602 results on '"Peixe L"'
Search Results
202. Metallo-β-lactamase VIM-2 in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Portugal
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Cardoso, O., Leitão, R., Figueiredo, A., Sousa, J. C., Aida Duarte, and Peixe, L. V.
203. A bla(TEM-1b)-derived TEM-6 β-lactamase: A case of convergent evolution [1]
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Peixe, L. V., Sousa, J. C. F., Perez-Diaz, J. C., and Baquero, F.
204. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clone in swine, Europe [11]
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Novais, C., Coque, T. M., Boerlin, P., Herrero, I., Miguel Moreno, Dominguez, L., and Peixe, L.
205. Emergence of an extreme-drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii carrying bla OXA-23 in a patient with acute necrohaemorrhagic pancreatitis.
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Grosso, F., Quinteira, S., and Peixe, L.
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- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
206. Controlling for false positives: interpreting MBL Etest and MBL combined disc test for the detection of metallo-[beta]-lactamases.
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Ratkai C, Quinteira S, Grosso F, Monteiro N, Nagy E, and Peixe L
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- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
207. Letter. Carbapenem-hydrolysing β-lactamase from clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Portugal.
- Author
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Cardosa, O, Sousa, JC, Leitão, R, and Peixe, L
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- 1999
208. Carbapenem-hydrolysing beta-lactamase from clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Portugal.
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Cardoso, O, Sousa, J C, Leitão, R, and Peixe, L
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
209. Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during animal transport
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Álvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Argüello-Rodríguez, Héctor, Dohmen, Wietske, Francesca Magistrali, Chiara, Padalino, Barbara, Tenhagen, Bernd-Alois, Threlfall, John, García-Fierro, Raquel, Guerra, Beatriz, Liébana, Ernesto, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis, K, Allende, A, Alvarez-Ordonez, A, Bolton, D, Bover-Cid, S, Chemaly, M, Davies, R, De Cesare, A, Herman, L, Hilbert, F, Lindqvist, R, Nauta, M, Ru, G, Simmons, M, Skandamis, P, Suffredini, E, Arguello-Rodriguez, H, Dohmen, W, Magistrali, CF, Padalino, B, Tenhagen, BA, Threlfall, J, Garcia-Fierro, R, Guerra, B, Liebana, E, Stella, P, and Peixe, L
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663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,data gaps ,food-producing animals ,Plant Science ,mitigation option ,Microbiology ,antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) ,lairage ,food-producing animal ,research needs ,risk factor ,mitigation options ,veterinary (miscalleneous) ,data gap ,risk factors ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) ,Food Science - Abstract
The transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between food-producing animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) during short journeys ( 8 h) directed to other farms or to the slaughterhouse lairage (directly or with intermediate stops at assembly centres or control posts, mainly transported by road) was assessed. Among the identified risk factors contributing to the probability of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), the ones considered more important are the resistance status (presence of ARB/ARGs) of the animals pre-transport, increased faecal shedding, hygiene of the areas and vehicles, exposure to other animals carrying and/or shedding ARB/ARGs (especially between animals of different AMR loads and/or ARB/ARG types), exposure to contaminated lairage areas and duration of transport. There are nevertheless no data whereby differences between journeys shorter or longer than 8 h can be assessed. Strategies that would reduce the probability of AMR transmission, for all animal categories include minimising the duration of transport, proper cleaning and disinfection, appropriate transport planning, organising the transport in relation to AMR criteria (transport logistics), improving animal health and welfare and/or biosecurity immediately prior to and during transport, ensuring the thermal comfort of the animals and animal segregation. Most of the aforementioned measures have similar validity if applied at lairage, assembly centres and control posts. Data gaps relating to the risk factors and the effectiveness of mitigation measures have been identified, with consequent research needs in both the short and longer term listed. Quantification of the impact of animal transportation compared to the contribution of other stages of the food-production chain, and the interplay of duration with all risk factors on the transmission of ARB/ARGs during transport and journey breaks, were identified as urgent research needs. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2022
210. Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 15: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2021
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Kostas, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Cocconcelli, Pier Sandro, Fernández Escámez, Pablo Salvador, Prieto-Maradona, Miguel, Querol, Amparo, Sijtsma, Lolke, Evaristo Suarez, Juan, Sundh, Ingvar, Vlak, Just, Barizzone, Fulvio, Hempen, Michaela, Herman, Lieve, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Cocconcelli P.S., Fernandez Escamez P.S., Prieto-Maradona M., Querol A., Sijtsma L., Evaristo Suarez J., Sundh I., Vlak J., Barizzone F., Hempen M., and Herman L.
- Subjects
663/664 ,Aurantiochytrium mangrovei ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Chemical technology ,Haematococcus lacustris ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,Microbiology ,QPS ,Paenibacillus lentu ,Haematococcus lacustri ,Enterococcus lactis ,Schizochytrium aggregatum ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,TX341-641 ,Statement ,Paenibacillus lentus ,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ,Food Science ,Enterococcus lacti - Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach was developed to provide a generic pre-evaluation of the safety of biological agents. The QPS approach is based on an assessment of published data for each agent, with respect to its taxonomic identity, the body of relevant knowledge and safety concerns. Safety concerns are, where possible, confirmed at the species/strain or product level and reflected by ‘qualifications’. The QPS list was updated in relation to the revised taxonomy of the genus Bacillus, to synonyms of yeast species and for the qualifications ‘absence of resistance to antimycotics’ and ‘only for production purposes’. Lactobacillus cellobiosus has been reclassified as Limosilactobacillus fermentum. In the period covered by this statement, no new information was found that would change the status of previously recommended QPS taxonomic units (TU)s. Of the 70 microorganisms notified to EFSA, 64 were not evaluated: 11 filamentous fungi, one oomycete, one Clostridium butyricum, one Enterococcus faecium, five Escherichia coli, one Streptomyces sp., one Bacillus nakamurai and 43 TUs that already had a QPS status. Six notifications, corresponding to six TUs were evaluated: Paenibacillus lentus was reassessed because an update was requested for the current mandate. Enterococcus lactis synonym Enterococcus xinjiangensis, Aurantiochytrium mangrovei synonym Schizochytrium mangrovei, Schizochytrium aggregatum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii synonym Chlamydomonas smithii and Haematococcus lacustris synonym Haematococcus pluvialis were assessed for the first time. The following TUs were not recommended for QPS status: P. lentus due to a limited body of knowledge, E. lactis synonym E. xinjiangensis due to potential safety concerns, A. mangrovei synonym S. mangrovei, S. aggregatum and C. reinhardtii synonym C. smithii, due to lack of a body of knowledge on its occurrence in the food and feed chain. H. lacustris synonym H. pluvialis is recommended for QPS status with the qualification ‘for production purposes only’. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2022
211. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Konstantinos Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Benedetta Bottari, Enda Cummins, Kari Ylivainio, Irene Muñoz Guajardo, Angel Ortiz‐Pelaez, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Bottari B., Cummins E., Ylivainio K., Munoz Guajardo I., Ortiz-Pelaez A., and Alvarez-Ordonez A.
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Salmonella ,compost ,Plant Science ,medicine.disease_cause ,CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS ,Parvovirus ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,ASCARIS-SUUM EGGS ,biology ,Compost ,Ascaris ,SWINE VESICULAR DISEASE ,Biol5012 ,Enterococcu ,FAECIUM NRRL B-2354 ,Food Science & Technology ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,663/664 ,Indicator microorganisms ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,animal by-products ,TP1-1185 ,engineering.material ,Microbiology ,ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION ,medicine ,CLASS-A BIOSOLIDS ,Parvoviru ,inactivation ,MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS ,Science & Technology ,fertiliser ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,fertilisers ,LABORATORY-SCALE INACTIVATION ,LUMPY SKIN-DISEASE ,VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS ,biology.organism_classification ,Biological hazard ,Processing methods ,Scientific Opinion ,Enterococcus ,Ascari ,animal by‐product ,engineering ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,animal by‐products ,Food Science - Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to assess if different thermal processes achieve a 5 log10 reduction in Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W) and (if relevant) a 3 log10 reduction in thermoresistant viruses (e.g. Parvovirus) as well as if different chemical processes achieve a 3 log10 reduction of eggs of Ascaris sp., in eight groups of Category 2 and 3 derived products and animal by-products (ABP). These included (1) ash derived from incineration, co-incineration and combustion; (2) glycerine derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (3) other materials derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (4) hides and skins; (5) wool and hair; (6) feathers and down; (7) pig bristles; and (8) horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products. Data on the presence of viral hazards and on thermal and chemical inactivation of the targeted indicator microorganisms and biological hazards under relevant processing conditions were extracted via extensive literature searches. The evidence was assessed via expert knowledge elicitation. The certainty that the required log10 reductions in the most resistant indicator microorganisms or biological hazards will be achieved for each of the eight groups of materials mentioned above by the thermal and/or chemical processes was (1) 99-100% for the two processes assessed; (2) 98-100% in Category 2 ABP, at least 90-99% in Category 3 ABP; (3) 90-99% in Category 2 ABP; at least 66-90% in Category 3 ABP; (4) 10-66% and 33-66%; (5) 1-33% and 10-50%; (6) 66-90%; (7) 33-66% and 50-95%; (8) 66-95%, respectively. Data generation on the occurrence and reduction of biological hazards by thermal and/or chemical methods in these materials and on the characterisation of the usage pathways of ABP as organic fertilisers/soil improvers is recommended. ispartof: EFSA JOURNAL vol:19 issue:12 ispartof: location:United States status: published
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- 2021
212. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 9: Polymyxins: colistin
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I., Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordoñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., and Peixe L.
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663/664 ,medicine.drug_class ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Polymyxin ,Growth promotion ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Non target ,Antibiotic resistance ,growth promotion ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,antimicrobial resistance ,colistin ,yield increase ,Animal health ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,business.industry ,Chemical technology ,sub-inhibitory concentration ,sub‐inhibitory concentration ,Contamination ,Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Biotechnology ,Colistin ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,business ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of colistin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels of colistin in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
213. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 13: Diaminopyrimidines: trimethoprim
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I., Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordoñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., and Peixe L.
