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As an investigative study, the potent bacterium Serratia marcescens SB08 was screened from the enteric gut of sulfur butterfly (Kricogonia lyside). Its pigment potential was tested, and the pigment was identified as prodigiosin by structural studies using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Various conditions, including pH, reaction time, temperature, color intensity, and fastness properties, were studied for pure silk, China silk, and cotton yarns, and the conditions for effective dyeing were optimized. Further, the pigment’s antimicrobial pursuit was tested to counter the common pathogens Bacillus subtilis MTCC2388, Escherichia coli MTCC443, Klebsiella pneumonia MTCC109, Proteus vulgaris MTCC1771, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC1688. The pigment was largely effectual and exhibited utmost zones of inhibition, thus demonstrating the finest antimicrobial effect against the microbes tested. The textile yarn materials soaked with this intrinsic dye pigment also exhibited antimicrobial action.

Background In this study, 2 symmetrical and 3 unsymmetrical thioureas were synthesized to evaluate their antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potentials. Methods The symmetrical thioureas were synthesized in aqueous media in the presence of sunlight, using amines and CS2 as starting material. The unsymmetrical thioureas were synthesized using amines as a nucleophile to attack the phenyl isothiocyanate (electrophile). The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed through H1 NMR. The antioxidant potential was determined using DPPH and ABTS assays. The inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase, alpha amylase, and alpha glucosidase by synthesized compounds was used as an indication of antidiabetic potential. Anticholinesterase potential was determined from the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by the synthesized compounds. Results The highest inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase was shown by compound V (03.12 mg of phosphate released). Alpha amylase was most potently inhibited by compound IV with IC50 value of 62 µg/mL while alpha glucosidase by compound III with IC50 value of 75 µg/mL. The enzymes, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase were potently inhibited by compound III with IC50 of 63 µg/mL and 80 µg/mL respectively. Against DPPH free radical, compound IV was more potent (IC50 = 64 µg/mL) while ABTS was more potently scavenged by compound I with IC50 of 66 µg/mL. The antibacterial spectrum of synthesized compounds was determined against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaction and Proteus vulgaris). Compound I and compound II showed maximum activity against A. tumefaction with MIC values of 4.02 and 4.04 µg/mL respectively. Against P. vulgaris, compound V was more active (MIC = 8.94 µg/mL) while against S. aureus, compound IV was more potent with MIC of 4.03 µg/mL. Conclusion From the results, it was concluded that these compounds could be used as antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic agents. However, further in vivo studies are needed to determine the toxicological effect of these compounds in living bodies. The compounds also have potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

It is evident that members of enterobacteriacae are one of the most incriminated bacterial food poisoning causes, Salmonella serovars and pathogenic E. coli may be responsible for more than 15% of reported annual food poisoning cases; and with increasing price of beef and poultry meats, consumer’s fish meat desire and demand has been increased; so, the study aimed to spotlight on the prevalence of enterobacteriacae members in some raw Nile fishes represented by 100 samples of Oreochromusnilotica(tilapia) and Bagrus bayad(Bayad) “50 of each”;samples were collected from different retail markets in Benha city, Qalubiya governorate, Egypt. Results revealed that 94% and 16% of examined samples were contaminated with enterobacteriacae and coliform bacteria, with mean counts 2.65×103, 1.81×103 CFUg for tilapia samples, and 2.07×103, 1.74×103 CFUg for bayad samples, respectively; bacteriological classification of enterobacteriacae isolates revealed detection of Citerobacterdiversus, Citrobacterfreundii, E. coli, Enterobacteraerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiellaoxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Yarseniaenterocolitica in variable percentages; 13% of examined samples were contaminated with E. coli,while 4% of examined tilapia samples only were contaminated with Yarseniaenterocolitica; but salmonella could not be detected in both tilapia and bayad samples. It is obvious that raw fishes may harbor bacterial contamination of significant health importance, so thorough cooking and processing hygienic practices are strongly recommended.

Summary Introduction: Chemical industry is obligatory to improve new chemically effective components. Spices are potential new antimicrobials. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of fifty aromatic spices and medicinal herbs obtained from Turkey. Material and methods: In vitro antibacterial activities of a total of fifty acetone extracts from aromatic spices and medicinal herbs were studied by disc diffusion and agar diffusion method. The extracts were tested against three Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus), four Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans). Results: The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in the extract of Alpinia officinarum against Salmonella typhimurium and Cassia angustifolia against Bacillus cereus. Many of the extracts showed minimum inhibition concentration at even lowest dose. Conclusion: The obtained results showed that aromatic spices and medicinal herbs may be used as natural antimicrobials against diseases.

The paper reports synthesis, characterisation and biological assessment of c-ZnO NP loaded TTDMM nanocomposites (cZTNCs) using c-ZnO NP and trimesoyl 1,3,5-trimethyl malonate ester (TTDMM) in 3:1 ratio in ethanol at 35 °C for 24 h. UV absorption and FTIR stretching frequency (SF) both infer a development of cZTNCs. TTDMM hydrophobicity facilitated the c-ZnO NP 1:1 dispersion and its size reduction, well supported by DLS and TEM studies having ζ-potential (27.04 mV) and size (17.76 nm) respectively. The NCs size was slightly lower than c-ZnO NP (20 nm) without structural conformation depicted via bond length (0.19660 nm) retrieved from XRD. The structural and morphology behaviour of c-ZnO NP accumulated inside the void spaces of TTDMM depends on their lone pair electron (LPE), pi-electron (PE), delocalisation energy (DLE) and hydrophobicity were investigated using SEM, AFM and TGA. The NCs have revealed highest DPPH· scavenging (84.74%) at 160 μg/mL than c-ZnO NPs. Antimicrobial activity was assessed that displays both cZTNCs and c-ZnO NPs have significant bactericidal efficacy against gram positive (Bacillus subtilis; Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae; Proteus vulgaris) but no effect against fungus (Candida albicans). Although, anticancer potency against HeLa cells line was performed where cZTNCs proved to be more active than c-ZnO NPs. Moreover, anticancer activity depicted a direct dose dependent correlation with antioxidant assessment.

Increasing bacterial resistance and a corresponding decrease in antibiotic discovery has made the development of new antibiotic therapies a high priority. Combinational approaches may be effective in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of conventional antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacteria. Moringa oleifera leaf, fruit pulp and seeds were extracted and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. The extracts were also combined with conventional antibiotics and tested against the microbial triggers of some autoimmune diseases. Whilst some M. oleifera extracts were effective bacterial growth inhibitors, the majority had only low to moderate activity. The seed ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts were particularly noteworthy against Klebsiella pneumoniae (MICs of 976 and 402 μg/mL respectively) and against Proteus vulgaris (MICs of 500 and 938 μg/mL respectively). However, combinations of the M. oleifera extracts with conventional antibiotics proved substantially more effective. In total, 27 combinations were synergistic (18 against P. vulgaris, 1 against K. pneumoniae, 5 against Acinetobacter baylyi and 3 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Notably, several antibiotics with low inhibitory activity alone were returned to a state of substantial activity when tested in combination with the extracts. Moringa oleifera extracts may function as resistance modifying agents, potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Identification of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria.

