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The criticisms of Clarice Lispector’s The Hour of the Star (1977) were analyzed by (re) evaluating its relevance and the legacy of its author. After a critical review of the texts in popular publications, it was found that, in Brazil, the debates about the novel were centered between explicitness and introspection, social commitment and aesthetic sublimation. Foreign critics, on the other hand, raised Lispector’s ability to reach diverse audiences and the readability of her work, including disputes over her prestige as an author among other great writers and the relevance of her compositions. Resumen: Se analizan las críticas hechas a La hora de la estrella (1977), de Clarice Lispector, (re)evaluando su relevancia y el legado de su autora. Luego de una revisión crítica a los textos en publicaciones populares, se halló que, en Brasil, los debates sobre la novela se centraron entre la explicitud y la introspección, el compromiso social y la sublimación estética. Los críticos extranjeros, por otro lado, plantearon la capacidad de Lispector para llegar a diversas audiencias y la legibilidad de su trabajo, incluidas las disputas sobre su prestigio como autora entre otros grandes escritores y la relevancia de su obra.

ImportanceThe 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act required the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue a rule requiring graphic warning labels depicting the health consequences of smoking for prominent placement on cigarette packages and advertising. The tobacco industry filed a lawsuit against the FDA claiming that the required graphic labels constituted compelled speech in violation of First Amendment speech rights, and courts ruled for the tobacco industry. Subsequently, the FDA thoroughly redesigned the graphic labels and issued a revised rule, but the tobacco industry immediately filed a similar lawsuit against the FDA again on First Amendment grounds.ObservationsThis article examines the delicate balance between First Amendment speech rights vs the right of the public to receive truthful, accurate, and understandable public health information. The article argues that the newly designed warning labels should easily pass First Amendment analysis. The need for new warning labels on tobacco products and advertising is a critical public health intervention to promote greater public understanding of the negative consequences of cigarette smoking, especially among the young.Conclusions and RelevanceThe legal analysis in this article marshals arguments that the First Amendment does not prohibit the requirement of the new tobacco warning labels. Commercial speech receives First Amendment protection primarily for the benefit of the public (listeners) and not the tobacco industry (compelled speakers). The balance favors the right of the public to receive accurate information about critical health risks.

In the era of rapid progress, the study and analysis of the scientific heritage of the great thinkers of the past do not lose their relevance. On the contrary, it becomes one of the requirements of the time. The article analyzes the scientific heritage of Abdurahman Jami and the formation of the spiritual potential necessary for the upbringing of a harmoniously developed generation, and also shows how to use the scientific heritage of thinkers to promote their pure spiritual values.Key words: Movarunnahr, scientific heritage, tolerance, spirituality, value, culture, education, socialization, health, religion, Sufism, will.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine differential perceptions of lenders and investors on (1) the use, perceived usefulness, importance and adequacy of annual reports, (2) the importance of qualitative characteristics (QCs) and (3) the perceived impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on financial reporting quality (FRQ) in Sri Lanka.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire survey study of practising professionals consisting of Sri Lankan investors (N = 214) and lenders (N = 235).FindingsIn relation to (1), lenders and investors rank three out of ten information sources ahead of the remaining seven: both include annual reports and personal knowledge. However, the highest average response for lenders is direct communication with clients, and for investors, it is stock market publications. Within annual reports, both decision-makers identify financial statements as the most useful part. Concerning (2), they both identified understandability as the most important QC followed by timeliness. Relevance ranked last, surprisingly. In relation to (3), both groups perceived that the new IFRS reporting environment improved the FRQ compared to the previous Sri Lanka Accounting Standards regime.Practical implicationsRanking understandability as the most important QC in terms of decision usefulness contradicts IASB's categorisation. The authors provide empirical data on the perceived degree of success of adopting IFRS in a developing economy.Originality/valueThe authors design a decision-oriented (lending vs investing) and context-specific (IASB's financial reporting framework) questionnaire to examine the perceptions of key capital providers separately on the issues mentioned above in “Purpose” within a developing economy. The survey fits into two aspects of the decision-useful theory: useful to make what decisions and useful to whom.

There are several features of law which rightly draw the interest of philosophers, especially those whose expertise lies in ethics and social and political philosophy. But the law also has features which haven’t stirred much in the way of philosophical investigation. I must say that I find this surprising. For the fact is that a well-run criminal trial is a master-class in logic and epistemology. Below I examine the logical and epistemological properties of greatest operational involvement in a criminal proceedings, concepts such as evidence, proof, argument, inference, relevance, probability, and more. My principal objective is to expose the deep cleavage between establishment norms in epistemology and logic and standard practice in criminal proceedings. This gives us two options to reflect upon. In one, the establishment norms for the correct management of the concepts in question are basically sound. In that case, as I will show, common law criminal practice would be basically unsound; its convictions would be basically false and unjust. Seen from the other perspective, the criminal justice system would be basically sound, and its criminal convictions basically true and just. It turns out to matter that option one meets with widely spread common disbelief and is generally taken as contrary to common knowledge. What is needed here is an epistemology which gives these sentiments some air to breathe. I will argue that on balance it is the logico-epistemic establishment which requires some serious rethinking.

The street music business dates back hundreds of years and exists in many cities of the world. Although anecdotal evidence suggests that the number of listeners who donate varies widely, academic research has not examined why listeners donate to buskers. An intensive field study covering 80,471 consumers assessed the relevance and magnitude of theoretically derived drivers. A second study investigated the degree to which offline success factors predict consumer responses to buskers performing on online video platforms. Estimation results reveal several drivers, many of which differ from musicians’ commonly held beliefs. This study contributes not only to the marketing of buskers but also to marketing of other businesses that engage in fundraising in public spaces.

No presente artigo, evidenciamos as contribuições das leituras de Freire (1975, 1979, 1992, 2005) e Honneth (2009, 2018) que fizeram parte da nossa trajetória profissional. Ressalta-se que nos percursos que vivemos em momentos distintos, na condição de professores/as, pesquisadores/as da Educação, tivemos a oportunidade de vivenciar práticas pedagógicas inovadoras, grande parte, com base no legado bibliográfico de Paulo Freire, que nos possibilitou/possibilita valorizar a relevância da ação político-pedagógica nas escolas. Trazemos o recorte de uma pesquisa realizada em quatro escolas públicas de Alagoas, investigação inserida no Observatório Alagoano de Leitura na EJA, que nos conduziram a constatar que as escolas se configuram como espaçotempo de exercício de autonomia, de estudantes e professores, apropriando-se da realidade. Inspirados ainda em Freire (1979) reafirmamos o compromisso com a Educação como prática da liberdade. Nesse contexto, a palavra é compreendida como “força de transformação do mundo”. Assim, podemos pensar com Freire (2005) e Honneth (2009; 2018) nas formas de engajamento e luta que evocam processos de humanização e libertação frente aos contextos de profunda coisificação e consequente esquecimento do reconhecimento subjetivo e social.