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Complete data ,663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Trimethoprim ,Non target ,Antibiotic resistance ,growth promotion ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,antimicrobial resistance ,yield increase ,Animal health ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,business.industry ,Chemical technology ,sub-inhibitory concentration ,food-producing animals ,Biol5012 ,food‐producing animals ,sub‐inhibitory concentration ,Contamination ,Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Biotechnology ,Scientific Opinion ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,business ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of trimethoprim in non-target feed for food-producing animals below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. The FARSC for trimethoprim was estimated. Uncertainties and data gaps associated to the levels reported were addressed. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. No suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to perform further studies to supply more diverse and complete data related to the requirements for calculation of the FARSC for trimethoprim. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
214. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 12: Tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I, Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., and Peixe L.
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Chlortetracycline ,663/664 ,Tetracycline ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Oxytetracycline ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Antibiotic resistance ,growth promotion ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,antimicrobial resistance ,Food science ,chlortetracycline ,tetracycline ,Doxycycline ,doxycycline ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,food-producing animals ,Contamination ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,oxytetracycline ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. The FARSC for these four tetracyclines was estimated. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, whilst for doxycycline no suitable data for the assessment were available. Uncertainties and data gaps associated with the levels reported were addressed. It was recommended to perform further studies to supply more diverse and complete data related to the requirements for calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
215. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 10: Quinolones: flumequine and oxolinic acid
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I, Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordoñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., Peixe L., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,flumequine ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Microbiology ,Non target ,Antibiotic resistance ,growth promotion ,oxolinic acid ,Oxolinic acid ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,antimicrobial resistance ,Food8822 ,yield increase ,Animal health ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,sub-inhibitory concentration ,food-producing animals ,food‐producing animals ,Contamination ,sub‐inhibitory concentration ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Scientific Opinion ,Flumequine ,Environmental science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of flumequine and oxolinic acid in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data are available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. No suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
216. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 4: β‐Lactams: amoxicillin and penicillin V
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I, Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutso111umanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., and Peixe L.
- Subjects
663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Antibiotic resistance ,Non target ,growth promotion ,β lactams ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,antimicrobial resistance ,Food science ,yield increase ,amoxicillin ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,sub-inhibitory concentration ,Chemical technology ,food-producing animals ,Biol5012 ,food‐producing animals ,sub‐inhibitory concentration ,Contamination ,Amoxicillin ,penicillin V ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Penicillin ,Scientific Opinion ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of amoxicillin and penicillin V in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for amoxicillin, whilst for penicillin V no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these two antimicrobials. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
217. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 6: Macrolides: tilmicosin, tylosin and tylvalosin
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I, Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordoñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., Peixe L., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Tylosin ,Biology ,tilmicosin ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Antibiotic resistance ,Non target ,growth promotion ,TX341-641 ,antimicrobial resistance ,Food science ,Tilmicosin ,yield increase ,tylosin ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,food-producing animals ,tylvalosin ,Contamination ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,chemistry ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Tylvalosin ,Food Science - Abstract
The specific concentrations of tilmicosin, tylosin and tylvalosin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield, were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tilmicosin and tylosin, whilst for tylvalosin no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these three antimicrobials. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
218. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 7: Amphenicols: florfenicol and thiamphenicol
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Konstantinos Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Dan I Andersson, Vasileios Bampidis, Johan Bengtsson‐Palme, Damien Bouchard, Aude Ferran, Maryline Kouba, Secundino López Puente, Marta López‐Alonso, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Alena Pechová, Mariana Petkova, Sebastien Girault, Alessandro Broglia, Beatriz Guerra, Matteo Lorenzo Innocenti, Ernesto Liébana, Gloria López‐Gálvez, Paola Manini, Pietro Stella, Luisa Peixe, Indústries Alimentàries, Qualitat i Tecnologia Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., and Peixe L.
- Subjects
Florfenicol ,663/664 ,florfenicol ,medicine.drug_class ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Non target ,Antibiotic resistance ,growth promotion ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,antimicrobial resistance ,yield increase ,thiamphenicol ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,sub-inhibitory concentration ,Chemical technology ,Biol5012 ,food‐producing animals ,food-producing animals ,Contamination ,sub‐inhibitory concentration ,Thiamphenicol ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Scientific Opinion ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Amphenicols ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of florfenicol and thiamphenicol in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield, were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. The FARSC for florfenicol was estimated. However, due to the lack of data, the calculation of the FARSC for thiamphenicol was not possible until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for florfenicol, whilst for thiamphenicol no suitable data for the assessment were available. Uncertainties and data gaps associated to the levels reported were addressed. For florfenicol, it was recommended to perform further studies to supply more diverse and complete data related to the requirements for calculation of the FARSC, whereas for thiamphenicol, the recommendation was to generate the data required to fill the gaps which prevented the FARSC calculation. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
219. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 8: Pleuromutilins: tiamulin and valnemulin
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Konstantinos Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Dan I Andersson, Vasileios Bampidis, Johan Bengtsson‐Palme, Damien Bouchard, Aude Ferran, Maryline Kouba, Secundino López Puente, Marta López‐Alonso, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Alena Pechová, Mariana Petkova, Sebastien Girault, Alessandro Broglia, Beatriz Guerra, Matteo Lorenzo Innocenti, Ernesto Liébana, Gloria López‐Gálvez, Paola Manini, Pietro Stella, Luisa Peixe, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordoñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., Peixe L., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
663/664 ,tiamulin ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Tiamulin ,Growth promotion ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Non target ,Antibiotic resistance ,growth promotion ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,valnemulin ,antimicrobial resistance ,yield increase ,Animal health ,business.industry ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,sub-inhibitory concentration ,Chemical technology ,food-producing animals ,Contamination ,sub‐inhibitory concentration ,Valnemulin ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Biotechnology ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,business ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of tiamulin and valnemulin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tiamulin, while for valnemulin no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these two antimicrobials. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
220. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 11: Sulfonamides
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I., Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordoñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., Peixe L., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
Sulfamerazine ,663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Sulfonamide ,Microbiology ,Antibiotic resistance ,Non target ,growth promotion ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,antimicrobial resistance ,Food science ,yield increase ,Sulfonamides ,Animal health ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,sub-inhibitory concentration ,food‐producing animals ,food-producing animals ,sub‐inhibitory concentration ,Contamination ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Sulfathiazole ,Environmental science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of sulfonamides in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data are available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were identified for three sulfonamides: sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole and sulfamerazine. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
221. Guidance on date marking and related food information: part 2 (food information)
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Konstantinos Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Taran Skjerdal, Maria Teresa Da Silva Felício, Michaela Hempen, Winy Messens, Roland Lindqvist, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Jacxsens L., Skjerdal T., Da Silva Felicio M.T., Hempen M., Messens W., Lindqvist R., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
Agriculture and Food Sciences ,663/664 ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Food storage ,GROWTH TEMPERATURE ,food information ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,010501 environmental sciences ,MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,SHELF-LIFE ,0403 veterinary science ,Toxicology ,Contact surfaces ,secondary shelf‐life ,TX341-641 ,LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES ,date marking ,secondary shelf-life ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,CROSS-CONTAMINATION ,STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS ,business.industry ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,thawing ,BACILLUS-CEREUS ,Chemical technology ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,public health ,FOODBORNE PATHOGENS ,Biol5012 ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157H7 ,Contamination ,Time limit ,Food safety ,food storage ,FREEZE-THAW TOLERANCE ,Scientific Opinion ,opened package ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Frozen storage ,Business ,Food Science - Abstract
A risk-based approach was used to develop guidance to be followed by food business operators (FBOs) when deciding on food information relating to storage conditions and/or time limits for consumption after opening a food package and thawing of frozen foods. After opening the package, contamination may occur, introducing new pathogens into the food and the intrinsic (e.g. pH and a(w)), extrinsic (e.g. temperature and gas atmosphere) and implicit (e.g. interactions with competing background microbiota) factors may change, affecting microbiological food safety. Setting a time limit for consumption after opening the package (secondary shelf-life) is complex in view of the many influencing factors and information gaps. A decision tree (DT) was developed to assist FBOs in deciding whether the time limit for consumption after opening, due to safety reasons, is potentially shorter than the initial 'best before' or 'use by' date of the product in its unopened package. For products where opening the package leads to a change of the type of pathogenic microorganisms present in the food and/or factors increasing their growth compared to the unopened product, a shorter time limit for consumption after opening would be appropriate. Freezing prevents the growth of pathogens, however, most pathogenic microorganisms may survive frozen storage, recover during thawing and then grow and/or produce toxins in the food, if conditions are favourable. Moreover, additional contamination may occur from hands, contact surfaces or contamination from other foods and utensils. Good practices for thawing should, from a food safety point of view, minimise growth of and contamination by pathogens between the food being thawed and other foods and/or contact surfaces, especially when removing the food from the package during thawing. Best practices for thawing foods are presented to support FBOs. (C) 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
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- 2021
222. Evaluation of the application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat including Category 1 animal by-products (BDI-RepCat® process, AT)
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Fernández Escámez, Pablo, Spiropoulos, John, Iulietto, Maria Francesca, Ortiz‐Peláez, Angel, Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Fernandez Escamez P., Spiropoulos J., Iulietto M.F., Ortiz-Pelaez A., and Alvarez-Ordonez A.
