, Sp. almirantazgo ‘admiralship’). From a purely morphological standpoint, a classification of abstract nouns according to derivation basis appears suitable: (a) (primary) denominal abstract nouns (e.g., Fr. duché ‘dukedom’, It. linguaggio ‘language’, Sp. añada ‘vintage’); (b) (primary) deadjectival abstract nouns (e.g., Fr. folie ‘madness’, It. bellezza ‘beauty’, Sp. cortesía ‘courtesy’); and (c) (primary) deverbal abstract nouns (e.g., Fr. mouvement ‘movement’, It. scrittura ‘writing’, Sp. venganza ‘revenge’). Other abstract nouns arise from conversion, for example, Fr. le devoir ‘duty’, It. il freddo ‘coldness’, Sp. el cambio ‘change’. In light of this, the question of how far the formation of abstract nouns in Romance languages follows Latin patterns (derivation with suffixes) or whether new processes emerge is of particular interest. In addition, the individual Romance languages display different preferences in choosing abstract-forming morphological processes. On the one hand, there is a large number of Latin abstract-forming suffixes whose outcomes preserve the same function in the Romance languages, such as -ía (astrología ‘astrology’), -ura (scriptura ‘writing’), -ĭtia (pigrĭtia ‘sloth’), -io (oratio ‘speaking’). Furthermore, there is a group of Latin suffixes that gave rise to suffixes deriving abstract nouns only in Romance. Among these are, for example, -aticu (Fr. péage ‘road toll’, Sp. hallazgo ‘discovery’), -aceu (Sp. cuchillazo ‘knife thrust’), -aria (Sp. borrachera ‘drunkenness’, It. vecchiaia ‘old age’). On the other hand, suffixless processes of abstract noun formation are coming to full fruition only in Romance: The conversion of past participles (e.g., Fr. vue ‘sight’, It. dormita ‘sleep’, Sp. llegada ‘arrival’) is of special importance. The conversion of infinitives to nouns with abstract meaning is least common in Modern French (e.g., penser ‘thought’) and most common in Romanian (iertare ‘pardon’, durere ‘pain’, etc.). Deverbal noun formation without suffixes (Fr. amende ‘fine’, It. carica ‘charge’, Sp. socorro ‘help’, etc.), in contrast, is known to have developed a broad pan-Romance geographic spread.

The traditional description of Polish abstract nouns such as lekkość ‘lightness’ or jasność ‘brightness’ holds that they are formed with an adjectival root and the nominalizing suffix -ość. The paper considers an alternative analysis where -o-ść is a complex marker and such nominals go through an adverbial stage in their formation, rendering them [[[ A ] Adv ] N ] structures, a possibility suggested by the fact that the -o itself is an ad- verbial marker. Wedle tradycyjnego opisu, polskie abstrakcyjne rzeczowniki odprzymiotnikowe ( nomina essendi), takie jak np. lekkość czy jasność, są zbudowane z przymiotnikowego tematu i przyrostka -ość. Artykuł rozważa alternatywną analizę, wedle której -o-ść jest przyrost- kiem złożonym, a tworzone z nim rzeczowniki odprzymiotnikowe przechodzą przez etap przysłówkowy, czyniąc je formami o strukturze [[[ A ] Adv ] N ]. Możliwość złożoności -o-ść sugeruje fakt, że -o jest przyrostkiem tworzącym przysłówki. 16 4 207 227 Studies in Polish Linguistics

The paper aims at investigating translating commissive speech acts in movie subtitle from English into Kurdish. It attempts to identify the meaning loss, in other words deletion errors and then categorize them along with the illocutionary acts. The samples of the study are taken from the subtitle of the horror movie (Pumpkinhead: Blood Feud) which has been translated into the Kurdish language. First, twenty commissive speech act are identified as having translation problems in the movie according to Searle’s category, then their illocutionary acts are specified. The English and Kurdish subtitles are compared to find out the meaning loss and deleted items, in addition to the compatibility of the illocutionary acts between them. The results of the analysis show that ‘promising’ and ‘warning’ are the most challenging illocutionary acts for translators because of the number of deletion errors found in their translation. The most common type of meaning loss in the translation of commissive speech acts are adverbs, pronouns, exclamation words, main verbs, modal verbs, nouns, and adjectives, respectively.

