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Abstract The GSTRIDE database contains information of the health status assessment of 163 elderly adults. We provide socio-demographic data, functional and frailty variables, and the outcomes from tests commonly performed for the evaluation of elder people. The database contains gait parameters estimated from the measurements of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) placed on the foot of volunteers. These parameters include the total walking distance, the number of strides and multiple spatio-temporal gait parameters, such as stride length, stride time, speed, foot angles and clearance, among others. The main processed database is stored, apart from MS Excel, in CSV format to ensure their usability. The database is complemented with the raw IMU recordings in TXT format, in order to let researchers test other algorithms of gait analysis. We include the Python programming codes as a base to reproduce or modify them. The database stores data to study the frailty-related parameters that distinguish faller and non-faller populations, and analyze the gait-related parameters in the frail subjects, which are essential topics for the elderly.

Cuando Alexander Kluge introdujo el concepto de "fuerza productiva femenina" en los debates del movimiento de mujeres a mediados de la década de 1970, lo hizo como parte de una discusión de larga data sobre la "esfera pública" (Öffentlichkeit). El tema de la esfera pública había sido una de las principales preocupaciones de la izquierda en la República Federal —desde las protestas contra la energía nuclear (Ostermarschierer) de los años 50 y 60 hasta el movimiento estudiantil. Cualesquiera hayan sido sus causas particulares, estos movimientos invocaban la tradición ilustrada de las democracias occidentales a las que la República Federal pretendía haberse unido. Como "oposición extraparlamentaria", la izquierda pretendía promover el proceso democrático — el “proceso de maduración” del pueblo alemán— en contraste con el control que el pasado nacionalsocialista seguía ejerciendo sobre las instituciones políticas, jurídicas, sociales y culturales. El influyente estudio de Jürgen Habermas, La transformación estructural de la esfera pública, personificó este interés crítico por la tradición liberal de la esfera pública.

En este texto, Schlüpmann revisa el concepto de la feminidad como fuerza productiva en la obra de Kluge y los límites de su concepción a la hora de plantear la posobilidad de una esfera pública de la mujer. La autora parte de que la apropiación que hace Kluge de la obra de Horkheimer es unilateral y, como consecuencia de ello, solo es capaz de captar la fuerza emancipadora de la esfera pública de la mujer idealizando trabajo reproductivo y del cuidado, sin aclarar realmente los problemas que esto acarrea. Este texto es la traducción al español del texto en inglés de Heide Schlüpmann.

La auditoría de cumplimiento constituye una auditoría avanzada de la administración moderna, ya que su objetivo fundamental es la verificación de los asuntos internos y temas específicos de una parte o de las operaciones financieras o administrativas, de determinadas hechos o de situaciones especiales y responden a una solicitud determinada, la investigación realizada se dirige precisamente al desarrollo de este tipo de auditoria que en Cuba adquiere mayor relevancia al encontrase inmersa en un proceso de cambios en correspondencia con la actualización de su nuevo modelo económico; que dentro de sus estrategias destaca la de implementar una política encaminada a propiciar el empleo racional de los recursos energéticos. Al revisar el proceso de producción en la UEB OBE Florida se detectaron violaciones en las inspecciones realizadas en las auditorías internas en las temáticas de inventario, combustible, sistema de pagos y comercial, por tanto, la investigación se centra en cómo evaluar el sistema de control interno de la actividad comercial en la UEB OBE de Florida. Trazando como objetivo general elaborar un programa de auditoria de cumplimiento al control interno de la actividad comercial en la UEB OBE Florida; considerando una novedad práctica la aplicación del programa a este tipo de actividad comercial por el impacto que tiene en la población por lo sensible del servicio que presta. Posibilitando evaluar sus acciones y el desempeño de la gerencia de la organización.

The inhibition exerted by ethanolic extracts of coffee mucilage on the growth of bacteria was studied by microdilution in agar. The growth inhibition effect was evaluated for pathogenic or food spoilage related bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Alcaligenes sp. (UCR277), Serratia sp. (UCR299), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC4698), Escherichia coli (ATCC35150), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (ATCC 13311) and Listeria monocytogenes (SLCC4013)) and for bacteria associated with human intestinal biota (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum). The most effective growth inhibition was observed for B. cereus (ATCC14579). The content of chlorogenic acid and caffeine in the ethanolic extracts was quantified by HPLC/DAD. The chlorogenic acid content in the extracts ranged from 2.67 to 4.76 mg/ml, while the caffeine content ranged from 1.24 to 6.48 mg/ml. Although ethanolic extracts of coffee berry mucilage inhibited the growth of B. cereus, this inhibition does not seem to be related to the caffeine or chlorogenic acid contents.

