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In our recent paper, a new technique for automated spectra integration and quality control of the acquired results in qNMR was developed and validated (Monakhova & Diehl, Magn. Res. Chem. 2017, doi: ). The present study is focused on the influence of acquisition and postacquisition parameters on the developed automated routine in particular, and on the quantitative NMR (qNMR) results in general, which has not been undertaken previously in a systematic and automated manner. Results are presented for a number of model mixtures and authentic pharmaceutical products measured on 500- and 600-MHz NMR spectrometers. The influence of the most important acquisition (spectral width, transmitter [frequency] offset, number of scans, and time domain) and processing (size of real spectrum, deconvolution, Gaussian window multiplication, and line broadening) parameters for qNMR was automatically investigated. Moderate modification of the majority of the investigated parameters from default instrument settings within evaluated ranges does not significantly affect the trueness and precision of the qNMR. Lite Gaussian window multiplication resulted in accuracy improvement of the qNMR output and is recommended for routine measurements. In general, given that the acquisition and processing parameters were selected based on the presented guidelines, automated qNMR analysis can be employed for reproducible high-precision concentration measurements in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to study the main features of the marketing complex for pharmaceutical enterprises in the system of innovative development. Results. In the article the theoretical bases of pharmaceutical marketing of enterprises were further developed. Main characteristics of pharmaceutical marketing, the sphere of its interests and the features of the marketing complex were defined. The range of interests of pharmaceutical marketing includes: economic, social, ethical, potential, strategic, hidden, public and individual interests. Various approaches of authors to definition of a category pharmaceutical marketing are analyzed. We consider that the marketing complex of a pharmaceutical enterprise in the conditions of transition to an innovative development should contain five components (Product, Price, Promotion, Place and People -main participants of activity). The authors identified the importance of the fifth component of the marketing complex as People for innovative development. The place and role of knowledge and information was determined. The basis of innovative development is innovation, the basis of innovation is knowledge. So, knowledge and information is also a key category in the pharmaceutical marketing system, since it unites all participants from the producer to the consumer. The result of interaction (exchange of information and material flows) of all market participants is the creation of product, technological, process and organizational innovations. The classification of pharmaceutical products according to market classification criteria has been improved. The features of pharmaceutical products as an object of product innovation marketing policy are investigated. So, the product policy of pharmaceutical enterprises is based on product, technological and service innovations, which are caused by market needs that are constantly changing. Accordingly, price strategies and pricing methods should be constantly updated, which should be based on the principles of cost recovery and accessibility for the target consumer. The marketing policy in the pharmaceutical market depends on organizational innovations in marketing systems. The authors generalized the scheme of commodity circulation of pharmaceutical products on the basis of communication links, which demonstrates various sales channels and identifies relevant market participants. The proposed scheme can be put in the basis of the formation of the mechanism of marketing communication policy and the definition of communication strategies at various stages of product promotion. Features of application the marketing communications tools in the pharmaceutical market depending on the specific subject of the promotion process are analyzed. Legislative restrictions on advertising of pharmaceutical products have been determined. The means of mass communications, which are used by pharmaceutical companies, communication costs and popular brands are analyzed. Relations with pharmacists and medical personal, as well as a system of servicing at points of sale (pharmacies) also need new forms of interaction. Communication with the consumer is becoming more personalized and relocated to the Internet space, the consumer is becoming more aware and demanding and the effectiveness of mass communications is declining. All this requires innovative means of communication between manufacturers, doctors, pharmacists and consumers. Conclusions. The theoretical foundations of pharmaceutical marketing, taking into account the 5P complex, can be used as a basis for improving the mechanisms of innovative development of the pharmaceutical market by increasing the efficiency of marketing activities of all its stakeholders and forming effective marketing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) is considered as a powerful tool for measuring the absolute amount of small molecules in complex mixtures. However, verification of the accuracy of such quantification is not a trivial task. In particular, preprocessing and integration steps are challenging and potentially erroneous. A script was developed in Matlab environment to automate qNMR analysis. Verification of the results is based on two evolving integration profiles. The analysis of binary mixtures of internal standards as well as pharmaceutical products has shown that all common artifacts (phase and baseline distortion, impurities) can be easily recognized in routine qNMR experiments. In the absence of distortion, deviation between automatically (mean value of several integrals) and manually calculated values was generally below 0.1%. The routine is independent of multiplet pattern, solvent, spectrometer, nuclei type and pulse sequence used. In general, the usage of the developed script can facilitate and verify results of routine qNMR analysis in an automatic manner. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Marine Pollution Bulletin is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pharmaceutical products are indispensable for improving health outcomes. An extensive body of work on access to and use of medicines has resulted in an assortment of tools measuring various elements of pharmaceutical systems. Until now however, there has been little attempt to conceptualize a pharmaceutical system as an entity and define its strengthening in a way that allows for measuring systems strengthening. The narrow focus of available tools limits their value in ascertaining which interventions result in stronger, more resilient systems. We sought to address this shortcoming by revisiting the current definitions, frameworks and assessment tools related to pharmaceutical systems. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and consulted with select pharmaceutical experts. On the basis of our review, we propose that a pharmaceutical system consists of all structures, people, resources, processes, and their interactions within the broader health system that aim to ensure equitable and timely access to safe, effective, quality pharmaceutical products and related services that promote their appropriate and cost-effective use to improve health outcomes. We further propose that pharmaceutical systems strengthening is the process of identifying and implementing strategies and actions that achieve coordinated and sustainable improvements in the critical components of a pharmaceutical system to make it more responsive and resilient and to enhance its performance for achieving better health outcomes. Finally, we established that, in addition to system performance and resilience, seven components of the pharmaceutical system are critical for measuring pharmaceutical systems strengthening: pharmaceutical products and related services; policy, laws and governance; regulatory systems; innovation, research and development, manufacturing, and trade; financing; human resources; and information. This work adds clarity to the concept of pharmaceutical systems and their strengthening by proposing holistic definitions on the basis of systems thinking. It provides a practical starting point for measuring the progress of pharmaceutical systems strengthening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution and size of dispersed-phase droplets impacts the most important parameters of fast disintegrating tablets including their bioavailability. The fact that after reconstruction the most emulsion droplets are bigger than those of primary emulsions led to a study of innovative emulsification techniques, like ultrasonic energy, mechanical mixing, and a combined technique of homogenization and ultrasonic energy. Taking the size of dispersed-phase droplets as criterion of effectiveness for a procedure to create a primary emulsion, it can be concluded that the proposed emulsification methods of ultrasonic energy and combined technique are not suitable for water phases containing hydrocolloids such as gums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica Piélagus is the property of Universidad Surcolombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science-Based Technologies is the property of National Aviation University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Quality in pharmaceutical products is a quintessential requisite. Indeed, the difference between medicine and poison is that of quality/quantity and not of kind. Same medication can a cure a patient or kill him/her depending upon the quality levels inherent into it. Quality therefore is ardently built in the products and is sought to be maintained throughout their shelf-life by the regulatory authorities as well as the marketers themselves. Good manufacturing practices have evolved exceptionally well in the pharmaceutical companies due to regulatory pressures and technological developments. The human integrity also has improved in this context. Yet the question remains whether or not quality is preserved with the same commitment during the supply chain of pharmaceutical products. This study was undertaken to measure the good distribution practices of pharmaceutical products in India. Three variables namely temperature control, humidity control and microbiological control were selected and the awareness, knowledge, willingness, availability of equipment/facilities, availability of power to run the facilities and log book of records about these variables was measured. The results clearly establish that existing mechanisms are grossly inadequate in the existing supply chain of pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many pharmaceutical products are obtained via freeze-drying of liquid solutions to obtain stable long lasting preparations. The freeze-dry process produces porous cakes whose structure strongly depends on the freezing phase, so that monitoring and optimizing this phase can help both reducing the product cost and insuring its constant quality. Nowadays the optimization is usually performed by determining the cake mass transfer coefficient via a costly process in pilot plants, while the quality is assured only by controlling the process conditions. This paper describes an alternative way of approximately estimating the mass transfer coefficient, which is based on the observation of the product structure by a simple electron microscope followed by a frequency domain imaging process. While the process has been designed and characterized specifically for pharmaceutical products, the proposed approach can be used in several other fields where the characteristics of porous material have to be monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the formulation of solid dosage forms coating, plasticizers are added to the film forming polymer to improve the mechanical properties of the coating shell of the drug product. For the coating formulation to be successful and in order to produce flexible continuous film, the plasticizer should be compatible with the film forming polymer (i.e. high plasticizer-polymer miscibility in solid dispersion) (McGinity and Felton, 2008). This paper proposes and compares