The article shows the relevance of the development of the philosophical and methodological culture of future doctors of philosophy in the context of cardinal changes in the domestic system of higher education. It is indicated that the actualization of the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities of the philosophical foundations of understanding methodological approaches in scientific research provides an increase in the level of scientific and pedagogical activity of teachers. A philosophical interpretation of the essence of methodological culture has been carried out. It has been determined that the fundamental basis for the development of a philosophical and methodological culture is the applicants’ understanding of the essence of science as a social phenomenon and a specific form of social activity. The formation of the methodological culture among future doctors of philosophy presupposes their possession of the system of pedagogical scientific competencies. The main elements that make up the structure of the philosophical and methodological culture, which include professional, axiological, cognitive, communicative activities, have been substantiated. The role of the philosophical and methodological component is established, which affects the formation of the dialectical style of thinking and provides for a comprehensive analysis of the philosophical essence of the content of theoretical concepts. The role of creativity and innovation in the process of the formation of the teacher's personality has been investigated. The system of pedagogical competencies as a result of the formation of methodological culture is characterized. The criteria for the formation of the philosophical and methodological culture of future doctors of philosophy have been determined.

Este artículo pretende explorar la actualidad del pensamiento de Paulo Freire desde tres miradas:1-la realidad latinoamericana con incidencia en la Educación de Personas Jóvenes y Adultas-Epja en contextos territoriales de desigualdades estructurales y la carencia de oportunidades educativas de los jóvenes y adultos; 2-el legado freireano enriquece la cultura pedagógica de la educación en general y de la Epja en particular y sustenta las nuevas epistemologías emergentes de la Epja en una perspectiva transformadora; 3- impulsa la energía motivadora mediante las reflexiones críticas y propuestas sobre las políticas de la educación de personas jóvenes y adultas con sentido de nueva humanidad, dignidad humana, integralidad y justicia social. El mundo del que habla Freire no solamente es largo, sino también ancho y tremendamente desigual e injusto. Paulo Freire vive en América Latina y el Caribe y tiene una permanente actualidad en las mentes y espíritus de quienes conocen su pensamiento educativo, de quienes se atreven a aplicarlos con creación e invención. En los tres ejes temáticos de este artículo se explicita la vigencia inspiradora, indagadora, impulsora y multiplicadora del pensamiento de Paulo Freire sobre la Epja transformadora y la desafiante tarea histórica de su construcción.

In this Journal’s tradition of revisiting past papers which have relevance to today’s events, this article reminds us of the value of the paper “Better telecommunications services for all Australians.” (2015) by Reg Coutts. This paper makes five interrelated recommendations to replace the current Universal Service Obligation (USO) policy in Australia, given the NBN rollout and customer preference for mobile services anywhere anytime. Some of its recommendations were arguably taken up by the Productivity Commission’s Public Inquiry into the USO in 2016-17, and implemented by the Australian Government in the form of a new Universal Service Guarantee.

The relevance of our study is due to the fact that in modern linguistics is still insufficiently studied the potential of the proper names of the literary heroes in the prose texts of famous authors. Therefore, in our opinion, the study of the hero's own name needs special attention, and a thorough analysis of the proper names of the literary heroes in M. Dochynets' novel "Children of the Fern" opens opportunities for further generalizations in the field of relevant linguistic and stylistic issues. The purpose of our article is to study the role of the proper names of the literary heroes in the novel "Children of the Fern" written by the Transcarpathian writer, winner of the Shevchenko Prize Myroslav Dochynets; our task is to describe the proper names of the literary heroes, to reveal their information loading, the role in the development of the plot. The object of the research is the novel "Children of the Fern" by M. Dochynets. The subject of the research is the proper names of the literary heroes and their functional content. Methods and techniques. Research methods are determined by the specifics of onymic material, which requires a systematic approach and the use of traditional descriptive method and its basic techniques: observation, interpretation and generalization. The functional load of the proper names of the literary heroes is determined by the method of contextual analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the role of the proper names of the literary heroes functioning in the novel "Children of the Fern" by M. Dochynets is studied. Attention is paid to the role of the proper names of the literary heroes (including pseudonyms) and the conditions of their origin; the etymological meaning (internal form) of the proper names of the literary heroes is revealed. It is proved that proper names of the literary heroes in the novel are the most important lexical elements that have a variety of semantic and emotional content, they are accompanied by connotations and various associations, and they characterize the character by national, social origin, and create a certain emotional tone, reflect the author's attitude to the named character. Conclusions. Proper names of the literary heroes in the novel "Children of the Fern" are a powerful layer of vocabulary. Their role in the text is difficult to evaluate: they are indicators of time, nationally significant, informational and evaluative – they perform different functions.

The article is dedicated to a topical issue: the study of the Ukrainian language in a foreign language environment based on local lore texts about Christmas and Easter; the focus is made on the role of songs and colloquialisms that help students adapt to the country of residence and its realities. Approaches to work with New Year's songs ("Shchedryk") and lyrical songs ("Hutsulka Ksenia") are demonstrated. A number of methodical developments on e-platforms are proposed: open4ukrainian.education/gutsulka-ksenya/; http://bit.ly/rizdvyani-pisni-kolyadki, the advantages of working with online tools are proved: Wizer.me (https://wizer.me/), Learningapps (https://learningapps.org). The objective of the article is to analyze the country study material; to draw the attention of the scientific and pedagogical community to the need of selecting texts and didactic materials with consideration of the feasibility and practical application of information and the development of communicative competence; to prove the relevance of a variety of tasks and examples; to share the experience of teaching foreigners the Ukrainian language. The ideas presented in the article are illustrated by examples taken from the experience of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language at Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University. Current studies and publications are thoroughly analyzed. The focus is on hermeneutic, communicative, personaloriented, cultural, level methods, the importance of visualization of pre-text and post-text exercises, various questions, descriptive interpretation of rare vocabulary, extended vocabulary. The methodological basis of this study is the work of Anna Shvets. During the discussion of texts about traditions, holidays, events, etc., focuses were made on the appropriateness of asking questions, as questions help not only assess students and find out how well they understand the material, but also help them develop their speech. In addition, the role of post-text comments is traced. The aspect analyzed and described in the article is the content of texts that promote Ukraine in the world, contribute to the formation of linguistic knowledge about Ukraine, help foreign students adapt to the language environment.

