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Music retrospective conversion is expensive, for a number of reasons. These include publishing peculiarities and the specific nature and needs of music scholarship, both of which impose social complexities in bibliographic control. The relative scarcity of music automated authority and bibliographic records likewise increases costs. Berkeley joined with a group of other music libraries to establish a coord~nated conversion plan based on national standards and the RLG music conspectus. Both in-house project staff and the services of an outside vendor have since been utilized to convert Berkeley's non-book materials. By assuming the major burden of music recon, the members of this consortium have created a database which will substantially reduce conversion costs in future projects.

The Orfordness shingle consists largely of flint. However, depending on particle size, non-flint components usually form 5–10 per cent of the material. Composition of the non-flint fraction indicates derivation from Pleistocene outcrops to the north. Typical of such outcrops are relative scarcity of quartz and the common presence of Rhaxella and Carboniferous cherts. Features typical of outcrops to the south are scarce.

As comedia critics and theater professionals explore the relationship between text and performance, the semiotic function of the stage directions in classical Hispanic dramatic texts—specifically, the ways that playscripts dictate performance—merits a closer look. The first part of this essay addresses the function of the didascalia in Golden Age drama; the second part relates staging information to a representative text, Sor Juana's Los empenos de una casa . Because the number and nature of Sor Juana's staging cues in Los empenos are representative of those found in countless other comedias , a clearer understanding of its stage directions can help to bridge the gap between readings and stagings of the play. Sor Juana's drama underscores the reader's role in creating a potential performance text that combines diverse elements: explicit stage directions, implicit staging information found in the dialogue, comparisons of and contrasts between the stated and the unstated, between text and context. Despite the relative scarcity of explicit stage directions in Los empenos , the entire amalgam of staging clues found in the play can aid the contemporary reader in translating the play's substance into enactment and in examining the entire process of reading texts written for the stage.

A model of the development of naive theories of price is presented and tested. The criterion used to account for price variations within a product category is product features at age five, product features and quality at age ten, product quality and buyer utility at age thirteen, and a combination of supply considerations and buyer utility/demand in adulthood. Five-year-olds do not justify their use of product features as a price criterion; however, older respondents all justify their price criterion by referring to a source of value. At age ten, variation in the amount of manufacturing inputs is the source of value which justifies the use of product features as a price criterion; at age thirteen, variations in the quality of manufacturing inputs justify the use of product quality as a price criterion; and in adulthood, relative scarcity and buyer preferences justify the use of cost and demand as price criteria.

Landfill operators depend on the available volume for waste placement, airspace, as their primary source of revenue. The ability to measure waste settlement and the corresponding increase in airspace is key to maximizing revenue and projecting cash flow. Waste settlement predictions in landfills are uncertain due to the inherent complexity of these systems and the relative scarcity of data. Bioreactor landfills, where moisture, nutrients, and temperature are optimized to accelerate waste degradation, are even less understood. In this paper, two experimental bioreactor landfills are considered: a filled 0.4-hectare cell in Harrison, Michigan, and a new 3-hectare cell in Smiths Creek, Michigan. Several pipes were installed and settlement profilers were used to measure the settlement within several discrete lifts. This data is valuable to understanding waste degradation and settlement as well as providing a valuable management tool to optimize bioreactor landfill operation and airspace utilization. This paper examines this application of settlement profilers and its value to bioreactor landfill engineers and owners. Preliminary results show promise for calibrating settlement estimates using these measurements

This paper examines R&D and innovation patterns of firms in a mixed industry as a possible explanation of relative scarcity of worker cooperatives in market economies. In a set of simulations of a dynamic evolving industry, cooperatives and investor-owned firms are contrasted with regard to their attitudes toward research and development in their controlling inputs, and the non-controlling inputs. We investigate the conditions under which networking according to the principle of cooperation among cooperatives helps cooperative firms maintain significant market share in the industry. It turns out that forming close networks is a good policy for cooperative survival, even when investor-owned firms have the innovation rate advantage.

We report on the results of a two-phase survey aiming to explore the learning preferences of graduates in economics, compare the findings with graduates in other disciplines, and identify the determinant dimensions of their developed learning preferences. Economics graduates are compared against business administration, engineering, accounting-finance-banking, trading-maritime-marketing, maths-stats-informatics, and public administration graduates. A group of miscellaneous graduates is also included for graduates not-classifiable in the aforementioned groups. Kolb's LSIv3 has been utilized in identifying student learning styles. First-phase sample consists of 288 graduates and second-phase sample consists of 496 graduates. All these graduates attended post-graduate programs classes at nine Greek major universities. Both samples are relatively balanced as regards gender participation with a small female prevalence over males. Results show assimilating types to be the prevailing group, followed by converging, diverging, and accommodating types for both phases. Economics graduates are predominantly assimilators, while significant differences are found mainly in the perceiving dimension of learning ((AC-CE) dimension in Kolb's model) between them and same learning style type graduates in other disciplines. A grid presentation of individual scores for all participants reveals a higher concentration of assimilating types for the second phase sample, while accommodating types are in relative scarcity in both phases. Factor analyses reveal that processing and transforming of information and experience into knowledge ((AE-RO) dimension in Kolb's model) is the most significant determinant dimension in student learning for all groups of graduates for both phases. Overall, results have implications for teaching of economics. The impact of selecting and implementing teaching strategies based on lectures is discussed and we argue in favor of active student engagement in the teaching-learning procedure. Finally, we put forward some propositions for further research.

