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Predicting human intent is challenging yet essential to achieving seamless Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC). Many existing approaches fail to fully exploit the inherent relationships between objects, tasks, and the human model. Current methods for predicting human intent, such as Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) and Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), often lack interpretability due to their failure to account for causal relationships between variables. To address these challenges, in this paper, we developed a novel Bayesian Intention (BI) framework to predict human intent within a multi-modality information framework in HRC scenarios. This framework captures the complexity of intent prediction by modeling the correlations between human behavior conventions and scene data. Our framework leverages these inferred intent predictions to optimize the robot's response in real-time, enabling smoother and more intuitive collaboration. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through a HRC task involving a UR5 robot, highlighting BI's capability for real-time human intent prediction and collision avoidance using a unique dataset we created. Our evaluations show that the multi-modality BI model predicts human intent within 2.69ms, with a 36% increase in precision, a 60% increase in F1 Score, and an 85% increase in accuracy compared to its best baseline method. The results underscore BI's potential to advance real-time human intent prediction and collision avoidance, making a significant contribution to the field of HRC.

Fabrication of semiconductor heterostructures is now so precise that metrology has become a key challenge for progress in science and applications. It is now relatively straightforward to characterize classic III-V and group IV heterostructures consisting of slabs of different semiconductor alloys with thicknesses of $\sim$5 nm and greater using sophisticated tools such as X-ray diffraction, high energy X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, profiling thin layers with nm or sub-nm thickness, e.g. atomically thin dopant layers ($\delta$-layers), of impurities required for modulation doping and spin-based quantum and classical information technologies is more challenging. Here, we present theory and experiment showing how resonant-contrast X-ray reflectometry meets this challenge. The technique takes advantage of the change in the scattering factor of atoms as their core level resonances are scanned by varying the X-ray energy. We demonstrate the capability of the resulting element-selective, non-destructive profilometry for single arsenic $\delta$-layers within silicon, and show that the sub-nm electronic thickness of the $\delta$-layers corresponds to sub-nm chemical thickness. In combination with X-ray fluorescence imaging, this enables non-destructive three-dimensional characterization of nano-structured quantum devices. Due to the strong resonances at soft X-ray wavelengths, the technique is also ideally suited to characterize layered quantum materials, such as cuprates or the topical infinite-layer nickelates.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology is revolutionizing the computing industry. Not only its applications have broadened to various sectors but also poses new system design and optimization opportunities. The technology is capable of understanding and responding in multiple modalities. However, the advanced capability currently comes with significant system resource demands. To sustainably scale generative AI capabilities to billions of users in the world, inference must be fast and efficient. This paper pinpoints key system design and optimization opportunities by characterizing a family of emerging multi-modal generation models on real systems. Auto-regressive token generation is a critical latency performance bottleneck, typically dominated by GPU idle time. In addition to memory-intensive attention across the generative AI models, linear operations constitute significant inference latency due to the feed forward networks in Transformer-based models. We demonstrate that state-of-the-art optimization levers, spanning from applications to system software and hardware, set a 3.88x better baseline., Comment: 13 pages including references. 8 Figures. Under review to HPCA 2025 Industry Track

We generalize recent results in two-dimensional Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity to study factorization of the Hilbert space of eternal black holes in quantum gravity with a negative cosmological constant in any dimension. We approach the problem by computing the trace of two-sided observables as a sum over a recently constructed family of semiclassically well-controlled black hole microstates. These microstates, which contain heavy matter shells behind the horizon and form an overcomplete basis of the Hilbert space, exist in any theory of gravity with general relativity as its low energy limit. Using this representation of the microstates, we show that the trace of operators dual to functions of the Hamiltonians of the left and right holographic CFTs factorizes into a product over left and right factors to leading order in the semiclassical limit. Under certain conditions this implies factorization of the Hilbert space., Comment: 24+14 pages, 5 figures and 4 diagrammatic equations

In this article, we describe the components and procedures for building a drone ready for networking experimentation. In particular, our drone design includes multiple technologies and elements such as 4G/5G connectivity for real-time data transmission, a 360-degree camera for immersive vision and AR/VR, precise GPS for navigation, and a powerful Linux-based system with GPU for computer vision experiments and applications. Component selection and assembly techniques are included, along with software integration for a smooth, seamless operation of advanced edge applications.

We give sufficent conditions for a derivation of a $k$-algebra $A$ of finite type to be $\infty$-integrable in the sense of Hasse-Schmidt, when $A$ is a complete intersection, or when $A$ is reduced and $k$ is a regular ring. As a consequence, we prove that, if in addition $A$ contains a field, then the set of leaps of $A$ is finite along the minimal primes of certain Fitting ideal of $\Omega_{A/k}$.

Naturally occurring van der Waals (vdW) materials are currently attracting significant interest due to their potential as low-cost sources of two-dimensional materials. Valuable information on vdW materials' interlayer interactions is present in their low-frequency rigid-layer phonon spectra, which are experimentally accessible by terahertz spectroscopy techniques. In this work, we have used polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy to investigate a bulk sample of the naturally abundant, large bandgap vdW mineral clinochlore. We observed a strong and sharp anisotropic resonance in the complex refractive index spectrum near 1.13 THz, consistent with our density functional theory predictions for shear modes. Polarimetry analysis revealed that the shear phonon anisotropy reshapes the polarization state of transmitted THz waves, inducing Faraday rotation and ellipticity. Furthermore, we used Jones formalism to discuss clinochlore phononic symmetries and describe our observations in terms of its eigenstates of polarization. These results highlight the potential of exploring vdW minerals as central building blocks for vdW heterostructures with compelling technological applications.