We have studied the chemical composition and antibacterial profile of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) on strains of microorganisms in vitro. Analysis using GC-MS showed 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (36.6%), D-sucrose (23.2%), sorbitol (6.7%), palmitic acid β-monoglyceride (5.6%), 2-furancarboxaldehyde (3.5%) and β-D-glucopyranose (3.3%) as the major components of the title extract. The experiment revealed a positive antibacterial effect of extracts obtained from P. granatum on 14 strains specifically Enterobacteriaceae microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aegorenеs, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumonia), Listeriaceae (Listeria ivanovi, L. іnnocua, L. monocytogenes) and yeasts from the family Saccharomycetaceae (Candida albicans). Our study showed that in many cases these extracts more intensively affect multi-resistant strains of microorganisms than macrolide antibiotic azithromycin and is therefore a source of molecules to be exploited in medicine or by the pharmaceutical industry. The investigated extracts of P. granatum can be recommended for further in-depth research against poly-resistant strains of the above-mentioned microorganisms. Effective drugs perform a leading role in providing stable veterinary well-being of livestock and healthcare of the population. The present study showed that the studied plant species more intensively affects multi-resistant strains of microorganisms than sodium salt of azithromycin. Lethal concentration (LC50) of ethanol extract from pomegranate for Paramecium caudatum Ehr. equaled 0.3%. Death of 100% of nematode larvae of Strongyloides papillosus (Ihle) was recorded during 24 h exposition in 20% extract of P. granatum peel.

Pure and Nd-doped cerium oxides (CeO₂, Ce0.075Nd0.025O and Ce0.050Nd0.050O) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Aloe vera leaf extract. X-ray powder diffraction studies were confirmed that synthesized pure and Nd3+ doped CeO₂ NPs and were exhibited cubic structure. FE-SEM image exhibited pure and Nd3+ doped CeO₂ NPs have spherical structure and Nd doped CeO2 NPs small pores were formed in the surface. EDAX spectral analysis used to identify the elemental compositions. FT-IR spectra shows various functional groups and were identified for pure and Nd3+ doped CeO₂ NPs. UV-Vis spectra, absorption edges were observed at 314 nm, 324 nm and 357 nm for pure and Nd doped CeO2 NPs respectively. PL spectral analysis, small shift observed for emission of the CeO2 NPs values as compared to that of the Nd doped CeO2 NPs emission values. The antimicrobial studies were performed against a set of Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia and Shigella dysenteriae) bacterial and fungal candida albicans strain.

The hydroxyl end groups of Tetronic T1107 were modified with chloroacetylchloride. The chloroacetylated Tetronic T1107 was then modified tointroduce amino group in the side chain by reacting it with ethylenediamine.New Schiff bases were synthesized by the reaction of aminated Tetronic1107 with different aromatic aldehydes such as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde,vanillin, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, and p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde. Thechemical structure of the obtained Schiff bases was confirmed by FT-IR and1H-NMR spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of Schiff base compoundswas investigated by well diffusion method against gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris) and grampositivebacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The results showed that thepolymeric Schiff base compounds have a significant inhibiting effect on allthe tested microorganisms. It was also found that the antibacterial activity ofthe Schiff base was higher than that of unmodified tetronic 1107.

Ogbaru Communities are usually submerged by intense flood during the rainy season, but such flood recedes during the dry season. This natural occurrence makes the quality of the borehole water in the area questionable. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform and Vibrio cholerae counts of samples from fifteen boreholes in the communities were determined during both seasons using standard analytical methods. The values were 100-270 cfu/100ml;10-42cfu/100ml;0-28 cfu/100ml and 0-13cfu/100ml for total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform and Vibrio cholerae counts respectively during the dry season and 130-450 cfu/100ml; 25-86 cfu/100ml; 0-75 cfu/100ml and 0-18 cfu/100ml for the total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform and Vibrio cholerae counts respectively during the rainy season. Salmonella typhi (53.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (53.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (46.7%), Proteus vulgaris (46.7%), klebsiella variicola (26.7%), Escherichia coli (26.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.3%) and Vibrio cholerae (33.3%) were isolated during the dry season while S. typhi (60.0%), E. aerogenes (60.0%), P. aeruginosa (53.3%), P. vulgaris (46.7%). K. variicola (33.3%), E. coli (26.7%), S. aureus (13.3%), V. cholerae (46.7%) and Providencia sneebia (6.7%) were recovered during the rainy season. S. typhi occurred most frequently during both seasons. Total bacterial, total coliform and Vibrio cholerae counts were significant at 5% significance level using t-distribution. The boreholes analysed were polluted by bacteria and need adequate treatment such as sand filtration, chlorination and boiling before drinking to avert a public health hazard.

Lycopersicon esculentum leaf-extract was utilized in the synthesis of zinc-oxide nanoparticles (Le-ZnO-NPs) using zinc acetate as the precursor. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were attested by the detection of a notable absorption peak at 343 nm, appearing in UV–Vis spectra due to surface-plasmon-resonance. The XRD-spectrum recorded at 2θ values coincides with that of lattice planes. HR-TEM results revealed that Le-ZnO-NPs exhibited a crystalline structure with hexagonal wurtzite shape (10–50 nm size). The effectiveness of inhibition of the microbial biofilms of Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans was analyzed at a concentration of 100 µg ml−1. Moreover, Le-ZnO-NPs showed a significant range of anti-coagulant activity, in contrast to commercial anti-coagulant (heparin). Cytotoxicity studies showed that Le-ZnO-NPs (100 µg ml−1) are non-toxic to murine macrophage cells, but toxic to human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Indeed, a reduction in the viability of HeLa-cells and a notable variation in the apoptotic cell structure were apparent.

Antibacterial activity of plants is a subject of interest in the search for new antibiotics and fungicidal preparations. This article analyzes the effectiveness of the action of extracts of plants on microorganisms: six species of bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium xerosis, Proteus vulgaris) and one fungus (Candida albicans). For the assay, we used herbal material of 50 species (seeds, grass, shoots, leaves, compound fruit, peel) obtained at different periods of the growing season. We studied Levisticum officinale, Petroselinum crispum, Nerium oleander, Vinca minor, Eleutherococcus senticosus, E. sieboldianus, Yucca filamentosa, Artemisia annua, Echinacea purpurea, Matricaria recutita, Tanacetum vulgare, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Buxus sempervirens, Humulus lupulus, Crassula ovata, Bryophyllum daigremontianum, Juniperus communis, Platycladus orientalis, Cycas revoluta, Calluna vulgaris, Rhododendron ferrugineum, Ceratonia siliqua, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Ribes nigrum, Phellinus tuberculosus, Lavandula angustifolia, Melissa officinalis, Monarda fistulosa, Origanum vulgare, Salvia sclarea, Laurus nobilis, Punica granatum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Menispermum dauricum, Ficus benjamina, Morus alba, Paeonia suffruticosa, Picea abies, Adonis vernalis, Amelanchier ovalis, Prunus armeniaca, Crataegus monogyna, Citrus sinensis, Salix babylonica, Bergenia crassifolia, Schisandra chinensis, Taxus baccata and Xanthoria parietina. The alcohol tincture was filtered with sterile multi-layer gauze disc filters. Before the discs were put on the surface of agar with inoculation of the corresponding culture, they were dried in a sterile laminar box under ultraviolet rays. Antibacterial activity of various tinctures was determined by the disk diffusion method in agar with the measurement of the diameter of the growth suppression zone of the culture using a template ruler. Maximum inhibiting effect was achieved for Punica granatum on K. рneumonia, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, C. хerosis and E. сoli, Lavandula angustifolia – on P. vulgaris, K. рneumonia and S. typhimurium, Echinacea purpurea – on C. аlbicans, E. сoli, P. vulgaris, K. рneumonia, Bergenia crassifolia – on P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia and S. typhimurium.

