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The risk of prostate cancer (PCa) is strongly influenced by race and ethnicity. The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in the diagnostic performance of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in African American (AA) and white (W) men. 111 patients (37 AA and 74 W men) were selected from the study's initial cohort of 885 patients after matching age, prostate-specific antigen, and prostate volume. The diagnostic performance of mpMRI was assessed using detection rates (DRs) and positive predictive values (PPVs) with/without combining Ktrans (volume transfer constant) stratified by prostate zones for AA and W sub-cohorts. The DRs of mpMRI for clinically significant PCa (csPCa) lesions in AA and W sub-cohort with PI-RADS scores ≥ 3 were 67.3% vs. 80.3% in the transition zone (TZ; p=0.026) and 81.2% vs. 76.1% in the peripheral zone (PZ; p>0.9). The Ktrans of csPCa in AA men was significantly higher than in W men (0.23±0.08 min-1 vs. 0.19±0.07 min-1 ; p=0.022). This emphasizes that there are race-related differences in the performance of mpMRI and quantitative MRI measures that are not reflected in age, PSA, and prostate volume.

A general photo-induced regioselective hydroboration of alkenes without photocatalyst or an external initiator has been developed throughin situformed boryl radicals. Thiol plays the dual role as a proton donor and hydrogen atom transfer catalyst.

A photoinduced PhSSPh-catalyzed regioselective borylation of electron-deficient alkenes has been developed for the synthesis of borylated carbonyl, nitrile, sulfone, phosphonate, trifluoromethyl, andgem-diboron compounds.

Background and aimsTetraspanin proteins are closely related to the functional changes of B cells, including antigen presentation, production of cytokines, and transduction. We aim to explore the potential role of Tetraspanin 1 (TSPAN1) in the biological activities of B cells in AIH.Methods and resultsHerein, this study found that numbers of cells expressing TSPAN1 were significantly increased in AIH patients compared to PBC, chronic hepatitis B, and healthy control (P < 0.0001). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between numbers of TSPAN1+ cells and AIH disease severity (P < 0.0001). Immunofluorescence staining further confirmed that TSPAN1 was primarily expressed on CD19+ B cells. Flow-cytometric analysis showed that TSPAN1+ B cells secreted more inflammatory cytokines and expressed higher level of CD86 than TSPAN1- B cells. Furthermore, compared with TSAPN1- cells, the expression of CXCR3 on TSPAN1+ cells was also higher. Meanwhile, CXCL10, the ligand of CXCR3, was significantly elevated in the liver of AIH (P < 0.01) and had positive correlation with the quantities of TSPAN1 (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the numbers of TSPAN1+ B cells were decreased in AIH patients after immunosuppressive therapy.ConclusionsTSPAN1+ B cells in the liver may promote the progression of AIH via secreting cytokines and presenting antigens. The chemotactic movement of TSPAN1+ B cells toward the liver of AIH was possibly due to CXCR3 - CXCL10 interaction.

Phosphorous (P) fixation in saline soils is a concern worldwide. To investigate optimization strategies for P fertilizer application that improve P use efficiency (PUE) and crop yield in saline soil, in terms of P sources and rates, we conducted a two year field experiment in the coastal saline area of China to investigate the effects of P rates and sources, including superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on yield, aboveground P uptake, agronomy efficiency (AEP), and soil available P of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat yield, under the three P sources, increased with P rates and reached a plateau under 20 kg P ha−1 SSP,18 kg P ha−1 MAP, and 17 kg P ha−1 MAP, respectively. The application of SSP increased the wheat yield by 9–11% compared to MAP and APP. The aboveground P uptake of winter wheat under SSP was 14% and 13% higher than MAP and APP, respectively, under the optimal P application rate. The AEP under SSP was higher than the other two P sources under the same P rate. SSP increased the soil Ca2+ concentration by 20–42%, but decreased the Na+ concentration by 14–18% at the P rate of 26 kg P ha−1 in all soil layers, including 0–20, 20–40, 40–60 cm, compared to CK (0 kg P ha−1). The soil Olsen-P concentration under APP was higher than the other P sources. This study suggests that optimizing P sources and rates can improve wheat yield, PUE, and soil quality in the coastal saline soil.