English has become a global lingua franca unlike any language before. This has led to the increased pragmatic use of English by an increasing number of non-native speakers and, consequently, English as a lingua franca (ELF) has emerged. It has become a contact language between speakers of different mother tongues which has led to the blurring of strict regulatory frameworks formerly established by native English varieties. ELF speakers use English in creative ways and influenced by their native languages and cultures and the imitation of the native speaker has been pushed to the background in favor of successful communication. In order to facilitate the examination of this new type of English, several ELF corpora have been established, two of which are used for this study. The Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE) and the Asian Corpus of English (ACE) are both collections of spoken interactions between ELF speakers that have the same size and rely on the same coding system and search parameters, which make them readily comparable. While these corpora have already aided in the discovery of several common features of ELF in general, this study focuses on the lexico-grammatical feature of the pluralization of mass nouns by either adding the ‘s’ or some type of quantifier in European and Asian ELF. Results show that Asian ELF speakers are less likely to pluralize mass nouns than European ELF speakers. Yet, pluralization can be found in both types of ELF and this, along with other specific, non-standard features, raises questions for English language teaching and the status of native English.

Psychosis is diagnosed based on disruptions in the structure and use of language, including reduced syntactic complexity, derailment, and tangentiality. With the development of computational analysis, natural language processing (NLP) techniques are used in many areas of life to make evaluations and inferences regarding people's thoughts, feelings and behavior. The present study explores morphological characteristic of schizophrenia inpatients using NLP. Transcripts of recorded stories by 49 male subjects (24 inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 25 controls) about 14 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) pictures were morphologically analyzed. Relative to the control group, the schizophrenic inpatients employed: (1) a similar ratio of nouns, but fewer verbs, adjectives and adverbs; (2) a higher ratio of lemmas to token (LTR) and type to token (TTR); (3) a smaller gap between LTR and TTR; and (4) greater use of the first person. The results were cross-verified using three well-known fitting classifier algorithms (Random Forest, XGBoost and a support vector machine). Tests of prediction accuracy, precision and recall found correct attribution of patients to the schizophrenia group at a rate of between 80 and 90%. Overall, the results suggest that the language of schizophrenic inpatients is significantly different from that of healthy controls, being morphologically less complex, more associative and more focused on the self. The findings support NLP analysis as a complementary addition to the traditional clinical psychosis evaluation for schizophrenia.

Two 2nd person verbal indexation forms are reconstructed back to Proto-Trans-Himalayan (PTH): a suffix #-n(a) (Bauman 1975; DeLancey 1989, 2014; H. Sun 1983, 1995; van Driem 1993; Watters 2002), and a prefix #tV- (Watters 2002; Jacques 2012; DeLancey 2011a, 2014). While #-n(a) is in paradigmatic distribution with other suffixal forms, the prefixal position of #tV-raises the question of its functional origin. DeLancey (2011a, 2014: 23) suggests hypothetically that #tV- finds its origin either in a non-finite nominalization or in an irrealis nominalization, “ideal for an impersonal 2nd person use: ‘One might [speak]’ rather than ‘You will [speak].’” Through the comparison of cognate tV- possessive and tV- nominalizer prefixes found in rGyalrongic, Kuki-Naga (Ao), and Sinitic, I propose that 2nd person #tV- can be traced back to a nominal possessive modifier such as one’s or someone’s: a man-type of R-impersonals (Malchukov & Siewierska 2011). Spreading to verbs, #tV- was used as a nominalizer indexing the notional S or A argument. With nouns and verbs alike, the referent of the possessor, whether 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person, was specific (Siewierska 2011: 62), accessible in discourse, anaphorically or deictically, regardless of the presence of a coreferential overt noun-phrase. The prefix #tV- started to be used in particular to address 2nd person indirectly, a development likely triggered by pragmatic motivations, i.e. politeness, before being reanalyzed as a 2nd person indexation marker.