Creation of synthetic data models has represented a significant advancement across diverse scientific fields, but this technology also brings important privacy considerations for users. This work focuses on enhancing a non-parametric copula-based synthetic data generation model, DPNPC, by incorporating Differential Privacy through an Enhanced Fourier Perturbation method. The model generates synthetic data for mixed tabular databases while preserving privacy. We compare DPNPC with three other models (PrivBayes, DP-Copula, and DP-Histogram) across three public datasets, evaluating privacy, utility, and execution time. DPNPC outperforms others in modeling multivariate dependencies, maintaining privacy for small $\epsilon$ values, and reducing training times. However, limitations include the need to assess the model's performance with different encoding methods and consider additional privacy attacks. Future research should address these areas to enhance privacy-preserving synthetic data generation., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, deciding 2025 conference to which to submit

We report on the first measurement of $J/\psi$ photoproduction from nuclei in the photon energy range of $7$ to $10.8$ GeV, extending above and below the photoproduction threshold in the free proton of $\sim8.2$ GeV. The experiment used a tagged photon beam incident on deuterium, helium, and carbon, and the GlueX detector at Jefferson Lab to measure the semi-inclusive $A(\gamma,e^+e^-p)$ reaction with a dilepton invariant mass $M(e^+e^-)\sim m_{J/\psi}=3.1$ GeV. The incoherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction cross sections in the measured nuclei are extracted as a function of the incident photon energy, momentum transfer, and proton reconstructed missing light-cone momentum fraction. Comparisons with theoretical predictions assuming a dipole form factor allow extracting a gluonic radius for bound protons of $\sqrt{\langle r^2\rangle}=0.85\pm0.14$ fm. The data also suggest an excess of the measured cross section for sub-threshold production and for interactions with high missing light-cone momentum fraction protons. The measured enhancement can be explained by modified gluon structure for high-virtuality bound-protons.

The Electron-Ion Collider, a next generation electron-hadron and electron-nuclei scattering facility, will be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The wealth of new data will shape research in hadron physics, from nonperturbative QCD techniques to perturbative QCD improvements and global QCD analyses, for the decades to come. With the present proposal, Latin America based physicists, whose expertise lies on the theory and phenomenology side, make the case for the past and future efforts of a growing community, working hand-in-hand towards developing theoretical tools and predictions to analyze, interpret and optimize the results that will be obtained at the EIC, unveiling the role of the glue that binds us all. This effort is along the lines of various initiatives taken in the U.S., and supported by colleagues worldwide, such as the ones by the EIC User Group which were highlighted during the Snowmass Process and the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5)., Comment: White Paper contribution to the Latin American Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructure (III LASF4RI

This paper introduces the hypothetical track-length fitting algorithm, a novel method for measuring the kinetic energies of ionizing particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.

We show under certain constraints that $A$-valued semicircular systems give rise to C*-discrete inclusions, and thus are crossed products by an action of a tensor category. Along the way, we show the set of single algebraic generators of a dualizable bimodule forms an open subset. Furthermore, we obtain a Galois correspondence between the lattice of intermediate C*-discrete subalgebras intermediate to a given irreducible C*-discrete inclusion, and characterize these as targets of compatible expectations. Finally, we define ``freeness'' for actions of tensor categories on C*-algebras, and show simplicity is preserved under taking reduced crossed products., Comment: This is a split part of the article Discrete Inclusions of C*-algebras [2305.05072v1] by the same authors, which was partitioned and replaced by [2305.05072v2] to better lay out the results therein

We consider the Carrollian limit of ModMax electrodynamics, namely the limit of vanishing speed of light, for the most general, four-dimensional, duality and conformal invariant electromagnetism. The theory is parameterized by a unique real constant $\gamma$, which remains playing a non-trivial role in the magnetic Carrollian case, while it can be removed in the electric Carrollian contraction, and we therefore focus in the former. Applying the technique of Lie point symmetries, we obtain that the magnetic limit is invariant under the Carrollian group, as well as under the local translation in Carrollian time $x^{0}\rightarrow x^{0\prime}=x^{0}+f\left(x^{i}\right) $ and $x^{i}\rightarrow x^{i\prime}=x^{i}$, with $f$ being an arbitrary function. A diagonal part of the symmetries span the Conformal Carroll algebra of level $2$, $\mathfrak{ccarr}_2$ in four dimensions. Two additional internal symmetries remain in the Carrollian limit of ModMax standing for the conformal invariance of the theory, as well as the invariance under duality transformations., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures. V2: 15 pages, 4 figures. Typos fixed, references added. To appear in JHEP

Thanks to the rapidly increasing time-domain facilities, we are entering a golden era of research on gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In this Letter, we report our observations of GRB 240529A with the Burst Optical Observer and Transient Exploring System, the 1.5-meter telescope at Observatorio Sierra Nevada, the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope of China, the Large Binocular Telescope, and the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. The prompt emission of GRB 240529A shows two comparable energetic episodes separated by a quiescence time of roughly 400 s. Combining all available data on the GRB Coordinates Network, we reveal the simultaneous apparent X-ray plateau and optical re-brightening around $10^3-10^4$ s after the burst. Rather than the energy injection from the magnetar as widely invoked for similar GRBs, the multi-wavelength emissions could be better explained as two shocks launched from the central engine separately. The optical peak time and our numerical modeling suggest that the initial bulk Lorentz factor of the later shock is roughly 50, which indicates that the later jet should be accretion-driven and have a higher mass loading than a typical one. The quiescence time between the two prompt emission episodes may be caused by the transition between different accretion states of a central magnetar or black hole, or the fall-back accretion process. A sample of similar bursts with multiple emission episodes in the prompt phase and sufficient follow-up could help to probe the underlying physics of GRB central engines., Comment: Resubmitted to ApJL after addressing the referee's comments; comments are welcome

Motivated by the wide presence of multilayer networks in both natural and human-made systems, within a random matrix theory (RMT) approach, in this study we compute eigenfunction and spectral properties of multilayer directed random networks (MDRNs) in two setups composed by $M$ layers of size $N$: A line and a complete graph (node-aligned multiplex network). First, we numerically demonstrate that the normalized localization length $\beta$ of the eigenfunctions of MDRNs follows a simple scaling law given by $\beta=x^*/(1+x^*)$, with $x^*\propto (b_{\rm eff}^2/L)^\delta$, $\delta\sim 1$ and $b_{\rm eff}$ being the effective bandwidth of the adjacency matrix of the network of size $L=M\times N$. Here, $b_{\rm eff}$ incorporates both intra- and inter-layer edges. Then, we show that other eigenfunction and spectral RMT measures (the inverse participation ratio of eigenfunctions, the ratio between nearest- and next-to-nearest-neighbor eigenvalue distances, and the ratio between consecutive singular-value spacings) of MDRNs also scale with $x^*$., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2406.15426, arXiv:1611.06695

Aiming to uncover the CP properties of spin-0 particle Dark Matter (DM), we explore a two-component DM scenario within the framework of 3-Higgs Doublet Models (3HDMs), a well-motivated set-up previously studied due to the complementarity of its collider and astrophysical probes. We devise benchmark points in which the two components of DM have same CP in one case and opposite CP in another. We then show several cross section distributions of observables at collider experiments where the two cases are clearly distinguishable., Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures

We perform the first search for $C\!P$ violation in ${D_{(s)}^{+}\to{}K_{S}^{0}K^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{+}}$ decays. We use a combined data set from the Belle and Belle II experiments, which study $e^+e^-$ collisions at center-of-mass energies at or near the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance. We use 980 fb$^{-1}$ of data from Belle and 428 fb$^{-1}$ of data from Belle~II. We measure six $C\!P$-violating asymmetries that are based on triple products and quadruple products of the momenta of final-state particles, and also the particles' helicity angles. We obtain a precision at the level of 0.5% for $D^+\to{}K_{S}^{0}K^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{+}$ decays, and better than 0.3% for $D^+_{s}\to{}K_{S}^{0}K^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{+}$ decays. No evidence of $C\!P$ violation is found. Our results for the triple-product asymmetries are the most precise to date for singly-Cabibbo-suppressed $D^+$ decays. Our results for the other asymmetries are the first such measurements performed for charm decays., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures

Nucleon structure functions, as measured in lepton-nucleon scattering, have historically provided a critical observable in the study of partonic dynamics within the nucleon. However, at very large parton momenta it is both experimentally and theoretically challenging to extract parton distributions due to the probable onset of non-perturbative contributions and the unavailability of high precision data at critical kinematics. Extraction of the neutron structure and the d-quark distribution have been further challenging due to the necessity of applying nuclear corrections when utilizing scattering data from a deuteron target to extract free neutron structure. However, a program of experiments has been carried out recently at the energy-upgraded Jefferson Lab electron accelerator aimed at significantly reducing the nuclear correction uncertainties on the d-quark distribution function at large partonic momentum. This allows leveraging the vast body of deuterium data covering a large kinematic range to be utilized for d-quark parton distribution function extraction. We present new data from experiment E12-10-002 carried out in Jefferson Lab Hall C on the deuteron to proton cross-section ratio at large BJorken-x. These results significantly improve the precision of existing data, and provide a first look at the expected impact on quark distributions extracted from global parton distribution function fits.

We present constraints on the $f(R)$ gravity model using a sample of 1,005 galaxy clusters in the redshift range $0.25 - 1.78$ that have been selected through the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (tSZE) from South Pole Telescope (SPT) data and subjected to optical and near-infrared confirmation with the Multi-component Matched Filter (MCMF) algorithm. We employ weak gravitational lensing mass calibration from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 data for 688 clusters at $z < 0.95$ and from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) for 39 clusters with $0.6 < z < 1.7$. Our cluster sample is a powerful probe of $f(R)$ gravity, because this model predicts a scale-dependent enhancement in the growth of structure, which impacts the halo mass function (HMF) at cluster mass scales. To account for these modified gravity effects on the HMF, our analysis employs a semi-analytical approach calibrated with numerical simulations. Combining calibrated cluster counts with primary cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization anisotropy measurements from the Planck2018 release, we derive robust constraints on the $f(R)$ parameter $f_{R0}$. Our results, $\log_{10} |f_{R0}| < -5.32$ at the 95 % credible level, are the tightest current constraints on $f(R)$ gravity from cosmological scales. This upper limit rules out $f(R)$-like deviations from general relativity that result in more than a $\sim$20 % enhancement of the cluster population on mass scales $M_\mathrm{200c}>3\times10^{14}M_\odot$., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. D

Ultra hot Jupiters (gas giants, Teq>2000 K) are intriguing exoplanets due to their extreme atmospheres. Their torrid daysides can be characterised using ground-based high-resolution emission spectroscopy. We search for signatures of neutral and singly ionised iron (Fe I and Fe II) in the dayside of the ultra hot Jupiter WASP-76 b, as these species were detected via transmission spectroscopy in this exoplanet. Furthermore, we aim to confirm the existence of a thermal inversion layer, which has been reported in previous studies, and attempt to constrain its properties. We observed WASP-76 b on four epochs with ESPRESSO at the VLT, at orbital phases shortly before and after the secondary transit, when the dayside is in view. We present the first analysis of high-resolution optical emission spectra for this exoplanet. We compare the data to synthetic templates from petitRADTRANS, using cross-correlation function techniques. We detect a blueshifted (-4.7+-0.3 km/s) Fe I emission signature on the dayside of WASP-76 b at 6.0-sigma. The signal is detected independently both before and after the eclipse, and blueshifted in both cases. The presence of iron emission features confirms the existence of a thermal inversion layer. Fe II was not detected, possibly because this species is located in the upper layers of the atmosphere, which are more optically thin. Thus the Fe II signature on the dayside of WASP-76 b is too weak to be detected with emission spectroscopy. We propose that the blueshifted Fe I signature is created by material rising from the hot spot to the upper layers of the atmosphere, and discuss possible scenarios related to the position of the hotspot. This work unveils some of the dynamic processes ongoing on the dayside of WASP-76 b through the analysis of the Fe I signature from its atmosphere, and complements previous knowledge obtained from transmission studies., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures + 2 figures in appendix. Abstract slightly abridged. Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The rising prevalence of real-time applications that require deterministic communication over mobile networks necessitates the joint operation of both mobile and fixed network components. This joint operation requires designing components that interact between the two technologies to provide users with latency and packet loss guarantees. In this work, we demonstrate a fully integrated 5G-DetNet that can guarantee the end-to-end demands of different flows. Moreover, we show how such a network can be implemented using low-cost hardware and open-source software, making it accessible to many 5G testbeds. The features demonstrated in this work are a network manager that does the routing and scheduling, an application function in the 5G core that interfaces with the network manager, and a network-side translator for user-plane management and de-jittering of the real-time streams.