Background: The World Health Organization recommends health initiatives focused on the early detection of frailty and falls. Objectives: 1—To compare clinical characteristics, functional performance and gait parameters (estimated with the G-STRIDE inertial sensor) between different frailty groups in older adults with and without falls. 2—To identify variables that stratify participants according to frailty status and falls. 3—To verify the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the model that stratifies participants according to frailty status and falls. Methods: Observational, multicenter case-control study. Participants, adults over 70 years with and without falls were recruited from two outpatient clinics and three nursing homes from September 2021 to March 2022. Clinical variables and gait parameters were gathered using the G-STRIDE inertial sensor. Random Forest regression was applied to stratify participants. Results: 163 participants with a mean age of 82.6 ± 6.2 years, of which 118 (72%) were women, were included. Significant differences were found in all gait parameters (both conventional assessment and G-STRIDE evaluation). A hierarchy of factors contributed to the risk of frailty and falls. The confusion matrix and the performance metrics demonstrated high accuracy in classifying participants. Conclusions: Gait parameters, particularly those assessed by G-STRIDE, are effective in stratifying individuals by frailty status and falls. These findings underscore the importance of gait analysis in early intervention strategies.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped DNA virus transmitted through skin-to-skin contact that infects epithelial and mucosal tissue. It has over 200 known genotypes, classified by their pathogenicity as high-risk and low-risk categories. High-risk HPV genotypes are associated with the development of different types of cancers, including cervical cancer, which is a leading cause of mortality in women. In clinical practice and the market, the principal tests used to detect HPV are based on cytology, hybrid detection, and qPCR. However, these methodologies may not be ideal for the required timely diagnosis. Tests have been developed based on isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests (INAATs) as alternatives. These tests offer multiple advantages over the qPCR, such as not requiring specialized laboratories, highly trained personnel, or expensive equipment like thermocyclers. This review analyzes the different INAATs applied for the detection of HPV, considering the specific characteristics of each test, including the HPV genotypes, gene target, the limit of detection (LOD), detection methods, and detection time. Additionally, we discuss the tests available on the market that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Finally, we address the challenges and potential solutions for the large-scale implementation of INAATs, particularly in rural or underserved areas.

Exercise therapy is the first-line intervention recommended for those with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). Smartphone technologies (mHealth) represent a feasible means for exercise prescription and individualization. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to identify factors associated with changes in pain and function following mHealth-based exercise therapy in patients with CMP. CINAHL (via EBSCOhost), Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTdiscus were searched from inception to February 2023. Observational and controlled clinical trials with correlation or regression analysis of factors associated with the effect of mHealth exercise interventions on pain and function were included. The risk of bias, completeness of interventions, spin of information, and certainty in the evidence were evaluated. Eight studies with 51,755 participants were included. Reduced pain intensity after intervention was associated with higher physical function: r (95% CI) = −0.55 (−0.67 to −0.41); I2 = 86%, Tau2 = 0.02; p < 0.01. Meta-regression identified the Body Mass Index (BMI), exercise dose, and completion rate as potential moderators between changes in pain and physical function following mHealth exercise therapy. No association was found between pain and anxiety: r (95% CI) = 0.15 (−0.08 to 0.37); I2 = 87%, Tau2 = 0.02; p = 0.19. Very low certainty in the evidence was observed due to serious concerns regarding the risk of bias, inconsistency, and indirectness. The limited available evidence detracts from the clinical interpretation of the findings.