A new lignan glycoside, astrayunoside A (1), along with eight known compounds (2-9), were obtained from the methanol extract of roots of Astragalus yunnanensis. All the compounds were obtained from A. yunnanensis for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D-NMR, MS, UV, CD, and IR). The weak antibacterial activities of the crude extracts of A. yunnanensis against Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi H901, Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Actinomyces viscosus were observed.

Aim. Analysis of experimental data and results of long-term clinical studies of immunotherapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of a polycomponent vaccine, Immunovac-VP-4. Materials and methods. Immunogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, which antigens possessed broad intra — and interspecific cross-protective activity were selected to obtain the vaccine. Immunological parameters were determined using flow cytometry with the use of diagnostic monoclonal antibodies to cytokines, Toll-like receptors, surface molecules of dendritic cells and lymphocytes. The clinical effect of Immunovac-VP-4 was evaluated in chronic inflammatory and allergic diseases, as well as in the prevention of acute respiratory diseases (ARI) in children’s organized groups. Results. Immunovac-VP-4, protected the mice from infection caused by etiologically significant strains of bacteria and viruses, increased TLR-2, 4, 9-expressing cells; maturing the dendritic cells; the synthesis of cytokines IL1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFNγ,; proliferation and increased cytotoxicity of NK cells. Significant clinical effect (69.2 — 100)% of Immunovac-VP-4 on the background of the basic therapy was obtained in patients with chronic inflammatory and allergic diseases. The therapeutic effect was accompanied by a positive dynamics of immunological parameters, in particular, an increase in IFNγ and a decrease in IL-4. Immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis using Immunovac-VP-4 led to a decrease in the number of episodes of acute respiratory infections and their bacterial complications, including children in organized groups. Conclusion. Immunological feasibility of using Immunovac-VP-4 in complex treatment and prevention of bacterial and viral infections, caused by opportunistic microorganisms, as well as in allergic diseases was proved.

Detection of urinary tract infection (UTI)-causing bacteria uses conventional time-consuming microbiological techniques. The current need is to use a fast and reliable method of bacterial identification. In order to unambiguously distinguish the UTI-causing five bacterial species used in the current study, micro-Raman spectra were obtained from a home-assembled micro-Raman system and analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA), and support vector machine (SVM). Also, the micro-Raman spectra recorded from samples containing two and three bacterial species were tested and validated against the aforementioned calibration models using PLS-DA and SVM. The prediction accuracies of up to 73 and 89% were achieved with PLS-DA and SVM, respectively. Taken together, the present study depicts the capturing of unique micro-Raman spectral features manifesting from the biochemical content of each bacterium. Also, micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis can therefore be a reliable and faster technique for the diagnosis of UTI-causing bacteria. Graphical Abstract.

Allergies intolerance is a common problem worldwide. The major difficulties are related to the correct diagnosis of causes which is associated with amino acid sequences present in the epitope region of allergen. So there is a need to find out the factors causing allergies and allergens themselves. In the present study a bioinformatics tool is used to predict amino acid sequence and mast cell association with different integrated approaches. Internet databases for amylase producing bacteria were used in In-silico method to check the allergy for microorganism producing the extracellular enzyme. Amylase is an extracellular enzyme isolated from soil bacteria Salmonella species and Proteus vulgaris. It is very important in the pharmaceutical industry to check the allergenicity of any drug, protein or enzyme that be used in the treatment of diseases or food industries for various purpose. The aim of the present study is isolation and characterisation of extracellular enzyme produced from soil bacteria and to analyzed allergic response through AlgPred tool of bioinformatics. From results, it was concluded that the protein sequence of amylase did not contain any epitope, no hits for mast and blast which proved that it was not an allergen. So, bacterial isolates from the industrial soil are a good alternative source of enzyme production and may be used as an industrial level. Thus, from the results, it may be concluded that microbes from soil sample can be a good source of industrially important enzymes without any allergy.

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems are important factors implicated in growth inhibition and plasmid maintenance. Type II toxin-antitoxin pairs are regulated at the transcriptional level by the antitoxin itself. Here, we examined how the HigA antitoxin regulates the expression of the Proteus vulgaris higBA toxin-antitoxin operon from the Rts1 plasmid. The HigBA complex adopts a unique architecture suggesting differences in its regulation as compared to classical type II toxin-antitoxin systems. We find that the C-terminus of the HigA antitoxin is required for dimerization and transcriptional repression. Further, the HigA structure reveals that the C terminus is ordered and does not transition between disorder-to-order states upon toxin binding. HigA residue Arg40 recognizes a TpG dinucleotide in higO2, an evolutionary conserved mode of recognition among prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription factors. Comparison of the HigBA and HigA-higO2 structures reveals the distance between helix-turn-helix motifs of each HigA monomer increases by ~4 Å in order to bind to higO2. Consistent with these data, HigBA binding to each operator is twofold less tight than HigA alone. Together, these data show the HigB toxin does not act as a co-repressor suggesting potential novel regulation in this toxin-antitoxin system.

Blue cheeses are susceptible to yeast and bacterial growth on their surface, which causes spoilage during ripening process and the formation of slime. The dairy industry frequently control the proliferation of undesirable microorganisms with natamycin and high salt concentration. The green propolis is a complex of substances that presents antimicrobial properties with great potential as preservative in the food industry. The aims of the present study were to identify the mesophilic aerobic microorganisms present on the surface of Gorgonzola-type cheese, evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial effects of the ethanol extract of green propolis (EEP) on the development of those microorganisms and verify the effects of EEP on the sensory quality of cheese. Ten yeast species belonging to genera Yarrowia, Candida, Debaryomyces and Saccharomyces were identified, as well as seven species of bacteria belonging to genera Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium and Proteus. The EEP showed minimum biocide concentration (MBC), between 0.3% (weight/weight) and 5% for Bacillus cereus and Proteus vulgaris, respectively. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the most sensitive species (MBC of 0.63%) and Candida parapsilosis the most resistant one (MBC of 5%). In the sensory analysis, the cheeses involved with EEP at 5% concentration did not differ from the control, while at 10%, there was a slight decrease in acceptance. The EEP has potential and feasibility to be used in Gorgonzola-type cheese, inhibiting the main bacteria and yeasts without affecting largely the sensory characteristics of the product.