- Subjects
ABP ,663/664 ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Vacuum distillation ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,biodiesel ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Raw material ,tallow ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Catalysis ,prion ,0403 veterinary science ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tallow ,TX341-641 ,animal by-product ,TSE ,category 1 ,methanol ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Biodiesel ,Chromatography ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemistry ,Chemical technology ,Biol5012 ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Transesterification ,Scientific Opinion ,Biodiesel production ,animal by‐product ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Methanol ,Food Science - Abstract
A new alternative method for the production of biodiesel from rendered fat, including animal by‐product (ABP) Category 1 tallow, was evaluated. The method consists of a conversion phase, based on esterification and transesterification in a single step (at temperature ≥ 200°C, pressure ≥ 70 bar with a retention time ≥ 15 min), using MgO as a catalyst and in the presence of methanol (10–15%), followed by vacuum distillation (at ≥ 150°C, ≤ 10 mbar) of the end‐product, biodiesel and the co‐product, glycerine. Prions (PrPSc), which are abnormal isoforms of the prion protein, were considered by the applicant to be the most resistant hazard. In accordance with previous EFSA Opinions and current expert evaluation, a reduction in prion infectivity, or detectable PrPSc, of at least 6 log10 should be achieved for the process to be considered equivalent to the processing method laid down in the Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. Published data from an experimental replication of the conversion step of the biodiesel production process under consideration were provided, which showed an at least 6 log10 reduction in detectable PrPSc, by Western blot, in tallow that had been spiked with murine and human prion strains. In addition, it was demonstrated that the presence of methanol does not affect the recovery or detection of PrPSc from a biodiesel substrate. Based on scientific literature, the vacuum distillation step has been shown to be capable of achieving an additional 3 log10 reduction in PrPSc. Therefore, the proposed alternative method is considered to be at least equivalent to the processing method laid down in the legislation for the production of biodiesel from raw materials including Category 1 ABP. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
223. Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 14: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2021
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Kostas Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez, Miguel Prieto‐Maradona, Amparo Querol, Lolke Sijtsma, Juan Evaristo Suarez, Ingvar Sundh, Just Vlak, Fulvio Barizzone, Michaela Hempen, Lieve Herman, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Cocconcelli P.S., Fernandez Escamez P.S., Prieto-Maradona M., Querol A., Sijtsma L., Suarez J.E., Sundh I., Vlak J., Barizzone F., Hempen M., Herman L., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
Corynebacterium stationis ,663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Kodamaea ohmeri ,Microbiology ,Enterobacter hormaechei ,Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus ,Lactococcus garvieae ,Corynebacterium stationi ,TX341-641 ,Eremothecium ashbyi ,Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticu ,Bacillus paralicheniformi ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Statement ,Food Science ,Bacillus paralicheniformis - Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach was developed to provide a regularly updated generic pre-evaluation of the safety of biological agents, intended for addition to food or feed, to support the work of EFSA's Scientific Panels. The QPS approach is based on an assessment of published data for each agent, with respect to its taxonomic identity, the body of relevant knowledge, safety concerns and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit (TU) are, where possible, confirmed at the species/strain or product level and reflected by ‘qualifications’. In the period covered by this statement, no new information was found that would change the status of previously recommended QPS TUs. Schizochytrium limacinum, which is a synonym for Aurantiochytrium limacinum, was added to the QPS list. Of the 78 microorganisms notified to EFSA between October 2020 and March 2021, 71 were excluded; 16 filamentous fungi, 1 Dyella spp., 1 Enterococcus faecium, 7 Escherichia coli, 1 Streptomyces spp., 1 Schizochytrium spp. and 44 TUs that had been previously evaluated. Seven TUs were evaluated: Corynebacterium stationis and Kodamaea ohmeri were re-assessed because an update was requested for the current mandate. Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus, Bacillus paralicheniformis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Eremothecium ashbyi and Lactococcus garvieae were assessed for the first time. The following TUs were not recommended for QPS status: A. caldiproteolyticus due to the lack of a body of knowledge in relation to its use in the food or feed chain, E. hormaechei, L. garvieae and K. ohmeri due to their pathogenic potential, E. ashbyi and C. stationis due to a lack of body of knowledge on their occurrence in the food and feed chain and to their pathogenic potential. B. paralicheniformis was recommended for the QPS status with the qualification ‘absence of toxigenic activity’ and ‘absence of genetic information to synthesize bacitracin’. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
224. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 5: Lincosamides: lincomycin
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I, Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., and Peixe L.
- Subjects
663/664 ,medicine.drug_class ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Antibiotic resistance ,Non target ,growth promotion ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,antimicrobial resistance ,yield increase ,Lincosamides ,Animal health ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,sub-inhibitory concentration ,Chemical technology ,Biol5012 ,food‐producing animals ,food-producing animals ,Contamination ,sub‐inhibitory concentration ,Antimicrobial ,Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) ,food-producing animal ,Lincomycin ,Scientific Opinion ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,lincomycin ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The specific concentrations of lincomycin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels of lincomycin in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for lincomycin. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
225. Update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 13: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2020
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Kostas, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Cocconcelli, Pier Sandro, Fernández Escámez, Pablo Salvador, Maradona, Miguel Prieto, Querol, Amparo, Sijtsma, Lolke, Suarez, Juan Evaristo, Sundh, Ingvar, Vlak, Just, Barizzone, Fulvio, Hempen, Michaela, Herman, Lieve, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Cocconcelli P.S., Fernandez Escamez P.S., Maradona M.P., Querol A., Sijtsma L., Suarez J.E., Sundh I., Vlak J., Barizzone F., Hempen M., and Herman L.
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,safety ,663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,030106 microbiology ,Laboratory of Virology ,Rhodococcus ruber ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,yeast ,Microbiology ,QPS ,Laboratorium voor Virologie ,Corynebacterium stationis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Aurantiochytrium limacinum ,Mycobacterium aurum ,TX341-641 ,Pantoea ananatis ,bacteria ,Lactobacillus parafarraginis ,VLAG ,Bacillus circulan ,Methylorubrum extorquen ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,business.industry ,Chemical technology ,Methylorubrum extorquens ,PE&RC ,Food safety ,Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ,Biotechnology ,BBP Bioconversion ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Statement ,business ,Bacillus velezensis ,Bacillus circulans ,Food Science - Abstract
Qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a generic safety evaluation for biological agents to support EFSA's Scientific Panels. The taxonomic identity, body of knowledge, safety concerns and antimicrobial resistance are assessed. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit (TU) are where possible to be confirmed at strain or product level, reflected by 'qualifications'. No new information was found that would change the previously recommended QPS TUs and their qualifications. The list of microorganisms notified to EFSA was updated with 54 biological agents, received between April and September 2019; 23 already had QPS status, 14 were excluded from the QPS exercise (7 filamentous fungi, 6 Escherichia coli, Sphingomonas paucimobilis which was already evaluated). Seventeen, corresponding to 16 TUs, were evaluated for possible QPS status, fourteen of these for the first time, and Protaminobacter rubrum, evaluated previously, was excluded because it is not a valid species. Eight TUs are recommended for QPS status. Lactobacillus parafarraginis and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii are recommended to be included in the QPS list. Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius and Paenibacillus illinoisensis can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification 'for production purposes only' and absence of toxigenic potential. Bacillus velezensis can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification 'absence of toxigenic potential and the absence of aminoglycoside production ability'. Cupriavidus necator, Aurantiochytrium limacinum and Tetraselmis chuii can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification 'production purposes only'. Pantoea ananatis is not recommended for the QPS list due to lack of body of knowledge in relation to its pathogenicity potential for plants. Corynebacterium stationis, Hamamotoa singularis, Rhodococcus aetherivorans and Rhodococcus ruber cannot be recommended for the QPS list due to lack of body of knowledge. Kodamaea ohmeri cannot be recommended for the QPS list due to safety concerns.
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- 2021
226. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 2: Aminoglycosides/aminocyclitols: apramycin, paromomycin, neomycin and spectinomycin
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Allende, Ana, Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I, Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Allende A., Koutsoumanis K., Alvarez-Ordoñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., Peixe L., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
Spectinomycin ,663/664 ,spectinomycin ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,Paromomycin ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Apramycin ,Microbiology ,Antibiotic resistance ,growth promotion ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,antimicrobial resistance ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,neomycin ,food-producing animals ,Neomycin ,Contamination ,Antimicrobial ,food-producing animal ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,paromomycin ,Food Science ,medicine.drug ,apramycin - Abstract
The specific concentrations of apramycin, paromomycin, neomycin and spectinomycin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield, were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC for these antimicrobials, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for apramycin and neomycin, whilst for paromomycin and spectinomycin, no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these four antimicrobials. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
227. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 3: Amprolium
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Andersson, Dan I, Bampidis, Vasileios, Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bouchard, Damien, Ferran, Aude, Kouba, Maryline, López Puente, Secundino, López-Alonso, Marta, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Pechová, Alena, Petkova, Mariana, Girault, Sebastien, Broglia, Alessandro, Guerra, Beatriz, Innocenti, Matteo Lorenzo, Liébana, Ernesto, López-Gálvez, Gloria, Manini, Paola, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordoñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andersson D.I., Bampidis V., Bengtsson-Palme J., Bouchard D., Ferran A., Kouba M., Lopez Puente S., Lopez-Alonso M., Nielsen S.S., Pechova A., Petkova M., Girault S., Broglia A., Guerra B., Innocenti M.L., Liebana E., Lopez-Galvez G., Manini P., Stella P., Peixe L., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Growth promotion ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Antibiotic resistance ,Non target ,Amprolium ,growth promotion ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,antimicrobial resistance ,yield increase ,Animal health ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Biol5012 ,food‐producing animals ,food-producing animals ,Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC), growth promotion ,Contamination ,Antimicrobial ,Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) ,food-producing animal ,Scientific Opinion ,subinhibitory concentration ,chemistry ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Food Science ,amprolium - Abstract
The specific concentrations of amprolium in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC for amprolium, it was not possible to conclude the assessment. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels of amprolium in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported. The lack of antibacterial activity at clinically relevant concentrations for amprolium suggests that further studies relating to bacterial resistance are not a priority. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
228. Guidance on date marking and related food information: part 1 (date marking)
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover‐Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Jacxsens, Liesbeth, Skjerdal, Taran, Da Silva Felicio, Maria Teresa, Hempen, Michaela, Messens, Winy, Lindqvist, Roland, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Jacxsens L., Skjerdal T., Da Silva Felicio M.T., Hempen M., Messens W., and Lindqvist R.