Bacterial symbionts in insects constitute a key factor for the survival of the host due to the benefits they provide. Parasitoid wasps are closely associated with viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, the primary symbionts and their functions are not yet known. This study was undertaken to determine the gut microbiota of six species of the Telenomus genus: T. alecto (Crawford), T. sulculus Johnson, T. fariai Costa Lima, T. remus Nixon, T. podisi Ashmead, and T. lobatus Johnson & Bin. Wasp parasitoids were collected from their hosts in different locations in Mexico. DNA was extracted from gut collection, and sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA was carried out in Illumina® MiSeq™. Among the six species of wasps, results showed that the most abundant phylum were Proteobacteria (82.3%), Actinobacteria (8.1%), and Firmicutes (7.8%). The most important genera were Delftia and Enterobacter. Seventeen bacteria species were found to be shared among the six species of wasps. The associate microbiota will help to understand the physiology of Telenomus to promote the use of these wasp parasitoids in the management of insect pests and as potential biomarkers to target new strategies to control pests.

Abstract Background Luminal A tumours generally have a favourable prognosis but possess the highest 10‐year recurrence risk among breast cancers. Additionally, a quarter of the recurrence cases occur within 5 years post‐diagnosis. Identifying such patients is crucial as long‐term relapsers could benefit from extended hormone therapy, while early relapsers might require more aggressive treatment. Methods We conducted a study to explore non‐structural chromosome maintenance condensin I complex subunit H’s (NCAPH) role in luminal A breast cancer pathogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo, aiming to identify an intratumoural gene expression signature, with a focus on elevated NCAPH levels, as a potential marker for unfavourable progression. Our analysis included transgenic mouse models overexpressing NCAPH and a genetically diverse mouse cohort generated by backcrossing. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) multivariate regression analysis was performed on transcripts associated with elevated intratumoural NCAPH levels. Results We found that NCAPH contributes to adverse luminal A breast cancer progression. The intratumoural gene expression signature associated with elevated NCAPH levels emerged as a potential risk identifier. Transgenic mice overexpressing NCAPH developed breast tumours with extended latency, and in Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV)‐NCAPHErbB2 double‐transgenic mice, luminal tumours showed increased aggressiveness. High intratumoural Ncaph levels correlated with worse breast cancer outcome and subpar chemotherapy response. A 10‐gene risk score, termed Gene Signature for Luminal A 10 (GSLA10), was derived from the LASSO analysis, correlating with adverse luminal A breast cancer progression. Conclusions The GSLA10 signature outperformed the Oncotype DX signature in discerning tumours with unfavourable outcomes, previously categorised as luminal A by Prediction Analysis of Microarray 50 (PAM50) across three independent human cohorts. This new signature holds promise for identifying luminal A tumour patients with adverse prognosis, aiding in the development of personalised treatment strategies to significantly improve patient outcomes.

Esta investigación examina la filosofía de las artes marciales de Bruce Lee, con un enfoque particular en su método único de jeet kune do, para abordar el vacío de rigor científico en el análisis de su metodología marcial. El estudio adopta una estrategia de estudio de caso y emplea el análisis de contenido utilizando el software MaxQDA v.11. Una selección de la literatura oficial de Lee, priorizando escritos inalterados y aquellos que reflejan su pensamiento directo, conforman la muestra de investigación. Los hallazgos principales destacan el desarrollo por parte de Lee de las cinco vías de ataque, demostrando un complejo conocimiento del tiempo, la distancia y el ritmo. Su énfasis en la adaptabilidad en combate resalta la interacción dinámica entre maniobras ofensivas y defensivas. La preferencia de Lee por la parada sobre el bloqueo, su enfoque en la esquiva y conceptos estratégicos como las siete estrellas y los tres frentes subrayan la importancia de proteger las áreas vitales del cuerpo. En resumen, la filosofía de las artes marciales de Bruce Lee se caracteriza por la adaptabilidad, la toma de decisiones estratégicas y la ejecución técnica eficiente. Su enfoque, en constante evolución y rechazando resultados de combate preconcebidos, se sustenta en principios de simplicidad, economía, fluidez y espontaneidad. Este complejo sistema integra estrategias ofensivas y defensivas, reflejando su compromiso con el refinamiento de las artes marciales en una disciplina práctica y reactiva.