Immune response stimulation and inactivation of chondroitinase ABC I in physiological condition have been limited its use in various clinical conditions as a bacterial enzyme drug. In the present study, we have investigated some structural and functional features of N∆89, C∆274 and N∆89C∆274; three designed truncated cABC I, in order to clarify the unclear role of two terminal parts of cABC I i.e., the 1-89 and 747-1021 amino acids sequences of the full length enzyme through truncation. As a result, the numbers of potential epitopes, the susceptibility to trypsin digestion, ANS fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence quenching using KI and acrylamide were diminished for N∆89 and C∆274 in comparison to the wild type. Secondary and tertiary structure investigation for N∆89 and C∆274 revealed that the intrinsic fluorescence was increased and Far-UV CD spectra were changed accordingly. Relative to the wild type enzyme, 0.164, 0.195 remaining activity and lack of activity was shown with the zymographic assay for N∆89, C∆274 and N∆89C∆274 variants, respectively. The diminished enzyme activity and structural changes suggested a reorientation of microenvironments interactions including cation-π interactions around structural elements toward lowering regional mobility. Constructing applicable truncated cABC I with improved features could be regarded as a strategy to regain new possible functional advantages over the full length enzyme.

In the present investigation, the bioactive compounds from the leaf extract of Artemisia nilagirica showed potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. The leaf extract showed a maximum protection of human red blood cells (HRBC) with 74.63% at 20 µg/mL concentration, and the minimum hemolysis was 25.37% in a hypotonic solution with diclofenac as the control. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans was evaluated at various concentrations (50, 100, 150, and 200 µg). The maximum zone of inhibition was observed against P. aeruginosa followed by B. subtilis, S. typhi, S. aureus and E. coli. The leaf extract also showed potent activity against C. albicans. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-bacterial, Antifungal

The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of various solvent extracts (water, 100% and 80% methanol) of Perna viridis was evaluated. The tissue analyzed for the macronutrient composition was estimated as the moisture (84%), proteins (63.5%), carbohydrates (24.26%) and lipids (9.99%). The crude extracts subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE analysis showed an array of proteins with a molecular size between 15 and 99 kDa. In the initial antibacterial and antioxidant assays, the 100% methanolic extracts showed maximum activity which was purified using Sephacryl S-100 HR column chromatography. The active fractions CS4-CS7 showed maximum activity in different antioxidant systems such as Total antioxidant activity, Ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. In the antibacterial activity, CS47 fraction showed maximum inhibition against Proteus vulgaris (15.93 ± 0.115 mm) and minimum against Klebsiella pneumonia (13.13 ± 0.152 mm). The FT-IR spectral analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds signals at different wave ranges which confirmed the presence of amino groups. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis showed the presence of peptides at the RT of 5.86 and 12.189 min. The percentage composition of amino acids was determined through the amino acid analyzer. From this present study, it was confirmed that the active molecule was a peptide, showing strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

In the present work, we used doxycycline hyclate (DX) and tetramethylguanidine (TMG) for the synthesis of silver–silver chloride nanoparticles (DX-Ag–AgCl NPs) as a simple method for the production of nanoparticles (NPs). A new synthesis method for DX-Ag–AgCl NPs in aqueous medium, using the DX and TMG as a reducing and stabilizing agent, is reported. DX-Ag–AgCl NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The elemental composition and the crystalline nature of synthesized nanoparticles were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively. From EDX, it is confirmed that synthesized NPs contain elemental silver and chloride, and their crystalline nature was confirmed by XRD. The Fourier transform infra-red spectra showed the DX present in surface of DX-Ag–AgCl NPs. Synthesized NPs analyzed for antibacterial activity by agar well method against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Synthesized DX-Ag–AgCl NPs were spherical shaped and in the range of 10–40 nm of size was observed from TEM images. In the crystalline nature, XRD peaks indicate the presence of silver and silver chloride in produced NPs. Synthesized NPs show potential antibacterial activity on Bacillus cereus KCCM 11773, Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11316, Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 40050, Escherichia coli KCCM 11234, Klebsiella pneumoniae KCCM 11418, and Proteus vulgaris KCCM 40211.

Proton-transfer compounds were prepared by the reaction of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (pydcH2) with 1-methylimidazole (1-mim) and 2-methyimidazole (2-mim) in 1:2 molar ratio. The reaction of ligands with antimony(III)chloride led to complexes formulated as [Sb(pydcH)(pydc)(H2O)] (1) and [Sb2(pydcH)2(H2O)2(Cl)2(OH)]2·2H2O (2). Both two of complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV–Vis and NMR spectroscopy and also their structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Cyclic voltammetry measurements on the complexes revealed one redox couple corresponding to Sb(III)/Sb(V) at E0′ of −0.184 to −0.052 V versus Ag/AgCl, under argon. Aeration proved the further interaction potent of complex (2) with oxygen compared to (1), within 5 min. In this study, the cytotoxic potential of each of three compounds were evaluated, using oxaliplatin as a standard, under MTT method, against MCF7 (a human breast cancer), H1299 (a human non-small cell lung carcinoma), HT29 (a human colon adenocarcinoma), HepG2 (a human liver hepatocellular carcinoma) and βTC (a mouse beta pancreatic) cell lines. Complex (2) with E0′ about three and a half times (1) exhibited more significant toxicity compared to (1). The strongest cytotoxic effect for (2) was indicated on HepG2 cell line (IC50 = 1 μM). Antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated against three Gram-positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis and also three Gram-negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris through the established antibacterial assays including broth microdilution method using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC, as chromogenic marker) and agar well diffusion method. Both two complexes showed an enhanced antibacterial activity in comparison with the standard drug chloramphenicol.

Introduction: Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Simmondsia chinensis, also known as Jojoba, is the sole member the Simmondsiaceae's family and has been known traditionally for many medical uses. Objectives: Herein we evaluate the value of crude jojoba oil (J.O) as an antimicrobial agent in vitro. Methods: J.O was tested for potential antimicro bial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Asperigillus flavus. Results: Our results did not show any effect on fungi or yeast. However a significant antibacterial activity was observed against B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P mirabilis. A high activity was observed for J.O at Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC level of 12.5 mg/ml. Interestingly, S. typhimurium, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa were found to be highly resistant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that J.O may have a medicinal potentia as natural antibacterial agent.

Novel Schiff bases such as N-cyclohexylidene-2(1H-indol-3-yl) ethanamine [TCH], 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-((1R,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylidene)ethanamine [TC], 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(1-phenylethylidene)ethanamine [TAP] were prepared by the condensation reaction of tryptamine with cyclo hexanone , camphor and aceto phenone. The imines were characterised by UV-Visible, FT-IR and H1NMR spectral data. All the three Schiff bases were screened for antibacterial (staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus substilis, salmoneila typhi and Proteus Vulgaris) and antifungal (candida alibicans, Aspergilus niger) activities by disc diffusion method. The results indicate that all imines exhibit significant antimicrobial activity.

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using an efficient bioreducing agent from Fagonia cretica extract having the advantage of eco-friendliness over chemical and physical methods. The sharp color change and appearance of representative absorption peaks in the UV-visible spectra confirm the quick reduction of the Ag salt and evolution of Ag NPs. Morphological and structural aspects showed that the resulting Ag NPs are highly crystalline with an average size of 16 nm. Furthermore, compositional analysis of the extract confirmed the existence of active bioreducing and stabilizing agents in the Fagonia cretica extract. Furthermore, various concentrations of AgNO3 and the Fagonia cretica extract were employed to obtain a higher yield with better stability of Ag NPs. The resulting Ag NPs showed effective antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It is found that the Ag NPs induce maximum production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Proteus vulgaris as compared to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae which induce cell toxicity, while ROS production in the presence of Ag NPs is 30% higher than that in the presence of only the plant extract and control in all three bacterial strains. Thus, present findings show that plant extracts can be a useful natural resource to prepare functional nanomaterials for targeted applications especially in the field of biotechnology.

