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Starting from the background of "Three All-Round Education", this paper expounds the importance of chemistry and society in curriculum reformation. This paper explores the methods of course ideology and politics of Chemistry and Society: discusses the specific measures of curriculum political thinking from the aspects of teaching objectives, teaching content, teaching methods and means, diversified assessments and finally summarizes the learning effect. These practices can achieve the teaching goal of value shaping, knowledge transfer and capacity development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the most recent work of Jürgen Habermas is analyzed, where he attempts to revalue religion in today's society and establish genealogical connections between secular contents and worldviews that emerged in the Axial Age, including Jewish monotheism. It is proposed that a genealogical approach to monotheism from the perspective of those involved should start from the undetected origin context that constitutes the ethical universalism of Judaism: the Noahide code. Narrative and conceptual elements of axial and non-axial cultures are analyzed, and their parallels with the seven laws of the children of Noah as the moral core of humanity are evidenced. The article discusses the Seven Laws of the children of Noah, also known as the Noahide code or Noahide tradition. It is suggested that this Noahide code can be considered as the "undetected origin context" of axial traditions, including Jewish monotheism. The possibility of finding Noahide elements in cultures of axial origin and in traditions that are not included in the axial analysis is proposed, with the aim of supporting the perspective of the Noahide code. Additionally, the importance of problematizing genealogy is mentioned in order to understand the familial connections that continue to function without reflection. This text discusses the genealogy of religious beliefs and the separation between faith and knowledge in the present day, originating from the Protestant Reformation. Limitations in Habermas' work are raised in relation to the equality of argumentation in dialogue. The importance of the Noahide code as the core of monotheism and its influence on worldviews is mentioned. Additionally, the universal Flood is mentioned as an event present in various traditions and its relationship with the Noahide laws. The text presents seven biblical laws that are binding for all of humanity, known as the Noahide laws. These laws prohibit idolatry, blasphemy, forbidden sexual relations, theft, murder, anarchy, and improper treatment of nature. It is mentioned that different cultures, including ancient civilizations, have legislated minimally on theft, murder, and sexual promiscuity to maintain internal order. Additionally, there are coincidences between biblical-rabbinic traditions and Andean-American traditions regarding the Flood, suggesting a possible universality in religious learning throughout history. The researcher argues that the name Wiracocha was not conceived as a creator ex-nihilo, but as the organizer of the world. In Andean cosmology, there was the idea of a Supreme Being that escaped any characterization and was not part of worship. Andean morality was based on the need for order in reciprocal and communal relationships, and not on reflections on individual virtue. The Noahide code is a common spiritual and moral possession that has influenced different traditions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The article discusses the relationship between Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism through the Noahide code. It is mentioned that Paul, known for his proselytism among non-Jews, directed his speeches first to Jews and then to God-fearing non-Jews. It is emphasized that the Church recognizes in the Ten Commandments the fundamental ethical precepts for Judaism and considers them valid for other nations. Additionally, the connection between Islam and Judaism is mentioned, as well as the influence of Abraham's teachings on Hinduism. The importance of the moralization of things is highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines a section of the Roman Catholic rite of the Mass, the offertory, investigating the relationship between theological ideas and the latest reform of liturgical practice (1969). How did the dogmatic theology, developed from the Middle Ages until the age of the Protestant Reformation, influence the liturgical reform under Paul VI? This is taken as a case to thematise the interplay between theological datum (lex credendi) and practical datum (lex orandi). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legalization of gambling and cannabis and the transformation of these practices/substances into consumer markets are processes of state legitimation, naturalization, and (re)formation in Canada. This article examines the moral-cultural transformation of gambling and cannabis over the last 50 years and analyzes these transformations in terms of state-culture dynamics. Where lotteries were legalized in the context of the welfare state, the expansion of gambling beyond lotteries in the 1990s has occurred as the federal state ceded jurisdiction of gambling to the provinces. The consequence has been the direct role of the provinces in the creation of gambling markets. Notwithstanding the monopolization of cannabis by some provinces, the opening of cannabis to private industry (e.g., sales) has occurred relatively quickly. In its central role in market making, the state, paradoxically, appears to disappear. However, the legalization and expansion of gambling and cannabis represent an increased positioning of the state at the nexus of civic and consumer cultures. State formation around consumption of gambling and cannabis centers on state entrepreneurialism and depends on retaining, yet reinventing, notions of harm with a shift from a generalized morality of nation and national spirit to individual risk calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typical thick-hard limestone roof with high failure pressure and easy fracture closure under in situ stress is extremely prone to induce disasters, which seriously threatens the safe production of coal mines. The modification of carbonate minerals by acidic effects can effectively realize the weakening control of hard limestone strata. In this study, a multi-factor orthogonal experiment was designed for limestone acidification reactions, and the evaluation model for the reformation and strength weakening of hard limestone based on the acidic effect was established accordingly. The results showed that there is an order in the influence of various factors on the reaction parameters and strength indices of acidified limestone, and the improvement of rock properties by the level difference of acid concentration is significantly better than that of acid type and acidification time. Through numerical analysis, the evaluation model of limestone reformation and strength weakening considering the acid reaction parameters is given. The reliability of the model passed the credibility test and experimental verification, which can effectively reflect the strength response characteristics of acidified limestone. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is introduced to derive the optimal acidification system suitable for limestone weakening. Combined with the model, the control mechanism of the acidic effect on hard limestone strata was analyzed. The acidic effect can not only induce the rapid generation and expansion of micro-cracks at mineral-containing crystal defects, but also make the cracks remain relatively open under in situ stress due to the differential interaction on mineral components, which is conducive to the bearing capacity reduction and structural damage of limestone rock mass. The research results provide theoretical guidance for the acidification control of hard limestone strata in underground mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the figure of Thomas Müntzer in Marxist historiography, as well as the "utopianisation" of Müntzer in Ernst Bloch's 1921 study on Thomas Müntzer as Theologian of the Revolution. I review some of the differences in Martin Luther and Müntzer in their competing views for the future after the break from Rome, and the theological thrust of Müntzer's vision. This is then connected with elements from Bloch's Müntzer, chiefly focussing on spirit and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anabaptist theology is the expression and communication of theological convictions that have sustained the ordinary life of faith communities within the Anabaptist tradition of Christianity. Alongside this ordinary Anabaptist theology, a more formal, ‘academic’ version has developed since at least the eighteenth century. In this respect, this article will first address some methodological issues and then present a historical overview of Anabaptist theology, from the emergence of Anabaptism in the Reformation era to recent global developments. The article concludes with an examination of some key theological issues within the Anabaptist theological tradition, namely, the status of confessional documents, biblical interpretation, Christology, discipleship, salvation, and ecclesiology.

Within Christian theology, justification refers to the act whereby human beings are established as righteous before God. The doctrine of justification is distinct within the history of theology both for the importance ascribed to it – Martin Luther, as one prominent example, asserts that the church is built by this doctrine alone (Luther’s Works [LW] 26.10) – and for the large number of questions and controversies surrounding it. To take a few examples: is justification essentially a legal action in which humans are forgiven, or an effective one in which they are transformed? Does justification refer to a present reality, a future one, or both? How does justification – a doctrine normally associated with the writings of the apostle Paul – cohere or conflict with teachings found elsewhere in the Christian scriptures? While such questions have not proved contentious in every age, conflicts surrounding them at key points in the history of theology have contributed to divisions between churches and denominations, many of which persist to the present day. This article will offer an overview of the Christian doctrine of justification in five sections. Following (1) the introduction, it will present overviews of (2) justification in the Old and New Testaments; (3) disputed questions on the doctrine of justification; (4) justification in the history of Christian theology; and (5) justification in contemporary theology.