IntroductionExisting research does not provide definitive conclusions on the most effective initiatives for preventing malnutrition among older adult residents in nursing homes.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess whether a nutrition education intervention provided to nursing home managers can improve dietary managerial decisions within nursing homes.MethodsWe performed a multicenter study, where each center was randomized to an intervention or a control group. To ensure homogeneous group representation, we stratified the sample based on the facility size and the availability of kitchen equipment. The baseline survey contained questions related to center characteristics, kitchen size and availability of cooking tools, availability of different daily menu options and the staff working in the kitchen. The follow-up survey included questions about the staff responsible for making nutritional decisions, the degree of food handling, the availability of texture-modification tools, and the residents' satisfaction. We use ordered probit regression models to estimate the effect of the educational intervention on decisions around food management.ResultsFrom the 238 nursing homes that responded to the initial survey, 176 were followed-up; 56 were allocated to the intervention group and 120 to the control group. There were 53.32 residents per center among the treated group and 40.82 residents in the non-treated institutions. The intervention increased by 24% the nursing homes' probability of increasing their stock of texture-modification tools, which rose to 26% after controlling for the effect of receiving specific training on textures or presentation, compared to the control group.ConclusionsThe intervention improved managerial decisions in nursing homes concerning meal presentation through an increase in the number of cooking tools. Incorporating structured and comprehensive sessions to improve food texture and presentation could help fight the risk of residents' malnutrition.

IntroductionPersonalized programs of integrated strength and balance activities have been shown their effectiveness in falls reduction in the older adults.ObjectiveTo measure whether a group intervention with the strength and balance principles of the sLiFE program is more effective than standard health advice in reducing the incidence of falls.MethodsThe study will comprise 650 participants with more than 65 years who live at home, observing established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants will be randomly assigned in two groups: group intervention (n = 325) and standard health advice (n = 325). The intervention group will follow the balance and strength activities described in the LiFE program manual. The group intervention will be carried out in groups of 12–14 and will consist of seven one-hour sessions over 12 weeks in health centres. Incidence of falls and quality of life will be assessed as primary outcome variables. Fear of falling and exercise adherence will be analysed as secondary outcome variables.DiscussionPhysical activity has been put forward as an effective treatment technique for these patients; however, long-term adherence to these programs remains a challenge. Group interventions could reduce dropout rates.ConclusionFalls represent a major health problem globally due to the disability they cause in older people. Prevention would help reduce not only their incidence but also the health costs derived from their treatment. Group intervention helps clinicians to save resources and time, being able to attend more people with the same quality of care.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05912088?distance=50&term=NCT05912088&rank=1, identifier NCT05912088.

ABSTRACTHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) modulates cellular metabolism to support productive infection, and the HCMV UL38 protein drives many aspects of this HCMV-induced metabolic program. However, it remains to be determined whether virally induced metabolic alterations might induce novel therapeutic vulnerabilities in virally infected cells. Here, we explore how HCMV infection and the UL38 protein modulate cellular metabolism and how these changes alter the response to nutrient limitation. We find that expression of UL38, either in the context of HCMV infection or in isolation, sensitizes cells to glucose limitation resulting in cell death. This sensitivity is mediated through UL38’s inactivation of the TSC complex subunit 2 (TSC2) protein, a central metabolic regulator that possesses tumor-suppressive properties. Furthermore, expression of UL38 or the inactivation of TSC2 results in anabolic rigidity, in that the resulting increased levels of fatty acid biosynthesis are insensitive to glucose limitation. This failure to regulate fatty acid biosynthesis in response to glucose availability sensitizes cells to glucose limitation, resulting in cell death unless fatty acid biosynthesis is inhibited. These experiments identify a regulatory circuit between glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis that is critical for cell survival upon glucose limitation and highlight a metabolic vulnerability associated with viral infection and the inactivation of normal metabolic regulatory controls.IMPORTANCEViruses modulate host cell metabolism to support the mass production of viral progeny. For human cytomegalovirus, we find that the viral UL38 protein is critical for driving these pro-viral metabolic changes. However, our results indicate that these changes come at a cost, as UL38 induces an anabolic rigidity that leads to a metabolic vulnerability. We find that UL38 decouples the link between glucose availability and fatty acid biosynthetic activity. Normal cells respond to glucose limitation by down-regulating fatty acid biosynthesis. Expression of UL38 results in the inability to modulate fatty acid biosynthesis in response to glucose limitation, which results in cell death. We find this vulnerability in the context of viral infection, but this linkage between fatty acid biosynthesis, glucose availability, and cell death could have broader implications in other contexts or pathologies that rely on glycolytic remodeling, for example, oncogenesis.