Wastewater treatment plants and solid dump sites act as potential reservoirs of highly resistant bacterial strains. This study presents information on the patterns of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria in the sewage treatment plants and solid dump site in Nairobi County, Kenya. We employed standard microbiological methods to isolate and identify bacteria from these selected sites. Members of Escherichia, Klebsiella, Serratia, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Yersinia, Vibro cholera, Providencia, Morganella and Proteus spp were isolated. Escherichia and Klebsiella recorded the highest occurrence at 13.9% and 10.3% in wastewater. Shigella, Serratia Citrobacterfreundii, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Escherichia and Klebsiella recorded the highest level of occurrence at 15.1%, 14.1%, 12%, 11%, 10.4%, 10.3%, and 8.3% in dumpsite respectively. Drug sensitivity using the Disc diffusion method showed that Ampicillin, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Amoxicillin, and Cefepime had the highest levels of inactivity at (68.5%, 89.5%), (64.2%, 87%), (54.5%, 80.2%), (52%, 74%) and (49.1%, 72.4%) respectively while Levofloxacin and Gentamicin showed the smallest level of antibiotic resistance at (4.8%, 4.7%) and (4.2%, 2.6%) in both sites. Members of Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Shigella and Serratia showed the highest level of ESBLs production at 28.9%, 18.4%, 15.8%, 10.5%, 7.9%, 7.9%, 7.9% and 7.9% in the wastewater whereas Shigella, Escherichia, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Proteus vulgaris showed the highest level ESBLs production at 45.5%, 10.9%, 9.1%, 9.1%, 7.3% and 7.3% from the dump site. All the antibiotics tested except for Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin differed significantly in terms of resistance levels (p < 0.05). The study concluded that, wastewater treatment plant and dump sites bear heavy burdens of potentially virulent resistant bacterial strains which may constitute major public health hazards to scavengers and those living near these sites. There is need therefore to educate people on the use of appropriate protective materials and the settlement patterns of individuals and communities near these sites.

Aim: Rats are accused in disseminating many zoonotic diseases. This study aimed to isolate and identify bacteria from internal organs of rats captured in Baghdad City, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 black rats (R. rattus) were trapped from different areas in Baghdad city. Rats were kept in individual plastic cages for 3 h before euthanizing. Deep pharyngeal swab, intestinal content, urine, and pieces of the liver and spleen, lung, kidney, and brain were obtained aseptically. The specimens were inoculated into peptone water and incubated at 37°C for 24 h for enrichment. A loopful of each specimen was then subcultured onto MacConkey Agar, Blood Agar, and Mannitol Salt Agar. CHROMagar O157 H7 and CHROMagar Listeria were used to detect Escherichia coli 157:7 and Listeria spp., respectively. Biochemical tests on analytical profile index, microscopic examination, and commercial kit for latex agglutination test for serotyping E. coli O157:H7 were used. Results: Mixed bacterial isolates were recorded as 116, 52, 36, 28, 18, 6, and 4 from intestinal contents, deep pharyngeal, liver and spleen, urine, lung, brain, and kidney, respectively. Microorganisms included E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, E. coli O157:H7, Enterobacter cloacae, Listeria spp., Klebsiella spp., Ochrobactrum anthropi, Aeromonas spp., Brucella spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia fergusonii, Micrococcus spp., Morganella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas luteola, and Streptobacillus spp. The highest bacterial prevalence (88; 73.33%) was recorded for E. coli, where 68 isolates were identified from the intestinal contents. Of these, four isolates were E. coli O157:H7. Conclusion: Rats are important carriers and transmitters of a number of pathogens and can disseminate these microorganisms to humans and animals.

The essential oil from the air dried powder of wild Acorus calamus L. rhizomes was isolated using Clevenger-type hydrodistillation apparatus and its chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. A total numbers of fourteen chemical constituents were identified and quantified occupying 100 % of total oil composition. The major chemical constituents are reported to be β-asarone (68.96 %), 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (8.73 %) shyobunone (8.65 %), p-methoxyphenyl butanone (4.16 %) and the minor chemical constituents are δ-cadinene (0.84 %), isoelemicine (2.68 %), muurolene (1.92 %) and cis-ocimene (1.44 %). The antibacterial activity of the essential oil isolated from the wild Acorus calamus L. rhizomes was carried out using paper disc method against one Gram positive bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus and three Gram negative bacteria of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris. The isolated essential oil from the dry powder of Acorus calamus L. rhizome showed a good potentiality of the antibacterial effect against tested bacteria.

Ruthenium(II) complexes are lately of great scientific interest due to their chemotherapeutic potential as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Here we present the synthesis of new pyrazole carbothioamide derivatives and their four arene–ruthenium complexes. The title compounds were characterized with the application of IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, for new complexes DFT calculations were done. Their antimicrobial activity (MIC, MBC/MFC) was examined in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans. Their cytotoxic effects, using the MTT assay, against three cancer cell lines: HL-60, NALM-6, WM-115 and normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1) were also investigated. The influence of the new arene–ruthenium(II) complexes on the DNA structure was also tested. From our results, compound 2d showed higher cytotoxicity against melanoma cell line WM-115 than cisplatin. Strong biostatic and biocidal activity of the tested complexes against Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. faecalis was demonstrated. The new arene–ruthenium(II) compounds could not only inhibit proliferation of cancer cells, but also protect patients against malignant wound infections.

Background: Multidrug resistance and production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) by a large group of bacterial agents in hospitals are to be a matter of scientific concern. Objective: This cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of ESBL producing Proteus species and risk factors associated with hospital acquired infection in addition to study the antibiotics susceptibility patterns of all bacterial isolates from inpatients of four Yemeni general hospitals. Methods: A total of 740 consecutive non-repeat culture isolates were obtained from admitted patients of Al-Kuwait University Hospital, Al-Thowra General Hospital, Al-Jumhori Teaching Hospital, and Military General Hospitals Sana’a city. We used Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to detect antimicrobial susceptibility and establish the presence of ESBLs-producing bacteria according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Out of 740 isolate, 233 (31.5%) were Escherichia coli followed by Staphylococcus aureus 188 (25.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 149 (20.1%), Klebsiella sp. 107 (14.5%), Enterococcus faecalis 25 (3.4%) and Proteus spp. 38 (5.1%). The highest frequencies of ESBLs producing among Proteus sp. were Proteus mirabilis 26 out 38 (68.4%) and Proteus vulgaris 12 out 38 (31.6%). The most effective of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among Proteus spp. were Imipenem (100%) followed by Pipracillin-Tazobactam (92.3%) for P. mirabilis and (83.3%) for P. vulgaris, while the Amikacin (80.8%) for P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris with (91.7%). Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime were the highest for both species (100%). Conclusion: The prevalence of ESBL-producing Proteus spp. detected in this study is of great concern for public health authorities and a strict adherence of infection control policies and procedures with continuous antibiotics resistance surveillance including antimicrobial management and routine detection of ESBL-producing isolates are very important to prevent nosocomial infections.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities form an essential component of the bioactive properties of plant products. The antibacterial and the antioxidant properties of three types of aqueous extracts of four herbs and spices were evaluated. While the total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxidoreduction potential methods were used for the antioxidant properties determination, the inhibition diameters of extracts toward the growth of Staphylococcus warneri, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus vulgaris were evaluated. Although the phenolic content did not correlate with the antibacterial activity of plant extracts, it linearly correlated (R2 = 0.827) with DPPH scavenging activity of the studied plants following the order: sumac > ginger > rosemary > cinnamon. The oxidoreduction potential values linearly correlated with both the phenolic content (R2 ≈ 0.88) and DPPH scavenging activity values (R2 ≈ 0.96). The oxidoreduction potential could be proposed as a useful companion tool combined with other techniques when determining the antioxidant activity of plant extracts and food products is considered.

