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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine intern physicians' attitudes and beliefs toward obesity and individuals with obesity and the frequency at which they encounter discriminatory language in their work environments. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed with intern physicians at the Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical Faculty in Samsun, Türkiye. A questionnaire was employed for data collection (Appendix). Two hundred eighteen (82.2%) interns took part in the study. The questionnaire consisted of 53 questions in five sections, and included the attitudes toward obese persons (ATOP) and beliefs about obese persons (BAOP) scales. Results: The interns most frequently cited genetic factors (98.1%) and endocrine disorder-metabolic disorders (98.1%) as non-behavioral causes of obesity, and overeating (96.2%) and physical immobility (96.2%) as behavioral causes. Lifestyle changes and exercise were most frequently recommended for treatment. The interns' attitudes toward individuals with obesity were very slightly negative, but close to neutral. Analysis showed that 46.8% of the interns reported hearing members of academic staff, intern physicians, or health workers make negative or derogatory comments or jokes about obese patients during their education, while 22.0% reported witnessing an obese patient being subjected to discriminatory treatment in the hospital environment. Conclusion: Medical faculties must develop curricula aimed at comprehensively addressing obesity-related bias. Such a curriculum should allow students to reflect on their biases, be aimed at reducing the effect of those biases on patient communication, and involve strategies directed toward eliminating those effects from physicians' treatment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the connection between FTO rs9939609 (A/T) polymorphism and food preference. The study included 77 participants, 36 of whom were obese and had a low-calorie intake, and 41 non-obese participants with a high-calorie intake. Using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the researchers calculated sweet and fatty food propensity scores. Genomic DNA was extracted from a peripheral blood sample from all participants, and FTO rs9939609 (A/T) polymorphism was assessed using standard methods. The study found no significant differences between the two groups in terms of sweet food preference (15.64 ± 10.53 in obese groups vs. 14.72 ± 7.95 in the non-obese group, p = 0.711) and fatty food preference (16.81 ± 8.84 vs. 17.27 ± 8.75; p = 0.833). Additionally, the study did not find any significant correlation between FTO rs9939609 (A/T) polymorphism and sweet and fatty food preferences in the fully adjusted models (p > 0.05). Therefore, the results of this study do not support the hypothesis of different food preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical effectiveness of bariatric surgery has encouraged the use of bariatric procedures for the treatment of morbid obesity and its comorbidities, with sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass being the most common procedures. Notwithstanding its success, bariatric procedures are recognised to predispose the development of nutritional deficiencies. A framework is proposed that provides clarity regarding the immediate role of diet, the gastrointestinal tract and the medical state of the patient in the development of nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery, while highlighting different enabling resources that may contribute. Untreated, these nutritional deficiencies can progress in the short term into haematological, muscular and neurological complications and in the long term into skeletal complications. In this review, we explore the development of nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery through a newly developed conceptual framework. An in-depth understanding will enable the optimisation of the post-operative follow-up, including detecting clinical signs of complications, screening for laboratory abnormalities and treating nutritional deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Psychological health is as important as physical health. Obesity is a multifactorial disease that affects both these aspects of health. Despite serious effects of psychological factors on obesity, relationship between obesity and psychological aspects is less obvious. The current study aimed to investigate association of overweight and obesity with metaphors, quality of life, and hedonic hunger as some psychosocial factors related to body weight. Subjects and method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 overweight and obese staff of Shahid Beheshti university of Medical Sciences (SBMU) aged 35-60 years. Data on anthropometric measurements, self/life metaphors, impact of weight on quality of life, hedonic hunger score, dietary intake and physical activity were collected. Results and conclusion: In the current research, 55% of participants were women. Self-metaphor and physical part of Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL) questionnaire in obese participants were significantly higher than those with overweight (P<0.05). There is no difference between hedonic score of obese and overweight persons. The mean ±SD of total score of IWQOL and its subscales including physical, self-esteem, sexual and social, in the fourth quartile of hedonic score was higher than the first one, significantly (p<0.05). There are important insights on the specific psychological aspects of obesity. It seems necessary to reinforce attention to phenotype of obesity, beyond energy intake and consumption to meet psychological and physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obesity is one of the most frequent concerns among teenagers, and it may lead to a variety of chronic disorders including heart disease and cancer. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on body shay and self-criticism of obese adolescents referred to nutrition clinics in Tehran in 2019. Materials and Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental method and a pre-test-post-test with a control group. Twenty-four obese volunteer adolescents were selected and assigned to an experimental group (n=12) and a control group (n=12). The experimental group received 90-minute weekly sessions for 2.5 months (10 sessions), while the control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the training phase, all the participants completed the body image shame scale (BISS) and the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS). Data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance (ANCOVA) by using SPSS 22 software. Results: The CBT group decreased significantly more in body shaming and self-criticism of obese adolescents compared with the control group (P< 0.001). Conclusion: In general, the findings revealed a substantial difference in body shaming and self-criticism among obese teenagers between the experimental groups. In obese teens, CBT reduced body shaming and selfcriticism. Furthermore, this research showed that CBT could help obese teenagers with body shaming and selfcriticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We assessed the impact of tirzepatide on 10‐year predicted risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) among participants in the SURMOUNT‐1 trial. Materials and Methods: In this post hoc analysis of SURMOUNT‐1, the Cardiometabolic Disease Staging risk engine was used to calculate the 10‐year predicted risk of T2D at baseline, week 24 and week 72 among participants randomized to receive 5, 10, or 15 mg tirzepatide or placebo. Mean changes in risk scores from baseline to weeks 24 and 72 were compared between tirzepatide and placebo groups. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on participants' glycaemic status and body mass index at baseline. Results: Mean baseline T2D predicted risk scores did not differ between tirzepatide and placebo groups (range: 22.9%‐24.3%). At week 72, mean absolute T2D predicted risk score reductions were significantly greater in tirzepatide groups (5 mg, 12.4%; 10 mg, 14.4%; 15 mg, 14.7%) versus placebo (0.7%). At week 72, median relative predicted risk reductions following tirzepatide treatment ranged from 60.3% to 69.0%. For participants with and without prediabetes, risk reductions were significantly greater in tirzepatide groups versus placebo. At week 72, participants with prediabetes (range: 16.0%‐20.3%) had greater mean risk score reductions from baseline versus those without prediabetes (range: 10.1%‐11.3%). Across body mass index subgroups, mean reductions from baseline were significantly greater in tirzepatide groups versus placebo. Conclusion: Tirzepatide treatment significantly reduced the 10‐year predicted risk of developing T2D compared with placebo in participants with obesity or overweight, regardless of baseline glycaemic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The searching of alternative products that help reduce sugar consumption is a recurring objective due to the high number of overweight people in the world. The spray drying process of natural strawberry juice (SWJ) was evaluated using Agave angustifolia fructans as an encapsulating agent. Five fructan concentrations and three drying conditions were evaluated. The microcapsules obtained were characterised by anthocyanins content (UVvis), moisture percentage, hygroscopicity, colour, Tg, morphology (light scattering and SEM) and FTIR. Considering a recovery yield above 50%, the inlet/outlet temperatures of 180/90–95 °C and 15% of fructans were the conditions to obtain the powders with a hygroscopicity of 31%, anthocyanin retention of 84% and the highest Tg (54 °C). FTIR spectra and SEM evidenced that fructans can act as a homogeneous encapsulating matrix of SWJ. Therefore A. angustifolia fructans can be an alternative of low‐caloric power for the encapsulation of SWJ through spray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Living While Fat" examines the challenges faced by individuals with fat bodies in a society that prioritizes smaller bodies. It discusses how physical structures and societal expectations are not designed for fat bodies and how the medical-industrial complex and weight loss industry perpetuate the idea that fat bodies need to be "fixed." The article draws on the perspectives of fat academics and disability theorists to explore the intersections between fatness and disability, as well as the impact of activism. It also addresses issues of clothing accessibility and the stigma surrounding fatness. The article advocates for body acceptance and inclusivity, challenging the notion that weight loss is the solution for fat bodies. [Extracted from the article]

This paper defines functional cold exposure zones that illustrate whether a person is at risk of developing physical performance loss or cold weather injuries. Individual variation in body characteristics, activity level, clothing and protective equipment all contribute to variation in the effective exposure. Nevertheless, with the right education, training, and cold-adapted behaviours the exposure differences might not necessarily lead to increased risk for cold injury. To support the preparation process for cold weather operations, this paper presents a biophysical analysis explaining how much cold exposure risk can vary between individuals in the same environment. The results suggest that smaller persons are prone to be underdressed for moderate activity levels and larger persons are prone to be overdressed. The consequences of these discrepancies place people at different risks for performance loss or cold weather injuries. Nonetheless, even if all are well-dressed at the whole-body level, variation in hand morphology is also expected to influence hand skin temperatures that can be maintained; with smaller hands being more prone to reach skin temperatures associated with dexterity loss or cold weather injuries. In conclusion, this work focusses on bringing cold science to the Arctic warrior, establishing that combating cold stress is not a one size fits all approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overweight status or obesity can be confirmed through classical methods such as the body mass index (BMI) and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Apart from metabolic issues such as atherosclerosis, liver steatosis, or diabetes mellitus, long-term obesity or overweight status can pose a risk for cardiovascular and