The author endeavours to explain why the views of the scholars dealing with the proto-Slavonic beliefs are so diversified. He claims that there are two basic reasons for this: divergent views as to the time and place of the proto-Slavonic habitat (the variation of the views may be directly connected with the discipline, e. g. history, archaeology, ethnology, linguistics, represented by a given scholar) and the relative scarcity and equivocality of the sources on the basis of which the conclusions are reached.

Tuberculosis (TB) stigma is considered a vague concept, because it is not easily assessed. The purpose of this article is to review methodological approaches for assessing TB stigma. We reviewed the published studies and the gray literature. We also present the main features of a qualitative and quantitative assessment of TB stigma, which has been done in one specific project in Nicaragua. As a whole, we illustrate the variety of TB stigma in terms of domains, consequences, determinants and methods used; some features emerge more frequently than others from the studies. However, results of the review show a relative scarcity of the TB stigma assessment experiences, mainly in looking at the consequences for the TB patient and in the use of quantitative methods and scales. Additional assessment studies in diverse contexts are needed so that stigma will be considered a priority in the organization of care for people affected by tuberculosis.

Driven by relative scarcity, convenience yields significantly impact risk management and (real) option valuation. We study the determinants of convenience yields using a unique dataset of inventories to proxy for relative scarcity. We find that convenience yields are negatively related to (discretionary) inventories. Marginal convenience yields plateau with a low supply/inventory for crude oil, but decline monotonically for copper and natural gas. Consistent with recent theory, inventory withdrawals are non-monotonically related to the convenience yield and they forecast significant futures returns. In addition, we test the effect of demand shocks on temporary and permanent price components. We show that the spot price-convenience yield correlation is time varying. Moreover, "anticipated" mean reversion and the spot price-convenience yield correlation both vary with relative scarcity. Our results suggest an exogenous price process distinct from those considered in earlier papers and which generates significantly different (real) option values.

Former general practitioner Wem, Shropshire (b 1916; q Westminster Medical School 1941), d 17 February 2004.​2004. Figure 1 After house jobs and a period as a junior surgeon, he entered a partnership in general practice in Wem, north Shropshire, in 1946. His real love was midwifery. Home deliveries were the rule rather than the exception and, with the relative scarcity of midwives or district nurses, John delivered more than 2000 babies. He was president of the Shropshire branch of the BMA in 1953 and chairman of the Salop Medical Committee from 1974 to 1984, and played an active part in local government, being responsible for a large building programme that significantly improved housing in Wem. He leaves a wife, Margaret, and three children.

The preceding discussions of human origins and the human condition as inscribed in the two versions of the Prometheus story have demonstrated how the two Hesiodic poems simultaneously oppose, complement, and mutually illuminate each other. A similar strategy underpins the present chapter, which examines the role of human beings in the Theogony and the role of the gods in the Works and Days . Here we are dealing not with explanatory accounts of origins, but with the present relations of gods and men that inform the consequences of those originary events. Once again, Hesiod insists that we combine these two perspectives in order to grasp his cosmos. MEN IN THE THEOGONY Human beings are mentioned sporadically throughout the text of the Theogony , for the most part merely in passing references such as the formula describing Zeus as “father of gods and men.” In addition, right from the beginning, Hesiod mentions Eros’ power over both gods and mortals; and, as we have seen, many of the descendants of Night are singled out as having a special – usually negative – impact on the lives of human beings. The winds that blast the sea and destroy the fields, which arise from Typhoeus’ defeat, likewise constitute a “bane to mankind” (872–80). Despite the relative scarcity of such explicit references, it is nevertheless appropriate to claim that “Hesiod's plan covers not only the divine and the physical cosmos, but also the human cosmos”.