We provide evidence on two qualitative characteristics of financial reporting errors deemed immaterial by management (immaterial errors) and benchmark these characteristics against those of material errors corrected by restatements. With regard to relevance for equity valuation, our results suggest that investors find immaterial errors relevant, in particular those that are more severe, with valuation effects smaller than those associated with restatements disclosed in form 8-K. With regard to predictive ability for reporting quality, we find immaterial errors are informative about financial reporting reliability because they indicate increased propensities for three outcomes known to be associated with negative economic consequences: future material errors, immaterial errors and material weakness assessments. The predictive ability of immaterial errors for reporting quality is not qualitatively different from that of material errors. Viewed in the context of previous research on material errors, our results support the view that immaterial errors are informative about reporting quality; this qualitative characteristic is not part of the authoritative guidance management applies in assessing materiality of financial reporting errors. Our analysis informs debates about materiality assessments from an investor perspective.

Deferred taxes—resulting from differences between financial and tax accounts—have been a long-standing, contentious issue in financial accounting regulation, practice, and research. Debates on concepts and standards have been accompanied by doubts around whether and the extent to which deferred taxes provide relevant information for financial statement users and are employed by firms to manage their earnings. This paper systematically reviews the body of empirical evidence that has emerged over the last three decades on deferred taxes in the fields of value relevance and earnings management. A bibliographic analysis and a narrative synthesis are presented within a thematic categorization framework. Key results indicate that existing research focuses on the US setting. There is substantial evidence for the value relevance of various deferred tax items but limited evidence that firms use deferred taxes to manage their earnings. The findings suggest implications for both future research and the regulatory debate.

PurposeEuropean countries are likely to increasingly adopt integrated reporting (IR) voluntarily, after the 2014/95/EU Directive is revised and other initiatives are implemented. Therefore, the present study provides insights on the relevance of IR in voluntary contexts by exploring analysts' reactions to the release of integrated reports in diverse institutional settings.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on voluntary disclosure theory, a quantitative empirical research method is used to explore the moderating role of country-level institutional characteristics on the associations between voluntary IR release and analyst forecast accuracy and dispersion.FindingsIR informativeness is not uniform in the voluntary context and institutional settings play a moderating role. IR release is associated with increased consensus among analyst forecasts. However, in countries with weak institutional enforcement, a reverse association is detected, indicating that analysts rely largely on IR where the institutional setting strongly protects investors. Although a strong institutional setting boosts the IR release usefulness in terms of accuracy, it creates noise in analyst consensus.Research limitations/implicationsAcademics can appreciate the usefulness of voluntary IR across the institutional enforcement contexts.Practical implicationsManagers can use these findings to understand opportunities offered by IR voluntary release. The study recommends that policymakers, standard setters and regulators strengthen the institutional enforcement of sustainability disclosure.Originality/valueThis study is a unique contribution to recent calls for research on the effects of nonfinancial disclosure regulation and on IR “impacts”. It shows on the international scale that IR usefulness for analysts is moderated by institutional patterns, not country-level institutional characteristics.

There is growing concern among educators regarding the difficulty in recruitment of trainees to pediatric nephrology, and the importance of developing a strong foundational knowledge in nephrology for all pediatric trainees. This review highlights the factors that may influence trainee interest in nephrology, as well as what educators can do to demystify nephrology. A large percentage of fellowship positions go unmatched in pediatric nephrology in the USA. Adult nephrologists have faced similar workforce concerns and have worked to overcome perceived barriers to trainee interest. Trainees choose specialty careers based on interest in subject matter, perceived quality of life, role models, and geographical constraints. Pediatric nephrologists can make content more accessible through active learning methods. Increasing visibility throughout medical school and providing mentorship can be valuable. Finally, broadening the scope of nephrology from being solely an academic research–focused specialty can increase relevance for trainees.

Junto a los órganos unipersonales, en las Administraciones españolas conviven infinidad de órganos colegiados, creados para las finalidades más diversas (coordinación, cooperación, participación…). La transparencia de estos órganos plantea múltiples cuestiones que afectan tanto a la existencia y vigencia misma de los órganos, como a su estructura y, sobre todo, funcionamiento, con especial relevancia a si se debe o no mantener la confidencialidad de los debates y deliberaciones previas a las votaciones de los acuerdos.

Current research on the relative effects of giving versus receiving peer comments on students’ revision has produced inconclusive results due to researchers’ inattention to topic difference. The study is aimed to complement extant literature by exploring the role of writing topic difference in the actual changes triggered by the comments students give versus those they receive and how these changes contribute to their revision amount, type, and quality in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing class. Sixteen students participated in reciprocal peer review where they produced and reviewed different topics in three essay assignments. They received the same peer review training and instructions on responding to peer feedback during revision. The results show that students made significantly more macrostructure meaning changes based on the directives they received than on those they gave for the first and third assignments. They also made significantly more microstructure and meaning-preserving changes based on the directives they received in all three assignments. The average score of revision triggered by the directives students received was significantly higher than that triggered by the directives they gave for the first and third assignments. The results overall demonstrate that receiving peer feedback was more beneficial than giving peer feedback on students’ revision. Possible reasons include irrelevance of given comments to self-writing, students’ inability to see the relevance of given comments to self-writing, and authentic revising tasks for students as receivers.

In this paper, we review articles in the research field of international and comparative human resource management (HRM), published in Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources since the journal’s inception in the 1960s. Our review is based on 155 articles, including 43 conceptual, opinion, editorial, and review articles, and 112 empirical studies, and examines the trends over decades by examining four major areas: 1) characteristics of the articles; 2) research topics within the international and comparative HRM; 3) theoretical frameworks; 4) country contexts; and 5) methodologies. While there have been many valuable contributions, new challenges have emerged. Based on our analysis, we provide suggestions for future research on international and comparative HRM. We call for scholars to draw attention to context and to theoretical and methodological innovation, in order to develop research with high impact and practical relevance.

Freud introduced the concept of parapraxis to demonstrate that the benefits of psychoanalytical theory and methodology extend beyond clinical practice. Despite various paradigmatic shifts in psychoanalysis, this concept has not been significantly discussed. After a brief recapitulation of the basic principles of parapraxis, the article reflects on the possible cultural functions of parapraxes. First, we discuss a possible societal benefit of parapraxis as a form of mental hygiene that helps an individual to remain healthy in spite of pathogenic social imperatives. We then explore whether engagement with parapraxes for the purpose of self-analysis can offer a biographically relevant learning opportunity beyond psychotherapy. Subsequently, we show that the relevance of psychoanalytical parapraxis theory extends as far as the major pillars of the psychoanalytical concept of the subject and try to demonstrate that mistakes could take on a prominent position within the inter-theoretical discourse of subjectivization.