In order to solve problems of practical importance, quantum computers will likely need to incorporate quantum error correction, where a logical qubit is redundantly encoded in many noisy physical qubits. The large physical-qubit overhead typically associated with error correction motivates the search for more hardware-efficient approaches. Here, using a microfabricated superconducting quantum circuit, we realize a logical qubit memory formed from the concatenation of encoded bosonic cat qubits with an outer repetition code of distance $d=5$. The bosonic cat qubits are passively protected against bit flips using a stabilizing circuit. Cat-qubit phase-flip errors are corrected by the repetition code which uses ancilla transmons for syndrome measurement. We realize a noise-biased CX gate which ensures bit-flip error suppression is maintained during error correction. We study the performance and scaling of the logical qubit memory, finding that the phase-flip correcting repetition code operates below threshold, with logical phase-flip error decreasing with code distance from $d=3$ to $d=5$. Concurrently, the logical bit-flip error is suppressed with increasing cat-qubit mean photon number. The minimum measured logical error per cycle is on average $1.75(2)\%$ for the distance-3 code sections, and $1.65(3)\%$ for the longer distance-5 code, demonstrating the effectiveness of bit-flip error suppression throughout the error correction cycle. These results, where the intrinsic error suppression of the bosonic encodings allows us to use a hardware-efficient outer error correcting code, indicate that concatenated bosonic codes are a compelling paradigm for reaching fault-tolerant quantum computation., Comment: Comments on the manuscript welcome!

Target sound extraction (TSE) consists of isolating a desired sound from a mixture of arbitrary sounds using clues to identify it. A TSE system requires solving two problems at once, identifying the target source and extracting the target signal from the mixture. For increased practicability, the same system should work with various types of sound. The duality of the problem and the wide variety of sounds make it challenging to train a powerful TSE system from scratch. In this paper, to tackle this problem, we explore using a pre-trained audio foundation model that can provide rich feature representations of sounds within a TSE system. We chose the masked-modeling duo (M2D) foundation model, which appears especially suited for the TSE task, as it is trained using a dual objective consisting of sound-label predictions and improved masked prediction. These objectives are related to sound identification and the signal extraction problems of TSE. We propose a new TSE system that integrates the feature representation from M2D into SoundBeam, which is a strong TSE system that can exploit both target sound class labels and pre-recorded enrollments (or audio queries) as clues. We show experimentally that using M2D can increase extraction performance, especially when employing enrollment clues.

We explore the Schmidt-Kennicutt (SK) relations and the star formation efficiency per free-fall time ($\eff$), mirroring observational studies, in numerical simulations of filamentary molecular clouds undergoing gravitational contraction. We find that {\it a)} collapsing clouds accurately replicate the observed SK relations for galactic clouds and {\it b)} the so-called efficiency per free-fall time ($\eff$) is small and constant in space and in time, with values similar to those found in local clouds. This constancy is a consequence of the similar radial scaling of the free-fall time and the internal mass in density structures with spherically-averaged density profiles near $r^{-2}$. We additionally show that {\it c)} the star formation rate (SFR) increases rapidly in time; {\it d)} the low values of $\eff$ are due to the different time periods over which $\tauff$ and $\tausf$ are evaluated, together with the fast increasing SFR, and {\it e)} the fact that star clusters are significantly denser than the gas clumps from which they form is a natural consequence of the fast increasing SFR, the continuous replenishment of the star-forming gas by the accretion flow, and the near $r^{-2}$ density profile generated by the collapse Finally, we argue that the interpretation of $\eff$ as an efficiency is problematic because its maximum value is not bounded by unity, and because the total gas mass in the clouds is not fixed, but rather depends on the environment where clouds are embedded. In summary, our results show that the SK relation, the typical observed values of $\eff$, and the mass density of clusters arise as a natural consequence of gravitational contraction., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS

The exoplanet sub-Neptune population currently poses a conundrum, as to whether small-size planets are volatile-rich cores without an atmosphere, or rocky cores surrounded by a H-He envelope. To test the different hypotheses from an observational point of view, a large sample of small-size planets with precise mass and radius measurements is the first step. On top of that, much more information will likely be needed, including atmospheric characterisation and a demographic perspective on their bulk properties. We present here the concept and strategy of the THIRSTEE project, which aims to shed light on the composition of the sub-Neptune population across stellar types by increasing their number and improving the accuracy of bulk density measurements, as well as investigating their atmospheres and performing statistical, demographic analysis. We report the first results of the program, characterising a new two-planet system around the M-dwarf TOI-406. We analyse TESS and ground-based photometry, together with ESPRESSO and NIRPS/HARPS RVs to derive the orbital parameters and investigate the internal composition of the 2 planets orbiting TOI-406, which have radii and masses of $R_c = 1.32 \pm 0.12 R_{\oplus}$, $M_c = 2.08_{-0.22}^{+0.23} M_{\oplus}$ and $R_b = 2.08_{-0.15}^{+0.16} R_{\oplus}$, $M_b = 6.57_{-0.90}^{+1.00} M_{\oplus}$, and periods of $3.3$ and $13.2$ days, respectively. Planet c is consistent with an Earth-like composition, while planet b is compatible with multiple internal composition models, including volatile-rich planets without H/He atmospheres. The 2 planets are located in 2 distinct regions in the mass-density diagram, supporting the existence of a density gap among small exoplanets around M dwarfs. With an T$_{\rm eq}$ of only 368 K, TOI-406 b stands up as a particularly interesting target for atmospheric characterisation with JWST in the low-temperature regime., Comment: 22 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A. Please note: Planet lettering changed with respect to submitted version

Developing an efficient sampler capable of generating independent and identically distributed (IID) samples from a Boltzmann distribution is a crucial challenge in scientific research, e.g. molecular dynamics. In this work, we intend to learn neural samplers given energy functions instead of data sampled from the Boltzmann distribution. By learning the energies of the noised data, we propose a diffusion-based sampler, Noised Energy Matching, which theoretically has lower variance and more complexity compared to related works. Furthermore, a novel bootstrapping technique is applied to NEM to balance between bias and variance. We evaluate NEM and BNEM on a 2-dimensional 40 Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and a 4-particle double-well potential (DW-4). The experimental results demonstrate that BNEM can achieve state-of-the-art performance while being more robust., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables

The GERG-2008 equation of state is the approved ISO standard (ISO 20765-2) for the calculation of thermophysical properties of natural gas mixtures. The composition of natural gas can vary considerably due to the diversity of origin. Further diversification was generated by adding hydrogen, biogas, or other non-conventional energy gases. In this work, high-precision experimental ($p$, $\rho$, $T$) data for two gravimetrically prepared synthetic natural gas mixtures are reported. One mixture resembled a conventional natural gas of 11 components (11 M) with a nominal mixture composition (amount-of-substance fraction) of 0.8845 for methane as the matrix compound. The other mixture was a 13-component hydrogen-enriched natural gas with a low calorific value featuring a nominal composition of 0.7885 for methane. Density measurements were performed in an isothermal operational mode at temperatures between 260 and 350 K and at pressures up to 20 MPa by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling. The data were compared with the corresponding densities calculated from both GERG-2008 and AGA8-DC92 equations of state to test their performance on real mixtures. The average absolute deviation from GERG-2008 (AGA8-DC92) is 0.027% (0.078%) for 11 M and 0.095% (0.062%) for the 13-component $H_{2}$-enriched mixture, respectively. The corresponding maximum relative deviation from GERG-2008 (AGA8-DC92) amounts to 0.095% (0.127%) for 11 M and 0.291% (0.193%) for the $H_{2}$-enriched mixture.