different multi-scale methods to predict the compatibility between plasticizers and film formers. The methods are based on, i) Molecule charge density using COSMO, ii) Solubility parameter calculation using Molecular dynamics, iii) Mesoscale simulation using DPD, where we propose a coarse-grain model, and iv) experimental DSC analysis for validation. The methods are tested for various blends including HPMC-PEG, MCC-PEG and PVP-PEG. The different methods showed similar results; PEG plasticizer diffuses inside HPMC and PVP polymer chains, thereby extending and softening the composite polymer. However, MCC surrounds PEG molecules without diffusing in its network, indicating low PEG-MCC compatibility. We also found that DPD simulations offer more details than the other methods on the miscibility between the compounds in aqueous solid dispersion, and can predict the amount of plasticizer that diffuse in the film forming polymer network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical behavior of ascorbic acid and uric acid on glassy carbon bare electrodes and ones modified with β-cyclodextrin entrapped in polyethyleneimine film has been investigated using square wave voltammetry. The electrode modification was achieved in order to separate the voltammetric peaks of ascorbic acid and uric acid when present in the same solution. On the modified electrodes the potential of the oxidation peak of the ascorbic acid was shifted to more negative values by over 0.3 V, while in the case of uric acid, the negative potential shift was about 0.15 V compared to the bare glassy carbon electrode. When the two compounds were found together in the solution, on the bare electrode only a single broad signal was observed, while on the modified electrode the peak potentials of these two compounds were separated by 0.4 V. When the uric acid concentration remained constant, the peak intensity of the ascorbic acid is increased linearly with the concentration (r2 = 0.996) and when the ascorbic acid concentration remains constant, the peak intensity of the uric acid increased linearly with the concentration (r2 = 0.992). FTIR measurements supported the formation of inclusion complexes. In order to characterize the modification of the electrodes microscopic studies were performed. The modified electrodes were successfully employed for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical formulations with a detection limit of 0.22 µM.

Background: Poisoning is one of the main causes of visits to emergency departments and hospitals in Iran. Drug and Poison Information Centers (DPIC) are reliable sources to guide poisoned patients and provide information about pharmaceutical agents. This study was designed to analyze recorded phone calls to Iran DPICs during 2011-2012.Methods: This was a retrospective study on phone calls to DPIC in Tehran between January 2011 and November 2012. Data including demographic features, type of poison (in case of poisoning) and intention of poisoning were collected by reviewing the reported phone calls to central division of Iran DPICs in Tehran.Results: It was found that 98.5% of the phone calls were inquiries about pharmaceutical products and only 1.5% of them were associated with poisoning. 49% of poisonings reported from the DPICs in 2011was intentional, while this rate increased to 67% in 2012. Regarding toxic agents responsible for poisonings, pharmaceuticals were the most common consisting of 68.6% and 70.9% of cases in 2011 and 2012, respectively.Conclusion: Pharmaceutical products are the main causes of poisonings in Iran. Public education on safety and storage issues and also strict terms of sale should be implemented. In addition, the majority of poisonings occurred intentionally while the rate showed an increasing trend. Predisposing factors of this high rate should be studied.

Akin to other inventions, new methods need to be devised allowing forregistration of pharmaceutical dosage regimens in much the same way asother patents. In doing so, there are two main challenges ahead. First,whether these dosage regimens, excluded expressly from the list ofpatentable products in Europe, may in fact be considered as a novel therapymethod? And second, given that ingredients and composition of such patentsare no longer an innovative secret, whether sole variation in their usagedosage may possibly fall within the scope of novel inventions?The answer to the above controversial questions have been the notion ofchallenge addressed by several European patent forums. This article willreview the approaches adopted by European Patent Administration indealing with recent trends introduced on the topic of new customized dosageregimens

Background: Computable general equilibrium models are known as a powerful instrument in economic analyses and widely have been used in order to evaluate trade liberalization effects. The purpose of this study was to provide the impacts of trade openness on pharmaceutical industry using CGE model.Methods: Using a computable general equilibrium model in this study, the effects of decrease in tariffs as a symbol of trade liberalization on key variables of Iranian pharmaceutical products were studied. Simulation was performed via two scenarios in this study. The first scenario was the effect of decrease in tariffs of pharmaceutical products as 10, 30, 50, and 100 on key drug variables, and the second was the effect of decrease in other sectors except pharmaceutical products on vital and economic variables of pharmaceutical products. The required data were obtained and the model parameters were calibrated according to the social accounting matrix of Iran in 2006.Results: The results associated with simulation demonstrated that the first scenario has increased import, export, drug supply to markets and household consumption, while import, export, supply of product to market, and household consumption of pharmaceutical products would averagely decrease in the second scenario. Ultimately, society welfare would improve in all scenarios.Conclusion: We presents and synthesizes the CGE model which could be used to analyze trade liberalization policy issue in developing countries (like Iran), and thus provides information that policymakers can use to improve the pharmacy economics