- Subjects
Agriculture and Food Sciences ,Food spoilage ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Hazard analysis ,01 natural sciences ,0403 veterinary science ,TO-EAT FOODS ,TX341-641 ,Cold chain ,Marketing ,date marking ,CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM ,BACILLUS-CEREUS ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,PREDICTIVE MICROBIOLOGY ,MICROBIOLOGICAL RISK-ASSESSMENT ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,reasonably foreseeable condition ,Product (business) ,Identification (information) ,use by date ,shelf‐life ,663/664 ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Food storage ,food donation ,TP1-1185 ,LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA ,Shelf life ,Microbiology ,best before date ,SHELF-LIFE ,BLOWN PACK SPOILAGE ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,business.industry ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Food safety ,COLD CHAIN ,food storage ,LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES GROWTH ,shelf-life ,Scientific Opinion ,reasonably foreseeable conditions ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Business ,Food Science - Abstract
A risk-based approach was developed to be followed by food business operators (FBO) when deciding on the type of date marking (i.e. 'best before' date or 'use by' date), setting of shelf-life (i.e. time) and the related information on the label to ensure food safety. The decision on the type of date marking needs to be taken on a product-by-product basis, considering the relevant hazards, product characteristics, processing and storage conditions. The hazard identification is food product-specific and should consider pathogenic microorganisms capable of growing in prepacked temperature-controlled foods under reasonably foreseeable conditions. The intrinsic (e.g. pH and a(w)), extrinsic (e.g. temperature and gas atmosphere) and implicit (e.g. interactions with competing background microbiota) factors of the food determine which pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms can grow in the food during storage until consumption. A decision tree was developed to assist FBOs in deciding the type of date marking for a certain food product. When setting the shelf-life, the FBO needs to consider reasonably foreseeable conditions of distribution, storage and use of the food. Key steps of a case-by-case procedure to determine and validate the shelf-life period are: (i) identification of the relevant pathogenic/spoilage microorganism and its initial level, (ii) characterisation of the factors of the food affecting the growth behaviour and (iii) assessment of the growth behaviour of the pathogenic/spoilage microorganism in the food product during storage until consumption. Due to the variability between food products and consumer habits, it was not appropriate to present indicative time limits for food donated or marketed past the 'best before' date. Recommendations were provided relating to training activities and support, using 'reasonably foreseeable conditions' collecting time-temperature data during distribution, retail and domestic storage of foods and developing Appropriate Levels of Protection and/or Food Safety Objectives for food-pathogen combinations. (C) 2020 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
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- 2020
229. Potential BSE risk posed by the use of ruminant collagen and gelatine in feed for non‐ruminant farmed animals
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Konstantinos Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Declan Joseph Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Maria Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Olivier Andreoletti, John Griffin, John Spiropoulos, Angel Ortiz‐Pelaez, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Bolton D.J., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L.M., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andreoletti O., Griffin J., Spiropoulos J., Ortiz-Pelaez A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
- Subjects
collagen ,663/664 ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ,Population ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Raw material ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,BSE ,0403 veterinary science ,Animal science ,Ruminant ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,education ,risk ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Risk status ,Infectivity ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,feed ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,gelatine ,Scientific Opinion ,ruminants ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Food Science - Abstract
EFSA was requested to estimate the cattle bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk (C-, L- and H-BSE) posed by ruminant collagen and gelatine produced from raw material fit for human consumption, or from material classified as Category 3 animal by-products (ABP), to be used in feed intended for non-ruminant animals, including aquaculture animals. Three risk pathways (RP) were identified by which cattle could be exposed to ruminant feed cross-contaminated with ruminant collagen or gelatine: 1) recycled former foodstuffs produced in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 (RP1), 2) technological or nutritional additives or 3) compound feed, produced either in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 (RP2a) or Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 (RP2b). A probabilistic model was developed to estimate the BSE infectivity load measured in cattle oral ID50 (CoID50)/kg, in the gelatine produced from the bones and hide of one infected animal older than 30 months with clinical BSE (worst-case scenario). The amount of BSE infectivity (50th percentile estimate) in a member state (MS) with negligible risk status was 7.6 × 10–2 CoID50/kg, and 3.1 × 10–4 CoID50/kg in a MS with controlled risk status. The assessment considered the potential contamination pathways and the model results (including uncertainties) regarding the current epidemiological situation in the EU and current statutory controls. Given the estimated amount of BSE infectivity to which cattle would be exposed in a single year, and even if all the estimated undetected BSE cases in the EU were used for the production of collagen or gelatine (either using raw materials fit for human consumption or Category 3 ABP raw materials), it was concluded that the probability that no new case of BSE in the cattle population would be generated through any of the three RP is 99–100% (almost certain).
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- 2020
230. Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Tunnel Composting (submitted by the European Composting Network)
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (EFSA BIOHAZ Panel), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Bolton, Declan Joseph, Bover‐Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve Maria, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Escámez, Pablo Fernández, Ortiz‐Peláez, Angel, Ashe, Seán, Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Bolton D.J., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L.M., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Escamez P.F., Ortiz-Pelaez A., Ashe S., and Alvarez-Ordonez A.
- Subjects
Cat. 3 ABP ,663/664 ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Context (language use) ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Animal origin ,0403 veterinary science ,Salmonella Senftenberg ,National level ,Catering waste ,alternative method ,TX341-641 ,Cat. 3 ABPs ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Log10 reduction ,Alternative methods ,Waste management ,Compost ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Scientific Opinion ,Alternative method ,catering waste ,engineering ,Environmental science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Food Science - Abstract
Two alternative methods for the production of compost from certain category 3 animal by‐products (catering waste and processed foodstuffs of animal origin) were assessed. The first proposed a minimum temperature of 55°C for 72 h; the second 60°C for 48 h, each with a maximum particle size of 200 mm. The proposed composting processes were assessed by the BIOHAZ Panel for their efficacy to achieve a reduction of 5 log10 of Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W, H2S negative) and a 3 log10 reduction of the infectivity titre of thermoresistant viruses, such as parvovirus, in the composted material, as set out in Annex V, Chapter 3, Section 2 of Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. The assessment of the BIOHAZ Panel exclusively focused on the ABP raw materials (catering waste and processed foodstuffs) intended for human consumption. The applicant did not provide any validation experiments with direct measurement of the reduction of viability of endogenous indicators or spiked surrogate bacteria. However, from thermal inactivation parameters reported in the literature, it can be concluded that the proposed composting standards can achieve at least a 5 log10 reduction of Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg 775W. The applicant did not consider thermoresistant viruses as a relevant hazard and therefore did not provide any data from direct measurements of the reduction of infectivity of spiked thermoresistant viruses, nor provide data from validation studies undertaken at national level or data from literature supporting the efficacy of the proposed composting standards on thermoresistant viruses. However, thermoresistant viruses should be considered to be a relevant hazard in this context and validation data should have been provided accordingly. The BIOHAZ Panel considers that the evidence provided by the applicant does not demonstrate that the requirements of Annex V, Chapter 3, Section 2 of Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 are achieved. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2020
231. Update on chronic wasting disease (CWD) III
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Kostas Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordoňez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Olivier Andreoletti, Sylvie L Benestad, Emmanuel Comoy, Romolo Nonno, Teresa da Silva Felicio, Angel Ortiz‐Pelaez, Marion M Simmons, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Andreoletti O., Benestad S.L., Comoy E., Nonno R., da Silva Felicio T., Ortiz-Pelaez A., and Simmons M.M.
- Subjects
cervid ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,animal diseases ,wasting ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,0403 veterinary science ,Food chain ,strain ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Environmental health ,medicine ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European commission ,TX341-641 ,European union ,cervids ,Clinical phenotype ,zoonotic ,Wasting ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,risk ,Dietary exposure ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Chronic wasting disease ,medicine.disease ,Individual level ,chronic ,Scientific Opinion ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,medicine.symptom ,Food Science - Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a Scientific Opinion: to revise the state of knowledge about the differences between the chronic wasting disease (CWD) strains found in North America (NA) and Europe and within Europe; to review new scientific evidence on the zoonotic potential of CWD and to provide recommendations to address the potential risks and to identify risk factors for the spread of CWD in the European Union. Full characterisation of European isolates is being pursued, whereas most NA CWD isolates have not been characterised in this way. The differing surveillance programmes in these continents result in biases in the types of cases that can be detected. Preliminary data support the contention that the CWD strains identified in Europe and NA are different and suggest the presence of strain diversity in European cervids. Current data do not allow any conclusion on the implications of strain diversity on transmissibility, pathogenesis or prevalence. Available data do not allow any conclusion on the zoonotic potential of NA or European CWD isolates. The risk of CWD to humans through consumption of meat cannot be directly assessed. At individual level, consumers of meat, meat products and offal derived from CWD‐infected cervids will be exposed to the CWD agent(s). Measures to reduce human dietary exposure could be applied, but exclusion from the food chain of whole carcasses of infected animals would be required to eliminate exposure. Based on NA experiences, all the risk factors identified for the spread of CWD may be associated with animals accumulating infectivity in both the peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. A subset of risk factors is relevant for infected animals without involvement of peripheral tissues. All the risk factors should be taken into account due to the potential co‐localisation of animals presenting with different disease phenotypes.
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- 2020
232. Update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 12: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2020
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Kostas, Allende, Ana, Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover‐Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Cocconcelli, Pier Sandro, Fernández Escámez, Pablo Salvador, Maradona, Miguel Prieto, Querol, Amparo, Suarez, Juan Evaristo, Sundh, Ingvar, Vlak, Just, Barizzone, Fulvio, Hempen, Michaela, Herman, Lieve, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Cocconcelli P.S., Fernandez Escamez P.S., Maradona M.P., Querol A., Suarez J.E., Sundh I., Vlak J., Barizzone F., Hempen M., and Herman L.