A search for novae in M49 (NGC 4472) has been undertaken with the Hubble Space Telescope. A 55-day observing campaign in F555W (19 epochs) and F814W (five epochs) has led to the discovery of nine novae. We find that M49 may be under-abundant in slow, faint novae relative to the Milky Way and M31. Instead, the decline rates of the M49 novae are remarkably similar to those of novae in the LMC. This fact argues against a simple classification of novae in "bulge" and "disk" sub-classes. We examine the Maximum-Magnitude versus Rate of Decline (MMRD) relation for novae in M49, finding only marginal agreement with the Galactic and M31 MMRD relations. A recalibration of the Buscombe-de Vaucouleurs relation gives an absolute magnitude 15 days past maximum of M_{V,15} = -6.36+/-0.19, which is substantially brighter than previous calibrations based on Galactic novae. Monte Carlo simulations yield a global nova rate for M49 of 100{+35}{-30} per year, and a luminosity-specific nova rate in the range \nu_K = 1.7-2.5 per year per 10^{-10} L_K,solar. These rates are far lower than those predicted by current models of nova production in elliptical galaxies and may point to a relative scarity of novae progenitors, or an increased recurrence timescale, in early-type environments., Comment: ApJ, accepted. Scheduled to appear in the December 20, 2003 issue

Rest tremor is a common feature of Parkinson's disease, but its underlying pathophysiology remains unknown. This review hypothesizes that tremor is related to selective loss of components of the substantia nigra. The relative scarcity of tremor in related Parkinsonian conditions may indicate a dissociation associated with different pathological involvement of the substantia nigra and its connections. Connections of the subthalamic nucleus with the pallidum, modified by cortical and nigral inputs, allow for the transfer of tremorogenic activity to the thalamus. Thalamo-cortical interactions, tempered by cerebellar input, generate the final common pathway for tremor production.

In the past three decades, international activity in the area of applications and modelling has focused mainly on the goals for and the implementation of these components in mathematics curricula at various levels. More specifically, attention has concentrated on the very plea for including these components in mathematics education and on matters pertaining to the design of curricula, the provision of materials, and on the presentation of cases and of ways to organise assessment. Relatively little emphasis has been given to research in this area, and the research actually conducted has been rather scattered as far as themes and foci are concerned. In my lecture I shall attempt to identify, characterise, and to some extent review, existing research on the teaching and learning of applications and modelling. Moreover, some reflections on possible causes for the relative scarcity of such research will be offered. I shall finally attempt to indicate issues and themes on which research on applications and modelling is missing and needed, and to discuss potential methodological and politico-practical problems such research may encounter.

In 1980, biologist Paul Ehrlich and economist Julian Simon entered into a bet over whether the real prices of five resources would increase or fall between 1980 and 1990. Because the real prices of the five resources declined, Simon won the bet. But Simon won, not because he was more skilled than Ehrlich, nor because he correctly predicted the changing absolute scarcity of the five relevant resources. Simon won because he was lucky. Resource prices reflect the relative scarcity of different resource types, not their absolute scarcity. Given the basis upon which Ehrlich and Simon entered the bet, both men revealed their lack of understanding of the relationship between absolute resource scarcity and resource prices. In the end, Simon was lucky because factors other than a rise in absolute scarcity had the greatest impact on resource prices between 1980 and 1990.

In the 1990s health services in Czechoslovakia and England and Wales were fundamentally reorganised, and the former divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In the Czech Republic in 1986 higher death rates from causes considered amenable to timely medical care were found relative to England in 1985, despite high hospital doctor supply, bed availability and discharge rates in the former. Inter-regional regression analyses in the specialities of general medicine and general surgery in 1986 suggested that, in both Czechoslovakia and England and Wales, the responsiveness of discharge rates to a relative scarcity or abundance of hospital beds was greater than that of length of stay. In Czechoslovakia these analyses in 1986 predicted that a 1% decrease in the bed supply rate would produce a decrease in the range 0.93–1% in discharge rates in general medicine and a 0.66–0.67% decrease in general surgery. Following the introduction of an insurance based service in the Czech Republic, a longitudinal analysis of the actual changes in bed utilisation showed that bed supply reductions were concomitant with increased discharge rates. Since cross-sectional analyses do not include the components of changes with time, for instance medical advances or management changes, care is required in their use for prediction. In the Czech Republic improved hospital performance, compared to that prevailing in 1986 and earlier, does appear to be taking place at the same time as health system changes. Given the prior poor performance and inferior quality indicators, the drive for radical rather than marginal change in Czech health services around 1990 is understandable.

A large amount of data is currently available on the myriad diseases linked to tobacco use (Doll et al.,1994). The deleterious effects of smoking were suspected in the last century or even before, but it is only recently that the magnitude of the negative impact of tobacco on health has become clear, and the evidence is becoming stronger every day. During the second half of this century, hundreds of studies became available that allowed us to estimate correctly the full burden of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Yet, as a woman, even more than as a cancer specialist or public health expert, I am greatly concerned by the relative scarcity of valid studies dealing specifically with women. I wish to describe the current state of knowledge on the health effects of tobacco use in women and, from this assessment, to derive recommendations on action to be taken to promote health in the population of the world at large.