The university is a community of interests where educational processes are their core emerging actions within their institutional dynamics. The technification of the educational process has been going on for more than a decade, but it has had a dizzying growth in the last two years due to the CODIV-19 pandemic. Therefore, the research objective was to interpret the experiences of professors from the Yacambú University on university social responsibility (USR) in education mediated by technologies associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. In this sense, this carried research was out under a qualitative approach of an interpretive paradigm. The epistemological plane was assumed from social constructionism to understand the meanings that emerged from the dialogical exchange between the researcher and key informants, all with the support of the phenomenological-hermeneutical method. The sample is based on the archiving of opinions of 4 professors assigned to the Faculty of Humanities of the Yacambú University with functions of teaching, research, extension, management. As a finding of this research, it was obtained that universities are institutions of great relevance for the social development of a nation since they respond to the needs of populations, attending to emerging problems resulting from an investigative activity, thus managing to vindicate their role of social responsibility. Likewise, it was concluded to determine the importance of the technological aspect for a consolidation of the teacher and student in their current context., La universidad es una comunidad de intereses donde los procesos educativos tienen como médula acciones emergentes dentro de su dinámica institucional. La tecnificación del proceso educativo lleva más de una década, pero ha tenido un vertiginoso crecimiento en los dos últimos años debido a la pandemia por CODIV-19. Por ello, el objetivo de la investigación fue interpretar experiencias de docentes de la Universidad Yacambú sobre la responsabilidad social universitaria (RSU) en educación mediada por tecnologías asociada a la pandemia COVID-19. En este sentido, esta investigación se realizó bajo un enfoque cualitativo de paradigma interpretativo. El plano epistemológico fue asumido desde el construccionismo social para así comprender los significados emergidos del intercambio dialógico entre el investigador e informantes clave, todo ello con apoyo del método fenomenológico-hermenéutico. La muestra partido del arqueo de opiniones de 4 profesores adscritos a Facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad Yacambú con funciones de docencia, investigación, extensión, gestión. Como hallazgo de esta investigación, se obtuvieron que las universidades son instituciones de gran relevancia para el desarrollo social de una nación, pues responde a necesidades de poblaciones, atendiendo a problemáticas emergentes producto de una actividad investigativa, logrando así reivindicar su papel de responsabilidad social. Igualmente, se concluyó con la determinación de lo importante del aspecto tecnológico para una consolidación del docente y estudiante en su contexto actual.

In non-endemic settings, transfusion-transmitted malaria (TTM) is rare but potentially fatal and becoming more common with globalization. We present two pediatric cases that demonstrate donor screening using questionnaires is subject to error and that TTM should be considered with fever following numerous transfusions in children, particularly sickle cell patients.

To mitigate the impacts and spread of COVID-19, drastic mitigative actions are demanded from individuals worldwide, including social distancing, health behaviors, and self-quarantining. A key question is what motivates individuals to take and support such actions. Early in the COVID-19 crisis, we hypothesized and found in two studies (in the Netherlands and United States) that stronger worries about potential consequences of COVID-19 for oneself and close others (i.e., family and friends), as well as more "distant" others (e.g., citizens in general, vulnerable populations), are associated with stronger engagement in actions to mitigate COVID-19. In line with reasoning on norm activation, we found that these associations were partly mediated by personal norms, reflecting individuals' feelings of being morally compelled and personally responsible to take mitigative actions. Importantly, individuals generally reported to worry more about consequences of COVID-19 for distant others than for themselves, and worries about distant others were more strongly related to mitigative actions than worries about oneself and close others. Our outcomes offer key novel insights to the health domain, highlighting the potential relevance of worrying about distant others and personal norms in motivating actions to mitigate global health crises.

In the pages of this journal, Damon Coletta and Tom Crosbie published a response to our article entitled, “The Continuing Relevance of Morris Janowitz’s The Professional Soldier for the Education of Officers.” In that article, we argued that Janowitz’s emphasis on the need for political awareness in the U.S. military should receive greater attention in the education of today’s officer corps. Coletta and Crosbie suggest that we are too ready to abandon Samuel Huntington’s classic work, The Soldier and the State. In this continuation of that dialogue, we respond with three clarifications and three substantive disagreements. Huntington and Janowitz offer divergent perspectives on the issues of officer education and “political virtue,” we suggest, and Janowitz’s perspective deserves greater weight that it has traditionally received. Coletta and Crosbie also place greater emphasis on the separability of political and military affairs than is warranted, and Janowitz is more helpful here as well.

Evidence-Based Medicine is built on the premise that clinicians can be more confident when their decisions are grounded in high-quality evidence. Furthermore, evidence from studies involving patient-oriented outcomes is preferred when making decisions about tests or treatments. Ideally, the findings of relevant and valid trials should be stable over time, that is, unlikely to be reversed in subsequent research.To evaluate the stability of evidence from trials relevant to primary healthcare and to identify study characteristics associated with their reversal.We studied synopses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from 2002 to 2005 as "Daily POEMs" (Patient Oriented Evidence that Matters). The initial evidence (E1) from these POEMs (2002-2005) was compared with the updated evidence (E2) on that same topic in a summary resource (DynaMed 2019). Two physician-raters independently categorized each POEM-RCT as (i) reversed when E1 ≠ E2, or as (ii) not reversed, when E1 = E2. For all "Evidence Reversals" (E1 ≠ E2), we assessed the direction of change in the evidence.We evaluated 408 POEMs on RCTs. Of those, 35 (9%; 95% confidence interval [6-12]) were identified as reversed, 359 (88%) were identified as not reversed, and 14 (3%) were indeterminate. On average, this represents about 2 evidence reversals per annum for POEMs about RCTs.Over 12-17 years, 9% of RCTs summarized as POEMs are reversed. Information alerting services that apply strict criteria for relevance and validity of clinical information are likely to identify RCTs whose findings are stable over time.We studied the extent to which evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) relevant to primary care is contradicted in subsequent research. When it was, we identified this event as an evidence reversal. In addition, we sought to identify characteristics of RCTs associated with their reversal. From 408 RCTs published during the period 2002–2005, study characteristics such as sample size were identified and extracted. Subsequently, we compared the evidence reported in each of these RCTs with the evidence on that same topic in an online summary resource in 2019. This allowed us to classify each RCT in one of the following 3 categories: evidence confirmed, reversed, or uncertain if this evidence is confirmed or reversed. Over 12–17 years of follow-up time, the findings of about 9 in 10 RCTs summarized as POEMs are stable. We found no statistically significant associations between trial characteristics and their subsequent reversal. This low rate of evidence reversal is good news for the RCTs that are used to inform decision-making.

There has been a significant transformation in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) over the last 5 decades. Although this transformation has profoundly influenced multiple stakeholders, the field is currently at a critical juncture and facing a number of social and political challenges. Given the relevance of the question, “where is the field of IDD and where do we go,” the present article describes the field's transformation, and suggests future action steps to facilitate and sustain the transformation. The seven action steps discussed in the article relate to using precise terminology, incorporating a functional and holistic approach to IDD, embracing the supports model and evidence-based practices, implementing outcome evaluation, empowering individuals and families, understanding better the multidimensional properties of context, and incorporating an explicit notion of professional responsibility.