- Subjects
safety ,Komagataella pastoris ,663/664 ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,yeast ,Pseudomonas chlororaphis ,Pseudomonas chlororaphi ,Microbiology ,QPS ,Galdieria sulphuraria ,Corynebacterium ammoniagene ,Clostridium butyricum ,Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ,TX341-641 ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Statement ,bacteria ,Komagataella pastori ,Food Science ,Akkermansia muciniphila - Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a generic safety evaluation for biological agents to support EFSA's Scientific Panels. It is based on an assessment of the taxonomic identity, the body of knowledge, safety concerns and antimicrobial resistance. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit (TU) are where possible to be confirmed at strain or product level, reflected by ‘qualifications’. No new information was found that would change the previously recommended QPS TUs of the 39 microorganisms notified to EFSA between October 2019 and March 2020, 33 were excluded, including five filamentous fungi, five Escherichia coli, two Enterococcus faecium, two Streptomyces spp. and 19 TUs already evaluated. Six TUs were evaluated. Akkermansia muciniphila was not recommended for QPS status due to safety concerns. Clostridium butyricum was not recommended because some strains contain pathogenicity factors. This TU was excluded for further QPS evaluation. Galdieria sulphuraria and Pseudomonas chlororaphis were also rejected due to a lack of body of knowledge. The QPS status of Corynebacterium ammoniagenes (with the qualification ‘for production purposes only’) and of Komagataella pastoris (with the qualification ‘for enzyme production’) was confirmed. In relation to the taxonomic revision of the Lactobacillus genus, previously designated Lactobacillus species will be reassigned to the new species and both the old and new names will be retained in the QPS list. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2020
233. The use of the so‐called ‘tubs’ for transporting and storing fresh fishery products
- Author
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Konstantinos Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Sigurjón Arason, Karen Bekaert, Míriam R García, Marios Georgiadis, Winy Messens, Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz, Sara Bover‐Cid, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Arason S., Bekaert K., Garcia M.R., Georgiadis M., Messens W., Mosbach-Schulz O., and Bover-Cid S.
- Subjects
biological hazards ,663/664 ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Fresh fishery product ,Fish species ,Transport ,Storage ,fish boxes ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Bacterial growth ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,storage ,0403 veterinary science ,Histamine formation ,Water uptake ,TX341-641 ,Fish tub ,fresh fishery products ,Fish boxes ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Fish boxe ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Biological hazards ,Chemical technology ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,histamine ,Fishery ,Scientific Opinion ,Fish tubs ,Biological hazard ,Fresh fishery products ,Morganella psychrotolerans ,transport ,%22">Fish ,Environmental science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Seawater ,Histamine ,Food Science - Abstract
123 pages, 20 tables, 16 figures, 2 appendix.-- Open access, On-land transport/storage of fresh fishery products (FFP) for up to 3 days in ‘tubs’ of three-layered polyethylene filled with freshwater and ice was compared to the currently authorised practice (fish boxes of high-density poly-ethylene filled with ice). The impact on the survival and growth of biological hazards in fish and the histamine production in fish species associated with a high amount of histidine was assessed.In different modelling scenarios, the FFP are stored on-board in freshwater or seawater/ice (in tubs) and once on-land they are ‘handled’ (i.e. sorted or gutted and/or filleted) and transferred to either tubs or boxes. The temperature of the FFP was assumed to be the most influential factor affecting relevant hazards. Under reasonably foreseeable ‘abusive’ scenarios and using a conservative modelling approach, the growth of the relevant hazards (i.e. Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas spp. and non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum), is expected to be < 0.2 log10 units higher in tubs than in boxes after 3 days when the initial temperature of the fish is 0°C (‘keeping’ process). Starting at 7°C (‘cooling-keeping’ process), the expected difference in the growth potential is higher (< 1 log10 for A. hydrophila and < 0.5 log10 for the other two hazards) due to the poorer cooling capacity of water and ice (tub) compared with ice (box). The survival of relevant hazards is not or is negligibly impacted. Histamine formation due to growth of Morganella psychrotolerans under the ‘keeping’ or ‘cooling-keeping’ process can be up to 0.4 ppm and 1.5 ppm higher, respectively, in tubs as compared to boxes after 3 days, without reaching the legal limit of 100 ppm. The water uptake associated with the storage of the FFP in tubs (which may be up to 6%) does not make a relevant contribution to the differences in microbial growth potential compared to boxes
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- 2020
234. Scientific Opinion on the update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA (2017–2019)
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Kostas, Allende, Ana, Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover‐Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Cocconcelli, Pier Sandro, Fernández Escámez, Pablo Salvador, Maradona, Miguel Prieto, Querol, Amparo, Suarez, Juan Evaristo, Sundh, Ingvar, Vlak, Just, Barizzone, Fulvio, Correia, Sandra, Herman, Lieve, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Cocconcelli P.S., Fernandez Escamez P.S., Maradona M.P., Querol A., Suarez J.E., Sundh I., Vlak J., Barizzone F., Correia S., and Herman L.
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safety ,algae ,663/664 ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,virus ,yeast ,Microbiology ,QPS ,Scientific Opinion ,viru ,food and feed ,TX341-641 ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,fungi ,bacteria ,Food Science - Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a safety pre‐assessment within EFSA for microorganisms. Strains belonging to QPS taxonomic units (TUs) still require an assessment based on a specific data package, but QPS status facilitates fast track evaluation. QPS TUs are unambiguously defined biological agents assessed for the body of knowledge, their safety and their end use. Safety concerns are, where possible, to be confirmed at strain or product level, and reflected as ‘qualifications’. Qualifications need to be evaluated at strain level by the respective EFSA units. The lowest QPS TU is the species level for bacteria, yeasts and protists/algae, and the family for viruses. The QPS concept is also applicable to genetically modified microorganisms used for production purposes if the recipient strain qualifies for the QPS status, and if the genetic modification does not indicate a concern. Based on the actual body of knowledge and/or an ambiguous taxonomic position, the following TUs were excluded from the QPS assessment: filamentous fungi, oomycetes, streptomycetes, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli and bacteriophages. The list of QPS‐recommended biological agents was reviewed and updated in the current opinion and therefore now becomes the valid list. For this update, reports on the safety of previously assessed microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and viruses (the latter only when used for plant protection purposes) were reviewed, following an Extensive Literature Search strategy. All TUs previously recommended for 2016 QPS list had their status reconfirmed as well as their qualifications. The TUs related to the new notifications received since the 2016 QPS opinion was periodically evaluated for QPS status in the Statements of the BIOHAZ Panel, and the QPS list was also periodically updated. In total, 14 new TUs received a QPS status between 2017 and 2019: three yeasts, eight bacteria and three algae/protists. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2020
235. Update and review of control options for Campylobacter in broilers at primary production
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover‐Cid, Sara, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Alter, Thomas, Crotta, Matteo, Ellis‐Iversen, Johanne, Hempen, Michaela, Messens, Winy, Chemaly, Marianne, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Alter T., Crotta M., Ellis-Iversen J., Hempen M., Messens W., and Chemaly M.
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Relative risk reduction ,population‐attributable fraction ,663/664 ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Population ,Specific risk ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,modelling ,0403 veterinary science ,Toxicology ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Control ,medicine ,Campylobacter, Control, Broiler, primary production, biosecurity, population-attributable fraction, modelling ,TX341-641 ,education ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,business.industry ,Chemical technology ,Broiler ,Campylobacter ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Confidence interval ,Scientific Opinion ,Relative risk ,Population-attributable fraction ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Flock ,business ,primary production ,biosecurity ,Food Science - Abstract
The 2011 EFSA opinion on Campylobacter was updated using more recent scientific data. The relative risk reduction in EU human campylobacteriosis attributable to broiler meat was estimated for on‐farm control options using Population Attributable Fractions (PAF) for interventions that reduce Campylobacter flock prevalence, updating the modelling approach for interventions that reduce caecal concentrations and reviewing scientific literature. According to the PAF analyses calculated for six control options, the mean relative risk reductions that could be achieved by adoption of each of these six control options individually are estimated to be substantial but the width of the confidence intervals of all control options indicates a high degree of uncertainty in the specific risk reduction potentials. The updated model resulted in lower estimates of impact than the model used in the previous opinion. A 3‐log10 reduction in broiler caecal concentrations was estimated to reduce the relative EU risk of human campylobacteriosis attributable to broiler meat by 58% compared to an estimate larger than 90% in the previous opinion. Expert Knowledge Elicitation was used to rank control options, for weighting and integrating different evidence streams and assess uncertainties. Medians of the relative risk reductions of selected control options had largely overlapping probability intervals, so the rank order was uncertain: vaccination 27% (90% probability interval (PI) 4–74%); feed and water additives 24% (90% PI 4–60%); discontinued thinning 18% (90% PI 5–65%); employing few and well‐trained staff 16% (90% PI 5–45%); avoiding drinkers that allow standing water 15% (90% PI 4–53%); addition of disinfectants to drinking water 14% (90% PI 3–36%); hygienic anterooms 12% (90% PI 3–50%); designated tools per broiler house 7% (90% PI 1–18%). It is not possible to quantify the effects of combined control activities because the evidence‐derived estimates are inter‐dependent and there is a high level of uncertainty associated with each. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2020
236. Pathogenicity assessment of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the public health risk posed by contamination of food with STEC
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Friederike Hilbert, Avelino Alvarez-Ordóñez, Stefano Morabito, Lieve Herman, Marianne Chemaly, Sara Bover-Cid, Roland Lindqvist, Claire Jenkins, Maarten Nauta, Sara Monteiro Pires, Marion Simmons, Elisabetta Suffredini, Declan Bolton, Flemming Scheutz, Ana Allende, Efsa Biohaz Panel, Luísa Peixe, Alessandra De Cesare, Taina Niskanen, Maria Teresa Da Silva Felicio, Robert Davies, Winy Messens, Giuseppe Ru, Kostas Koutsoumanis, Panagiotis N. Skandamis, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Jenkins C., Monteiro Pires S., Morabito S., Niskanen T., Scheutz F., da Silva Felicio M.T., Messens W., and Bolton D.