Because of the relative scarcity of fresh human oral mucosa specimens for permeability studies, we investigated the use of human vaginal mucosa as a model of the former. In a previous study we demonstrated the comparable diffusion rate of water across human vaginal and buccal mucosa and proposed the use of the former as a suitable model of the latter for in vitro drug permeability studies. To further evaluate the human vaginal/buccal mucosa model, we decided to compare these two tissues with respect to their permeability to 17beta-estradiol. Clinically healthy human vaginal and buccal mucosa specimens were obtained during vaginal hysterectomies and different oral surgical procedures. The permeability of each tissue specimen to 17beta-estradiol was determined through the use of a continuous flow-through diffusion system. Specimens were examined histologically before and after experiments. Mean flux values for 17beta-estradiol across human buccal mucosa tended to be slightly higher than those observed for vaginal tissue, but no statistically significant differences could be demonstrated. The results from this study further support our hypothesis that human vaginal mucosa may be a suitable model of human buccal mucosa for in vitro drug permeability studies.

The discovery, around 3500 BC, that copper, easily smelted but rather soft, could be made harder and stronger by alloying with tin, can be considered to be one of the great milestones in man’s technological development, and heralded the advent of the Bronze Age. Because of its relative scarcity, tin has always been a strategic metal and remains so to the present day. Isolation of the pure metal probably only dates from about 800 BC. The earliest recorded reference to tin occurs in the Old Testament in the book of Numbers (31:22): ‘Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the tin, and the lead.’ Substantially later (c. 600 BC) Ezekiel (27:12) relates: ‘Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kind of riches; with silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded in their fairs.’ Both suggest that tin was regarded as a valuable commodity, and indeed a strip of tin free from silver and lead has been found in the wrappings of an Egyptian mummy dating from not later than 600 BC.

The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 15 to 20 million individuals throughout the world. Several HTLV-1 viral sequences are stored in HTLV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Database. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical, molecular and epidemiological scenarios of HTLV-1 infection through the stored sequences in the HTLV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Database. We have used the search algorithm implemented at the HTLV-1 database and the Excel to perform the descriptive analyses. There are currently 2,544 registered sequences with 2,057 (80.85%) of those sequences representing unique isolates. Among these sequences, 1,913 (92.99%) contained geographic information and only 797 (38.74%) are related to clinical status (TSP/HAM, 43%, ATLL, 19%, HC, 32.39%, and other diseases, 5.61%). 1,090 sequences contained information about geographic origin and viral subtype. Of these sequences 1,019 represent subtype a. The data about ethnicity are very scarce .Only 40 sequences have this information. 31 of them have information about clinical status, viral subtype, ethnicity and age at the same time. All of them were originated from women and 11 of them were younger than 40 years old. About the clinical status 9 of them were TSP/HAM and 21 HC. The HTLV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Database enabled some inferences about specific aspects on HTLV-1 infection, however due to the relative scarcity of data about the available sequences it was not possible to delineate a global scenario of HTLV-1 infection. Viral sequence data should be more offered because they can be used for planning public health policies.

This chapter discusses the concept of adjustment to private monopolistic pricing. Monopolistic pricing in the private sector refers to all enterprises whose prices exceed marginal costs. Generally, there exist many cases of politically acceptable positive Lerner indices. The chosen structure of public prices only implies the best possible way to restore price relations that indicate the relative scarcity of goods. Therefore, publicly priced substitutes have to be more expensive to restore at least partly the price relations that would have prevailed in the absence of private monopolistic pricing. On the other hand, publicly priced complements have to be cheaper; if public prices remained at marginal costs, the composite price for both complements would be farther from the price relations that would have prevailed in the absence of private monopolistic pricing. Objections to adjusting public pricing to private monopolistic pricing can be criticized for another reason. It is true that this approach assumes private Lerner indices to be exogenously given and public ones to be endogenously adjusted. However, this does not imply that the public sector has no influence on the private economy.

While there is no shortage of works devoted to the use of comparative law by European Community (EC) institutions, and in particular by the European Court of Justice,' studies devoted to the problems involved in comparisons between national and EC law have remained extremely rare.2 Yet, there are well-known examples of these kinds of comparative works. Most scholars interested in Community law are familiar with books such as Stein and Sandalow's Courts and Free Markets, or Cappelletti, Seccombe and Weiler's Integration Through Law, the primary aim of which is an assessment of the operation of the Community in the light of the American experience. Other studies attempt to import some of the lessons derived from the analysis of national legal systems into Community law.3 Should we then take the relative scarcity of methodological reflections as a clue that this kind of exercise does not involve specific difficulties? I think not. Indeed, the thrust of this paper is that there are methodological difficulties linked to such cross-level comparisons, and that their neglect has been the source of misunderstandings or of hidden bias in quite a few analyses. I argue that these problems are of considerable importance, as there appears to be a growing need for comparisons embracing elements of national and EC law. Before addressing these methodological difficulties, it is appropriate to dwell for a moment on the reasons that may lead to comparisons of this kind.

Given the relative scarcity of suitable donors and the widespread application of cardiac and pulmonary transplantation, it is imperative that a heart and two lungs be extracted from each donor. From increasing clinical experience and laboratory investigation in lung preservation, more flexible criteria for the assessment of potential lung donors are emerging. In this communication, we present our current criteria of donor lung suitability, and a simple and reliable technique of combined cardiopulmonary extraction that has provided suitable heart and lung grafts with excellent preservation, used in our last 150 donor organ procurements.