neurovascular complications. While some acute adverse events like coronary syndromes of strokes are well-documented to be linked to an increased body mass, there are also chronic processes that, due to their silent onset and evolution, are underdiagnosed and not as thoroughly studied. Through this review, we aimed to collect all relevant data with regard to the long-term impact of obesity on cognitive function in all ages and its correlation with an earlier onset of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The exact mechanisms through which a decline in cognitive functions occurs in overweight or obese persons are still being discussed. A combination of factors has been acknowledged as potential triggers, such as a sedentary lifestyle and stress, as well as a genetic predisposition, for example, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) alleles in AD. Most research highlights the impact of vascular dysfunction and systemic inflammation on the nervous system in patients with obesity and the subsequent neurological changes. Obesity during the early to mid-ages leads to an earlier onset of cognitive dysfunction in various forms. Also, lifestyle intervention can reverse cognitive dysfunction, especially dieting, to encourage weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the target groups at risk of becoming overweight and obese is teenagers. East Kalimantan is one of the largest provinces in Indonesia with a prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 13-15 years with a body massa indeks for age (BMI/A) indicator of 19.1% in 2018, where overweight was 12.0% and obesity was 7.1%. Objectives: To analyze the factors that influence nutritional status in overweight and obese adolescents aged 11-15 years. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional survey conducted at State Junior High Schools in Samarinda City from January to March 2021. The sample size was 290 students, determined using the Lemeshow and David formula, and selected through simple random sampling. Data collection includes the characteristics of the subject and their parents, measurement of body weight and height, food consumption, nutritional behavior, physical activity, and exercise habits using interviews using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Logistic Regression test. Results: There are differences in the nutritional status of boys and girls (p=0.006), mother's education and occupation (p=0.007; p=0.007), father's and mother's nutritional status (p=0.001; p=0.014), exercise habits (p=0.009), protein adequacy level (p=0.000), and fat adequacy level (p=0.016). Conclusions: Gender, occupation, education, nutritional status, eating habits, exercise habits, level of protein adequacy, and level of fat adequacy influence the occurrence of overweight and obesity in adolescents. It is necessary to increase sports activities which must be done at least 3-5 times a week for 30 minutes intensively and get used to consuming 3-4 portions of vegetables and fruit daily, as well as paying attention to appropriate meal portions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overweight prevalence in Indonesia is 16.5% in late teens. Lifestyle is a risk factor for overweight teenagers, especially those who live in urban areas. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between lifestyle and eating patterns on the incidence of overweight in teenagers living in urban areas. Methods: This research was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The population of teenagers in Jakarta aged 15 - 18 was 996, based on Ministry of Health Basic Health Research 2018 data. The sample number were 372 using the research criteria of simple random sampling. Research instruments include questionnaires, digital weight scales, and stadiometers. The statistical test used Chi Square to determine the risk factors for overweight. Results: The number of overweight teenagers was 0.12%; the majority were in their late teens (55.6%), female (52.7%), rarely consumed sweet foods (62.9%), often consumed sweet drinks (58.9%), rarely consume fatty/fried foods (61.0%), often consume vegetables and fruit (65.1%), do not drink alcohol (98.4%), moderate sport activity (41.9%), and not smoking (77.7%). Overweight risk factors are consuming sweet drinks (p=0.044; OR=1.582; CI=1.010-2.477) and education (p=0.040; OR=1.847; CI=1.059 - 3.220). Adolescents with frequent sweet drinks consumption have a 1.58 risk of being overweight compared to those who do not consume sweet drinks. Adolescents with higher education are at risk of being overweight by 1.84 compared to those with lower education. Conclusions: Risk factors for overweight Jakarta teenagers are frequent consumption of sweet drinks and advanced education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial "Making an Impact" from the Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) emphasizes the importance of living a life that has significance in the lives of others. It discusses how making an impact starts with small actions locally, such as improving patient-centered care in the workplace. The editorial also highlights the role of mentorship, community outreach, and active participation in professional organizations in making a broader positive impact. Ultimately, the editorial encourages hand surgeons to lead impactful lives by inspiring others and setting high standards in their work. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the surge of norovirus outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the United States, due to a new variant of the virus and the resumption of gatherings interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Norovirus causes explosive diarrhea and vomiting, is highly infectious, and can survive on surfaces for long periods. Despite efforts to develop a vaccine, challenges remain in combating the virus, which is a leading cause of hospitalization for diarrheal disease and causes significant economic losses globally. The article highlights the need for continued research and development to address the impact of norovirus outbreaks. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The present study examined, among weight-stable overweight or obese adults, the effect of increasing doses of exercise energy expenditure (EEex) on changes in total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), total body energy stores, and body composition. Methods: Healthy, sedentary overweight/obese young adults were randomized to one of 3 groups for a period of 26 weeks: moderate-exercise (EEex goal of 17.5 kcal/kg/wk), high-exercise (EEex goal of 35 kcal/kg/wk), or observation group. Individuals maintained body weight within 3% of baseline. Pre/postphysical activity between-group measurements included body composition, calculated energy intake, TDEE, energy stores, and resting metabolic rate. Results: Sixty weight-stable individuals completed the protocols. Exercise groups increased EEex in a stepwise manner compared with the observation group (P <.001). There was no group effect on changes in TDEE, energy intake, fat-free mass, or resting metabolic rate. Fat mass and energy stores decreased among the females in the high-exercise group (P =.007). Conclusions: The increase in EEex did not result in an equivalent increase in TDEE. There was a sex difference in the relationship among energy balance components. These results suggest a weight-independent compensatory response to exercise training with potentially a sex-specific adjustment in body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of specific dietary patterns to alleviate depressive symptoms has gained increasing recognition. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) is a crucial criterion for assessing antioxidant diets. We examined the relationship between CDAI and depression among overweight and obese adults through a cross-sectional study conducted in the United States. We used weighted multivariate logistic regression models with subgroup analysis to study the relationship between CDAI and depression. Generalized additive models were used to determine whether there was a nonlinear association between them. We developed a two-piece linear regression model to calculate the inflection point utilizing a recursive strategy. After adjusting for confounding variables, the odds ratios (ORs; 95 % CI) for the correlation between CDAI and depression were 0.75 (0.67, 0.84). A saturation effect emerged for the overweight group, following which we calculated the inflection point for the overweight population, which displayed ORs (95 % CI) of 0.62 (0.47, 0.80) before the inflection point of 0.83 and the ORs (95 % CI) of 1.01 (0.77, 1.31) after 0.83. The interaction was statistically significant in the sex stratification of the obese population. Our study highlighted a negative association between CDAI and depression among overweight and obese adults. Saturation effects and sex differences were observed in the overweight population. • Our study highlighted a negative association between CDAI and depression among overweight and obese adults. • The relationship was statistically significant only when the CDAI was less than 0.83 in the overweight population. • This study may better guide obese and overweight people to alleviate depression through proper intake of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of a few biochemical variables on obese Iraqi males and females with a 30.5 body mass index (BMI) when they were fed a ketogenic diet. The present study demonstrates how an individual who follows a ketogenic diet has an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol). This research's objective was to assess the levels of some biochemical variables in obese people who were eating a ketogenic diet. Following 35 days on a ketogenic diet, the results show a significantly higher P ≤ 0.05 level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC). Additionally, insulin, fasting blood sugar (FBS), cortisol, HOMA-IR, urea, BMI, and creatinine all show a considerable reduction, P ≤ 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has reached an epidemic proportion in the last thirty years, and it is recognized as a major health issue in modern society now with the possibility of serious social and economic consequences. By the year 2030, nearly 60% of the global population may be obese or overweight, which emphasizes a need for novel obesity treatments. Various traditional approaches, such as pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery, have been utilized in clinical settings to treat obesity. However, these methods frequently show the possibility of side effects while remaining ineffective. There is, therefore, an urgent need for alternative obesity treatments with improved efficacy and specificity. Polymeric materials and chemical strategies are employed in emerging drug delivery systems (DDSs) to enhance therapy effectiveness and specificity by stabilizing and controlling the release of active molecules such as natural ingredients. Designing DDSs is currently a top priority research objective with an eye towards creating obesity treatment approaches. In reality, the most recent trends in the literature demonstrate that there are not enough in-depth reviews that emphasize the current knowledge based on the creation and design of DDSs for obesity treatment. It is also observed in the existing literature that a complex interplay of different physical and chemical parameters must be considered carefully to determine the effectiveness of the DDSs, including microneedles, for obesity treatment. Additionally, it is observed that these properties depend on how the DDS is synthesized. Although many studies are at the animal-study stage, the use of more advanced DDS techniques would significantly enhance the development of safe and efficient treatment approaches for obese people in the future. Considering these, this review provides an overview of the current anti-obesity treatment approaches as well as the conventional anti-obesity therapeutics. The article aims to conduct an in-depth discussion on the current trends in obesity treatment approaches. Filling in this knowledge gap will lead to a greater understanding of the safest ways to manage obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim was to gather available data published after the 2000s, on cardiovascular fitness in normal weight and obese children and adolescents. Based on the data, the secondary aims were to identify the most used outcomes and to determine the differences in cardiovascular fitness