This paper presents an in-depth study and evaluation analysis of the effects of the computer-assisted language teaching method on foreign language learning through its application. Using an empirical research approach, a practical study of computer-assisted English language teaching was conducted to verify the effects of CALL on oral language learning. In exploring the effects of CALL on students’ oral learning, including the effects on fluency, accuracy, and complexity of oral expressions, as well as the effects on learning attitudes, CALL is conducive to improving the fluency of oral expressions, reducing the number of pauses and repetitions in oral expressions, and enabling students to consciously use articulation words to facilitate smooth expressions. CALL is good for improving the accuracy of students’ speech, but it does not play a significant role in grammatical accuracy, and the grammatical errors are mainly in the third person singular of verbs, singular and plural of nouns, and passive voice. The use of CALL in teaching oral expressions does not improve the variety of sentences. However, the application of CALL in oral teaching stimulates students’ enthusiasm for learning, improves their interest in learning spoken English, and increases their confidence in oral expression.

The article considers the adaptation process of the loan interjection wow that was borrowed into Russian from American English in the early 1990s and at first was mostly used as slang, but later on it entered everyday speech. The research is carried out as a part of the project aimed at exploring the lexis of the modern Russian language, i.e. its main functional and chronological varieties and lexical categories with the use of “The Dictionary of the 21st Century Russian Language”. The novelty and specificity of the investigation lies in a comprehensive study of Russian lexis using a new approach “from dictionary to language” in contrast to the traditional one “from language to dictionary”. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the potential of this principle in practice, that is to describe some interesting phenomena in modern Russian using the material of several entries, – namely вау (wow), вау- (wow-), вау-эффект (wow effect), вау-фактор (wow factor) – selected from the dictionary mentioned above. This series clearly demonstrates the phenomena typical of modern Russian, that is the blurring of the boundaries between colloquial speech and other stylistic registers and the active interpenetration of words from one stylistic variety to another. The analysis of the dictionary entries revealed the gradual process of penetration of the interjection wow into the Russian language through its adaptation. It may be converted into a noun, a predicative or an analytic adjective, it may be reduplicated to indicate the intensity of surprise/ admiration, it may be used as a productive derivational element and even as a component of some special terms. This process is extraordinary for the Russian language, since, firstly, it affects one of the most stable groups of lexical items, and secondly, it is associated with acquiring a terminological meaning by a word component initially used as an exclamation to express a certain emotion. These new linguistic processes are largely due to the influence of the English language. This influence is so great that we can observe not only an active penetration of the Anglo-American interjection wow into the Russian everyday speech – emotive interjections were hardly ever borrowed – but also its integration into the Russian word-formation system.

One of the most prominent ways to shape children and adolescents’ mindset is through learning formally at school. EFL textbooks have an important role for students to learn English, but they will also unconsciously learn about gender stereotypes. These gender stereotypes include the belief that women’s role is limited to being a housewife, a good mother to her children, and an obedient woman for her husband. For men, their role is more to the wider part of society, which includes being a breadwinner and more successful in career. The object of this study is BSE English textbooks from grade X-XII. This paper will analyse sexist languages shown in the EFL textbooks using Mills (1995) theory and gender stereotypes using Arliss’ (1991) theory. This research is considered as descriptive qualitative research. The result shows that there are three types of sexist languages: fragmentation, presupposition and inference, and generic nouns. The second research formulation indicates that there are three gender stereotypes, namely stereotypes on traits, roles, and behavior.

This paper aims to describe the morphosyntax and semantics of postpositions in Karijona, a Cariban language from Northwest Amazonia. The data, collected in the Karijona settlement of Puerto Nare (Colombia), were analyzed according to Basic Linguistic Theory and Cognitive Semantics. Like other Cariban languages, Karijona has a typologically unusual system of postpositions, which can cross-reference person and number, and form complex stems consisting of locative roots and locative suffixes. In terms of their semantics, the system distinguishes among spatial, relational, and ‘mental state’ postpositions. The first type encodes noun classification, orientation, and distance. While the second type has prototypical relational meanings, the third refers to cognitive and emotional states. This paper presents the first systematic description of the Karijona postpositions.