While there is evidence that large substitution boxes (S-boxes) have better cryptographic properties than small S-boxes, they are much harder to design. The difficulty arises from the relative scarcity of suitable boolean functions as the size of the S-box increases. We describe the construction of cryptographically strong 5×5 S-boxes using near-bent boolean functions of five variables. These functions, where the number of variables is odd, possess highly desirable cryptographic properties and can be generated easily and systematically. Moreover, the S-boxes they compose are shown to satisfy all the important design criteria. Further, we feel that it is possible to generalize near-bent functions to any odd number of variables, thereby making construction of yet larger S-boxes feasible.

There are sporadic records of Thia scutellata from Carmarthen Bay, Cardigan Bay and off the north coast of Wales. Relative scarcity of this small burrowing crab is probably due to habitat specialization. It lives in loose very well sorted medium sand, as typically found in parts of sand waves.

We concluded in the previous chapter that garments and textiles are showing signs of “de-maturing” with the advent of microelectronics-based production, data-processing, and communications systems. It seems likely that the higher wage NIC producers will experience a squeeze as competition increasingly centers on the race between cheap robots in the West and low-wage workers in poorer nations. The more successful producers may, of course, respond by following the OECD firms into more capital- and knowledge-intensive production. Given the relative scarcity of these factors in the NICs, however, the question of appropriate focus remains open.

The KcsA potassium channel belongs to a class of K+ channels that is selective for K+ over Na+ at rates of K+ transport approaching the diffusion limit. This selectivity is explained thermodynamically in terms of favorable partitioning of K+ relative to Na+ in a narrow selectivity filter in the channel. One mechanism for selectivity based on the atomic structure of the KcsA channel invokes the size difference between K+ and Na+, and the molecular complementarity of the selectivity filter with the larger K+ ion. An alternative view holds that size-based selectivity is precluded because atomic structural fluctuations are greater than the size difference between these two ions. We examine these hypotheses by calculating the distribution of binding energies for Na+ and K+ in a simplified model of the selectivity filter of the KcsA channel. We find that Na+ binds strongly to the selectivity filter with a mean binding energy substantially lower than that for K+. The difference is comparable to the difference in hydration free energies of Na+ and K+ in bulk aqueous solution. Thus, the average filter binding energies do not discriminate Na+ from K+ when measured from the baseline of the difference in bulk hydration free energies. Instead, Na+/K+ discrimination can be attributed to scarcity of good binding configurations for Na+ compared to K+. That relative scarcity is quantified as enhanced binding energy fluctuations, and is consistent with predicted relative constriction of the filter by Na+., 8 pages, 6 figures

Water is one of the most important measured benefits of the Working for Water Programme (WWP). This programme entails the removal of high water-consuming alien vegetation and the restoration of low water-consuming indigenous vegetation. For this reason it is crucial that the pricing of this water be an accurate reflection of its relative scarcity. This paper sheds more light on this aspect. A procedure for pricing water is described and applied in six WWP projects in the Eastern Cape province: Tsitsikamma, Kouga, Port Elizabeth Driftsands, Albany, Balfour and Pott River. It is shown that the procedure yields very different prices at the different sites, and higher prices for projects that increase river flows feeding metropolitan demand. WaterSA Vol.28(1) 2002: 23-28

Objectives: Technological and medical developments have contributed to the increasing number of surgical procedures carried out as a day-case rather than an inpatient hospital setting. The diffusion of day surgery varies among European countries. This study aims at explaining this variation in healthcare system characteristics. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to experts in 12 countries in Northwest Europe. The questionnaire contained questions about the organization and diffusion of day case surgery (at country level and individually for 18 selected procedures), and relevant healthcare system characteristics (financing systems, organization of after care, etc.). Results: It is demonstrated that hospital bed supply relates to the diffusion of day surgery. In countries with fewer beds, a higher day surgery rate is found. The financing system of hospitals does not influence the choice of surgical setting. In countries with a fee-for-service financing system for hospital-based physicians, day surgery rates are not higher than in countries with salaried medical specialists. With respect to aftercare, the availability of sufficient home nurses favours day surgery. Conclusions: The relative scarcity of hospital beds or large reductions in bed supply has led to the perception of day surgery as an alternative that could meet the growing demand for surgical treatment. It is worthy of note that, although the majority of experts state that financial incentives discourage day surgery, the supply is growing.