in the mentioned populations. Following PRISMA recommendations, multiple databases were searched: Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Research Gate, with additional inclusion criteria: original study published in English, normal weight and obese children and adolescents as participant sample, studies that have assessed cardiovascular fitness parameters, and studies with participant's nutrition state. A total of 19 studies, with a total of 4,988 included participants (both obese and normal weight) were identified, with the most common participants have presented better results in terms of BMI, BF%, VO2max, VO2peak and METs, while the HR values are inconsistently presented. Despite deficiencies the study deficiency in the last two decades, there are differences in the mentioned populations. Further studies should focus on including the technology that reaches teens and families for overweight and obesity prevention and advancements in standard measurements for juvenile overweight and obesity, as well as for the creation, adaption, and validation of measuring instruments. As good framework for future directions, there is a need for more concise and unified measurements of cardiovascular fitness parameters in normally weight and obese children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine the relationship between exposure and weight‐loss trajectories for the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogue semaglutide for weight management. Materials and Methods: Data from one 52‐week, phase 2, dose‐ranging trial (once‐daily subcutaneous semaglutide 0.05–0.4 mg) and two 68‐week phase 3 trials (once‐weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg) for weight management in people with overweight or obesity with or without type 2 diabetes were used to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model describing semaglutide exposure. An exposure‐response model describing weight change was then developed using baseline demographics, glycated haemoglobin and PK data during treatment. The ability of the exposure‐response model to predict 1‐year weight loss based on weight data collected at baseline and after up to 28 weeks of treatment, was assessed using three independent phase 3 trials. Results: Based on population PK, exposure levels over time consistently explained the weight‐loss trajectories across trials and dosing regimens. The exposure‐response model had high precision and limited bias for predicting body weight loss at 1 year in independent datasets, with increased precision when data from later time points were included in the prediction. Conclusion: An exposure‐response model has been established that quantitatively describes the relationship between systemic semaglutide exposure and weight loss and predicts weight‐loss trajectories for people with overweight or obesity who are receiving semaglutide doses up to 2.4 mg once weekly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overweight and obesity are common challenges among childhood cancer survivors. Overweight may be disguised, as survivors can have normal weight but high fat percentage (fat%) on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We aimed to assess prevalence, identify determinants and biomarkers, and assess which method captures overweight best, in a nationwide cohort. Methods: The prevalence of overweight and obesity, primarily defined by body mass index (BMI), was assessed in the DCCSS-LATER cohort of adult survivors treated from 1963-2002, with the LifeLines cohort as reference. The associations between risk factors and overweight metrics were investigated using logistic regression. Additional overweight metrics included DXA fat%, waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR), waist/height ratio (WHtR), and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin. Results: A total of 2338 (mean age 35.5 years, follow-up 28.3 years) survivors participated. The overweight prevalence was 46.3% in men and 44.3% in women (obesity 11.2% and 15.9%, morbid obesity 2.4% and 5.4%), with highest rates among brain tumor survivors. Compared to controls, there was no overall increased overweight rate, but this was higher in women > 50 years, morbid obesity in men > 50 years. Overweight at cancer diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.83, 95% CI 2.19-6.69), cranial radiotherapy (aOR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.99-5.18), and growth hormone deficiency (separate model, aOR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.00-2.59) were associated with overweight. Using BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR, overweight prevalence was similar. Low HMW adiponectin, present in only 4.5% of survivors, was an insensitive overweight marker. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry–based classification identified overweight in an additional 30%, particularly after abdominal radiotherapy, total body irradiation, anthracyclines, and platinum. Conclusions: Overweight occurs in almost half of long-term survivors. There was no overall increased incidence of overweight compared to controls. We identified factors associated with overweight, as well as subgroups of survivors in whom DXA can more reliably assess overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Since bariatric surgery results in massive weight loss, it may be associated with a disproportionate decrease in lean body mass. Objective: To evaluate body composition in post-bariatric surgery patients who had a successful weight loss at 12 months (>50% excess weight loss) with comparisons to healthy controls who were matched for age, sex and BMI. Methods: This is an observational analytic study using data from post-bariatric surgery patients who had laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Patients who had percentage excessive weight loss (%EWL) >50% and achieved a BMI of <30 kg/m2 within 12 months after the surgery were included. Non-operative healthy controls matched for sex, age, and BMI (1:1) were recruited. The 12-month post-bariatric surgery BMI was used to match the BMI of the control subjects. A single bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Inbody 770) machine was used for the entire study. Results: Sixty participants were included in this