Video blogs or vlogs are stories of someone’s daily life visualized and uploaded via YouTube. It managed to increase the most video uploads on YouTube. To attract the sympathy of the audience, the use of informal language or a relaxed variety was chosen to be more communicative. The data in this study were taken from Ria SW’s vlog, one of the food vloggers with 2,700 subscribers. The use of two languages, Indonesian and English, turned out to attract and represent young people who are slang and intellectual speakers. Using two languages at once or referred to as code mixing, is a linguistic phenomenon that needs to be responded to using sociolinguistic theory to find forms of code-mixing in Ria SW’s vlog.The method used in this research was a qualitative method. Through these methods and theories, it can be seen that RiaSW’s use of Indonesian code-mixing. The type of code-mixing used by Ria SW is external code-mixing. The form of external code-mixing reflects the existence of high intellectual abilities and exudes moderate values. The form of code-mixing used is in the form of words, phrases and repetitions. The use of word types in code-mixing expressed by Ria SW is in nouns, verbs, and adjectives. The use of the noun form tended to mention the name of places and foods. The use of the verb form tended to invite, while the use of the adjective serves to explain the taste of the food. The causes of this communication strategy, the use of code-mixing in Ria SW’s vlog are to get good communication by using more popular terms and letting the viewers understand the speaker code and the foreign terms of the tourism sector.

Beyond their basic function to index exophoric and endophoric referents, Thai demonstratives have a host of pragmatic functions to encode concerns regarding discourse organization, subjectivity, and intersubjectivity. Based on a detailed analysis of demonstratives used in conversation, we attempt to uncover the pattern of grammaticalization for this class of words in Thai, and to propose a mechanism that allows them to develop multiple functions. Since demonstratives are indexical signs and are qualitatively distinct from content words, we must view the grammaticalization process of demonstratives differently from that of content words. In this paper, we use the model of the joint attention triangle based on Diessel’s earlier work and the functional utterance frame based on the “attractor position” analysis for grammaticalization of nouns and verbs advanced by Bisang (1996) to analyze how exactly demonstratives come to acquire pragmatic functions.

The paper brings the morphological features of the a-type nouns of the Sarajevo dialect in the light of the Eastern Bosnian ijekavian-shtokavian dialect to which it belongs, connecting them with those previously recorded in Sarajevo as well as in the neighbouring dialects. Informants are Sarajevans born in the early 20th century. The corpus consists of transcribed audio material of about 150 pages.

The paper deals with the problem of poor acquisition of English nominal compounds in EFL university students who are native speakers of Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS). The problem was tackled by a brief comparison of noun morphology and declension suffixes in English and BCS, the introduction of negative transfer in the process of foreign language acquisition, and the analysis of BCS translation equivalents. The discussion revealed that the productivity of compounding largely depends on the complexity of noun morphology. Put simply, the more complex noun morphology is, the less productive compounding will be. In addition, the analysis of the translation equivalents also highlighted that a vast majority of problems related to poor acquisition of English nominal compounds stems from the fact that EFL learners usually translate L1 phrases word-forword into L2. Finally, it was pointed out that teaching English nominal compounds to EFL learners could be improved by tailored-made instructions provided in L1.

Grammatical regularities may correlate with semantics; e.g. grammatical gender is often partially predictable from the noun's semantics. We explore whether learners generalise over semantic cues, and whether the extent of exposure (1 versus 4 sessions) and number of exemplars for each semantic class (type-frequency) affect this. Six-year-olds and adults were exposed to semi-artificial languages where nouns co-occurred with novel particles, with particle usage fully or partially determined by the semantics of the nouns. Both adults and children generalised to novel nouns when semantic cues were fully consistent. Adults (but not children) also generalised when cues were partially consistent. Generalisation increased with exposure, however there was no evidence that increasing type-frequency (i.e. more nouns per semantic class) increased generalisation. Post-experiment interviews also suggested that successful generalisation depended on explicit awareness. These results suggest that semantic cues are particularly difficult for children to exploit during the early stages of language acquisition.

Semantically, a predicate is not always filled in by verbs. This study aims to discover and describe the predicate category and the number of arguments each predicate has in the Indonesian language. This study's data were taken from informants and the daily newspaper 'Bali Post'. The collected data were analyzed by applying deductive and inductive approaches. The result shows that Indonesian's predicate can be filled in by verb and non-verb categories: noun, adjective, preposition, and numeral. The predicate of the Indonesian sentences can be classified into the valency-one predicate, valency-two predicate, and valency-three predicate. Besides, there are several intransitive and transitive predicates in the Indonesian language, followed by a clause. Each of those finding is explained in detail in this article.