Reasoning is the derivation of new knowledge from old. The reasoner must represent both the old and new knowledge. This representation will change as reasoning proceeds. This change will not just be the addition of the new knowledge. We claim that the representation of the old knowledge will also often change as a side effect of the reasoning process. For instance, the old knowledge may contain errors, be insufficiently detailed or require new concepts to be introduced. Representational change triggered by reasoning is a common feature of human reasoning but it has been neglected both in Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence. We aim to put that right. We exemplify this claim by analysing Imre Lakatos's rational reconstruction of the evolution of mathematical methodology. We then describe the abduction, belief revision and conceptual change (ABC) theory repair system, which can automate such representational change. We further claim that the ABC system has a diverse range of applications to successfully repair faulty representations. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Cognitive artificial intelligence'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batten disease, one of the most devastating types of neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders, is caused by mutations in CLN3. Here, we show that CLN3 is a vesicular trafficking hub connecting the Golgi and lysosome compartments. Proteomic analysis reveals that CLN3 interacts with several endo-lysosomal trafficking proteins, including the cation-independent mannose 6 phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR), which coordinates the targeting of lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes. CLN3 depletion results in mis-trafficking of CI-M6PR, mis-sorting of lysosomal enzymes, and defective autophagic lysosomal reformation. Conversely, CLN3 overexpression promotes the formation of multiple lysosomal tubules, which are autophagy and CI-M6PR-dependent, generating newly formed proto-lysosomes. Together, our findings reveal that CLN3 functions as a link between the M6P-dependent trafficking of lysosomal enzymes and lysosomal reformation pathway, explaining the global impairment of lysosomal function in Batten disease. CLN3 mutations cause Batten disease, a devastating neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease. Here, the authors discovered that CLN3 plays a crucial role in both trafficking of lysosomal proteins and autophagic lysosomal reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore a local aspect of what Bernard Capp characterized as England's Culture Wars. Robert Beake, mayor of Coventry in 1655/6, worked closely with the region's 'Major General', Edward Whalley, local ministers and constables to make Coventry an English Zion and realize the puritan mission of godly discipline and moral reformation. The paper will explore an archetypal puritan magistrate and how he went about his mission of reform in an important midland city and the success he achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of church and state is -- in different shades - a central theme of the free church tradition. The essay first examines its roots in the history of the Reformation and its development in the Anglo-Saxon world. There, an approach to a productive separation of church and state with an affinity for politics and the shaping of society is revealed. The main part of the essay is dedicated to the so called classic free churches in Germany. Three situations of political upheaval (1848, 1918/19, Weimar Republic/"Third Reich") show how, in the face of experiences of repression, questions of legal and social recognition were in the foreground. There was a lot of effort to maintain a supposedly apolitical attitude that did not advance the potential of democratization and a productive separation of church and state. By looking at the basic developments of the early post-war period, the focus is finally directed to present-day perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the history of spirituality in the Western world, examining its evolution from ancient Greece and Rome to contemporary practices. The article explores the development of key religious and philosophical traditions, including early Christianity, the Protestant Reformation, and the Enlightenment, and analyzes their contributions to the evolution of Western spirituality. The article also investigates the emergence of contemporary spirituality, highlighting its emphasis on personal experience and individual growth, and its rejection of traditional religious institutions and dogma. While contemporary spirituality has been criticized for its lack of structure and its tendency to promote subjective experiences over objective truth, it has also had a significant impact on Western culture, particularly in the areas of health and wellness. The article discusses the challenges that contemporary spirituality poses, including the potential for spiritual bypassing, the need for authenticity in spiritual practices, and the importance of recognizing spirituality as a deeply personal and individual experience. Additionally, the article explores the future of Western spirituality, considering the impact of changing cultural and social trends and the ongoing evolution of spiritual practices. The article also examines important works and figures that have contributed to the development of Western spirituality from Ancient Greece and Rome to contemporary times, showing the diversity and richness of spiritual perspectives and practices over time. Ultimately, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the history of Western spirituality and highlights its enduring influence on Western culture and society, while also providing insights into the challenges and opportunities that contemporary spirituality presents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the evolving nature of affectivity in the long Reformation, focusing especially on the place of lament in the 'emotion script' of early modern Lutheranism. It examines this script by introducing readers to an extremely rich and previously unknown ego-document or 'Selbstzeugnis' from early seventeenth-century Nürnberg: Johann Christoph Oelhafen's 'Pious Meditations on the, Alas, Most Sorrowful Bereavement'. The article argues that the 'Pious Meditations' was shaped by the liturgical life of the