This article focuses on the emerging ethnographic field 'refugee camp' and the challenges it poses in terms of an "engaged ethnomusicology" inscribed into a larger discussion about "public ethnography" and ethically informed collaborative practices. The prevailing focus of mass media and artists serves as a starting point, as they represent migratory phenomena primarily through the visual lens, through material artefacts, denying their multisensory character, particularly their immaterial and sonic aspects. Taking as examples the artistic work of Chinese dissident artist Ai Weiwei and exhibition concepts presented at the documenta 14 and at the Biennale in Venice 2019, the article questions the predominance of the material approach, the inaudibility of migration because of its compatibility with our "museological thinking'" and an abstract idea of "cultural heritage" as promoted by established cultural institutions in Western Europe. The article argues that sound should instead be taken more seriously into consideration. This includes reflecting on the prominent links between human existentiality and suffering, as well as musical production and performance. It is argued that the temporariness of refugee's musical practice is related to their precarious life conditions in camps suspended in time and space. As practical examples from the French camp of Calais demonstrate, music making in this context offers refugees one possible way to counter-act imposed policies of infantilization, passivity and an omnipresent experience of waiting. In a situation where creative space and musical instruments are a limited resource, social media and music apps generate particular forms of musical creativity and assume a fundamental role which should be acknowledged in research to a larger extent. Such conditions influence also largely the ways in which migrated musicians construct their self-image as "refugee musicians". Taking as an example Syrian pianist Aeham Ahmad, the article shows that such self and foreign attributions may be reductive and result in an ethically problematic branding with commercial intentions. The second part of the article presents a collaborative grassroot-music theatre project realized in a German Erstaufnahmeeinrichtung over a span of 4 months. It offers insights into the limitations of "making audible", or "voicing migrants" everyday concerns through artistic practice. It also questions the idea of developing an "artistic agency" and an equal "cultural participation" in a working context characterized by social and power hierarchies, emotional instabilities, and a constant flow of individuals and ideas. In this context the role of the ethnomusicologist as a (cultural) translator with multiple responsibilities is crucial. Not only does he/she balance out different levels of musical professionality or different aesthetic preferences, but he/she also opens up spaces for creativity for disadvantaged or marginalized individuals in the camps. On another level the researcher's responsibility lies in the task to make practices public which originally were self-referential or of local relevance in a socially segregated space. Despite numerous obstacles to make such interventions "culturally sustainable", the article shows the potentiality of producing bottom-up "counter-images" or "counter-soundings', which could generate counter-discourses to the main media narratives on migration.

This article functions as an introduction to the following articles of this themed issue of Die Musikforschung. It frames the idea of an applied ethnomusicology, understood as an approach guided by principles of social responsibility, and as scholarship, knowledge and understanding put to practical use. The article discusses the emergence and relevance of applied ethnomusicology in Anglophone academia as well as the German-speaking world and gives insight into different fields in which applied ethnomusicology can be practiced: from traditional areas such as musical archives and museums to activism against social justice and for the rights of indigenous people and minorities, activism for musical and cultural sustainability or health, to musicological interventions in conflict situations and, finally, ethnomusicological contributions to music pedagogy. The authors do not claim to present a final definition of applied ethnomusicology, but rather aim to demonstrate the potential of this field and to show problems emerging in the course of ethnomusicological projects of an applied character.

Актуальність. Сьогодні молоді люди більше орієнтовані на отримання освіти як такої, без урахування професії. Актуальністю даного дослідження є виявлення рівня професійного самовизначення старшокласників, механізмів формування професійних уподобань, факторів, що впливають на вибір професійної діяльності та дозволяють оцінити ефективність форм професійної орієнтації. Мета. У статті розкрито поняття професійного самовизначення в підлітковому віці, наведені результати дослідження щодо процесу формування професійного самовизначення старшокласників. Під час дослідження було встановлено, що при рівних умовах планування свого професійного шляху подальше поетапне самовизначення майбутнього фаху обумовлено не тільки психологічною готовністю до свідомого вибору, а й станом здоров’я і рівнем психофізіологічної адаптації. Матеріали та методи. У дослідженні брали участь 982 учні загальноосвітніх шкіл України. З метою вивчення професійної готовності проводилося анкетування за опитувальником, який містив як альтернативні, так і ранжовані питання щодо навчальної діяльності, планованої освіти, визначення професійного майбутнього і профінформованості. Статистична обробка матеріалів дослідження здійснювалася за допомогою програм MS Excel, SPSS 17. Результати. Результати дослідження показали, що професійні наміри 9-класників є ключовою характеристикою для вирішення завдання вибору вузу і майбутньої професійної діяльності. Але у більшості школярів ці наміри складаються суперечливо, силою причин, обумовлених браком можливості школи в організації та проведенні профорієнтаційної діяльності. Головні джерела, звідки школярі отримують найбільш важливу інформацію про професійне майбутнє, — це батьки, вчителі та шкільні психологи, однокласники й друзі. Висновки. Проведене анкетування є самодостатнім для аналізу професійної орієнтації учнів. Але вибір школярів формується під впливом багатьох факторів. Тому проведення досліджень з профорієнтації вимагає комплексного підходу.

Ksenia Rozhkova, Junior Research Fellow, Laboratory for Labor Market Studies, Faculty of Economic Sciences, National Research University Higher School of Economics. E-mail: krozhkova@hse.ru (corresponding author) Sergey Roshchin, Candidate of Sciences in Economics, Head of the Laboratory for Labor Market Studies, Faculty of Economic Sciences, National Research University Higher School of Economics. E-mail: sroshchin@hse.ru Address: 11 Pokrovsky Blvd, 109028 Moscow, Russian Federation. The article presents a review of literature systematizing findings on the contribution of non-cognitive skills to higher education choice-making. The concept of higher education choice-making in this paper embraces the decision to embark on a college degree, the probability of successful degree completion, the choice of academic discipline, and other related aspects. A priority focus is given to publications in economics since the economic approach differs a lot from approaches in other social sciences. In addition, the article explores the methodological characteristics of non-cognitive skills research in economics. The results of literature analysis point to the relevance of non-cognitive skills in explaining individual educational choices and allow drawing some inferences for education policy.