The larval life history of Eurycea junaluska was studied in three southwestern North Carolina populations. Populations were sampled quarterly over a 13 mo period and size-class analyses were used to evaluate the pattern of larval growth and metamorphosis. Young of the year appeared in the late spring and experienced rapid growth through the first summer. Growth slowed in the second year and metamorphosis usually occured in the summer at about 25.5 mo post-hatching, although some data suggest that either 1 yr or 3 yr larval periods may be possible. The overall larval growth rate of E. junaluska is estimated at 1.27 mm/mo, much higher than in other stream-dwelling plethodontids. This species typically represents only about 10% of the larval Eurycea community, with adults even less common. The relative scarcity of indi- viduals and the significant distance between documented populations raises concern about long term pop- ulation viability in the face of declines due to either natural or anthropogenic causes, or both. ABSTRACT.-The larval life history of Eurycea junaluska was studied in three southwestern North Carolina populations. Populations were sampled quarterly over a 13 mo period and size-class analyses were used to evaluate the pattern of larval growth and metamorphosis. Young of the year appeared in the late spring and experienced rapid growth through the first summer. Growth slowed in the second year and metamorphosis usually occured in the summer at about 25.5 mo post-hatching, although some data suggest that either 1 yr or 3 yr larval periods may be possible. The overall larval growth rate of E. junaluska is estimated at 1.27 mm/mo, much higher than in other stream-dwelling plethodontids. This species typically represents only about 10% of the larval Eurycea community, with adults even less common. The relative scarcity of indi- viduals and the significant distance between documented populations raises concern about long term pop- ulation viability in the face of declines due to either natural or anthropogenic causes, or both.

Growing interest in the aurora in the early part of the eighteenth century, which resulted from the spectacular reappearance of the aurora in 1707 and 1716, followed a relative scarcity of great auroras during the Maunder minimum, a period of prolonged reduced solar activity from about 1645–1715. Observations in the early eighteenth century led to questions about the geographical extent, nature, and temporal variability of the auroras. Typically, such observations were included as part of recorded meteorological notations, though occasionally early astronomers, such as Tycho Brahe in the 1590s, included auroras in their observations. Meteorological observations were important because of the effects of weather and climate on agriculture, and, according to the belief at the time, on disease.

The Earth sciences continue to produce substantial numbers of Ph.D.s. However, many subdisciplines of solid-Earth geophysics are experiencing a lack of growth, or an actual contraction, in the number of permanent positions available in traditional academia, government, and industry settings. The alternative of indefinite-term soft money positions is growing increasingly scarce as research funds continue to get tighter. Furthermore, even those in permanent research positions are finding it harder and harder to obtain funding for their projects. The relative scarcity of traditional permanent employment and the continuing changes in the research funding environment cause an increasing number of Ph.D.-trained geoscientists to explore the possibility of employment outside the traditional geophysical research areas. Unfortunately, information about “nontraditional” career paths is hard to come by. For the most part, Ph.D. programs are designed to prepare students for the research job market only. Those who have chosen other options usually no longer attend scientific meetings and thus are not able to communicate their experience to others contemplating a similar departure.

Objective: Blood transfusion raises serious issues of safety and economics. We therefore examined blood usage and its characteristics in medical inpatients, given the relative scarcity of existing data. Design: During a 1-year period, transfusion episodes on two medical services were reviewed by five specialists for justifiability on the basis of generally agreed on guidelines. Setting: The study was conducted at two institutions, a municipal teaching hospital where house staff deliver care and a community hospital where patients are under the direct care of private physicians. Patients: Four hundred thirty-eight randomly selected transfusion episodes on the medical services of the two institutions were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures: The prevalence of unjustifiable transfusions based only on the information available to the managing physician at the time of transfusion. Results: Eighteen percent of the 438 randomly selected transfusion episodes were viewed as not justifiable by at least four of five reviewers; another 17% were classified as equivocal because two or three reviewers judged them to be not justifiable. The most striking observation was the greater prevalence of nonjustifiable transfusion episodes at the community hospital (26% vs 16% at the teaching institution; P =.0121). Other observations included a tendency for physicians to prescribe transfusions by the numbers (at least 11% of nonjustifiable transfusions) and to overtransfuse. The routineness with which transfusion was viewed by managing physicians was also identifiable by the absence of written transfusion notes in 39% of all episodes reviewed, which incidentally raises questions about the adequacy of the medical chart's documentary functions today. Conclusions: The rate of nonjustifiable or equivocal transfusion on medical services may be as high as 35%. Reliance on numbers rather than clinical status seems to be a major problem. Education is obviously a critical issue and should also target private practitioners, who seemed to perform less well than physicians in training. Transfusion guidelines that use specific hematocrit values also need to be reexamined. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2575-2580)

To the Editor. —The study by Keeler et al1further develops the use of risk-adjusted mortality rates to compare the performance of groups of hospitals, at least with regard to the care of a subset of quite ill Medicare patients from 6 to 11 years ago. The finding that larger urban hospitals have lower mortality for selected conditions than their smaller rural counterparts corroborates the earlier work of Luft et al,2and demonstrates that for selected conditions, a greater volume of experience correlates with lower mortality. Despite the utility of risk-adjusted mortality as one measure of quality, it is important to place these results in context in order to use them appropriately to shape public policy. The lower quality scores given to physician performance in rural hospitals may not reflect their lack of skill—as the authors suggest—but other factors such as their workload. The relative scarcity of rural

Learning from experience in the nuclear industry has had a significant impact on the operating performance of light water reactor (LWR) power plants. Performance comparisons between the United States and France indicate that the relationship between experience and performance has been strongly influenced by industrial structure. In the United States, a sizable operating performance penalty has been paid both as a result of the diffusion of several types of LWR technology and because of the relative scarcity of multiunit sites caused by the fragmented structure of the electric utility industry. In France, by contrast, performance has benefited from the very high degree of plant design standardization and the prevalence of multiunit siting. These results suggest both short-term and long-term opportunities for improvement in the performance of the American nuclear industry.