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medicine.medical_specialty ,663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Microbiology ,methods ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,ranking associated foods ,medicine ,pathogenicity ,TX341-641 ,Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli ,ranking associated food ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Public health ,Contamination ,Pathogenicity ,STEC ,method ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,source attribution ,Food Science - Abstract
The provisional molecular approach, proposed by EFSA in 2013, for the pathogenicity assessment of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been reviewed. Analysis of the confirmed reported human STEC infections in the EU/EEA (2012–2017) demonstrated that isolates positive for any of the reported Shiga toxin (Stx) subtypes (and encoding stx gene subtypes) may be associated with severe illness (defined as bloody diarrhoea (BD), haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and/or hospitalisation). Although strains positive for stx2a gene showed the highest rates, strains with all other stx subtypes, or combinations thereof, were also associated with at least one human case with a severe clinical outcome. Serogroup cannot be used as a predictor of clinical outcome and the presence of the intimin gene (eae) is not essential for severe illness. These findings are supported by the published literature, a review of which suggested there was no single or combination of virulence markers associated exclusively with severe illness. Based on available evidence, it was concluded that all STEC strains are pathogenic in humans, capable of causing at least diarrhoea and that all STEC subtypes may be associated with severe illness. Source attribution analysis, based on ‘strong evidence’ outbreak data in the EU/EEA (2012–2017), suggests that ‘bovine meat and products thereof’, ‘milk and dairy products’, ‘tap water including well water’ and ‘vegetables, fruit and products thereof’ are the main sources of STEC infections in the EU/EEA, but a ranking between these categories cannot be made as the data are insufficient. Other food commodities are also potentially associated with STEC infections but rank lower. Data gaps are identified, and are primarily caused by the lack of harmonisation in sampling strategies, sampling methods, detection and characterisation methods, data collation and reporting within the EU. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2020
237. The public health risk posed by Listeria monocytogenes in frozen fruit and vegetables including herbs, blanched during processing
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover‐Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Jordan, Kieran, Sampers, Imca, Wagner, Martin, Da Silva Felicio, Maria Teresa, Georgiadis, Marios, Messens, Winy, Mosbach‐Schulz, Olaf, Allende, Ana, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Jordan K., Sampers I., Wagner M., Felicio M.T.D.S., Georgiadis M., Messens W., Mosbach-Schulz O., and Allende A.
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Agriculture and Food Sciences ,Frozen vegetables ,Blanched frozen vegetable ,Food safety management system ,control options ,Plant Science ,Growth ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,READY-TO-EAT ,0403 veterinary science ,Hygiene ,risk factors ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,THERMAL INACTIVATION ,CROSS-CONTAMINATION ,SMOKED FISH ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT ,public health risk ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,ESCHERICHIA-COLI ,LEAFY GREENS ,663/664 ,Public health risk ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Blanching ,growth ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,blanched frozen vegetables ,TP1-1185 ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Listeria monocytogenes ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Control option ,MICROBIAL RISK ,medicine ,education ,FOOD SAFETY ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Listeria monocytogene ,ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS ,business.industry ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Food safety ,food safety management systems ,Smoked fish ,Scientific Opinion ,Risk factors ,Food processing ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,business ,Food Science - Abstract
A multi‐country outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes ST6 linked to blanched frozen vegetables (bfV) took place in the EU (2015–2018). Evidence of food‐borne outbreaks shows that L. monocytogenes is the most relevant pathogen associated with bfV. The probability of illness per serving of uncooked bfV, for the elderly (65–74 years old) population, is up to 3,600 times greater than cooked bfV and very likely lower than any of the evaluated ready‐to‐eat food categories. The main factors affecting contamination and growth of L. monocytogenes in bfV during processing are the hygiene of the raw materials and process water; the hygienic conditions of the food processing environment (FPE); and the time/Temperature (t/T) combinations used for storage and processing (e.g. blanching, cooling). Relevant factors after processing are the intrinsic characteristics of the bfV, the t/T combinations used for thawing and storage and subsequent cooking conditions, unless eaten uncooked. Analysis of the possible control options suggests that application of a complete HACCP plan is either not possible or would not further enhance food safety. Instead, specific prerequisite programmes (PRP) and operational PRP activities should be applied such as cleaning and disinfection of the FPE, water control, t/T control and product information and consumer awareness. The occurrence of low levels of L. monocytogenes at the end of the production process (e.g. < 10 CFU/g) would be compatible with the limit of 100 CFU/g at the moment of consumption if any labelling recommendations are strictly followed (i.e. 24 h at 5°C). Under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use (i.e. 48 h at 12°C), L. monocytogenes levels need to be considerably lower (not detected in 25 g). Routine monitoring programmes for L. monocytogenes should be designed following a risk‐based approach and regularly revised based on trend analysis, being FPE monitoring a key activity in the frozen vegetable industry. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2020
238. Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover‐Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, Luisa, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Sánchez, Julio Álvarez, Blagojevic, Bojan, Fürst, Peter, Garin‐Bastuji, Bruno, Jensen, Henrik Elvang, Paulsen, Peter, Baert, Katleen, Barrucci, Federica, Broglia, Alessandro, Georgiadis, Marios, Hempen, Michaela, Hilbert, Friederike, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Sanchez J.A., Blagojevic B., Furst P., Garin-Bastuji B., Jensen H.E., Paulsen P., Baert K., Barrucci F., Broglia A., Georgiadis M., Hempen M., Hilbert F., Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
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Veterinary medicine ,Salmonella ,663/664 ,Tuberculosis ,meat inspection ,Disease detection ,040301 veterinary sciences ,delay ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,lesions ,0403 veterinary science ,lesion ,post‐mortem ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Chemical contaminants ,Medicine ,TX341-641 ,ungulates ,Pyaemia ,Animal species ,post-mortem ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Animal health ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,business.industry ,Chemical technology ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,Echinococcosis ,Scientific Opinion ,contaminants ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,business ,contaminant ,chemical residues ,chemical residue ,Food Science - Abstract
The potential effects of a 24 or 72‐h delay in post‐mortem inspection (PMI) of ungulates on public health and monitoring of animal health and welfare was evaluated. The assessment used a survey of meat inspectors, expert opinion, literature search and a stochastic model for Salmonella detection sensitivity. Disease detection sensitivity at a delayed PMI is expected to reduce detection sensitivity to a variable extent, depending on the hazard and on the signs/lesions and organs involved. No reduction is expected for Trichinella detection in meat from susceptible animal species and any decrease in detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) will not exceed the current tolerance for fallen stock. A 24‐h delay in PMI could result in a small reduction in sensitivity of detection for tuberculosis, echinococcosis and cysticercosis. A greater reduction is expected for the detection of pyaemia and Rift valley fever. For the detection of Salmonella, the median model estimates are a reduction of sensitivity of 66.5% (90% probability interval (PI) 0.08–99.75%) after 24‐h delay and 94% (90% PI 0.83–100%) after 72‐h delay of PMI. Laboratory testing for tuberculosis following a sampling delay of 24–72 h could result in no, or a moderate, decrease in detection depending on the method of confirmation used (PCR, culture, histopathology). For chemical contaminants, a delay in meat inspection of 24 or 72 h is expected to have no impact on the effectiveness of detection of persistent organic pollutants and metals. However, for certain pharmacologically active substances, there will be a reduced effectiveness to detect some of these substances due to potential degradation in the available matrices (tissues and organs) and the non‐availability of specific preferred matrices of choice. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2020
239. Whole genome sequencing and metagenomics for outbreak investigation, source attribution and risk assessment of food‐borne microorganisms
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (EFSA BIOHAZ Panel), Kostas Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Claire Jenkins, Burkhard Malorny, Ana Sofia Ribeiro Duarte, Mia Torpdahl, Maria Teresa da Silva Felício, Beatriz Guerra, Mirko Rossi, Lieve Herman, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Jenkins C., Malorny B., Ribeiro Duarte A.S., Torpdahl M., da Silva Felicio M.T., Guerra B., Rossi M., and Herman L.
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040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,food-borne outbreak investigation ,Plant Science ,Computational biology ,TP1-1185 ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Genome ,0403 veterinary science ,Antibiotic resistance ,microbial risk assessment ,TX341-641 ,antimicrobial resistance ,metagenomic ,Genotyping ,food‐borne outbreak investigation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Whole genome sequencing ,whole genome sequencing ,metagenomics ,typing of food-borne pathogen ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Outbreak ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,typing of food‐borne pathogens ,Scientific Opinion ,Metagenomics ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Identification (biology) ,Risk assessment ,source attribution ,Food Science - Abstract
This Opinion considers the application of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and metagenomics for outbreak investigation, source attribution and risk assessment of food‐borne pathogens. WGS offers the highest level of bacterial strain discrimination for food‐borne outbreak investigation and source‐attribution as well as potential for more precise hazard identification, thereby facilitating more targeted risk assessment and risk management. WGS improves linking of sporadic cases associated with different food products and geographical regions to a point source outbreak and can facilitate epidemiological investigations, allowing also the use of previously sequenced genomes. Source attribution may be favoured by improved identification of transmission pathways, through the integration of spatial‐temporal factors and the detection of multidirectional transmission and pathogen–host interactions. Metagenomics has potential, especially in relation to the detection and characterisation of non‐culturable, difficult‐to‐culture or slow‐growing microorganisms, for tracking of hazard‐related genetic determinants and the dynamic evaluation of the composition and functionality of complex microbial communities. A SWOT analysis is provided on the use of WGS and metagenomics for Salmonella and Shigatoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotyping and the identification of antimicrobial resistance determinants in bacteria. Close agreement between phenotypic and WGS‐based genotyping data has been observed. WGS provides additional information on the nature and localisation of antimicrobial resistance determinants and on their dissemination potential by horizontal gene transfer, as well as on genes relating to virulence and biological fitness. Interoperable data will play a major role in the future use of WGS and metagenomic data. Capacity building based on harmonised, quality controlled operational systems within European laboratories and worldwide is essential for the investigation of cross‐border outbreaks and for the development of international standardised risk assessments of food‐borne microorganisms.
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- 2019
240. Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos, Allende, Ana, Álvarez-Ordóñez, Avelino, Bolton, Declan, Bover-Cid, Sara, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, De Cesare, Alessandra, Herman, Lieve, Hilbert, Friederike, Lindqvist, Roland, Nauta, Maarten, Ru, Giuseppe, Simmons, Marion, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Suffredini, Elisabetta, Argüello, Héctor, Berendonk, Thomas, Cavaco, Lina Maria, Gaze, William, Schmitt, Heike, Topp, Ed, Guerra, Beatriz, Liébana, Ernesto, Stella, Pietro, Peixe, Luisa, Indústries Alimentàries, Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Arguello H., Berendonk T., Cavaco L.M., Gaze W., Schmitt H., Topp E., Guerra B., Liebana E., Stella P., and Peixe L.