Problem setting. When organizing an incentive-bonus system at the enterprise, along with determining the source of bonuses, indicators and conditions of bonuses, establishing the amount of bonuses and terms of bonuses, the grounds for depreciation of employees are established. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Most researchers who have studied bonuses have also paid attention to the problem of depressing employees. Among them A.Yu. Pasherstnik, O.D. Zaykin, S.S. Karinsky, R.Z. Livshits, OI Protsevsky, MI Kuchma, V.Ya. Gotz, P.D. Пилипенко, В.І. Prokopenko, VG Rotan and others. However, the problems that exist in this area determine the relevance of the topic, and their research - timely and practically necessary.Article’s main body. Due to the entry into the market economy, employers rejected almost everything that was proclaimed by the socialist society, although the principles of bonuses remained the same. If we look from the standpoint of compliance with the employee's right to timely and full payment, some approaches to bonuses should be found to violate the rights of the employee, especially the right to receive wages in full. We are talking about non-payment of bonuses for violation of labor discipline.Conclusions and prospects for the development. Each type of bonuses - conditioned and not conditioned by the system of remuneration - has its official purpose, which indicates its legal specificity. The bonuses set by the remuneration system include a clear system of guarantees for their payment, so they are more objective than other bonuses and meet the objectives of material incentives. Bonuses that are not determined by the pay system, leave more opportunities to encourage individual labor contributions of the employee, are more subjective.

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the role of nature and nurture in students’ entrepreneurial intention (EIs). In doing so, the study examines the relationship between prenatal testosterone exposure (2D:4D), risk-taking propensity, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and EIs. Moreover, the moderating role of entrepreneurial education between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and EI is also investigated.Design/methodology/approachIn line with previous studies on EI, the authors tested hypotheses based on quantitative data obtained from university students.FindingsData were analyzed with the help of the structural equation modeling technique, and the results revealed that all the hypothesized relationships were supported.Originality/valueThe field of entrepreneurship has become an attractive area of research for practitioners and academics. One tinted area of research in entrepreneurship is the investigation of EI because it is a good predictor of entrepreneurial behavior. Several antecedents of EIs have been recognized in the literature ranging from personality traits to environmental factors. However, less is known about the role of biology in entrepreneurship. Incorporating biological factors in the field of entrepreneurship appears to be theoretically viable and sound. Thus, this study investigates the effect of biological factors in the presence of psychological factors on EIs, which is a unique contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship.

In this paper, I seek to analyze how notions of humiliation, disgust and contempt inform "images of brutality" regarding LGBT deaths claimed to have been the result of hate crimes or LGBTphobia. Based on data collected during the monitoring of the LGBTI+ movement’s activities in Paraiba between 2012 and 2016, in-depth interviews with its activists, and access to judicial proceedings related to those deaths, I focus especially on the narratives around: a) a scene of attempted murder provoked by a military police officer who, in a street downtown Joao Pessoa, shot a travesti at close range, one who worked as a prostitute and refused his flirt; and b) the case of the "serial killer of travestis", a military police officer accused of five murders in a town in the countryside of Paraiba. Thereby, my main purpose is to discuss the relevance of demeaning practices for the configuration of what is taken as brutal, including police violence. Above all, I seek to understand the narrative sexualization of the one who demeans, humiliates, feels disgusted and despises others, and whose act of raping or killing is identified as a gesture of pleasure or raises questions about desire.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the immediate and longer-term effects of school closures and ongoing interruptions on children’s learning have been a source of considerable apprehension to many. In an attempt to anticipate and mitigate the effect of school closures, researchers and policymakers have turned to the learning loss literature, research that estimates the effect of summer holidays on academic achievement. However, school closures due to COVID-19 have taken place under very different conditions, making the utility of such a literature debatable. Instead, this study is based on a rapid evidence assessment of research on learning disruption – extended and unplanned periods of school closure following unprecedented events, such as SARs or weather-related events. We argue that this literature provides clearer evidence on what helps children return to learning under similar conditions, and in this sense has more direct relevance for schools after COVID-19. A narrative synthesis of key recommendations is presented. Key findings are as follows: (i) that school leaders’ local knowledge is pivotal in leading a return to school, (ii) the curriculum needs to be responsive to children’s needs and (iii) that schools are essential in supporting the mental health of students. A discussion of the applicability and utility of these findings is provided in light of emerging evidence of challenges faced by schools in the context of an ongoing global pandemic and the disruption to education it continues to create. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Educational Review is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Some researchers interested in assessing moral reasoning among business practitioners or students have developed their own vignettes or scenarios set in business contexts, based on assumptions that the situations presented in the often-used Defining Issues Test (DIT) will somehow be inappropriate for these specific types of respondents. This paper is the first to examine in depth both the actual details contained in these business-oriented scenarios and empirical findings emerging from them. Among this paper’s conclusions are: (1) assumptions underpinning the presumed superiority of business-oriented vignettes have yet to be tested; (2) the DIT possesses considerable advantages unavailable in alternative measures; (3) many business-oriented scenarios have underlying Dilemma themes that seem inherently ambiguous and thus of questionable relevance for assessing moral reasoning; (4) these scenarios have no obvious equivalent in the DIT and thus cannot definitively be placed under the umbrella of the latter’s demonstrated construct validity; and (5) meaningful empirical findings have not clearly emerged from investigations using business-oriented vignettes. In light of these conclusions, we recommend that investigators interested in moral reasoning advance knowledge in a coherent and unified way by using the DIT that seems entirely appropriate for use among respondents with business experience or training. Although alternative measures may have value for assessing ethical judgments, evidence of their validity as a measure of moral reasoning is lacking.

The article considers the introduction of the concept of "visual art" into the Kazakh language, in the context of the history of world contemporary art and and the trends of its development, also relevance and preparing students for the "perception of visual art". Based on the scientific works of noosphere education which investigated the evolution of the formation of the brain contour as levels of human thinking, the author offers a "sequential chain of visual art perception", defining "internal needs" (motivations) and "external needs" of students in visual perception. "Brain contour level, thinking" and "visual art perception chain" are seen as important tools in selecting a topic and in determining students' uniqueness. The practical research examines the methods of noospheric education as the perception of all sense organs in the "transformation of traditional decorative art" and the effectiveness of using the tools of "contemporary art" in the formation of new ideas and new thinking.

This paper considers the relevance of various approaches to the study of ‘Given’ and ‘New’ to a number of practical problems: complaints from listeners to UK radio programmes that presenters place emphasis on the wrong words; inaudibility of openings of utterances in radio news bulletins; and ambiguity of pronouns. Approaches to ‘Given’ and ‘New’ to be discussed include those whose concerns are with intonation (e.g., Halliday & Matthiessen 2014), those who pay attention to definiteness/indefiniteness in the nominal group (e.g., Martin 1992), and those who are more concerned with what is in the minds of hearers and readers (e.g., Prince 1981; Lambrecht 1994). The underlying questions that are being investigated are: How free are speakers and writers to assign ‘Given’ or ‘New’ status to entities? Are there constraints on what they can do intonationally, or with definiteness, or with pronouns?