This paper reviews some methodological aspects of ecologic studies of human health, with emphasis on investigations of environmental quality. A recent census of Canadian and U.S. data sets potentially suitable for this type of study is summarized. It is concluded that despite the considerable utility of the ecologic design for this purpose, substantial practical difficulties are common in their implementation. Particular problems are the relative scarcity of relevant environmental data and complications associated with rendering them compatible with health data.

While descriptions and analyses of tonal downstep abound, considerably less attention has been devoted to cases involving tonal upstep. This is no doubt due to the relative scarcity of languages that exhibit upstep. The present study examines certain tonal phenomena in Krachi, a language with two phonologically contrastive pitch levels. I argue that the Krachi data are best analyzed as involving an upward shifting of the tonal register (upstep). I then argue that upstep in Krachi provides evidence for the inclusion of a register tier in tonal theory.*

The role of law in the world community has been hampered by the limited development of effective world institutions in the legislative, executive, and judicial domains. If one looks at the judiciary, the extremely modest role that it plays on the global level may be gauged from the relative scarcity of cases brought before the Permanent Court of International Justice (P.C.I.J.) and its successor, the International Court of Justice (I.C.J.). While some regional international tribunals may have been more frequently resorted to, the extent and scope of their utilization are still determined by the primary controlling forces centered in the nation state. Efforts have been made in the past to determine in what manner, if any, could the use of international judiciary be made more palatable to states. Developments in the organization and procedure of domestic courts have served as potential examples for consideration in the establishment of international tribunals. One such procedure frequently used in domestic courts for the purpose of providing more expeditious handling of cases has been the creation of internal subdivisions, more commonly referred to as chambers, which allow for the dispositon of cases by a smaller number of judges than that required in a plenary session. The purpose of this inquiry is to review briefly the formation of such subdivisions of international tribunals. Attention will be focused on the controversial issues surrounding the establishment of the first ad hoc Chamber of the I.C.J. and limited reference will be

This paper is an investigation into the philosophies of science inherent in the development of two schools of thought in environmental economics: neoclassical and steady-state analysis. It attempts to gain clearer insight into the direction of inquiry and the policy options of each by contrasting their perspective metaeconomic structures - the sets of first principles shaping theoretical development. The ontology of steady-state analysis, while accepting the general principle of rationality, differs from neoclassicism by including the ecological interaction of people with nature as an element of spicies being. The cosmology of the two schools differs in the steady-statists take the laws of thermodynamics and the principle of biospheric assimilation of first principles. Questions of absolute scarcity take primacy over the neoclassical focus on problems of relative scarcity in policy analysis. Consequently, steady-state theorists view the environment problem in its global dimensions over a longer time continuum. The result is that steady-state policy prescriptions are not necessarily ‘market bound’ and may transcend the intstitutional arrangements common in western capitalist societies.

There are two types of agricultural production technology—mechanical (labor-saving) and biological-chemical (land-saving). Weather modification belongs to the second type. The emphasis on research and development for each type depends on the relative scarcity of land and labor. Present trends indicate an increasing relative economic scarcity of land, thus a greater need for land-saving technology relative to labor-saving technology. This situation favors the development of weather modification. However, there are many competitors in the area of biological and chemical innovations that are generally judged to promise a higher potential than weather modification for increasing crop yields. One of the reasons for such a judgment is the complex nature of the variability of the performance of weather modification. Placing the various sources of risk into a more comprehensive system might improve the understanding and thus the support for weather modification.

"Rebellion arises equally from objective and subjective conditions. The rebel perceives an imbalance in the allocation of resources or access to power, and is outraged to find that imbalance sanctified by a definition of himself as unworthy of or, more subtly, as unready for those resources or power. Relative scarcity and racist justification are thus conjoined in the rebellious upheavals of the Third World." Yet both the advantaged and disadvantaged are socialized to accept the legitimacy of the status quo. According to the author, the truly committed social or behavioral scientist must become aware of the contradictions evident in the theories he has been trained to believe in and the concrete social conditions of oppressed people. He must lead the way in rethinking the concepts of Authority and Equality for man. He must build new "conceptual mansions" that will transform Man and bring about a new Society of useful individuals and nurturing institutions.