Objective: To construct a nursing quality evaluation index system for kidney transplant patients after. Background:At present, there is no scientific, sensitive, practical, and targeted nursing quality evaluation index system for kidney transplant patients in China. Methods:Based on the "structure-process-outcome" three-dimensional quality model, a first draft of the nursing quality evaluation index system for renal transplant patients was developed through literature review, theoretical references, and semi-structured interviews, followed by a combination of Delphi and analytic hierarchy process to derive an authoritative index system and the weight of each level index. Results:A total of 30 experts from 11 provinces participated in this study. Two rounds of the Delphi questionnaire resulted in a recovery rate of 100 % and 95.8%. The expert authority coefficient was 0.846 and 0.852. The Kendall coefficient was 0.281, 0.296. Furthermore, a total of 3 first-level indicators, 11 second-level indicators, and 65 third-level indicators were obtained. The results of the weighted calculation showed that the index “Qualification rate of skills and knowledge training related to renal transplantation” (0.0926) was the highest, followed by “Implementation rate of medication guidance” (0.0655), “Development and update of the specific training program for renal transplantation” (0.0589), and “Implementation rate of postoperative dietary guidance” (0.0496). Conclusion:By constructing a nursing quality evaluation index system for renal transplant patients, specific and targeted evaluation criteria for the quality of care in the renal transplantation department are proposed, which can more efficiently respond to nursing care errors and provide promotion value. Implications for nursing management: As one of the tools to evaluate the quality of nursing, the nursing quality indicators for renal transplantation play a guiding role in nursing management and can determine the direction of nursing behavior adjustment, directly affecting the nursing quality. Establishing a scientific, sensitive, and practical nursing quality evaluation index can provide a reliable basis for evaluating hospital nursing quality.

Background: Vein graft occlusion is deemed a major challenge in coronary artery bypass grafting. Previous studies implied that the no-touch technique for vein graft harvesting could reduce occlusion rate compared with the conventional approach; however, evidence on the clinical benefit and generalizability of the no-touch technique is scare. Methods: From April 2017 to June 2019, we randomly assigned 2655 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at 7 hospitals in a 1:1 ratio to receive no-touch technique or conventional approach for vein harvesting. The primary outcome was vein graft occlusion on computed tomography angiography at 3 months and the secondary outcomes included 12-month vein graft occlusion, recurrence of angina, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. The generalized estimate equation model was used to account for the cluster effect of grafts from the same patient. Results: During the follow-up, 2533 (96.0%) participants received computed tomography angiography at 3 months after coronary artery bypass grafting and 2434 (92.2%) received it at 12 months. The no-touch group had significantly lower rates of vein graft occlusion than the conventional group both at 3 months (2.8% versus 4.8%; odds ratio, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.41–0.80]; P P P P Conclusions: Compared with the conventional vein harvesting approach in coronary artery bypass grafting, the no-touch technique significantly reduced the risk of vein graft occlusion and improved patient prognosis. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03126409.

Thermochemical storage (TCS) offers a number of advantages over sensible and latent heat based thermal energy storage (TES) technologies, including low heat loss, small volume change and high energy density. However, two of key technological challenges are low cycle stability and slow charging and discharging kinetics. We report here a novel composite TCS material made from MgSO4 and diatomite using an impregnation method. The structures, sorption kinetics, thermal properties and cycle stability of the composite were investigated by using several analytical techniques including scanning electron microscope, surface area measurements, Raman microscope, thermal gravitational analyzer, dynamic vapor sorption analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter. The results show that the porous structure of the diatomite provides water vapor transport channels and contact area between water vapor and MgSO4, leading to an increased hydration rate of MgSO4, hydration state and cycle stability compared with pure MgSO4, and an improved sorption capacity and thermal performance. When MgSO4 in the composites reaches ∼60% by mass, the diatomite tends to be saturated with more MgSO4 in a high hydrated state, resulting in a superior heat storage performance with an energy storage density of 772.9 kJ/kg and a water adsorption capacity of 0.37 g/g in a low to medium temperature range of 80–150 °C.