study. There are 30 post-bariatric surgery patients (female n = 19, male n = 11) and 30 non-operative controls (female n = 19, male n = 11). The 12-month post-bariatric surgery patients had lower percentage of body fat (PBF) (30.6% vs 35.9%, P -value.001) and trunk fat mass (10.3 vs 12.4 kg, P -value.04) than non-operative controls. The 12-month post-bariatric surgery patients also were found to have more soft lean mass (SLM) (47.7 vs 39.9 kg, P -value.001), fat free mass (FFM) (51.1 vs 42.3 kg, P -value.001), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (27.5 vs 23 kg, P -value.003), and trunk lean mass (21.2 vs 19 kg, P -value.02). Conclusion: Despite the significant reductions in all body composition variables in post-bariatric surgery patients at 12-month follow-up, both fat free mass and skeletal muscle mass were found to be higher in the surgical patients compared to the control group. Clinical trials: Thai Clinical Trials Registry, https://thaiclinicaltrials.org/ ID:TCTR20200223003 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "30th ANNIVERSARY OF COMIE: Voices, Traces, and Perspectives" from the Mexican Journal of Educational Research, written by Felipe Martínez Rizo, talks about the origin and development of the National Council for Educational Research (COMIE) in Mexico. It highlights the importance of Don Pablo Latapí Sarre in the creation of the National Indicative Program for Educational Research (PNIIE) in 1977 and his role in organizing the First National Congress of Educational Research (CNIE) in 1981. It mentions the realization of the Second CNIE in 1993, where educational knowledge from the previous decade was systematized. COMIE has established itself as an institution that promotes educational research in the country. Despite financial difficulties and the need to improve the quality of research, COMIE seeks to increase its membership and raise funds by opening up to a larger number of people, including teachers and students. [Extracted from the article]

Obesity has recently emerged as a major public health concern around the world. Obesity's psychological causes and implications must be well studied before an effective treatment strategy can be developed. The purpose of this study was to look at self-esteem in obese people. The study comprised 71 morbidly obese adults who applied to the general surgery clinic for bariatric surgery between August 2021 and July 2022. The subjects were given the Rosenberg Self -Esteem Scale. Morbidly obese respondents' self-esteem and other subscale ratings were compared to those of a healthy, normal -weight control group. Compared to the healthy controls, the morbidly obese group had poorer self -esteem (z = -3.585; p = 0.001). The obese group had higher levels of daydreaming (z = -2.010; p = 0.044), sad affect (z = -2.237; p = 0.025), and psychosomatic symptoms (z = -2.497; p = 0.013). Depressive affect (r = 0.435 p = 0.001) and psychosomatic symptoms (r = 0.322 p = 0.006) decreased in obese patients as self-esteem increased. In our study, self-esteem was found to be low in obese patients. Low self-esteem was associated with other psychiatric problems. Our results indicate that while establishing an obesity treatment approach, interventions for psychological issues including low self-esteem and depression should be taken into account in addition to physical issues. Therefore, morbidly obese patients who are referred to the psychiatry clinic for bariatric surgery should undergo a thorough psychological examination in addition to being assessed for their appropriateness for surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates wireless power transfer for deep in-body receivers, determining the optimal frequency, power budget, and design for the transmitter and receiver. In particular, the focus is on small, in-body receivers at large depths up to 20 cm for obese patients. This enables long-term monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract for all body types. Numerical simulations are used to investigate power transfer and losses as a function of frequency and to find the optimal design at the selected frequency for an obese body model. From all ISM-frequencies in the investigated range (1 kHz–10 GHz), the value of 13.56 MHz yields the best performance. This optimum corresponds to the transition from dominant copper losses in conductors to dominant losses in conductive tissue. At this frequency, a transmitting and receiving coil are designed consisting of 12 and 23 windings, respectively. With a power transfer efficiency of 2.70 × 10 − 5 , 18 µW can be received for an input power of 0.68 W while still satisfying exposure guidelines. The power transfer is validated by measurements. For the first time, efficiency values and the power budget are reported for WPT through 20 cm of tissue to mm sized receivers. Compared to WPT at higher frequencies, as commonly used for small receivers, the proposed system is more suitable for WPT to large depths in-body and comes with the advantage that no focusing is required, which can accommodate multiple receivers and uncertainty about receiver location more easily. The received power allows long-term sensing in the gastrointestinal tract by, e.g., temperature, pressure, and pH sensors, motility sensing, or even gastric stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicalized model of weight and weight loss upholds a Weight Normative Approach which assumes that: (a) weight and disease are positively and causally related, (b) weight loss correlates to better health, (c) bodyweight is controllable, and (d) significant weight loss is possible and sustainable. This approach contributes to harmful societal standards that increase prejudice against fat people. This study examined counselor educators' (n=88) training, values, and implementation of size and fat phobia-related content in their CACREP-accredited counseling courses. Results indicated that many participants include size and sizeism in their courses; however, participants also reported agreement with tenants of Weight Normative Models. This research is a call to action for educators to adopt and advocate for a Weight Inclusive Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution and obesity are two of the main challenges that need to be