In this work, we analysed young stellar clusters with spatial and kinematic coherence in the Orion star-forming complex. For this study, we selected a sample of pre-main sequence candidates using parallaxes, proper motions and positions on the colour-magnitude diagram. After applying a hierarchical clustering algorithm in the 5D parameter space provided by Gaia DR3, we divided the recovered clusters into two regimes: Big Structures and Small Structures, defined by the number of detected stars per cluster. In the first regime, we found 13 stellar groups distributed along the declination axis in the regions where there is a high density of stars. In the second regime, we recovered 34 clusters classified into two types: 14 as small groups completely independent from the larger structures, including four candidates of new clusters, and 12 classified as sub-structures embedded within five larger clusters. Additionally, radial velocity data from APOGEE-2 and GALAH DR3 was included to study the phase space in some regions of the Orion complex. From the Big Structure regime, we found evidence of a general expansion in the Orion OB1 association over a common centre, giving a clue about the dynamical effects the region is undergoing. Likewise, in the Small Structure regime, the projected kinematics shows the ballistic expansion in the $\lambda$ Orionis association and the detection of likely events of clusters' close encounters in the OB1 association., Comment: 19 pages, 17 figures, 3 tables, accepted in MNRAS

X-ray reverberation mapping is a powerful technique for probing the innermost accretion disk, whereas continuum reverberation mapping in the UV, optical, and infrared (UVOIR) reveals reprocessing by the rest of the accretion disk and broad-line region (BLR). We present the time lags of Mrk 817 as a function of temporal frequency measured from 14 months of high-cadence monitoring from Swift and ground-based telescopes, in addition to an XMM-Newton observation, as part of the AGN STORM 2 campaign. The XMM-Newton lags reveal the first detection of a soft lag in this source, consistent with reverberation from the innermost accretion flow. These results mark the first simultaneous measurement of X-ray reverberation and UVOIR disk reprocessing lags$\unicode{x2013}$effectively allowing us to map the entire accretion disk surrounding the black hole. Similar to previous continuum reverberation mapping campaigns, the UVOIR time lags arising at low temporal frequencies are longer than those expected from standard disk reprocessing by a factor of 2-3. The lags agree with the anticipated disk reverberation lags when isolating short-timescale variability, namely timescales shorter than the H$\beta$ lag. Modeling the lags requires additional reprocessing constrained at a radius consistent with the BLR size scale inferred from contemporaneous H$\beta$-lag measurements. When we divide the campaign light curves, the UVOIR lags show substantial variations, with longer lags measured when obscuration from an ionized outflow is greatest. We suggest that, when the obscurer is strongest, reprocessing by the BLR elongates the lags most significantly. As the wind weakens, the lags are dominated by shorter accretion disk lags., Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

Hybrid halide perovskites (HHPs) have attracted significant attention due to their remarkable optoelectronic properties that combine the advantages of low cost-effective fabrication methods of organic-inorganic materials. Notably, low-dimensional hybrid halide perovskites including two-dimensional (2D) layers and one-dimensional (1D) chains, are recognized for their superior stability and moisture resistance, making them highly appealing for practical applications. Particularly, DMAPbI3 has attracted attention due to other interesting behaviors and properties, such as thermally induced order-disorder processes, dielectric transition, and cooperative electric ordering of DMA dipole moments. In this paper, we investigated the interplay between low-temperature SPT undergone by the low-dimensional (1D) hybrid halide perovskite-like material DMAPbI3 and its optoelectronic properties. Our approach combines synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermo-microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. Temperature-dependent Synchrotron powder diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy reveal that the modes associated with I-Pb-I and DMA+ ion play a crucial role in the order-disorder SPT in DMAPbI3. The reversible SPT modifies its optoelectronic properties, notably affecting its thermochromic behavior and PL emission. The origin of the PL phenomenon is associated to self-trapped excitons (STEs), which are allowed due to a strong electron-phonon coupling quantified by the Huang-Rhys factor (S = 97+-1). Notably, we identify the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode at 84 cm-1 which plays a significant role in electron-phonon interaction. Our results show these STEs not only intensify the PL spectra at lower temperatures but also induce a shift in the color emission, transforming it from a light orange-red to an intense bright strong red., Comment: 38 pages, 8 figures

The development of a novel technique based on a cylindrical microwave resonator for high pressure phase equilibrium determination is described. Electric permittivity or dielectric constant is a physical property that depends on temperature and pressure $\epsilon$($p$,$T$). Based on this property, a measuring technique consisting of a cylindrical resonant cavity that works in the microwave spectrum has been developed. Equilibrium data of fluid mixtures are measured at high pressure using a synthetic method, where phase transition is determined under isothermal conditions due to the change of the dielectric constant. This technique may be a more accurate alternative to conventional visual synthetic methods. The technique was validated measuring pure $CO_{2}$, and phase behaviour was then determined for two binary mixtures [$CO_{2}$ (0.6) + $CH_{4}$ (0.4)] and [$CO_{2}$ (0.4) + $CH_{4}$ (0.6)], results for which are presented. These systems are interesting for the study of biogas-like mixtures. In addition, data were compared with the equation of state used for natural gas GERG-2008, and also, they were modelled using Peng-Robinson equation of state and Wong-Sandler mixing rules, which are widely employed in chemical industries and which give good results.