Possibilities of quality control of experimental series of a set of reagents for bacteriological studies «Selective differential diagnostic environment for the isolation of the causative agent of anthrax and closely related bacilli of the Bacillus cereus group» is justified. Findings of the investigation of growth properties of the selective medium showed typical colonial morphology of virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis 81/1, B. anthracis 1(CО), B. anthracis 1193, B. anthracis И-363, B. anthracis 1283) and its vaccine strains B. anthracis CTI-1, B. anthracis Ihtiman, B. anthracis Sterne 34 F2, B. anthracis 55, B. anthracis 71/12 - II Tsenkovsky’s vaccine). The colour of the batches of selective medium and Hottinger’s agar around the Bacillus anthracis colonies was unchanged. Whereas, the colour of selective medium around colonies of closely related saprophytes of genus Bacillus discoloured to bright-yellow, allowing to differentiate colonies of anthracic micro germs and closely related microorganisms. Presence of inhibiting properties of the selective medium was confirmed using heterologous germ cultures (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris HX-19) which showed no growth in all series of the tested medium. Meanwhile, the typical colonial morphology of strains of these microorganisms was observed on Hottinger’s agar.

The present study reported a simple method in synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using Clinacanthus nutans extract. The UV–visible spectra showed the characteristic absorption peak at 480 nm, and the intensity was increased with the increase in plant extract ratio and incubation period. Analysis of particle size through FESEM, XRD and TEM revealed the average of synthesized AgNPs is 73.4 nm. The EDX analysis confirmed the formation of metallic nature of silver. The FTIR spectra indicated the role of carbonyl groups in the synthetic process and further confirmed by identification of flavonoids and their glycosides by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized AgNPs shows effective inhibition against common bacterial strains including Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris.

Extraction of non-degraded and contaminant-free DNA from field specimen requires collection under liquid nitrogen which is not readily available in resource constrained laboratories in low and middle income countries (LMICs). A method of extracting DNA from silica gel-preserved common bean (Proteus vulgaris L.) leaves is presented. The method, which does not involve the use of phenol, chloroform or isoamyl alcohol also obviates the need for low temperature incubation during the DNA extraction steps and the grinding of desiccated leaf tissue in liquid nitrogen. It relies on inactivating proteins using SDS and proteinase K along with precipitation of polysaccharides using a high salt solution (0.8 M NaCl). DNA is further purified by exploiting its insolubility in aqueous media. High quality pure DNA (mean concentration 2.84 ± 0.013 µg/g of dry leaf tissue) with mean DNA purity values of 2.1 ± 0.1 was extracted. The DNA was also found to be free of protein and polysaccharide contamination. This method enables DNA amplification using molecular markers routinely used in molecular biology laboratories like random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) markers, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The findings of this study show that it is possible to obtain high quality DNA from leaf tissue preserved in silica gel. The method used in this research will be invaluable to resource constrained laboratories in low and middle income countries (LMICs) that cannot afford to buy or access liquid nitrogen in order to extract high quality DNA and for research groups undertaking field surveys that require several days or weeks off station without laboratory freezers to maintain the integrity of the tissues which is crucial for obtaining high quality DNA. Key words: Random amplified polymorphic (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), low and middle income countries (LMICs).

The present study was performed on a total of 104 recently dead chickens from Gharbia Governorate that inspected for Enterobacteriaceae from internal organs after clinical and postmortem examination. The results revealed that 95 samples were positive, Escherichia coli (53), where Salmonella.spp. (31), Citrobacter freundii (14), Enterobacter cloacae (6), Klebsiella oxytoca (5), Proteus vulgaris (4) , Acinetobacter lowoffii , Edwardsiella tarda respectively, and Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter pantoe (2) respectively. Amikacin and gentamicin were the highest efficiency antimicrobial agents used in vitro with variation in sensitivity to others except Proteus vulgaris was resist to all. Seven E.coli isolates were serotyped and identified as O1, O6, O125 and O146. PCR results for E.coli showed that tsp E4c2 and yjaA pathotypic genes( at 152 bp and 211 bp) were detected in all, but only O125 and O146 have chuA gene ( at 279 bp). While hlyA (at 450 bp) was detected in O6, eaeA (at 248bp) and stx1(at 614 bp) gene was detected in 1 strain of (O125), iss gene (at 323 bp) was detected in another isolate of O125 and stx2 (at 779 bp) was absent in all. All that indicate that E. coli strains isolated were extra-intestinal pathogenic strains. PCR results for 5studied K. oxytoca strains showed that all of them leak iroN ,but all have pehX gene.

Infectious diseases are the second leading cause for worldwide death. Treatment of infections continues to be difficult in modern time because of the severe side effects of some drugs and the growing resistance to antibacterial agents. Over the past few decades the use of antibiotics is under threat as many commonly used antibiotics have become less effective against certain illnesses due to emergence of multi drug-resistant bacteria. In the present study the effects of 3 types of solvents, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were investigated to determine the presence of various phytochemical constituent, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and in vitro antimicrobial activity from rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana (Kashmir Iris) and Iris ensata (Japanese Iris), belong to family Iridaceae. The reason for selecting in vitro method was to minimize the usage of experimental animals. The antimicrobial activity of chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana and Iris ensata were evaluated on bacterial strains of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas auregenosa, Proteus vulgaris and Eschirichia coli and fungal strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical studies and quantitative analysis of alkaloids, phenol and flavonoids were performed by well reported method. These extracts were further subjected to TLC (Thin layer chromatography analysis). The chemical contents of the Iris kashmiriana and Iris ensata were presented as total phenolic content and total flavonoids content. Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of some common compounds like phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrate etc. The antimicrobial potential of the plant extract was evaluated against different bacterial species which shows significant inhibitory action against all the tested bacterial and fungal strain. Methanolic extract was found to be more active than chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts. It reveals that the methanol soluble components of the plant are highly active against the above mentioned microorganism. Keywords: Iris kashmiriana, Iris ensata, Phytochemical constituent, Total phenolic content, Total flavonoids content, In vitro antimicrobial activity