early modern Lutheran house-church, even as it contributed a new and important 'setting' to this liturgy that allowed greater room for biblical lament in times of overwhelming grief. This new 'setting', in turn, constituted a revision of the early modern Lutheran 'emotion script'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1575, the evangelical estates of the Czech lands presented their king, Maxilimian II, with an irenic confession of faith. This document was the product of cooperation among the Czech Utraquists, Lutherans, and the Unity of Brethren, and its composition entailed theological and ecclesiological negotiations among all three parties. This article excavates the sources for the confession of 1575 in order to examine the long history of religious negotiation and pragmatic toleration that characterized the Bohemian reformation. In doing so, it seeks to illuminate an alternative trajectory of reform in east-central Europe that cuts against the grain of the confessionalization paradigm that has featured centrally in reformation scholarship for the past four decades. This alternative conception of reform accepted religious co-existence and prized the extended search for theological common ground, rather than exclusivist truth claims, and created a framework for toleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinary research into the history of philosophy and theology has shown that 'Renaissance Aristotelianism' is a complex, variegated, and contradictory phenomenon. One should rather speak of 'Renaissance Aristotelianisms.' In this article, I analyze Johannes Eck's commentaries to the Corpus Aristotelicum. I show how Eck absorbs and reinterprets the transformations, which occurred in the Peripatetic tradition throughout the fifteenth century. The harmonization of Platonism and Aristotelianism and the belief that central aspects of Christian doctrine such as the immortality of the soul and creation ex nihilo can be demonstrated through philosophy emerge as distinctive features of these texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli have become common names in many Protestant churches because they were key figures in the Reformation. Many components of life were impacted by their initiatives to bring about change in the Catholic church. Many of us understand the distinct doctrinal components of that transformation, but did that doctrine impact other facets of life? This brief essay will look at how the Reformation changed preaching, prayer, and worship and how those changes impacted (and can further impact) the practice of librarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endogenous consequences of competition between the Roman Catholic Church and lay political rulers set into motion by the Investiture Controversy contribute new insights into European economic, political, and religious development. The resolution of the Investiture Controversy in the concordats of London (1107), Paris (1107), and Worms (1122) resulted in an increase in the bargaining power of lay rulers over the selection of bishops in wealthier dioceses relative to poorer dioceses. Empirical evidence exploiting the timing of the adoption of the concordats interacted with a variety of time-invariant measures of diocesan wealth yields results consistent with this account—adoption of the concordats led bishops to become more aligned with lay political authorities in wealthier dioceses relative to poorer dioceses. These findings suggest the incentives created by the concordats played a role, hundreds of years before the Protestant Reformation, in the rise of lay political authority and its association with economic prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is about Shaikh Abdul Hamid ibn Badis, the president of the Algerian Association of Muslim Scholars, who led the reformist movement during the French occupation and was one of the leaders of reformation in the Muslim world. The research aims to reveal how the Shaikh dealt with the reality of Sufism and its spiritual authority and broad influence embedded in Algerian society. The author addresses issues within Algerian society during the French occupation, the position of the Shaikh as a man of satire in general, and his relationship with the elders' zawaya of Sufi methods. The research concludes that the Shaikh followed a middle ground in his dealings. He was clear in his opinions and convictions and expressed them through his writings and articles, while he had good connections with all the elders' methods. His approach was not to differentiate but to assemble and remove the differences that weakened the society's resistance towards the French occupation. As the Imam had been wise and advocative, he knew how to win the hearts and attitudes of his society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article casts a spotlight on various stages of the entangled history of German Protestantism and psychology from the 16th to the 19th centuries to make visible the hitherto neglected religious past of this discipline and the educational aspirations tied to it. In broad strokes, it retraces how the idea of psychology emerged in the wake of the Reformation and continued to be shaped by German Protestant thinkers for centuries to come. First, the article reconstructs how, after Luther, the term "psychology" came to denote Protestant attempts to construct a non-Catholic scientia de anima. The dissemination and popularization of this endeavor in the writings of German Protestants is discussed in the second section. The third and fourth sections are devoted to shifts in reasoning about the soul during the early German Enlightenment and the subsequent flourishing of attempts at establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in its later stages. Finally, the last section looks at the further "scientification of the soul" during the 19th century, which, as will be argued, was crucial to the constitution of the modern educational field in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of church libraries in the context of the Reformation, particularly focusing on the example of Evangelical Church Libraries in the 16th and early 17th centuries. It explains that during the Reformation, the written word became central to the Protestant faith, and numerous texts, including those other than the Holy Scriptures, were needed to define and disseminate the principles of the faith.