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663/664 ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Biosecurity ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Terrestrial animal ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Anim2953 ,0403 veterinary science ,Food chain ,Antibiotic resistance ,medicine ,TX341-641 ,animal ,antimicrobial resistance ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,food‐producing environment ,biology ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,business.industry ,plants ,Chemical technology ,Campylobacter ,food ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,biology.organism_classification ,Manure ,antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria ,Biotechnology ,animals ,Scientific Opinion ,antimicrobial resistance gene ,One Health ,aquaculture ,veterinary (miscalleneous) ,Food processing ,Parasitology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,business ,antimicrobial-resistant bacteria ,environment ,food-producing environment ,antimicrobial resistance genes ,Food Science - Abstract
The role of food-producing environments in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in EU plant-based food production, terrestrial animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) and aquaculture was assessed. Among the various sources and transmission routes identified, fertilisers of faecal origin, irrigation and surface water for plant-based food and water for aquaculture were considered of major importance. For terrestrial animal production, potential sources consist of feed, humans, water, air/dust, soil, wildlife, rodents, arthropods and equipment. Among those, evidence was found for introduction with feed and humans, for the other sources, the importance could not be assessed. Several ARB of highest priority for public health, such as carbapenem or extended-spectrum cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacterales (including Salmonella enterica), fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were identified. Among highest priority ARGs blaCTX-M, blaVIM, blaNDM, blaOXA-48-like, blaOXA-23, mcr, armA, vanA, cfr and optrA were reported. These highest priority bacteria and genes were identified in different sources, at primary and post-harvest level, particularly faeces/manure, soil and water. For all sectors, reducing the occurrence of faecal microbial contamination of fertilisers, water, feed and the production environment and minimising persistence/recycling of ARB within animal production facilities is a priority. Proper implementation of good hygiene practices, biosecurity and food safety management systems is very important. Potential AMR-specific interventions are in the early stages of development. Many data gaps relating to sources and relevance of transmission routes, diversity of ARB and ARGs, effectiveness of mitigation measures were identified. Representative epidemiological and attribution studies on AMR and its effective control in food production environments at EU level, linked to One Health and environmental initiatives, are urgently required. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2021
241. Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 10:Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2019
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Kostas Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez, Miguel Prieto Maradona, Amparo Querol, Juan Evaristo Suarez, Ingvar Sundh, Just Vlak, Fulvio Barizzone, Sandra Correia, Lieve Herman, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Cocconcelli P.S., Fernandez Escamez P.S., Maradona M.P., Querol A., Suarez J.E., Sundh I., Vlak J., Barizzone F., Correia S., and Herman L.
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safety ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,yeast ,Microbiology ,Phaeodactylum tricornutum ,QPS ,Corynebacterium ammoniagene ,Euglena gracili ,Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ,Euglena gracilis ,TX341-641 ,bacteria ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemical technology ,Gluconobacter frateurii ,Settore AGR/16 - MICROBIOLOGIA AGRARIA ,Microbacterium foliorum ,Burkholderia ubonensi ,Sphingomonas elodea ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Statement ,Burkholderia ubonensis ,Corynebacterium casei ,Food Science - Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) procedure was developed to provide a harmonised generic pre‐evaluation to support safety risk assessments of biological agents performed by EFSA's Scientific Panels. The taxonomic identity, body of knowledge, safety concerns and antimicrobial resistance were assessed. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit (TU) are, where possible and reasonable in number, reflected by ‘qualifications’ which should be assessed at the strain level by the EFSA's Scientific Panels. During the current assessment, no new information was found that would change the previously recommended QPS TUs and their qualifications. The list of microorganisms notified to EFSA from applications for market authorisation was updated with 47 biological agents, received between October 2018 and March 2019. Of these, 19 already had QPS status, 20 were excluded from the QPS exercise by the previous QPS mandate (11 filamentous fungi) or from further evaluations within the current mandate (9 notifications of Escherichia coli). Sphingomonas elodea, Gluconobacter frateurii, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium casei, Burkholderia ubonensis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Microbacterium foliorum and Euglena gracilis were evaluated for the first time. Sphingomonas elodea cannot be assessed for a possible QPS recommendation because it is not a valid species. Corynebacterium ammoniagenes and Euglena gracilis can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification ‘for production purposes only’. The following TUs cannot be recommended for the QPS list: Burkholderia ubonensis, due to its potential and confirmed ability to generate biologically active compounds and limited of body of knowledge; Corynebacterium casei, Gluconobacter frateurii and Microbacterium foliorum, due to lack of body of knowledge; Phaeodactylum tricornutum, based on the lack of a safe history of use in the food chain and limited knowledge on its potential production of bioactive compounds with possible toxic effects.
- Published
- 2019
242. Public health risks associated with food‐borne parasites
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Kostas Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Simone Cacciò, Rachel Chalmers, Peter Deplazes, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Elisabeth Innes, Thomas Romig, Joke van der Giessen, Michaela Hempen, Yves Van der Stede, Lucy Robertson, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Caccio S., Chalmers R., Deplazes P., Devleesschauwer B., Innes E., Romig T., van der Giessen J., Hempen M., Van der Stede Y., Robertson L., University of Zurich, Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
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0301 basic medicine ,10078 Institute of Parasitology ,2405 Parasitology ,detection ,Plant Science ,Biological Hazards ,PROTOZOAN PARASITES ,Food chain ,0302 clinical medicine ,600 Technology ,1110 Plant Science ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,TX341-641 ,food-borne parasite ,CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM OOCYSTS ,food‐borne parasites ,Transmission (medicine) ,2404 Microbiology ,public health risk ,Cryptosporidium ,TOXOPLASMA-GONDII INFECTION ,HUMAN ALVEOLAR ECHINOCOCCOSIS ,3401 Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,EXPERT ELICITATION ,Livestock ,Risk assessment ,medicine.medical_specialty ,663/664 ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,030231 tropical medicine ,030106 microbiology ,UNITED-STATES ,610 Medicine & health ,Toxoplasmagondii ,TP1-1185 ,Biology ,Echinococcus multilocularis ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Environmental health ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,1106 Food Science ,business.industry ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Public health ,Chemical technology ,Toxoplasma gondii ,LONG-TERM SURVIVAL ,Echinococcu ,OYSTERS CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA ,biology.organism_classification ,food-borne parasites ,Echinococcus ,MUSSELS MYTILUS-GALLOPROVINCIALIS ,TISSUE CYSTS ,Scientific Opinion ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,1103 Animal Science and Zoology ,business ,control ,Food Science - Abstract
Parasites are important food‐borne pathogens. Their complex lifecycles, varied transmission routes, and prolonged periods between infection and symptoms mean that the public health burden and relative importance of different transmission routes are often difficult to assess. Furthermore, there are challenges in detection and diagnostics, and variations in reporting. A Europe‐focused ranking exercise, using multicriteria decision analysis, identified potentially food‐borne parasites of importance, and that are currently not routinely controlled in food. These are Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. Infection with these parasites in humans and animals, or their occurrence in food, is not notifiable in all Member States. This Opinion reviews current methods for detection, identification and tracing of these parasites in relevant foods, reviews literature on food‐borne pathways, examines information on their occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. The differences between these three parasites are substantial, but for all there is a paucity of well‐established, standardised, validated methods that can be applied across the range of relevant foods. Furthermore, the prolonged period between infection and clinical symptoms (from several days for Cryptosporidium to years for Echinococcus spp.) means that source attribution studies are very difficult. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the domestic animal lifecycle (involving dogs and livestock) for Echinoccocus granulosus means that this parasite is controllable. For Echinococcus multilocularis, for which the lifecycle involves wildlife (foxes and rodents), control would be expensive and complicated, but could be achieved in targeted areas with sufficient commitment and resources. Quantitative risk assessments have been described for Toxoplasma in meat. However, for T. gondii and Cryptosporidium as faecal contaminants, development of validated detection methods, including survival/infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, are required for the development of quantitative risk assessments and efficient control measures. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2018
243. Emergence of CTX-M β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Portugal: report of an Escherichia coli isolate harbouring blaCTX-M-14.
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Machado, F., Coque, T.M., Cantón, R., Sousa, J.C., and Peixe, L.
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- *
BETA lactamases , *ENTEROBACTERIACEAE , *ESCHERICHIA coli , *ESCHERICHIA coli diseases , *DIAGNOSTIC microbiology - Abstract
CTX-M β-lactamases have been reported worldwide since their first description in the early 1990s, and are now endemic in some countries. This report describes an isolate of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-14 that was recovered from the faecal sample of a healthy subject in Portugal without recent hospital or antibiotic exposure. The presence of IS Ecp1, 42 nucleotides upstream of blaCTX-M-14, and its association with a 100-kb conjugative plasmid, might result in wider dissemination of this enzyme in community and hospital environments in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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244. 77 - Time to change microbiological approach to overactive bladder.
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Perovic, S.U., Ksiezarek, M., Rocha, J., Vale, L., Silva, C., Dinis, P., Antunes Lopes, T., and Peixe, L.
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- *
OVERACTIVE bladder , *URINARY tract infections , *URINATION disorders - Published
- 2019
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245. Bacteriocin distribution patterns in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus lactis : bioinformatic analysis using a tailored genomics framework.