The article presents research findings on fatty acids and antibacterial properties of red wine, which is known for its unique physiological effect on the human body. The subjects of research were red table wines (the vintage of 2016) produced at the Derbent sparkling wine factory from grapes grown in Derbentskii district of the Dagestan Republic. Wines were produced from a Cabernet grape variety from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-4270 (experiment) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Derbent-19 (control) wine yeast strains. Fatty acid compositions using gas-liquid chromatography and the antibacterial properties against gram-positive bacteria with a standard agar diffusion technique were examined. A total of 28 fatty acids (C10–C22) were identified in all samples of wine. The experimental sample was noted for a reduced content (by 8.63%) of saturated fatty acids undesirable for living organisms as the factor of nutrition that increases levels of cholesterol and atherogenic lipoprotein. The total amount of unsaturated fatty acids was observed to increase by 18.67% due to the dominance of С18:2, С18:2ω-6, and С24:1ω-9. The predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (double), monounsaturated (by 9.56%), and polyenoic fatty acids (by 12.09%), which contribute to the composition of wine flavor, was detected. The amount of ω-6 acids is 42.12% higher, primarily owing to linoleic C18:2ω-6 (by 16.48%) and γ-Linolenic C18:3ω-6 (almost by a factor of four) acids. A significant content of ω-3 acids (almost by a factor of 11) was revealed, specifically, linolenic C18:3ω-3, eicosapentaenoic C20:5ω-3, and docosahexaenoic C22:6ω-3 acids, which improve lipid metabolism and have a positive effect on the immune system. In general, the total content of ω-9 acids was sufficiently high in both samples of wine due to the predominance of oleic C18:1ω-9 acid. The experimental red table wine has been found to possess antibacterial properties against bacteria Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, resulting from the constituent conditions of the wine, including polyphenolic and antioxidant compounds, which provide the product with improved biochemical and nutrient properties.

Textile industry is a major sector providing global financial and employment support to different countries of the world. The major problems of the textile industry are dirt and microbial contaminants affecting the quality of cotton fabrics. Recently, nanoparticles such as silver, chitosan, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide have gained attraction in textile industries to avoid the contamination of fabrics through microbes. The necessity to develop an ecofriendly, efficient and cost effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles is under the radar. Plant extracts serve as potential reducing and coating agents due to the presence of bioactive molecules such as phenols, lipids, carbohydrates, enzymes, protein molecules etc., which endow effective antimicrobial activity to the nanoparticles. In the present study, biological synthesis of Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) was performed using S. acuta leaf extract. CuONPs were synthesized and characterized using UV-vis, FTIR, SEM and TEM analyses. The antimicrobial property of CuONPs was tested against Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris) and Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) pathogens, which showed zones of inhibition at different concentrations. As the final part of the study, CuONPs were coated over cotton fabrics showing longer stability, which prevented the growth of infectious pathogens. Apart from the antimicrobial activity, CuONPs synthesized using S. acuta possessed effective photocatalytic activity against commercial dyes.

The reaction of lauroyl isothiocyanate 1 with enaminonitrile derivative 2 furnished N-(6-cyano-3, 4-diphenylthieno[2,3-c]pyridazin-5-yl-carbamothioyl)dodecanamide 3, which was used as precursor for the synthesis of novel heterocyclic systems. Polyfunctional pyrimidine and fused pyrimidine derivatives were obtained by the cyclization of compound 3 under different basic conditions as well as its reactions with thiourea, o-aminothiophenol, hydrazine hydrate, phenyl hydrazine, ethyl phenyl acetate or ethyl benzoyl acetate. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by microanalytical and spectral properties. The synthesised compounds were tested in-vitro for their antimicrobial activity and showed congruent results against most of the tested microorganisms compared to the standard drugs Gentamycin and Ketoconazol.

Herein, we report the synthesis of eight new mononuclear and binuclear Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ methoxy thiosemicarbazone (MTSC) complexes aiming at obtaining thiosemicarbazone complex with potent biological activity. The structure of the MTSC ligand and its metal complexes was fully characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques (NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis), molar conductivity, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and thermal differential analysis (DrTGA). The spectral and analytical data revealed that the obtained thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes have octahedral geometry around the metal center, except for the Zn2+-thiosemicarbazone complexes, which showed a tetrahedral geometry. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the MTSC ligand and its (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) metal complexes were also investigated. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of MTSC- metal complexes against examined bacteria was higher than that of the MTSC alone, which indicates that metal complexation improved the antibacterial activity of the parent ligand. Among different metal complexes, the MTSC- mono- and binuclear Cu2+ complexes showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris, better than that of the standard gentamycin drug. The in silico molecular docking study has revealed that the MTSC ligand could be a potential inhibitor for the oxidoreductase protein.

Naja atra is a major venomous snake found in Taiwan. The bite of this snake causes extensive wound necrosis or necrotizing soft tissue infection. Conventional microbial culture-based techniques may fail to identify potential human pathogens and render antibiotics ineffective in the management of wound infection. Therefore, we evaluated 16S Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify bacterial species in the oropharynx of N. atra. Using conventional microbial culture methods and the VITEK 2 system, we isolated nine species from snakebite wounds. On the basis of the 16S Sanger sequencing of bacterial clones from agar plates, we identified 18 bacterial species in the oropharynx of N. atra, including Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, and Proteus mirabilis, which were also present in the infected bite wound. Using NGS of 16S metagenomics, we uncovered more than 286 bacterial species in the oropharynx of N. atra. In addition, the bacterial species identified using 16S Sanger sequencing accounted for only 2% of those identified through NGS of 16S metagenomics. The bacterial microbiota of the oropharynx of N. atra were modeled better using NGS of 16S metagenomics compared to microbial culture-based techniques. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Proteus penneri were also identified in the NGS of 16S metagenomics. Understanding the bacterial microbiota that are native to the oropharynx of N. atra, in addition to the bite wound, may have additional therapeutic implications regarding empiric antibiotic selection for managing N. atra bites., Author summary Naja atra bites induce extensive wound necrotizing soft tissue infections in a substantial proportion of patients. Empiric antibiotic administration in snakebite patients is a common practice, but clinical reports indicate that this treatment was ineffective in preventing secondary infection given that the microbiota of the infected wound and oropharynx of the culprit snake were not properly established. In this study, only 9 species were detected in cobra bites using a conventional microbial culture method and the VITEK 2 system, whereas 18 species were detected in the cobra oropharynx using microbial culture-based 16S Sanger sequencing. Among these, Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, and Proteus mirabilis were identified as common bacteria. Compared to microbial culture-based 16S Sanger sequencing, NGS-based 16S metagenomic sequencing detected more than 286 bacterial species. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Proteus penneri only appeared with 16S metagenomic sequencing. These results suggest that NGS-based 16S metagenomic sequencing is a better tool for uncovering the bacterial microbiota of the N. atra oropharynx, which may help in developing a proper therapeutic strategy for patients with N. atra bites.