Code-Mixing often occurs in a place where there are various ethnicities, tribes, languages, and various cultures. One of them is at the State Polytechnic of Bali. This study aims to describe the form of code-mixing that appears in the interactions of Students Extracurricular Unit of Japan called UKM Jepang members of the State Polytechnic of Bali and explain the motives for using code-mixing in the interactions. The data used in this study is the result of the interaction of students who are members of the UKM Jepang, State Polytechnic of Bali, indicated to cause Code-Mixing both offline and online. Furthermore, the research approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with the type of research being descriptive research. The results showed that the form of Code-Mixing that occurred in students of Japanese UKM members of the State Polytechnic of Bali occurred in mixing nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The motives that cause the emergence of code-mixing include the consideration of the interlocutor, namely members of UKM Jepang who both understand Japanese vocabulary. Besides, some special terms in Japanese are considered more appropriate to be conveyed by students on certain topics related to Japan, and they deliberately mix the code to make the conversation more interesting. On the other hand, Some Japanese vocabulary has no meaning that can be spoken in conversation in Indonesian, which causes students to use the term and become a new 'vocabulary' in Indonesian. They accidentally did lexical borrowing to meet the language barrier and cause code-mixing.

Orthodox hymnography comprises a wide variety of musical-poetic structures. Among them, the akathist stands out both in terms of size and aesthetic features or in terms of frequency of use in the practice of prayer. From the point of view of linguistic interest, we notice the abundance of deverbal nouns in the structure of the akathists, present at all levels of text structure. The multifunctionality of the deverbal nouns within this type of text also includes the aesthetic dimension of the hymn. In the current article we will focus on the dominant metaphorical structures, formed on the basis of deverbal nouns, which highlight fundamental concepts of Christianity.

© 2021 The Authors. In this paper we propose a framework using multi-channel convolutional neural network (MC-CNN) for recognizing the grammatical class (verb or noun) of covertly-spoken words from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Our proposed network extracts features by taking into account spatial, temporal, and spectral properties of the EEG signal. Further, sets of signals acquired from different regions of the brain are processed separately within the proposed framework and are subsequently combined at the classification stage. This approach enables the network to effectively learn discriminative features from the locations of the brain where imagined speech is processed. Our network was tested using challenging experiments, including cases where the test subject did not take part in system training. In our main application scenario, where no instance of a specific noun or verb was used during training, our method achieved 85.7% recognition. Further, our proposed method was evaluated on a publicly available EEG dataset and achieved recognition rate of 93.8% in binary classification. These results demonstrate the potential of our method.

Scientific writing like abstract demands perfect grammar writing in academic language. A common error usually is the use of an automated translator such as Google Translate to translate abstracts from Indonesian to English. The translation produced needs to be polished again to avoid mistakes in the grammar itself. The objective of this research is to find the type of grammatical error in English abstracts published in Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam (JIEI) journal in 2020 both English and Indonesian. This research uses descriptive qualitative. The result of the study shows that three types of grammatical errors found in English abstracts in the JIEI journal are misinformation, omission, and addition. In misinformation error, there are 98 data or 44.5 %. In omission error, there are 69 data or 31.36 %. In addition to error, there are 53 data or 24.09 %. In misinformation, several errors were found in the use of part of speech such as article/determiner, the preposition, verb (subject-verb agreement), noun (singular-plural), and pronoun. In omission, several errors were found in the omission of part of speech such as article ‘a, an, the’, preposition ‘on’ and ‘to’. In addition, several errors were found in the addition part of speech such as article/determiner ‘a, an, the”, preposition “of, to, in, on, at”. Preposition sometimes is not used with certain verbs and expressions. The most dominant type of grammatical error is misinformation. There is the misuse of grammar forms into other grammatical forms in the use of part of speech such as in the determiner/article, preposition, verb, noun, and pronoun.

The formation of French agent nouns (ANs) involves a large variety of morphological constructions, and particularly of suffixes. In this study, we focus on the semantic counterpart of agentive suffix diversity and investigate whether the morphological variety of ANs correlates with different agentive subtypes. We adopt a distributional semantics approach and combine manual, computational and statistical analyses applied to French ANs ending in -aire, -ant, -eur, -ien, -ier and -iste. Our methodology allows for a large-scale study of ANs and involves both top-down and bottom-up procedures. We first characterize agentive suffixes with respect to their morphosemantic and distributional properties, outlining their specificities and similarities. Then we automatically cluster ANs into distributionally relevant subsets and examine their properties. Based on quantitative analysis, our study provides a new perspective on agentive suffix rivalry in French that both confirms existing claims and sheds light on previously unseen phenomena.