Objective: This study aims to explore the risk signals of osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by antiresorptive drugs and provide references for the clinical safety application.Method: According to the FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), from January 2004 to September 2021, we chose “Osteonecrosis of the jaw (10064658)” and “Exposed bone in jaw (10071014)” as preferred terms, “antiresorptive drugs” as the target drugs, and primary suspect drug as the drug role code in the dataset. We evaluated the association between drugs and adverse events by using reporting odds ratio (ROR) based on disproportionality analysis. We took the High-Level Terms (HLT) of MedDRA® as the classification level of indications to calculate ROR to compare the signal difference of ONJ in different indications. In addition, patients with antiresorptive-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw and the time of onset of the condition following different antiresorptive medications were collected for the study.Results: The FAERS contained 18,421 reports relating to jaw osteonecrosis from January 2004 to September 2021. A total of eight antiresorptive agents were included in the analysis. From high to low, the ROR of ONJ induced by antiresorptive agents (regardless of indication) is pamidronate (ROR = 494.8), zoledronic acid (ROR = 431.9), denosumab (ROR = 194.8), alendronate (ROR = 151.2), risedronate (ROR = 140.2), etidronic acid (ROR = 64.5), ibandronate (ROR = 40.8), and romosozumab (ROR = 6.4). HLT ROR values for “metabolic bone disorders” were the lowest for each drug, while HLT ROR values were high for “tumor-related indications,” including breast and nipple neoplasms malignant, plasma cell myelomas, and prostatic neoplasms malignant. The onset time for osteonecrosis of the jaw as median (Q1, Q3), osteoporosis-related indications, and the onset time for ONJ were 730 (368, 1268), 489.5 (236.3, 909.8), 722.5 (314, 1055), 761 (368, 1720), and 153 (50, 346) for zoledronic acid, denosumab, ibandronate, risedronate, and romosozumab, respectively. Cancer-related indications: the onset time for ONJ were 680.5 (255.3, 1283), 488 (245, 851), and 696.5 (347, 1087) for zoledronic acid, denosumab, and pamidronate, respectively.Conclusion: When antiresorptive drugs are used for metastasis, they have the largest risk signal, followed by malignancy, and the smallest is osteoporosis. The onset time of ONJ may not be related to the indications. The onset time of ONJ for BPs was about 2 years, denosumab about 1.3 years, and romosozumab less than 1 year, which may be related to sequential treatment. When used according to the instructions, the risk of ONJ caused by denosumab was higher than that of zoledronic acid, regardless of the indication. Based on these findings, researchers will continue to monitor and identify risk factors.

In this study, through animal experiments, we investigated the effects of Qingli Gandan decoction on the IL-23/IL-17 signalling pathway and the expression of CD4+/IL-17A+ cells in EAU rats. We then predicted the potential mechanisms of the action. First, Lewis rats were divided using the random number table method into a (1) control group, (2) model group and (3) TCM group. The TCM group was given a Qingli Gandan prescription by gavage after an intervention model. Next, blood, aqueous humour and vitreous were collected from each group on days 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 after immunisation. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the protein concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 in a serum, aqueous humour and vitreous of rats on different immunisation days, and the percentage of CD4+/IL-17A+ cells in rat spleen was detected by flow cytometry. The peak concentration of serum IL-17 protein in group 3 was statistically lower than that in group 2 (P < 0.05) on days 4, 8 and 12 of immunisation. However, the peak concentration of serum IL-23 protein in group 3 was statistically lower than in group 2 (P < 0.05) on days 8 and 12 of immunisation; in addition, on days 8 and 12, the protein concentrations of IL-23 and IL-17 in the aqueous humour group 3 were all lower than those in group 2. On days 4, 8 and 12, the protein concentrations of IL-23 and IL-17 in vitreous in group 3 were significantly lower than those in group 2. We found that the proportion of CD4+/IL-17A+ cells in the groups 2 and 3 increased on day 8 compared with group 1 (P < 0.05). The proportion of CD4+/IL-17A+ cells decreased in group 3 compared with group 2 (P < 0.05).At last, we think Qingli Gandan can reduce the onset of EAU in rats and treat it, presumably because of inhibiting the IL-23/IL-17 axis. It may inhibit the expression of CD4+/IL-17A+ cells and play a role in inhibiting the IL-23/IL-17 signalling pathway.

Background and aims The diverse inflammatory response found in the liver of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is well established, but identification of potentially pathogenic subpopulations has proven enigmatic. Approach and results We report herein that CD69+ CD103+ CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM ) are significantly increased in the liver of patients with AIH compared to chronic hepatitis B, NAFLD, and healthy control tissues. In addition, there was a significant statistical correlation between elevation of CD8+ TRM cells and AIH disease severity. Indeed, in patients with successful responses to immunosuppression, the frequencies of such hepatic CD8+ TRM cells decreased significantly. CD69+ CD8+ and CD69+ CD103+ CD8+ T cells, also known as CD8+ TRM cells, reflect tissue residency and are well known to provide intense immune antigenic responses. Hence, it was particularly interesting that patients with AIH also manifest an elevated expression of IL-15 and TGF-β on inflammatory cells, and extensive hepatic expression of E-cadherin; these factors likely contribute to the development and localization of CD8+ TRM cells. Based on these data and, in particular, the relationships between disease severity and CD8+ TRM cells, we studied the mechanisms involved with glucocorticoid (GC) modulation of CD8+ TRM cell expansion. Our data reflect that GCs in vitro inhibit the expansion of CD8+ TRM cells induced by IL-15 and TGF-β and with direct down-regulation of the nuclear factor Blimp1 of CD8+ TRM cells. Conclusions Our data suggest that CD8+ TRM cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AIH, and GCs attenuate hepatic inflammation through direct inhibition of CD8+ TRM cell expansion.