BackgroundBehavioral and substance addictions are prevalent health problems that, alongside obesity, are linked to reduced physical activity and increased sedentary time. Similarly, arterial stiffness and vascular aging are processes that begin gradually at an early age and are closely associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. The main objective of this study is to analyze how addictions are related to obesity and body fat distribution, physical activity, sedentary time, arterial stiffness and vascular aging, as well as sleep quality, cognitive function and gender differences in young adults aged between 18 and 34 years.MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive observational study will analyze data from 500 subjects (250 men and 250 women) aged 18–34 without cardiovascular disease, selected by simple random sampling with replacement from the urban population of the city center of Salamanca (34,044 people aged 18–34, with 18,450 women and 15,594 men). Behavioral and substance addictions, as well as sleep quality and cognitive impairment will be assessed using questionnaires. The Pittisburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used to measure sleep quality and the Ford questionnaire will be used to measure insomnia in response to stress. For obesity, weight, height, waist and hip circumference, body composition will be measured with the Inbody 230® impedance meter. For physical activity and sedentary time, we will use the Actigraph® accelerometer alongside the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Marshall questionnaire. The Sphygmocor System® will be used for pulse wave analysis and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), while the Vasera VS-2000® will measure cardio ankle vascular index (CAVI) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Vascular aging will be calculated with the 10th and 90th percentiles of cfPWV or baPWV. Demographic, analytical variables will be collected, as will data to assess vascular, cardiac, renal, and brain injury.DiscussionAddictions are on the rise in today’s society, affecting the mental health and well-being of those who suffer from them, generating important social problems such as job loss, family dysfunction, debt and social isolation. Together with obesity, they are prevalent health problems in young adults and are associated with lower physical activity and higher sedentary time. Meanwhile, arterial stiffness and vascular aging are processes that begin gradually at an early age and determine morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases. The results of this project will allow us to understand the situation regarding behavioral and substance addictions in young adults. Better understanding of these addictions will in turn facilitate the development of more effective prevention strategies and intervention programs, which can then reduce the negative impact at both the individual and societal levels.Clinical trial registration[ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT05819840].

Se realizó una revisión de la literatura actual para determinar el papel de la uretroplastia en el tratamiento de la estenosis uretral que afecta al 0.6% de los hombres. La etiología de estenosis uretral anterior puede ser por causas iatrogénicas, traumáticas, inflamatorias e idiopáticas. La etiología de estenosis uretral posterior es fractura pélvica. Los síntomas son inespecíficos y pueden incluir síntomas del tracto urinario inferior, así como infecciones. La uretrografía retrógrada es el estudio de elección para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento se clasifica en dos grupos: cirugía abierta (uretroplastia formal) y cirugía transuretral endoscópica. La uretroplastia es un tratamiento duradero y definitivo. En estenosis cortas, < 2 cm, la uretroplastia de escisión y anastomosis primaria es muy satisfactoria, con una tasa de éxito superior al 90% en procedimientos primarios y repetidos. En estenosis > 2 cm, la uretroplastia de ampliación con injerto en posición dorsal o ventral de mucosa oral es la técnica ideal, con resultados exitosos a largo plazo en el 90% de los pacientes. La longitud de la estenosis es el factor pronóstico principal y el criterio mayor empleado para decidir el tipo de tratamiento. La espongiofibrosis es otro factor determinante del tratamiento adecuado y del pronóstico final.