This study explored the cognitive changes to long-term memory as a result of academic learning in 43 Psychology undergraduate students (91% female and 9% male). The participants carried out a conceptual definition task based on the Natural Semantic Networks technique. They defined ten target concepts related to the diagnostic evaluation of learning disorders using verbs, nouns, or adjectives as definers. After, students weighed the quality of each definer through a ten-point scale. The higher the score, the greater the conceptual relationship between the definer and the target. The data of this study (the schema behavior) was subjected to a computational simulation. Finally, the participants carried out a lexical decision task based on the semantic priming paradigm, they read pairs of words that may or may not be related to the measured knowledge schema. The task was to judge whether the second word in each pair was spelled correctly or incorrectly. The results indicated an increase in the level of conceptual accessibility derived from learning. In addition, the participants accessed their knowledge schema, first through general nodes and then retrieved through the more specific nodes. The neurocomputational activation pattern suggested that learning experiences changed the meaning of concepts for each participant along the course. At the end of the course, the students seemed to reach a schematic consolidation. The diagnosis of these cognitive characteristics through the formation of academic schemas can provide learning opportunities closer to each student’s cognitive profile to increase the effectiveness of instruction. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.10.6

The articles reflects how reduplication matters in the process of transferring meaning from the source language into the closest equivalent meaning in the target language. Indonesian reduplications are varied in their types and meaning that cover reduplications of verbs, nouns and adjectives and each has its own function such to indicate plurality in reduplicated noun, to indicate repeated action, to convey intensity, to emphasise or to form other meaning from the root. This study aims at investigating the types of Indonesian reduplication and the types of translation procedures applied in retaining the meaning of Indonesian reduplication into English as the target language. Descriptive translation study is applied as it provides a method for the description of language use in translation in the form of parallel corpora. The results show that the types of Indonesian reduplication are: full reduplication, partial reduplication and reduplication (stem and affix), and the translation procedures found are couplet, equivalent, modulation, and synonymy. This study gives the implication that in translating Indonesian reduplication into English; the translator should fully comprehend the meaning of the reduplicated word in the source language before defining its equivalent in the target language in order not to distort the meaning being expressed in the source language when it is transferred into the target language

Lexemes may be split internally, by phenomena such as suppletion, periphrasis, heteroclisis and deponency. Generalizing over these phenomena, which split a lexeme’s paradigm, we can establish a typology of the possible internal splits. There are also lexemes whose external requirements are split: they induce different agreement, for instance. Again, a typology of these splits has been proposed. The next logical step is to attempt a typology of the possible relations between internal and external splits. This is not straightforward, since we need to avoid spurious linkages. Four lines of argument are offered: (i) general plausibility: the internal-external linkage is compelling, and so other accounts require a degree of coincidence which is unlikely; (ii) overabundance: alternative inflectional forms link to different external requirements; (iii) variation in time and space: splits in inflection and in external requirements vary, while maintaining their linkage; (iv) pluralia tantum nouns: the different types of these nouns provide intriguing confirming evidence. Case studies include Asia Minor Greek, Polish, Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Sɛlɛɛ, Serbo-Croat (BCMS), Slovenian, Latin and Old Frisian. The clear instances which emerge, where an external split is demonstrably linked to an internal one, prove both surprising and significant. We discover that in split paradigms, besides overt overabundance, there may also be covertly overabundant cells. Furthermore, when external splits involve individual cells, these will not induce simple (consistent) agreement. This makes good sense, demonstrating that featural information is associated with lexemes in a natural default manner: at the lexeme level by default, unless overridden at the sub-paradigm level, unless in turn overridden at the level of individual cells.