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Tedim AP, Almeida-Santos AC, Lanza VF, Novais C, Coque TM, Freitas AR, and Peixe L
- Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains represent a major concern due to their ability to thrive in diverse environments and cause life-threatening infections. While antimicrobial resistance and virulence mechanisms have been extensively studied, the contribution of bacteriocins to E. faecium 's adaptability remains poorly explored. E. faecium , within the Bacillota phylum, is a prominent bacteriocin producer. Here, we developed a tailored database of 76 Bacillota bacteriocins (217 sequences, including 40 novel bacteriocins) and applied it to uncover bacteriocin distribution patterns in 997 quality-filtered E. faecium and Enterococcus lactis (former E. faecium clade B) genomes. Curated using computational pipelines and literature mining, our database demonstrates superior precision versus leading public tools in identifying diverse bacteriocins. Distinct bacteriocin profiles emerged between E. faecium and E. lactis , highlighting species-specific adaptations. E. faecium strains from hospitalized patients were significantly enriched in bacteriocins as enterocin A and bacteriocins 43 (or T8), AS5, and AS11. These bacteriocin genes were strongly associated with antibiotic resistance, particularly vancomycin and ampicillin, and Inc18 rep 2_pRE25-derivative plasmids, classically associated with vancomycin resistance transposons. Such bacteriocin arsenal likely enhances the adaptability and competitive fitness of E. faecium in the nosocomial environment. By combining a novel tailored database, whole-genome sequencing, and epidemiological data, our work elucidates meaningful connections between bacteriocin determinants, antimicrobial resistance, mobile genetic elements, and ecological origins in E. faecium and provides a framework for elucidating bacteriocin landscapes in other organisms. Characterizing species- and strain-level differences in bacteriocin profiles may reveal determinants of ecological adaptation, and translating these discoveries could further inform strategies to exploit bacteriocins against high-risk clones., Importance: This work significantly expands the knowledge on the understudied bacteriocin diversity in opportunistic enterococci, revealing their contribution in the adaptation to different environments. It underscores the importance of placing increased emphasis on genetic platforms carrying bacteriocins as well as on cryptic plasmids that often exclusively harbor bacteriocins since bacteriocin production can significantly contribute to plasmid maintenance, potentially facilitating their stable transmission across generations. Further characterization of strain-level bacteriocin landscapes could inform strategies to combat high-risk clones. Overall, these insights provide a framework for unraveling the therapeutic and biotechnological potential of bacteriocins.
- Published
- 2024
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246. Public health aspects of Vibrio spp. related to the consumption of seafood in the EU.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Baker-Austin C, Hervio-Heath D, Martinez-Urtaza J, Caro ES, Strauch E, Thébault A, Guerra B, Messens W, Simon AC, Barcia-Cruz R, and Suffredini E
- Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Vibrio vulnificus and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae are the Vibrio spp. of highest relevance for public health in the EU through seafood consumption. Infection with V. parahaemolyticus is associated with the haemolysins thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related haemolysin (TRH) and mainly leads to acute gastroenteritis. V. vulnificus infections can lead to sepsis and death in susceptible individuals. V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 can cause mild gastroenteritis or lead to severe infections, including sepsis, in susceptible individuals. The pooled prevalence estimate in seafood is 19.6% (95% CI 13.7-27.4), 6.1% (95% CI 3.0-11.8) and 4.1% (95% CI 2.4-6.9) for V. parahaemolyticus , V. vulnificus and non-choleragenic V. cholerae , respectively. Approximately one out of five V. parahaemolyticus -positive samples contain pathogenic strains. A large spectrum of antimicrobial resistances, some of which are intrinsic, has been found in vibrios isolated from seafood or food-borne infections in Europe. Genes conferring resistance to medically important antimicrobials and associated with mobile genetic elements are increasingly detected in vibrios. Temperature and salinity are the most relevant drivers for Vibrio abundance in the aquatic environment. It is anticipated that the occurrence and levels of the relevant Vibrio spp. in seafood will increase in response to coastal warming and extreme weather events, especially in low-salinity/brackish waters. While some measures, like high-pressure processing, irradiation or depuration reduce the levels of Vibrio spp. in seafood, maintaining the cold chain is important to prevent their growth. Available risk assessments addressed V. parahaemolyticus in various types of seafood and V. vulnificus in raw oysters and octopus. A quantitative microbiological risk assessment relevant in an EU context would be V. parahaemolyticus in bivalve molluscs (oysters), evaluating the effect of mitigations, especially in a climate change scenario. Knowledge gaps related to Vibrio spp. in seafood and aquatic environments are identified and future research needs are prioritised., Competing Interests: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu., (© 2024 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
- Published
- 2024
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247. Update of the list of qualified presumption of safety (QPS) recommended microbiological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 20: Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2024.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Cocconcelli PS, Fernández Escámez PS, Maradona MP, Querol A, Sijtsma L, Suarez JE, Sundh I, Botteon A, Fulvio B, Correia S, and Herman L
- Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) process was developed to provide a safety assessment approach for microorganisms intended for use in food or feed chains. In the period covered by this statement, no new information was found that would change the status of previously recommended QPS TUs. The TUs in the QPS list were updated based on a verification, against their respective authoritative databases, of the correctness of the names and completeness of synonyms. A new procedure has been established to ensure the TUs are kept up to date in relation to recent taxonomical insights. Of 83 microorganisms notified to EFSA between October 2023 and March 2024 (47 as feed additives, 25 as food enzymes or additives, 11 as novel foods), 75 were not evaluated because: 15 were filamentous fungi, 1 was Enterococcus faecium , 10 were Escherichia coli , 1 was a Streptomyces (all excluded from the QPS evaluation) and 48 were TUs that already have a QPS status. Two of the other eight notifications were already evaluated for a possible QPS status in the previous Panel Statement: Heyndrickxia faecalis (previously Weizmannia faecalis ) and Serratia marcescens . One was notified at genus level so could not be assessed for QPS status. The other five notifications belonging to five TUs were assessed for possible QPS status . Akkermansia muciniphila and Actinomadura roseirufa were still not recommended for QPS status due to safety concerns. Rhizobium radiobacter can be recommended for QPS status with the qualification for production purposes. Microbacterium arborescens and Burkholderia stagnalis cannot be included in the QPS list due to a lack of body of knowledge for its use in the food and feed chain and for B. stagnalis also due to safety concerns. A. roseirufa and B. stagnalis have been excluded from further QPS assessment., Competing Interests: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu., (© 2024 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
- Published
- 2024
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248. Performance of Flow Cytometry-Based Rapid Assay in Detection of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales.
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Pérez-Viso B, Martins-Oliveira I, Gomes R, Silva-Dias A, Peixe L, Novais Â, Pina-Vaz C, and Cantón R
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- Humans, Enterobacteriaceae drug effects, Enterobacteriaceae enzymology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Carbapenems pharmacology, beta-Lactamases metabolism, Flow Cytometry methods, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Microbial Sensitivity Tests methods
- Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales are increasingly being recognized in nosocomial infections. The performance of a flow cytometry-based rapid assay for their detection and differentiation was evaluated. This is a disruptive phenotypic technology, phenotypic and growth-independent, that searches for the lesions produced by drugs acting on cells after a short incubation time. Overall, 180 Gram-negative bacteria were studied, and results were compared with those obtained molecularly by PCR and phenotypically by 'KPC, MBL and OXA-48 Confirm Kit'. This phenotypic method was used as reference for comparison purposes. Susceptibility to carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem) was determined by standard broth microdilution. Overall, 112 isolates (62.2%) were carbapenemase producers, 41 KPCs, 36 MβLs, and 31 OXA-48, and 4 strains were KPC + MβL co-producers. Sixty-eight isolates were carbapenemase-negative. The percentage of agreement, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated according to ISO 20776-2:2021. The FASTinov assay showed 97.7% agreement with the reference method for carbapenemase detection. Discrepant flow cytometry results were obtained in four isolates compared with both reference and PCR results. The sensitivity and specificity of this new technology were 95.3% and 98.5%, respectively, for KPCs, 97.6% and 99.3% for MβLs, and 96.9% and 98% for OXA-48 detection. In conclusion, we describe a rapid flow cytometry assay with high accuracy for carbapenemase detection and the differentiation of various carbapenemases, which should impact clinical microbiology laboratories and patient management.
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- 2024
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249. BSE risk posed by ruminant collagen and gelatine derived from bones.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Adkin A, Andreoletti O, Griffin J, Lanfranchi B, Ortiz-Pelaez A, and Ordonez AA
- Abstract
The European Commission requested an estimation of the BSE risk (C-, L- and H-BSE) from gelatine and collagen derived from ovine, caprine or bovine bones, and produced in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 853/2004, or Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 and its implementing Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. A quantitative risk assessment was developed to estimate the BSE infectivity, measured in cattle oral infectious dose 50 (CoID
50 ), in a small size batch of gelatine including one BSE-infected bovine or ovine animal at the clinical stage. The model was built on a scenario where all ruminant bones could be used for the production of gelatine and high-infectivity tissues remained attached to the skull (brain) and vertebral column (spinal cord). The risk and exposure pathways defined for humans and animals, respectively, were identified. Exposure routes other than oral via food and feed were considered and discussed but not assessed quantitatively. Other aspects were also considered as integrating evidence, like the epidemiological situation of the disease, the species barrier, the susceptibility of species to BSE and the assumption of an exponential dose-response relationship to determine the probability of BSE infection in ruminants. Exposure to infectivity in humans cannot be directly translated to risk of disease because the transmission barrier has not yet been quantified, although it is considered to be substantial, i.e. much greater amounts of infectivity would be needed to successfully infect a human and greater in the oral than in the parenteral route of exposure. The probability that no new case of BSE in the cattle or small ruminant population would be generated through oral exposure to gelatine made of ruminant bones is 99%-100% (almost certain) This conclusion is based on the current state of knowledge, the epidemiological situation of the disease and the current practices, and is also valid for collagen., Competing Interests: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu., (© 2024 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)- Published
- 2024
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250. Current insights into the effects of cationic biocides exposure on Enterococcus spp.
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Pereira AP, Antunes P, Peixe L, Freitas AR, and Novais C
- Abstract
Cationic biocides (CBs), such as quaternary ammonium compounds and biguanides, are critical for controlling the spread of bacterial pathogens like Enterococcus spp., a leading cause of multidrug-resistant healthcare-associated infections. The widespread use of CBs in recent decades has prompted concerns about the potential emergence of Enterococcus spp. populations exhibiting resistance to both biocides and antibiotics. Such concerns arise from their frequent exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of CBs in clinical, food chain and diverse environmental settings. This comprehensive narrative review aimed to explore the complexity of the Enterococcus ' response to CBs and of their possible evolution toward resistance. To that end, CBs' activity against diverse Enterococcus spp. collections, the prevalence and roles of genes associated with decreased susceptibility to CBs, and the potential for co- and cross-resistance between CBs and antibiotics are reviewed. Significant methodological and knowledge gaps are identified, highlighting areas that future studies should address to enhance our comprehension of the impact of exposure to CBs on Enterococcus spp. populations' epidemiology. This knowledge is essential for developing effective One Health strategies that ensure the continued efficacy of these critical agents in safeguarding Public Health., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Pereira, Antunes, Peixe, Freitas and Novais.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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