Based on extensive fieldwork in urban Kenya, this paper grapples with one thematic question and one conceptual question. On the thematic side, it considers the under-explored countertrend of Kenyans who, having turned to Pentecostalism, eventually return to their former, mainline-Protestant or Catholic denomination. Such reverting raises questions concerning personal attachments, social contexts and pressures, and the unidirectionality of born-again conversions. On the conceptual side, the paper frames this phenomenon using the notion of “return religious mobility”, which I propose is best suited to the lived-religion approach. More broadly, the paper emphasizes the ongoing relevance of people’s often-invisible religious histories, raising methodological and epistemological questions that go not only beyond formal membership binarism but also beyond the presentist bias as reflected through exclusive attention to de facto practice.

Lina Kostenko’s verse novel Marusia Churai is a unique phenomenon in the Ukrainian literature and has an inexhaustible potential for research. This paper is dedicated to Lina Kostenko’s 90thbirthday. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the question has not been adequately explored, since the existential dimensions of this work have received only fragmentary attention or have been briefly touched upon. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze existential basis of the work by the case of Marusia Churaivna. The research stream is “literature studies”, “the philosophy of literature”. On the basis of existentialist methodology introduced by a Danish philosopher S. Kierkegaard (later developed by A. Camus, J.-P. Sartre etc.), we can claim that both the analyzed novel itself and its protagonist in particular possess major existentialist features expressing deep poetic inner philosophy, which results in changes of outer existence. We can actually speak about Marusia Churaiivna’s paradigm of existence which forms her spiritual essense, personal (and im-personal) view on life (as “Me”-in-myself) and which she managed to live through: love/betrayal/pain/loneliness/otherness)/death.

Neste artigo, insistimos na defesa de uma proposta de conciliação teórica-metodológica entre duas teorias linguísticas preocupadas com a mudança linguística – a Gramaticalização e a Sociolinguística –, destacando o pioneirismo da Linguística brasileira na elaboração dessa proposta, que passou a ser conhecida como “Sociofuncionalismo”. Para tratar dos pontos de convergência e divergência entre Teoria da Gramaticalização e Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística, partimos dos trabalhos de Naro e Braga (2000) e de Görski e Tavares (2013, 200-?), por terem sido os primeiros a responderem questões relevantes que levariam ao trabalho de interface entre os dois modelos teóricos. Ilustramos essa proposta de conciliação com casos de perífrases verbais de aspecto cursivo que, resultantes de gramaticalização, podem ser abordadas sob perspectiva sociofuncionalista. Primeiramente testamos dois critérios de gramaticalização – frequência de uso e parâmetros de auxiliaridade – e depois mostramos os contextos de variação entre as perífrases, provando, assim, a pertinência da proposta.

A commonly stated critique of Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is a lack of attention to the client's emotional experience and the use of emotion as a mechanism for producing meaningful change. We review and define the current research regarding emotion, feeling, and affect and its value and relevance to the clinical application of SFBT. We also provide a brief history of the SFBT model and its documented emphasis on cognitive and behavioral change versus emotional change. In embodying the spirit of this approach for examining what works and doing more of it, we propose a next step of SFBT to more overtly attend to the emotional language of clients and to purposefully create emotional experiences with our clients. We demonstrate this by providing clinical examples for how SFBT practitioners can incorporate and build upon clients' emotional language to create emotionally-changing experiences to more broadly and effectively co-create long-lasting change.

This study summarizes the achievements of Ukrainian sociolinguistics at the turn of the 21st century in the field of studying the languages of national minorities in Ukraine. The relevance of the study lies in the influence of the new worldview paradigm. Its goal is to preserve and protect humanity’s unique cultural heritage, which is under threat of reduction or destruction. The topicality of sociolinguistic studies of the languages of national minorities is also associated with the changing socio-political context in post-Soviet countries, especially in Ukraine. Consequently, there is a need for sociolinguistic monitoring of the linguistic situation, as well as for studying the conditions and mechanisms of linguistic behavior of minorities in bilingual and multilingual regions. It is also important to develop practical recommendations on the balance of linguistic rights and cultural needs of Ukrainian ethnolinguistic communities. The study is presented as part of the research project entitled “Practices of language protection of the European linguistic and cultural space and the prospects for language policy in Ukraine” (2019–2023). The method of diachronic description allows us to trace the evolution of research ideas and the changes in methodological premises regarding the problems of language evolution in Ukraine from the times of the USSR to the present day.

Aim and objectives To describe nurses' experiences of using restraint in neurosurgical care. Background Despite reports of negative consequences, and conflicts with key values in healthcare, restraint measures are still practised in somatic healthcare worldwide. When using restraint, basic principles of nursing collide, creating dilemmas known to be perceived as difficult for many nurses. Patients in neurosurgical care are at high risk of being subjected to restraint, but research on nurses' experiences of using restraint in neurosurgical care are scarce. Design A qualitative, descriptive design guided by a naturalistic inquiry was used. Methods Semi-structured interviews with 15 nurses working in three neurosurgical departments in Sweden were analysed with inductive qualitative content analysis. COREQ reporting guidelines were used as reporting checklist. Results The analysis resulted in one overarching theme, The struggling professional, and two categories. The category Internal struggle describes nurses' conflicting emotions and internal struggle when engaging in restraint. The category The struggle in clinical practice, describes how nurses struggle with handling restraint in clinical practice, and how the use of restraint is based on individual assessment rather than guidelines. Conclusion Nurses' experience restraint in neurosurgical care as a multi-layered struggle, ranging from inner doubts to practical issues. In order to enhance patient safety, there is a need for policies and guidelines regarding the use of restraint, as well as structured discussions and reflections for nurses engaged in the practice. Relevance to clinical practice The results highlight the importance of clear guidelines, openness, support and teamwork for nurses working with patients at risk to be subjected to restraint, in order to create a safer care for patients as well as healthcare personnel. When developing guidelines and policies concerning restraint in somatic care, both practical issues such as the decision-making process, and the emotional effect on nurses should be considered.