addressed in developed countries. This paper analyses the relationship between obesity/overweight rates and outdoor (ambient) air quality in Spain. The results confirm, through logistic regressions, that the typical profile of an obese/overweight person is that of an older man. Air pollution does not have a clear negative effect on obesity/overweight for our sample selection (OR: 0.99; N = 23,089, men and women aged 15 and over). Similarly, there does not appear to be an urban pollution/obesity pattern. However, we find a detrimental effect for the group of elderly people, perhaps linked to a negative exposure duration effect (OR: 1.11; for those aged ≥55 years, N = 10,932). In our study we argue that public policies should address lifestyles and at the same time reduce specific air pollutants to enhance population health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Plasma levels of themetabolite alpha-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the relationship of 2-AAA to other cardiometabolic risk markers in pre-disease states, or in the setting of comorbid disease. Methods: We measured circulating 2-AAA using two methods in 1) a sample of 261 healthy individuals (2-AAA Study), and 2) in a sample of 134 persons comprising 110 individualswith treatedHIV, with orwithout T2D, a population at high risk of metabolic disease and cardiovascular events despite suppression of circulating virus, and 24 individuals with T2D without HIV (HATIM Study). We examined associations between plasma 2-AAA and markers of cardiometabolic health within each cohort. Results and discussion: We observed differences in 2-AAA by sex and race in both cohorts, with higher levels observed in men compared with women, and in Asian compared with Black or white individuals (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in 2-AAA by HIV status within individuals with T2D in the HATIM Study. We confirmed associations between 2-AAA and dyslipidemia in both cohorts, where high 2-AAA associated with low HDL cholesterol (P<0.001) and high triglycerides (P<0.05). As expected, within the cohort of people with HIV, 2-AAA was higher in the setting of T2D compared to pre-diabetes or normoglycemia (P<0.001). 2-AAA was positively associated with bodymass index (BMI) in the 2-AAA Study, and with waist circumference and measures of visceral fat volume in HATIM (all P<0.05). Further, 2-AAA associated with increased liver fat in persons with HIV (P<0.001). Our study confirms 2-AAA as a marker of cardiometabolic risk in both healthy individuals and those at high cardiometabolic risk, reveals relationships with adiposity and hepatic steatosis, and highlights important differences by sex and race. Further studies are warranted to establish molecular mechanisms linking 2-AAA to disease in other high-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Microvascular dysfunction is a key factor in the occurrence and development of obesity. Aerobic exercise is not only an effective way to reduce fat and body mass, but also can improve microvascular function in obese people. However, some studies have pointed out that resistance exercise, aerobic combined resistance exercise and high-intensity intermittent exercise can also improve microvascular reactivity in obese people. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the characteristics of microvascular reactivity in obese people and the intervention effects and main mechanisms of different exercise modes on microvascular reactivity in obese people, thereby providing a theoretical basis for improving microcirculation function in obese people. METHODS: CNKI and PubMed were searched for relevant literature published from January 2000 to August 2022 using “obesity, microcirculation, microvessels, capillary, microvascular reactivity, microvascular vasodilatation, microvascular blood flow, exercise, training” as Chinese and English search terms. Finally, 61 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the resting state, the function of microvascular endothelial cells is impaired in obese people, which leads to the decrease of microvascular reactivity. However, when oxidative stress and inflammation are not obvious in vivo, microvascular reactivity may not change significantly. During exercise, especially in the process of high-intensity exercise, the microvascular reactivity of obese people is significantly decreased, resulting in blood perfusion insufficiency. Aerobic exercise lasting 6-12 weeks, 3-5 times per week, with the exercise intensity of 65%-80% maximal heart rate can effectively improve microvascular reactivity in obese people, but the “dose-response” relationship of aerobic exercise in improving microvascular reactivity in obese people still needs to be further studied. Aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise lasting 6-12 weeks, 3 times a week, with the exercise intensity of 65%- 80% 1 repetition maximum can effectively improve microvascular reactivity in obese people, but resistance exercise alone requires longer intervention time. High-intensity intermittent exercise lasting 4-12 weeks, 2-3 times per week, with the exercise intensity of maximum aerobic intensity or above can improve microvascular reactivity in obese people. However, due to the lack of relevant studies, further studies are needed to clarify the intervention effect of highintensity intermittent exercise on microvascular reactivity in obese people. Regulating the level of nitric oxide/endothelin-1 and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in different tissues may be the main mechanism by which exercise improves microvascular reactivity in obese people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lumbar disc herniation in obese individuals poses unique surgical challenges which can influence outcomes in such patients. Limited studies are available evaluating the results of discectomy in obese persons. The aim of this review was to compare outcomes in obese and non-obese individuals; and to analyse whether approach to surgery had a bearing on these outcomes. Methods: The literature search was conducted on four databases (PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL) and PRISMA guidelines were followed. After screening by the authors, eight studies were shortlisted from which data