Problem Background Penicillin was the first and most famous fungal secondary metabolite used as broad spectrum antibiotic that revolutionarised pharmaceutical research and also saved millions of lives. The over optimistic belief in 1967 that sufficient antibiotics had been discovered to defeat infectious diseases was quickly crashed with the appearance of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in 1990s. This has posed a serious threat to mankind. Although scientists are making efforts to synthesize and discover new antibiotics there are not enough new drugs in pharmaceutical pipeline to beat the pace at which MDR bacteria are emerging. In view of this there is an urgent and serious medical need for new bioactive compounds to be discovered to treat infections caused by MDR pathogens. The present study is aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of Aspergillus flavus originated compounds that may act as drug leads to treat future infections. Methodology Among the 6 isolated fungal strains from the rhizosphere of Mentha piperetta, one was processed for isolation of secondary metabolites on the basis of preliminary antibacterial testing. Observation of morphological and microscopic features helped in identification of the fungal strain as Aspergillus flavus. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used for fungal growth while Czapec Yeast Broth (CYB) medium was used for production of fungal metabolites. Column chromatography technique was utilized for purification of compound from crude fungal extract and the mass of the compound was determined using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) method. Structure elucidation of the pure compound was performed using 500 Varian Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) machine. Docking was performed using Glide SP algorithm. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the invitro antibacterial potential of the compound against two MDR bacterial strains i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. For this a total of 4 dose concentrations i.e. (100, 250, 500, 1000 μg mL− 1) of the compound were prepared and applied to bacterial strains on Mueller Hinton agar using tetracycline as control. Results The chemical name of the purified compound from A. flavus was determined as (2E)-3-[(3S, 4R)-8-hydroxy-3, 4-dimethyl-1-oxo-3, 4-dihydro-1H-2- benzopyran-7-yl] prop-2-enoic acid with the formula C14H14O5 and exact mass of 262.08. The in-Silico analysis showed that this compound has the potential to inhibit the binding pocket of S. aureus TyrRS (1JII) with docking score of − 8.67 Kcal mole− 1. The results obtained from invitro experiments were encouraging as at 1000 μg mL− 1 the compound showed 58.8% inhibition against S. aureus and 28% inhibition against P. vulgaris. Conclusions The pure compound with formula C14H14O5 and exact mass of 262 exhibited antibacterial potential both insilico and invitro against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The compound was more active against S. aureus in comparison to P. vulgaris. From the obtained results it is concluded that this compound can be used as potent antibacterial candidate but further studies will be needed prior to its use as antibiotic.

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Background Aloysia citriodora Palau (AC) is commonly known as Lemon Verbena and has been utilized as a medicinal tea in folkloric medicine for the treatment of abdominal spasm, anxiety, and fever. The present investigation aimed to identify the chemical ingredients of AC essential oil (EO) collected from two different locations in Palestine and to assess their antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory effects. Methods Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) technique was used to identify the chemical components of the hydro-distilled EO from both regions, while DPPH, MTS, and COX assays were utilized to estimate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and COX inhibitory activities of the EOs, respectively. Moreover, a broth microdilution assay was used to assess antimicrobial potentials against seven microbial strains. Results The GC/MS technique revealed the presence of 17 compounds from the AC collected from the Umm al-Fahm region and 13 compounds from the sample from the Baqa al-Gharbiyye region, while α-citral was the major component of both EOs, representing 47.62 and 43.46%, respectively. The Baqa al-Gharbiyye AC EO exerted more potent antioxidant activity than the Umm al-Fahm EO, with IC50 values of 11.74 ± 0.18 and 35.48 ± 0.14 μg/mL, respectively, while the positive control Trolox had antioxidant IC50 values of 2.45 ± 0.01 μg/mL. Interestingly, both EOs inhibited more potential activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Proteus vulgaris than Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin antibiotics and also showed more potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans than Fluconazole. Moreover, the Baqa al-Gharbiyye AC EO had a more potent cytotoxic effect than the Umm al-Fahm EO, with IC50 values of 84.5 ± 0.24 and 33.31 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively, compared with Doxorubicin, which had an IC50 dose of 22.01 ± 1.4 μg/mL. The EOs from Baqa al-Gharbiyye showed potent activity against both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, with IC50 of 52.93 ± 0.13 and 89.31 ± 0.21 μg/mL, respectively, while the EOs from the Umm al-Fahm region showed weaker activity against these enzymes, with IC50 of 349.99 ± 0.33 and 1326.37 ± 1.13 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion Both characterized EOs have a huge variety of chemical components. The Baqa al-Gharbiyye AC EO has more potent antioxidant and cytotoxic activities than the Umm al-Fahm EO, but both have potential antimicrobial activity against MRSA, P. vulgaris, and C. albicans. These results suggest the use of AC EOs as promising sources of active ingredients in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Diseases caused by microorganisms have been managed traditionally using medicinal plants, as they contain components of therapeutic value. In this context, in the present study, phytochemical analysis of ethanol, methanol, acetone and aqueous extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum and its antibacterial activities were investigated. Leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum were shade dried, powdered, and extracted using solvents such as ethanol, methanol, acetone and water. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude leaf extracts revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, anthraquinones, saponins, resins, glycosides and phenols. The antibacterial activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extracts was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella gallinarum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris using agar disc diffusion technique. Ethanolic leaf extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum exhibited maximum zone of inhibition (18.33 ± 0.47 mm) against salmonella gallinarum. The maximum activity index (2.48 ± 0.30) and increase in fold area (5.22 ± 1.47) were observed against Escherichia coli for aqueous leaf extract. The results obtained from the current study confirm that Ocimum tenuiflorum can be used as a source of drugs to fight infections caused by susceptible bacteria.

Microbiological studies of the sanitary and health status of psittacine birds that will be reintroduced is important in evaluating whether these animals act as carriers of pathogenic agents to other animals and humans. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a faster and more accurate method to identify bacteria than conventional microbiology methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of psittacines housed in captivity, by assessment of Gram-negative bacteria from fecal microbiota through MALDI- TOF MS identification. The results indicate high frequency of Gram-negative bacteria in feces (96.5%), especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (88.7%). The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (39.0%), Proteus vulgaris (12.2%), Klebsiella spp. (12.1%) and Raoultella ornithinolytica (8.7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia hermannii were isolated with lower frequency. . All these agents are potentially pathogenic for parrots and can cause systemic infections in other animals and humans. These findings reinforce that MALDI- TOF MS proved to be a rapid and accurate method of identification of the microorganism and evaluation of the health status of psittacines, providing relevant data to assist decision-making regarding the sanitary protocols in wildlife centers, and possible future reintroduction of wild birds. Resumo Estudos microbiológicos da sanidade de psitacídeos que serão reintroduzidos são importantes para avaliar se esses animais atuam como portadores de agentes patogênicos para outros animais e humanos. A espectrometria de massa por ionização/dessorção de matriz assistida por laser/tempo de vôo (MALDI-TOF MS) é um método mais rápido e preciso para identificar bactérias na comparação com métodos convencionais de microbiologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado de saúde de psitacídeos cativos, identificando bactérias Gram-negativas da microbiota fecal por MALDI -TOF MS. Os resultados indicaram alta frequência de bactérias Gram-negativas nas fezes (96,5%), principalmente da família Enterobacteriaceae (88,7%). As mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli (39,0%), Proteus vulgaris (12,2%), Klebsiella spp. (12,1%) e Raoultella ornithinolytica (8,7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. e Escherichia hermannii foram isolados com menor frequência. Todos esses agentes são potencialmente patogênicos para os papagaios e podem causar infecções sistêmicas em outros animais e seres humanos. Esses achados reforçam que o MALDI- TOF MS é um método rápido e preciso de identificação do microrganismo e avaliação do estado de saúde dos psitacídeos, fornecendo dados relevantes para auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre os protocolos sanitários em centros de triagem de animais selvagens e sobre a possibilidade de reintrodução futura.