Some giant radio galaxies selected at X-rays with an AGN show signs of a restarted nuclear activity. One object in this peculiar class is Mrk1498, a giant low-frequency double radio source that shows extended emission in [OIII]. This emission is likely related to the history of the nuclear activity of the galaxy. We investigate whether this bubble-like emission might trace an outflow from either present or past AGN activity. Using MEGARA/GTC, medium-resolution spectroscopy (R 10000) data, we obtained the kinematics and fluxes of the ionised gas from modelling the [OIII] and Hbeta features.with three kinematic components. All the components show an overall blue to red velocity pattern, with similar peak-to-peak velocities but a different velocity dispersion. At a galactocentric distance of 2.3 kpc, we found a blob with a velocity up to 100km/s, and a high velocity dispersion (170km/s) that is spatially coincident with the direction of the radio jet. The observed [OIII]/Hbeta line ratio indicates possible ionisation from AGN or shocks nearly everywhere. The clumpy structure visibile in HST images at kpc scales show the lowest values of log[OIII]/Hbeta , which is likely not related to the photoionisation by the AGN. Taking optical and radio activity into account, we propose a scenario of two different ionised gas features over the radio AGN lifecycle of Mrk 1498. The radio emission suggests at least two main radio activity episodes: an old episode at Mpc scales (formed during a time span of 100Myr), and a new episode from the core (>2000yr ago). At optical wavelengths, we observe clumps and a blob that are likely associated with fossil outflow. The latter is likely powered by past episodes of the flickering AGN activity that may have occurred between the two main radio phases., Comment: 10 pages, 6 Figures

Diffusion models have shown promising potential for advancing Boltzmann Generators. However, two critical challenges persist: (1) inherent errors in samples due to model imperfections, and (2) the requirement of hundreds of functional evaluations (NFEs) to achieve high-quality samples. While existing solutions like importance sampling and distillation address these issues separately, they are often incompatible, as most distillation models lack the necessary density information for importance sampling. This paper introduces a novel sampling method that effectively combines Consistency Models (CMs) with importance sampling. We evaluate our approach on both synthetic energy functions and equivariant n-body particle systems. Our method produces unbiased samples using only 6-25 NFEs while achieving a comparable Effective Sample Size (ESS) to Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPMs) that require approximately 100 NFEs., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

The integration of Reduced Order Models (ROMs) with High-Performance Computing (HPC) is critical for developing digital twins, particularly for real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance of industrial systems. This paper describes a comprehensive, HPC-enabled workflow for developing and deploying projection-based ROMs (PROMs). We use PyCOMPSs' parallel framework to efficiently execute ROM training simulations, employing parallel Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) algorithms such as randomized SVD, Lanczos SVD, and full SVD based on Tall-Skinny QR. In addition, we introduce a partitioned version of the hyper-reduction scheme known as the Empirical Cubature Method. Despite the widespread use of HPC for PROMs, there is a significant lack of publications detailing comprehensive workflows for building and deploying end-to-end PROMs in HPC environments. Our workflow is validated through a case study focusing on the thermal dynamics of a motor. The PROM is designed to deliver a real-time prognosis tool that could enable rapid and safe motor restarts post-emergency shutdowns under different operating conditions for further integration into digital twins or control systems. To facilitate deployment, we use the HPC Workflow as a Service strategy and Functional Mock-Up Units to ensure compatibility and ease of integration across HPC, edge, and cloud environments. The outcomes illustrate the efficacy of combining PROMs and HPC, establishing a precedent for scalable, real-time digital twin applications across multiple industries.

Recent observations on the large-scale structure of the universe indicate that the cosmological constant cannot be the definitive answer to the nature of dark energy. Therefore, it is a good time to propose alternatives to understand the late-accelerated expansion of the universe. In this work we study the possibility that the acceleration of space-time is due to the topology of the universe. We assume that the topology of the universe is a principal fiber bundle whose base space is our 4-dimensional spacetime and the fiber is an $N$-dimensional Lie group that evolves with time. For the base space we consider a homogeneous and isotropic spacetime, we find that the base space is currently accelerating for $1 < N$ compact semi-simple Lie groups whose scale-factors are equal and for $1 < N$ non-Abelian Lie groups whose scale-factors are different and as long as its structure constants satisfy some conditions. However when we study the evolution of the density parameters these differ from the evolution within the $\Lambda$CDM model, this led us to think in the possibility of use a different group as fiber in order to obtain the right evolution of the density parameters. We conclude that it is possible that the accelerated expansion of the universe is due to consider a different topology of the universe as a principal fiber bundle., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures

The primary purpose of this paper is to present the concept of dichotomy in image illumination modeling based on the power function. In particular, we review several mathematical properties of the power function to identify the limitations and propose a new mathematical model capable of abstracting illumination dichotomy. The simplicity of the equation opens new avenues for classical and modern image analysis and processing. The article provides practical and illustrative image examples to explain how the new model manages dichotomy in image perception. The article shows dichotomy image space as a viable way to extract rich information from images despite poor contrast linked to tone, lightness, and color perception. Moreover, a comparison with state-of-the-art methods in image enhancement provides evidence of the method's value., Comment: 49 pages, 11 figures and 36 references

Multidimensional cluster states are a key resource for robust quantum communication, measurement-based quantum computing and quantum metrology. Here, we present a device capable of emitting large-scale entangled microwave photonic states in a two dimensional ladder structure. The device consists of a pair of coupled superconducting transmon qubits which are each tuneably coupled to a common output waveguide. This architecture permits entanglement between each transmon and a deterministically emitted photonic qubit. By interleaving two-qubit gates with controlled photon emission, we generate 2 x n grids of time- and frequency-multiplexed cluster states of itinerant microwave photons. We measure a signature of localizable entanglement across up to 20 photonic qubits. We expect the device architecture to be capable of generating a wide range of other tensor network states such as tree graph states, repeater states or the ground state of the toric code, and to be readily scalable to generate larger and higher dimensional states., Comment: 21 pages, 19 figures

We demonstrate that a ReLU deep neural network with a width of $2$ and a depth of $2N+4M-1$ layers can achieve finite sample memorization for any dataset comprising $N$ elements in $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $d\ge1,$ and $M$ classes, thereby ensuring accurate classification. By modeling the neural network as a time-discrete nonlinear dynamical system, we interpret the memorization property as a problem of simultaneous or ensemble controllability. This problem is addressed by constructing the network parameters inductively and explicitly, bypassing the need for training or solving any optimization problem. Additionally, we establish that such a network can achieve universal approximation in $L^p(\Omega;\mathbb{R}_+)$, where $\Omega$ is a bounded subset of $\mathbb{R}^d$ and $p\in[1,\infty)$, using a ReLU deep neural network with a width of $d+1$. We also provide depth estimates for approximating $W^{1,p}$ functions and width estimates for approximating $L^p(\Omega;\mathbb{R}^m)$ for $m\geq1$. Our proofs are constructive, offering explicit values for the biases and weights involved.