To summarize the quantity, quality, and subject matter of articles pertaining to pediatric dermatology in current pediatric and dermatologic journals, 2,010 articles published in 1981 in 9 clinical journals were reviewed. Of articles in the pediatric journals, 4% had a primary dermatologic focus, and another 6% had a secondary dermatologic focus. Of the clinical articles in the dermatologic journals, 15% concerned only pediatric patients, and an additional 18% involved both pediatric and adult patients. The great majority of pediatric (65%) and dermatologic (83%) articles concerning pediatric dermatology were case reports, with lesser proportions of research reports and review articles. There was a relative scarcity of prospective clinical studies describing either the natural course of pediatric skin diseases or the effects of various therapies upon these diseases. Frequent topics of articles in both types of specialty journals included cutaneous manifestations of systemic disease, hereditary skin disorders, and bacterial skin infections. It is hoped that interest in this important field will promote mutually beneficial collaboration between pediatricians and dermatologists in the areas of patient care and clinical research.

It is hypothesized in this paper that as the relative cost of food increases, labor supply in agriculture declines and, ceteris paribus , the real wage in agriculture will increase. This hypothesis was tested by using data drawn from Japan for the period 1885 to 1920 and Egypt for the period 1950 to 1974. The results of the empirical analysis confirmed the hypothesis. Thus, recent activities by farmers in labor-abundant less developed nations to mechanize their operations may be partly due to increased labor costs, rising real wage, brought about by the relative scarcity of food.

The Broach (Bharoch) hoard found in 1882, though its publication is statisti cally incomplete, offers evidence of the movement and import of valuta into western India during the 13th and more particularly the 14th century. Broach and Cambay were the principal ports of Gujarat during this period. The hoard, found in a brass pot, consisted of 448 gold coins, besides pieces of coins and a small ingot, and about 1,200 silver coins and pieces. The coinages represented are those of Genoa, Venice, Egypt, Armenia, Persia, southern Arabia and the Dehfi" Sultanate. With the exception of two 12th-century coins the dates of minting fall between A.D. 1260 and 1382, which we may take to be the approxi mate date of burial.1 Found in the hoard were 47 gold tonkas of the Sultans of Dehl?, in number just under a tenth of the gold coins in the hoard, but perhaps a sixth of the whole in gold-content. From the dates at which these coin-types were issued it is clear that these coins of the ruling power did not ordinarily come to Broach in the processes of trade. Only three gold coins are from the current reign of Feroz Sh?h Tughluq, and these appear to be of types minted two decades before the burial of the hoard. Two coins in the name of the unsuccessful pretender Mahmud Shah b. Muhammad b. Tughluq cannot be other than a proclamatory issue.2 A further 35 gold coins are of the reign of Muhammad b. Tughluq (A.D. 1325?51); of these 25 represent a single issue of the last seven years of his reign, a period when the Sultan himself was campaigning in western India.3 The numismatic indications of the hoard support the literary evidence of the main pattern of trade between Gujarat and metropolitan Dehl?: a one-sided despatch by the tax-farmers of the revenues of Gujarat in the form of luxury commodities or specie.4 A striking feature of the hoard is the entire absence of silver issues of the Dehl? Sultanate in a collection of about 1,200 silver coins. This reflects the relative scarcity of silver in the territories of the Dehl? Sultans, which began around A.D. 1330 and increased in severity in subsequent decades. The loss by the Dehl? Sultans of control over the province of Bengal and the revenues remitted from there made it difficult to maintain the 10:1 silver to gold parity on which the monetary system of the Dehl? Sultanate was based.5 Of the 448 gold coins of the Broach hoard, 367 are described by O. Codrington as of the Bahr? Mamluks, rulers of Egypt and Syria, and he provides a catalogue of 324 of these. They are mainly heavy issues of upwards of 100 gr. (6.48 gm.) compared to the roughly 170gr. (11.016gm.) of the Delh? Sultanate tankas.

The specialty metals are characterized by the diversity of their uses and their relative scarcity in nature and commerce as compared with the abundance of the base metals. They are relatively expensive, and most are byproducts of base metal production. Few of them are recycled. Consumption of the specialty metals, except for the precious metals, is confined almost entirely to industrialized countries. Demand for about one-fourth of the group of specialty metals will grow fairly rapidly in the remaining years of the century, while demand for the remainder of the group will grow at modest, or even low, rates. World resources of the specialty metals are adequate to meet forecast demand.

A personal-computer based automated mapping system developed and used at Tbilisi University is described. A block diagram serves as a basis for describing the system's applications, and future possibilities of such systems are outlined. The paper is of interest because of the relative scarcity of information on PC use in Soviet cartography and the use of predominantly non-domestically produced equipment in the automated mapping system. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1988, No. 4, pp. 91-96.

Because of the relative scarcity of their resources, smaller firms may take executive dismissal actions more often than larger ones. The authors discuss how to plan dismissal actions in such a way so as to contribute to a successful job transition for the fired executive and minimize legal and business disruption for the company.