The disruption era is a condition that is closely related to changes in the industrial world from the previous system. This era brings major changes in various fields of life because of the presence of technology that makes it easier and at the same time shifts the role of humans. The result is felt in all fields, including Christian religious education. Machines have replaced human tasks in a variety of actions that have caused humans to no longer be a resource that needs to be valued and employed. Responding to this problem, Christian Religious Education must be present as a means of growing faith and the character of Christ which can be a guide in facing and solving any problems in everyday life, including problems that arise in the era of disruption. This study aims to examine the relevance of problem-based learning strategies applied in Christian Religious Education learning as an answer to problems that occur in the era of disruption. The method used in revealing the relevance is descriptive qualitative. The results of the study indicate that the application of problem-based learning strategies in Christian Religious Education is relevant, effective, and efficient in responding to the challenges and needs in the era of disruption. This is because students will be equipped with soft skills so that they are able to solve problems creatively and innovatively but still adhere to the character of Christ. AbstrakEra disrupsi merupakan keadaan yang erat dengan perubahan pada dunia industri dari sistem sebelumnya. Era ini membawa perubahan besar pada berbagai bidang kehidupan karena hadirnya teknologi yang mempermudah sekaligus menggeser peranan manusia. Akibatnya sangat terasa dalam segala bidang, termasuk pendidikan Agama Kristen. Mesin telah menggantikan tugas manusia dalam berbagai macam tindakan yang menyebabkan manusia tidak lagi menjadi sumber daya yang perlu dihargai dan dipekerjakan. Menanggapi masalah itu, Pendidikan Agama Kristen harus hadir sebagai sarana menumbuhkan iman dan karakter Kristus yang dapat menjadi pedoman dalam menghadapi dan menyelesaikan masalah apapun di kehidupan sehari-hari termasuk permasalahan yang timbul di era disrupsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji relevansi strategi pembelajaran berbasis masalah yang diterapkan dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen sebagai jawaban atas masalah yang terjadi di era disrupsi. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengungkap relevansi itu adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan strategi pembelajaran berbasis masalah dalam Pendidikan Agama Kristen merupakan hal yang relevan, efektif, dan efisien menjawab tantangan serta kebutuhan di era disrupsi. Hal ini karena peserta didik akan diperlengkapi dengan soft skill sehingga mampu menyelesaikan masalah secara kreatif dan inovatif namun tetap berpegang dengan karakter Kristus.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the authorities tasked to fight against money laundering in Tanzania and appraise the efficacy of the country’s anti-money institutional framework to tackle the problem. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on a qualitative research and data generated from the analysis of documentary materials. It surveys the anti-money laundering (AML) law in Tanzania to describe the legal and institutional frameworks for tackling money laundering. It explores law-related and non-law aspects to interrogate and appraise the efficacy of Tanzania’s AML law and authorities. The qualitative data were generated using the thematic content analysis technique. Findings The law in Tanzania establishes authorities and vests them with powers to combat money laundering. The authorities, which are part of Tanzania’s AML institutional framework, have been instrumental in combating money laundering. Nevertheless, several law-related and non-law factors emasculate the efficacy of the AML law and authorities in Tanzania. Some political and economic factors wear off the effectiveness of the country’s AML institutional framework. The transnational nature and complexity of money laundering overwhelm the capacity of the AML authorities in Tanzania. Practical implications The paper provides useful insights on money laundering and the legal regime to counteract the scourge in Tanzania which sets up the country’s AML institutional framework. It raises some issues for researchers, policymakers and law enforcers who can re-examine the problem and revisit the law and re-evaluate authorities and propose measures that will enable the government to reinforce the country’s AML regime. The paper makes a case for the government to implement the reforms of the country’s AML policy, legal and institutional frameworks. Originality/value The paper investigates issues relating to money laundering and its control in Tanzania beyond the legal perspective to uncover limitations and challenges that emasculate the efficacy of the AML authorities in the Tanzanian context. The issues examined in this paper are not unique to Tanzania and, hence, have relevance to other jurisdictions in sub-Saharan Africa.

This article offers an approach to the citizenship training experiences of young people who attend secondary schools in Argentina. After reviewing and systematizing part of the studies that have focused on issues related to citizenship education, it is based on the relevance of incorporating the analysis of the "discussions" of controversial issues that take place daily in schools. In this sense, an attempt is made to show how the ethnographic approach, which implies the prolonged presence of the researcher in the field, makes it possible to identify and closely monitor the ways in which the relationships between students, teachers and parents are structured. In this way, it is possible to distinguish and analyze a series of processes in which different and unequal ways of constructing citizenship are expressed.

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), a popular measure of personality, psychopathology, and interpersonal functioning, has demonstrated utility to address various psycholegal questions. This case law review examines a large sample of randomly selected published U.S. case law decisions to ascertain how the PAI has been applied and considered by legal decision makers. The review indicates the instrument is popular in criminal and civil legal settings, particularly in preadjudication forensic mental health evaluations (e.g., competency to proceed) and cases considering social security disability benefits. Forensic evaluators and legal actors primarily consider the results of the PAI as indicators of examinee impression management, psychopathology, and interpersonal functioning, although this varied by psycholegal context. The admissibility of the instrument was rarely challenged, although some challenges to the forensic evaluator's interpretation and conclusions emerged. Despite the PAI's popularity, the utility of the instrument is determined by specific, empirically supported, contexts. As such, forensic evaluators must consider how the PAI may inform decision making given examinee characteristics and the psycholegal question.

Relevance. The development of a system for providing emergency psychological assistance to minors in our country involves taking into account the leading international experience, both in terms of the practice of providing emergency psychological assistance and at the level of its methodological support.Intention. To review the key aspects of international experience in providing emergency psychological assistance to minors.Methodology. The object of the work was scientific articles indexed in the abstract-bibliographic database of the Russian Science Citation Index, and articles included in international databases.Results and Discussion. There were analyzed the main meta-analytical reviews, as well as data on the implementation of the emergency psychological assistance system in different countries. The article considers such characteristics of emergency psychological assistance as types, terms, place and agents of rendering, as well as the main modalities of psychological practice in which psychological support and assistance to minors is provided. The degree of methodological development of the problem of providing emergency psychological assistance to minors in the international community is revealed through the analysis of two main guidelines with recommendations in relation to working with stress reactions in emergency situations for children and adolescents.Conclusion. The variability of embedding the system for providing emergency psychological assistance both in the structure of the educational sphere and in various departments in different countries makes it possible to reasonably choose the optimal model, taking into account the realities of our country in general and regional characteristics in particular.

The EU chemical strategy for sustainability places a high focus on endocrine-disrupting chemicals (ED), the importance of their identification with increased testing and a ban in consumer products by a generic approach. It is assumed that for ED no threshold and hence no safe dose exists, leading to this generic approach. This view appears to be linked to the claim that for ED ‘low-dose non-monotonic dose response’ (low-dose NMDR) effects are observed. Without this hypothesis, there are no scientific reasons why classical risk assessment cannot be applied to the ED mode-of-action. Thus, whether for ED low-dose NMDR effects are considered a reproducible scientific fact by European authorities is Gretchen’s question in this politicized field. Recent documents by the SCCS, EFSA and ECHA reviewed herein illustrate the diverging views within European scientific bodies on this issue. Furthermore, ED researchers never replicated findings on low-dose NMDR in blinded inter-laboratory experiments and the CLARITY-BPA core studies could not find evidence for reproducible NMDR for BPA. ECHA proposes a battery of in vitro tests to test all chemicals for ED properties. However, these tests were never validated for relevance and their high positivity rate could lead to increased follow-up animal testing. Based on (i) lack of reproducibility data for low-dose NMDR, (ii) diverging views within European authorities on NMDR and (iii) lack of fully validated in vitro test methods it might be premature to fast-track the wide-ranging changes in the regulatory landscape proposed by the authorities ultimately leading to drastically increased animal testing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00204-021-03152-7.