Split-vacancy color centers in diamond are promising solid state platforms for the implementation of photonic quantum technologies. These luminescent defects are commonly fabricated upon low energy ion implantation and subsequent thermal annealing. Their technological uptake will require the availability of reliable methods for the controlled, large scale production of localized individual photon emitters. This task is partially achieved by controlled ion implantation to introduce selected impurities in the host material, and requires the development of challenging beam focusing or collimation procedures coupled with single-ion detection techniques. We report on protocol for the direct optical activation of split-vacancy color centers in diamond via localized processing with continuous wave laser at mW optical powers. We demonstrate the activation of photoluminescent Mg- and Sn-related centers at both the ensemble and single-photon emitter level in ion-implanted, high-purity diamond crystals without further thermal processing. The proposed lithographic method enables the activation of individual color centers at specific positions of a large area sample by means of a relatively inexpensive equipment offering the real-time, in situ monitoring of the process., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

We compute masses of twenty positive parity first radial excitations of spin-$1/2$ and $3/2$ baryons composed of u,d,s,c and b quarks in a quark-diquark picture within a contact interaction model. These excitations comprise of two elements: one characterized by a zero in the Faddeev amplitude, representing a radial excitation of the quark-diquark system and the other marked by a zero in the diquark's Bethe-Salpeter amplitude, corresponding to an intrinsic excitation of the diquark correlation. Wherever possible, we compare our results with other models and/or experiment. We verify that the masses obtained through our model conform to the spacing rules for all the baryons studied, whether light or heavy and whether of spin 1/2 or 3/2. The computed masses do not just offer a guide to the future experimental searches but also compare well with the existing candidates for the possible radial excitations of some heavy baryons., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures and 11 tables

Novel brain biomarkers of obesity were sought by studying statistical measurements on fractional anisotropy (FA) images of different white matter (WM) tracts from subjects with specific demographic characteristics. Tract measurements were chosen that showed differences between two groups (normal weigh and overweight/obese) and that were correlated with their BMI. From these measurements, a simple and novel process was applied to select those that would allow the creation of models to quantify and classify the state of obesity of individuals. The biomarkers were created from the tract measurements used in the models. Some positive correlations were found between WM integrity and BMI, mainly in tracts involved in motor functions. From this result, neuroplasticity in motor tracts associated with obesity was hypothesized. Two models were built to quantify and classify obesity status, whose regression coefficients formed the novel proposed obesity-associated brain biomarkers. A process for the selection of tract measurements was proposed, such that models were built to determine the obesity status of subjects individually. From these models, novel brain biomarkers associated with obesity were created. These allow the generation of new knowledge and are intended to be a future tool in the clinical environment for the prevention and treatment of brain changes associated with obesity.

We study the birational geometry of the Kummer surfaces associated to the Jacobian varieties of genus two curves, with a particular focus on fields of characteristic two. In order to do so, we explicitly compute a projective embedding of the Jacobian of a general genus two curve and, from this, we construct its associated Kummer surface. This explicit construction produces a model for desingularised Kummer surfaces over any field of characteristic not two, and specialising these equations to characteristic two provides a model of a partial desingularisation. Adapting the classic description of the Picard lattice in terms of tropes, we also describe how to explicitly find completely desingularised models of Kummer surfaces whenever the $p$-rank is not zero. In the final section of this paper, we compute an example of a Kummer surface with everywhere good reduction over a quadratic number field, and draw connections between the models we computed and a criterion that determines when a Kummer surface has good reduction at two., Comment: 34 pages. Code added as an ancillary file. Fixed subsection 6.1, in which it was wrongly claimed that the singularities of the Weddle surface were of type D_4, when they were actually of type A_3, and gave further details of the blow-up construction through a diagram. Comments are welcome!

This work presents phase envelope and speed of sound data for the (0.60 $CO_{2}$ + 0.40 $C_{3}H_{8}$) and (0.80 $CO_{2}$ + 0.20 $C_{3}H_{8}$) binary mixtures. Phase equilibria was measured using a cylindrical resonator working in the microwave band whereas an acoustic resonator was used for speed of sound measurements. The experimental results were compared with GERG-2008 equation of state, obtaining average absolute deviations by 0.24% in pressure for phase equilibria data and 0.025% for speed of sound data. Speed of sound values were used to derive perfect-gas heat capacities, acoustic virial coefficients, and second density virial coefficients. In addition, AGA8-DC92 equation of state performance was checked for the results derived from speeds of sound.

Populations very often self-organize into regular spatial patterns with important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Yet, most existing models neglect the effect that external biophysical drivers might have both on pattern formation and the spatiotemporal population dynamics once patterns form. Here, we investigate the effect of environmental flows on pattern formation and population dynamics using a spatially nonlocal logistic model (or Fisher-Kolmogorov equation) coupled to a simple shear and a Rankine vortex flow. We find that, whereas population abundance generally decreases with increasing flow intensity, the effect of the flow on the pattern instability depends on the spatial structure of the flow velocity field. This result shows that the velocity field interacts with the spatial feedbacks responsible for pattern formation in non-trivial ways, leading to a variety of spatiotemporal population dynamics regimes in which the total population abundance can exhibit either regular oscillations with a characteristic frequency or more erratic dynamics without a well-defined period. More generally, the diversity of spatiotemporal population dynamics caused by the interplay between self-organizing feedbacks and environmental flows highlights the importance of incorporating environmental and biophysical processes when studying both ecological pattern formation and its consequences., Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures

Here we report the detection of dust depletion in a misaligned inner disk around UX Tau A using JWST MIRI spectra. Mid-infrared (MIR) continuum "seesaw" variability was detected in this disk by Spitzer and attributed to variable shadows cast on the outer disk by the inner disk. The JWST MIRI spectrum of UX Tau A also shows seesaw variability, but with a significant decrease of emission shortwards of 10 micron to nearly photospheric levels. We argue that UX Tau A's MIR continuum variability is due to depletion of dust in a misaligned inner disk. We speculate that this dust depletion occurs because the inner disk is misaligned from the outer disk, which can disrupt the replenishment of the inner disk from the outer disk. Using contemporaneous measurements of the mass accretion rate of UX Tau A and estimating the amount of dust necessary to produce the MIR excess in the Spitzer observations, we estimate a minimum dust depletion timescale of ~0.1 yr. These observations show that we can indirectly detect the signatures of misaligned inner disks through MIR continuum variability and that in some cases the inner disk may be significantly depleted of dust and become optically thin., Comment: accepted to ApJL