were extracted and analysed. Comparative analysis was done for lumbar discectomy (microdiscectomy or minimally invasive vs. endoscopic technique) between obese and non-obese groups from the six comparative studies in our review. Pooled estimates and subgroup analysis was done to ascertain the effect of surgical approach on outcomes. Results: Eight studies published between 2007 and 2021 were included. Mean age of study cohort was 39.05 years. Mean operative time was significantly shorter in the non-obese group mean difference of 15.1 min (95% CI − 0.24 to 30.5). On subgroup analysis, obese individuals operated via endoscopic approach had significantly decreased operative time as compared to open approach. Blood loss and complication rates were also lower in the non-obese groups, but not statistically significant. Conclusion: Significantly less mean operative time was seen in non-obese individuals and when obese patients were operated via endoscopic approach. This difference between obese and non-obese groups was significantly more in the open subgroup as compared to the endoscopic subgroup. No significant differences in blood loss, mean improvement in VAS score, recurrence rate, complication rate and length of hospital stay was found between obese and non-obese patients as well as between endoscopic versus open lumbar discectomy within the obese subgroup. The learning curve associated with endoscopy makes it a challenging procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Appendectomy stands as the primary curative intervention for acute appendicitis, and the emergence of minimally invasive techniques has propelled interest in laparoscopic procedures. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of open appendectomy (OA) and laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) in overweight and obese patients, shedding light on optimal surgical strategies for this specific patient group. Materials and Methods: This study scrutinized and compared the outcomes of acute appendicitis treatment using LA and OA methods in overweight and obese patients. Carried out at Bursa Cekirge State Hospital, the study spanned from January 2015 to June 2020. Patient evaluation encompassed demographic characteristics such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, along with comorbidities, leukocyte count, hemoglobin levels, appendicitis severity, time from symptom onset to surgical intervention, and surgical duration. Surgical outcomes included complications within 30 days, length of hospital stay, pain scores, time to resume work, and complications beyond the initial 30-day post-surgery. Results: The two groups showed no significant differences in age, gender, BMI, ASA scores, medical history (hypertension, diabetes), leukocyte count, hemoglobin levels, or time to surgery. However, operative time (p<0.001), incision length (p<0.001), and post-operative pain scores (p<0.001) differed significantly. Laparoscopic group had fewer 30-day complications, shorter return to work, and slightly higher satisfaction. Significant differences emerged on the 15th day after surgery. Laparoscopic group had notably better scores in physical function, role, pain, general health (p=0.005, p<0.001, p=0.038, p=0.002). At 1-year milestone, laparoscopic group showed advantages in role and pain (p=0.039, p=0.005). Conclusion: The benefits of LA for obese and overweight patients include shorter surgery durations, reduced infection rates, and faster recovery. These advantages underscore its preference, enhancing patients' quality of life, and lowering complication risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppose you can save one group of people or a larger group of different people, but you cannot save both groups. Are you morally required, ceteris paribus, to save the larger group? Some say, "No." Far more say, without qualification, "Yes." But some say, "It depends on the sizes of the groups." In this paper, I argue that an attractive moral principle that seems on its face to support the second answer in fact supports a version of the third. In the process, I defend some revisionary claims about how the lives and deaths of different people compare evaluatively to one another. The most important of these for my purposes is the claim that the deaths of different people are on a par, other things being equal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the compliance and influencing factors of colonoscopy in high-risk population of colorectal cancer among community residents in Shenzhen, to provide reference for formulating policies and measures to improve colonoscopy compliance. Methods The high -risk residents who participated in the colorectal cancer screening program of community residents in Shenzhen from 2020 to 2021 were selected, and information of their further enteroscopy in medical institutions were obtained. The compliance and influencing factors of colonoscopy were analyzed by 於 test and multivariate logistic regression. Results Of the 18 342 subjects, 28.96% (5 312/18 342) underwent enterostomy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the age group of 45 to 49 (OR =0.82, 95%CI: 0.71-0.94), men compared to women (OR =0.73, 95%CIi 0.67 -0.80), thin and overweight people compared to normal weight people (OR =0.87, 95%CI: 0.77-0.99; OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.85-0.98), smokers compared with non-smokers (0R =0.74, 95%CI: 0.68-0.81) and first-degree relatives who had detected polyps or adenomas (OR =0.75, 95%CI: 0,67-0.84) had lower colonoscopy compliance. The higher the level of education, the higher the compliance of enterostomy. Patients with abdominal discomfort (OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.47-1.70), cholecystectomy (OR=1.35; 95%CI: 1.15-1.59) and blood relatives who had diagnosed cancer (OR=1.31, 95%CI: 1.21-1.42) had higher compliance of enterostomy. Conclusion The compliance of colonoscopy in the high-risk population of colorectal cancer screening in community residents in Shenzhen is low, especially in older people, men, abnormal BMI, low education level, smokers, and relatives who have detected polyps or adenomas. Targeted lntervention should be carried out to improve the compliance of colonoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]