To describe the trends of socioeconomic disparity in global vision loss burden associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) based on prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). In the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study, we extracted global, regional, national, and World Bank categorical epidemiological data in vision impairment by time and age. We searched the Human development index (HDI) from the Human Development Report. Pearson correlation, linear regression, and Kruskal–Wallis test were conducted to analyze the correlation between YLD rates and HDI. We used the Gini coefficient and concentration index to evaluate the socioeconomic inequality trendency. The global and World Bank categorical prevalence and YLDs increased from 1990 to 2017, and rose with ageing. The age-standardized prevalence and YLD rates varied geographically and highest in the Eastern Mediterranean countries. Higher vision loss burden of DR was concentrated in countries with medium level of socioeconomic development, including lower/upper middle-income and medium/high-HDI countries. The Gini coefficient decreased from 0.572 in 1990 to 0.542 in 2017, showing the decreasing between-country inequality. The concentration index decreased from 0.153 in 2000 to 0.061 in 2017, showing the reducing socioeconomic-associated disparity. The vision loss burden of DR increased in the past few decades, with a notable declining socioeconomic disparity since 2000. Our results highlight the necessity to provide more services to reduce the vision loss burden.

Aim Emperipolesis, the cell-in-cell structure, is one of the pathological diagnostic standard of AIH. We have already identified that CD8+ T cells participated in the emperipolesis process in liver tissue of AIH patients. In this study, we aimed to clarify the characteristics and molecular mechanisms of emperipolesis in the patients with AIH in vitro and in mice with α-GalCer-induced acute hepatitis. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of patients with variant chronic liver diseases and healthy controls were co-cultured with hepatic cell line to induce emperipolesis in vitro. Confocal staining was performed to illustrate the cellular types and potential mechanisms of emperipolesis in AIH. In addition, the mouse model of α-GalCer-induced acute hepatitis which mimics human AIH in several features, was used to confirm the role of CD44/p-ERM/F-actin in the emperipolesis process in vivo. Results In co-culture system with PBMC and hepatic cell line, emperipolesis was observed most common in the patients with AIH. CD8+ T cells were the major cells participated in the emperipolesis process, and penetrated into hepatocytes actively via CD44/p-ERM/F-actin pathway. As a result, most CD8+ T cells engulfed in hepatocytes undergo self-apoptosis. In α-GalCer-induced acute hepatitis model, emperipolesis was observed around the inflammatory foci, and was inhibited by Ezrin phosphorylation inhibitor NSC668394. Similarly, activated murine CD8+ T cells penetrated into primary hepatocytes via CD44/p-ERM/F-actin pathway in vitro. Conclusions CD8+ T cells penetrated into hepatocytes actively via CD44/p-ERM/F-actin signaling pathway and undergo apoptosis, may be a compensative mechanism to attenuate overwhelming immune attack in AIH. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Sorption based thermochemical energy storage using salt hydrates offers several potential advantages if engineered properly, compared with sensible and latent heat storage technologies, including low heat loss, small volume change and high energy density. Two of key technological challenges are low mechanical structure stability, which determines the life-span; and slow charging and discharging kinetics, which depends largely on mass and heat transfer. As the heat and mass transfer relates to structure and composition of thermochemical storage materials, the two key challenging aspects are coupled and the use of engineered composite thermochemical materials provides an avenue to address the challenges. In this paper, we report a novel thermochemical storage composite material, consisting of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4, the thermochemical storage material) and expanded graphite (EG, heat transfer enhancer and structural stabiliser), prepared by impregnation of MgSO4 into EG. The composite has been characterized by various methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), transient plane heat source method and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS). The results showed that the MgSO4-EG composite containing 60% MgSO4 displayed superior heat and mass transfer properties. The hydration time of MgSO4 was shorten to about 1/4 of its pure and original form and the thermal conductivity was increased by more than 84.8% through the MgSO4 impregnation into EG.