We present a benchmarking protocol that combines the characterization of boron nitride (BN) crystals and films with the evaluation of the electronic properties of graphene on these substrates. Our study includes hBN crystals grown under different conditions and scalable BN films deposited by either chemical or physical vapor deposition (CVD or PVD). We explore the complete process from boron nitride growth, over its optical characterization by time-resolved cathodoluminescence (TRCL), to the optical and electronic characterization of graphene by Raman spectroscopy after encapsulation and Hall bar processing. Within our benchmarking protocol we achieve a homogeneous electronic performance within each Hall bar device through a fast and reproducible processing routine. We find that a free exciton lifetime of 1 ns measured on as-grown hBN crystals by TRCL is sufficient to achieve high graphene room temperature charge carrier mobilities of 80,000 cm$^2$/(Vs) at a carrier density of |n| = 10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, while respective exciton lifetimes around 100 ps yield mobilities up to 30,000 cm$^2$/(Vs). For scalable PVD-grown BN films, we measure carrier mobilities exceeding 10,000 cm$^2$/(Vs) which correlates with a graphene Raman 2D peak linewidth of 22 cm$^{-1}$. Our work highlights the importance of the Raman 2D linewidth of graphene as a critical metric that effectively assesses the interface quality (i.e. surface roughness) to the BN substrate, which directly affects the charge carrier mobility of graphene. Graphene 2D linewidth analysis is suitable for all BN substrates and is particularly advantageous when TRCL or BN Raman spectroscopy cannot be applied to specific BN materials such as amorphous or thin films. This underlines the superior role of spatially-resolved spectroscopy in the evaluation of BN crystals and films for the use of high-mobility graphene devices., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures

Predicting the performance of LLMs on individual task instances is essential to ensure their reliability in high-stakes applications. To do so, a possibility is to evaluate the considered LLM on a set of task instances and train an assessor to predict its performance based on features of the instances. However, this approach requires evaluating each new LLM on a sufficiently large set of task instances to train an assessor specific to it. In this work, we leverage the evaluation results of previously tested LLMs to reduce the number of evaluations required to predict the performance of a new LLM. In practice, we propose to test the new LLM on a small set of reference instances and train a generic assessor which predicts the performance of the LLM on an instance based on the performance of the former on the reference set and features of the instance of interest. We conduct empirical studies on HELM-Lite and KindsOfReasoning, a collection of existing reasoning datasets that we introduce, where we evaluate all instruction-fine-tuned OpenAI models until the January 2024 version of GPT4. When predicting performance on instances with the same distribution as those used to train the generic assessor, we find this achieves performance comparable to the LLM-specific assessors trained on the full set of instances. Additionally, we find that randomly selecting the reference instances performs as well as some advanced selection methods we tested. For out of distribution, however, no clear winner emerges and the overall performance is worse, suggesting that the inherent predictability of LLMs is low., Comment: Presented at the 2024 KDD workshop on Evaluation and Trustworthiness of Generative AI Models

The Euclid mission will measure cosmological parameters with unprecedented precision. To distinguish between cosmological models, it is essential to generate realistic mock observables from cosmological simulations that were run in both the standard $\Lambda$-cold-dark-matter ($\Lambda$CDM) paradigm and in many non-standard models beyond $\Lambda$CDM. We present the scientific results from a suite of cosmological N-body simulations using non-standard models including dynamical dark energy, k-essence, interacting dark energy, modified gravity, massive neutrinos, and primordial non-Gaussianities. We investigate how these models affect the large-scale-structure formation and evolution in addition to providing synthetic observables that can be used to test and constrain these models with Euclid data. We developed a custom pipeline based on the Rockstar halo finder and the nbodykit large-scale structure toolkit to analyse the particle output of non-standard simulations and generate mock observables such as halo and void catalogues, mass density fields, and power spectra in a consistent way. We compare these observables with those from the standard $\Lambda$CDM model and quantify the deviations. We find that non-standard cosmological models can leave significant imprints on the synthetic observables that we have generated. Our results demonstrate that non-standard cosmological N-body simulations provide valuable insights into the physics of dark energy and dark matter, which is essential to maximising the scientific return of Euclid., Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures

To constrain models beyond $\Lambda$CDM, the development of the Euclid analysis pipeline requires simulations that capture the nonlinear phenomenology of such models. We present an overview of numerical methods and $N$-body simulation codes developed to study the nonlinear regime of structure formation in alternative dark energy and modified gravity theories. We review a variety of numerical techniques and approximations employed in cosmological $N$-body simulations to model the complex phenomenology of scenarios beyond $\Lambda$CDM. This includes discussions on solving nonlinear field equations, accounting for fifth forces, and implementing screening mechanisms. Furthermore, we conduct a code comparison exercise to assess the reliability and convergence of different simulation codes across a range of models. Our analysis demonstrates a high degree of agreement among the outputs of different simulation codes, providing confidence in current numerical methods for modelling cosmic structure formation beyond $\Lambda$CDM. We highlight recent advances made in simulating the nonlinear scales of structure formation, which are essential for leveraging the full scientific potential of the forthcoming observational data from the Euclid mission., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, 1 appendix; submitted on behalf of the Euclid Collaboration

We report the observation of Shapiro steps in a periodically driven Josephson junction between strongly-interacting Fermi superfluids of ultracold atoms. We observe quantized plateaus in the current-potential characteristics, the height and width of which mirror the external drive frequency and the junction nonlinear response. Direct measurements of the current-phase relationship showcase how Shapiro steps arise from the synchronization between the relative phase of the two reservoirs and the external drive. Such mechanism is further supported by the detection of periodic phase-slippage processes, in the form of vortex-antivortex pairs. Our results are corroborated by a circuital model and numerical simulations, overall providing a clear understanding of Shapiro dynamics in atomic Fermi superfluids. Our work demonstrates phase-coherent and synchronization effects in driven strongly-interacting superfluids, opening prospects for studying emergent non-equilibrium dynamics in quantum many-body systems under external drives.