For junior high school pupils, research on the development of learning media is badly needed. Students' understanding and mastery of specific materials should improve as a result of the availability of learning media. The goals of this study are to (1) create a product in the form of a learning media called Noun Words Domino Card (NWDC) that is appropriate for seventh-graders at Satap Woja State Junior High School; and (2) develop a product in the form of a learning media called Noun Words Domino Card (NWDC) that is appropriate for eighth-graders at Satap Woja State Junior High School. (2) understand the use of NWDC learning media for students, and (3) understand the efficacy of NWDC learning media in improving student vocabulary knowledge. The ADDIE paradigm, which consists of five steps: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate, was used to conduct this research. The findings revealed: (1) The noun words domino card (NWDC) is a viable learning material for students to use and assess. The practicality is determined by material experts, who gave it a score of 3.7, and media experts, who gave it a score of 3.5. (2) The noun words domino card (NWDC) is a useful tool for pupils to improve their vocabulary mastery. (3) Learning media noun words domino card (NWDC) is helpful in developing student vocabulary knowledge, according to the student's reaction as a user of learning media with a total average score of 3.6. It was calculated using the average oral test score of students who met the English subject's minimal completion criteria.

Translation is important in understanding foreign cultures, including the ones exposed in novels. This study aims at investigating the grammatical equivalence of the translation of an Indonesian novel “ Laskar Pelangi ” by Andrea Hirata into English through Google Translate, from which the data collected. The method was qualitative with content analysis that covered five grammatical categories of number, gender, person, tense and aspect, and voice. The findings indicated the following points; Since Indonesian language has no category of number, most of nouns are translated as singular nouns in English. The third singular persons in Indonesian language, ‘ dia ’ and ‘-nya ” show no sex, the translation depends on the context, otherwise it is translated as a male person. Indonesian words “ kami ” and “ kita ” are translated with “ we / us ”, and the translation indicates no dimensions of familiarity and formality for the first and second singular persons “ saya, aku ” translated by the word “ I / me ”, and “ kau, kamu, anda ” by “ you .” Indonesian language has no tense and aspect, where the verbs do not conjugate to express temporal or aspectual distinctions. It has the equivalence when the text source is written with time. When the source text is passive, the English verbs are written in a passive voice. The translation distortion is related to semantics and grammar. As the conclusion, the grammatical equivalence of the translation of the novel is low.

The study examined menu descriptions of Thai restaurants on how appealing the menus communicated with customers. Data were taken from restaurant websites with ‘Thai SELECT Premium’ certifications in the UK. 673 menu items were obtained and analyzed in five categories (nationalism, characteristics, sensory cues, branding, organic and healthy concerns). Sensory cues category was mostly used (68.95%) followed by characteristics (41.9%) and nationalism 17.53%). Six Thai dishes on CNN Travel World’s 50 Best Foods list in 2011 were investigated on appealing perception of menu descriptions via online questionnaire. Of the six dishes, there were 51 menu descriptions, and 26 descriptions were rated as ‘much appealing’. Nationalism (20/26) was mostly found followed by sensory cues (16/26). Menu data were also analyzed by AntConc to extract the high frequency keywords and collocation patterns. Mostly found noun keywords were seven (sauce, chicken, curry, chilli, rice, prawns, and beef) and mostly found adjective keywords were four (sweet, green, red, and spicy). The most frequent collocation patterns were ‘noun + noun’ and ‘adjective + noun’. Respondents requested short and precise menu descriptions, information of food ingredients to help in decision making, and local Thai food names either in Thai words or English transliteration to create exotic experience and to imply the originality.

Esta investigación busca identificar las funciones sintácticas y textuales que desempeñan los gerundio-participios (-ing) e infinitivos en notas periodísticas en idioma inglés. La metodología adaptada consistió en analizar un corpus de veinticinco notas deportivas, para lo cual construimos un modelo de análisis mediante el que examinamos las funciones principales de ambas formas no finitas, tanto a nivel oracional como supraoracional. Con base en este modelo, clasificamos gerundio-participios e infinitivos del corpus con la finalidad de establecer un parangón respecto de su asiduidad y sus respectivas funciones en este género discursivo. Entre nuestros hallazgos, constatamos que ambas formas no finitas se hacen anteceder de verbos auxiliares para formar perífrasis verbales. En complemento preposicional, ambas formas se asocian a sintagmas nominales y adjetivales. A nivel supraoracional, el gerundio-participio juega un rol más textual en las notas periodísticas deportivas del corpus que el infinitivo. Con esta investigación, pretendemos contribuir a los estudios del discurso deportivo, en particular aquellos enfocados en las formas no finitas.