This article seeks new perspectives on one of Central Europe's most important ensembles of late medieval art and architecture - the parish church of St. James in Levoča, where research on the furnishings as a system in sacred space has been hindered by the sparsity of written sources. By expanding the scope of enquiry to take in some unstudied sources from the Reformation period, it shows how a medieval topography and furnishings were retained and developed by a Lutheran congregation that proved unusually tolerant of traditional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach to periodisation emphasising continuity between medieval and early modern has asserted itself in recent years, over the preceding model which viewed the two periods as separated by a profound historical rupture. Here I argue that while this newer model has done important work for literary studies, its usefulness is at an end. I propose instead a messier model (via Jonathan Gil Harris and ultimately Michel Serres) of temporal hybridity and polychronicity. Emblematic of this approach is the Tudor rose imagery found in Hall's chronicle and later more explicitly in literary contexts. I explore polychronicity through an examination of the testimony of the early fifteenth-century Lollard William Thorpe, whose avowedly self-authored testimony circulated in manuscript (in Middle English) after his heresy interrogation by Archbishop Arundel. The testi- mony was printed in Antwerp in 1530 by an unknown sympathiser with religious reform and enthusiastically taken up by John Foxe in the first edition of his Acts and Monuments (1563). Foxe's discussion of it, and particularly its linguistic character, shows how in his hands it becomes a polychronic document. For Foxe, Thorpe is modern (as a precursor of the reformed English church) but preposterously so (as an early fifteenth-century figure). The archaic, medieval character of Thorpe's language (usually for Foxe a marker of a superstitious past) must here be retained (as the guarantor of Thorpe's precocious modernity). The contradictory project of Acts and Monuments is to bracket off a past to which there must be no return, while at the same time not only invoking that past, but also pointing to the ways in which it clearly anticipates the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines a brief and little-known composition by Erasmus of Rotterdam, a poem dedicated to St. Genevieve. The presence of a votive composition dedicated to a saint is an atypical occurrence among Erasmus' humanistic writings, which generally reduce the importance of saintly devotion and worship. However, the poem presents a captivating case that sheds light on Erasmus' understanding of the role of women and the feminine element in his philosophy of Christ. In this context, it can be argued, women become the ideal vehicles for disseminating key tenets of his thought, including imitatio Christi , accommodatio , and Philosophia Christi. Furthermore, the text provides valuable insights into Erasmus' stance on the veneration of saints, which consistently remains subordinate to his Christocentric perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One could argue that a mass dedicated to the Virgin of Loreto is an unusual choice for Erasmus. His Liturgy of the Virgin Mother Venerated at Loreto (Virginis Matris apud Lauretum cultae liturgia , 1523, 1525, 1529) would prove such an argument wrong, as this overlooked text reveals much of Erasmus' theory of accommodatio , his approach to liturgy and the cult of Mary, and his vision of the church and his spiritual exegesis, even in the midst of the Reformation's turmoil. This article proposes a close reading of the 1525 edition, which will contextualize Erasmus' portrait of Mary in her moral values and in the de-eroticization and purification of the medieval, Catholic model, which he re-affirms in the same years in which his controversy with Luther unfolded. Moreover, the sermon presents a rarefied and intellectual variant of the feminine imagery of the bride, which I will analyze as being systematically integrated into Erasmus' theology of progress and ecclesiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Notes Muzyczny is the property of Akademia Muzyczna im. Grazyny i Kiejstuta Bacewiczow w Lodzi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The pre-Reformation and Reformation social and religious movements contributed to the development of biblical and religious as well as journalistic and polemical writings, which had a significantly positive impact on the increase in functional efficiency and standardisation of European languages. Translations of The Bible played a special role in the development of European languages as texts with the highest linguistic prestige. Not only did Luther's Bible (1522-1534) contribute to the unification of German literary language, but its 16th-century translations had an outstanding influence on the development of Dutch and the Scandinavian languages, i.e. Danish, Swedish and Icelandic. The language of Protestant translations of The Bible was regarded in the 16th- 17th centuries in France and England as a model of stylistic excellence. Prior to the 16th century, there were fairly rich Celtic writings (Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Cornish), but they were undoubtedly greatly enriched between the second half of the 16th century and the first quarter of the 19th century by Protestant translations of The Bible and other religious texts. The translation work by the Czech brothers (ideological supporters of the Reformation) - Blahoslav's New Testament (1564) and the Kralice Bible (1579-1593) - is a symbol of the linguistic prowess of the 16th-century Czech language as well as the basis for its rebirth in the 19th century. The linguistic consciousness of the Slovaks was long influenced by the Kralice Bible. Hungarian and Polish Reformation translations of The Bible enriched the history of these languages considerably. A number of European languages owe their actual literary beginnings to the Reformation: Finnish and Estonian (Finnish languages), Latvian and Lithuanian (Baltic languages), Upper Lusatian, Lower Lusatian and Slovene (Slavonic languages). In Croatia, prints financed by Reformation supporters appeared in the 16th century. The Serbian Orthodox New Testament (1847) by Karadžić and The Old Testament (1868) by Daničić were published by the Protestant publishing house of the British Bible Society in London, which also published a translation of the Bulgarian Catholic Slaveykov Bible (1871). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the recent reformation of the foreign investment regulatory environment that was introduced by the Foreign Capital Investment Law of Oman (Royal Decree No. 51/2019) and its Executive Regulation (Ministerial Decision No. 72/2020) with the aim of boosting foreign direct investment (FDI) in Oman. This examination focuses on the texts of the current Foreign Capital Investment Law and its Executive Regulation and analyses the provisions that, in the author's view, will have a direct impact on the foreign investment sector in Oman. Furthermore, these provisions are contrasted with their counterparts in the former Foreign Capital Investment Law (Royal Decree No. 102/1994) to highlight their strengths and weaknesses. Based on this analysis, the article proposes a set of recommendations to address a number of issues with the current foreign investment regulatory framework with the aim of achieving regulatory clarity and enhancement concerning the framework's scope of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Lusitania Sacra is the property of Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Centro de Estudos de Historia Religiosa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction is presented in which editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including concept of "Reformation or Gregorian era;" reform of the Church in the 11th and 12th centuries and falls of the Crosier monastery of São Salvador de Grijó.

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The initial topic of the study at hand addresses the beginnings. In terms of women's education, one of the positive effects of the Reformation is the insistence on the widespread availability of the Bible, which was inevitably followed by the eradication of illiteracy among women. Following the Reformation, another argument emerged in favour of the importance of educating women in theology: society regarded women as a key role in raising children, so in order to raise their children educated in theology, their ability to do so became a priority. The second topic addresses the direct preconditions of the theological education of women, especially the changes in the 19th-century school history, which resulted in women's admission to universities and opening up the opportunity for them to obtain degrees in higher education. Furthermore, the study presents the past hundred years of women's education in theology in the Protestant educational centres of Cluj-Napoca -- from the first enrolment, the first ordained woman minister up to the present time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on impact and concerns of generative Artificial Intelligence in higher education from a multicultural perspective including findings from a global survey on awareness and experience with these tools.

"The Saved and the Damned: A History of the Reformation" by Thomas Kaufmann is a comprehensive overview of the sixteenth-century Reformation. Kaufmann argues that religious ideas were the main driving force behind the Reformation, rather than social or political factors. The book explores the impact of the Reformation on Western civilization and its relevance in contemporary society. While the focus is primarily on the German experience, other European expressions of the Reformation are also discussed. The book provides a valuable overview for both newcomers and specialists in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Margarethe, Princess of Anhalt (1473-1530), regent of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau from 1516 until her death, was the first female ruler to have to take a stand on the Reformation. A letter Martin Luther wrote her on 4 November 1519 indicates there existed a friendly relationship between them before she broke with him and worked to prevent the Reformation of her territory. Like Luther, Margarethe wrote devotional works, among them her Historia vom Leiden ... Christi, a lengthy passion meditation in verse. This work, published posthumously by her son, Georg III of Anhalt (1507-53), deserves to be ranked as an important and hitherto unrecognized example of the mediating theology (Vermittlungstheologie) of figures like Julius Pflug (1499-1564), Georg Witzel (1501-73), and Johannes Wild (ca. 1495-1554) who, before the Council of Trent (1545-63), sympathized with some of Martin Luther's theological ideas, yet remained loyal to the papacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses his experiences in online teaching of the Reformation. He mentions his usual storytelling technique and his desire to retain that online, his use of podcasts and short documentary films to enhance his lectures, and how he hopes to continue including such techniques after the return to the classroom.

An introduction is presented to a special section of articles arising from the conference panel entitled "Gaming to Learn," sponsored by the Sixteenth Century Journal for the fiftieth-anniversary annual meeting of the Sixteenth Century Society & Conference held in St. Louis, Missouri in October 2019.