BackgroundCurrently, vaccination of livestock with attenuated strains of Brucella remains an essential measure for controlling brucellosis, although these vaccines may be dangerous to humans. The aim of this study was to review the risk posed to humans by occupational exposure to vaccine strains and the measures that should be implemented to minimize this risk.MethodsThis article reviewed the scientific literature indexed in PubMed up to September 30, 2023, following "the PRISMA guidelines". Special emphasis was placed on the vaccine strain used and the route of exposure. Non-occupational exposure to vaccine strains, intentional human inoculation, publications on exposure to wild strains, and secondary scientific sources were excluded from the study.ResultsNineteen primary reports were found and classified in three subgroups: safety accidents in vaccine factories that led to an outbreak (n = 2), survellaince studies on vaccine manufacturing workers with a serologic diagnosis of Brucella infection (n = 3), and publications of infection by vaccine strains during their administration, including case reports, records of occupational accidents and investigations of outbreaks in vaccination campaigns (n = 14). Although accidental exposure during vaccine manufacturing were uncommon, they could provoke large outbreaks through airborne spread with risk of spread to the neighboring population. Besides, despite strict protection measures, a percentage of vaccine manufacturing workers developed positive Brucella serology without clinical infection. The most frequent type of exposure with symptomatic infection was needle injury during vaccine administration. Prolonged contact with the pathogen, lack of information and a low adherence to personal protective equipment (PPE) use in the work environment were commonly associated with infection.ConclusionsBrucella vaccines pose occupational risk of contagion to humans from their production to their administration to livestock, although morbidity is low and deaths were not reported. Recommended protective measures and active surveillance of exposed workers appeared to reduce this risk. It would be advisable to carry out observational studies and/or systematic registries using solid diagnostic criteria.

Con la Ley 1819 de 2016 se incluyó el régimen ECE, el cual fue motivado por la OCDE por la Acción 3 de BEPS. La aplicación de este régimen se encuentra regulado en los artículos 882 a 893 del Estatuto Tributario con sus seis pilares. El régimen ECE se origina cuando una sociedad en el exterior sin residencia fiscal en Colombia es controlada por uno o más residentes fiscales colombianos, según las normas de vinculación del artículo 260.1 del Estatuto Tributario. Sin embargo, en este régimen la normatividad puede ser compleja para su aplicación y se pueden derivar distintas interpretaciones. Partiendo de esta premisa, este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las problemáticas en la aplicación del régimen de entidades controladas del exterior (ECE) en Colombia para las personas jurídicas. Para tal fin, se aplicó una metodología bajo el enfoque cualitativo que usó la entrevista para la recolección de información.

El tratamiento de los delitos sexuales contiene una historia simbólica cargada de trayectorias importantes que develan la construcción del género en cierta colectividad, su relación con la criminalidad y, a su vez, las interrelaciones que desde ahí se tejieron con la formulación de las identidades bajo el paradigma de nación. Avanzando en esta senda entendemos mejor que varias de esas formas jurídicas, leídas con una óptica histórica, perpetúan un diseño social para mantener relaciones desiguales y jerarquizadas entre hombres y mujeres. El presente trabajo, a través del estudio al delito de estupro, documenta la historia de la criminalidad a la seducción desde su uso en tiempos de la Monarquía Hispánica y hasta muy entrada la República en Colombia, pasando por el tratamiento que también se le dio durante la Nueva Granada. Nuestro acercamiento muestra las conveniencias políticas, sociales e ideológicas de los discursos que, basados en el catolicismo y un régimen colonial, justificaron este tipo de persecuciones penales y las mantuvieron vigentes pese a las necesarias transformaciones reivindicativas de derechos, y transformadoras de estereotipos y roles para las mujeres en Colombia.

El nuevo Código Penal cubano aprobado por la Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular en mayo de 2022 es el resultado del mandato que impuso la Constitución de la República de 2019. Esta importante normativa es parte de la reforma legislativa de mayor calado realizada en la historia cubana y que en el ámbito penal abarcó los órdenes sustantivo y adjetivo e, incluso, por vez primera se aprobó una Ley de Ejecución Penal. Este artículo constituye un acercamiento a las principales novedades que introdujo el legislador ordinario en la parte general de nuestra ley penal, desde la mirada de los fundamentos dogmáticos modernos y de Política Criminal. Como criterio metodológico se realiza un estudio descriptivo con apoyo en los métodos análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción y exegético-jurídico. De este modo se procura generar un debate que propicie una correcta interpretación y aplicación de esta importante disposición normativa en nuestra práctica judicial.

This critical review describes research on affective and sexual development in early childhood in preschool and childcare settings. Studies are analyzed from the point of view of the regulatory and operational frameworks on which education on this topic in Costa Rica is based. The review was carried out using 4 international databases, examining empirical studies and review studies. Costa Rica has put in place a broad national-level policy framework that supports a comprehensive understanding of affective-sexual development from infancy. However, implementation of the policy in the national preschool program does not always meet the framework’s standards. We find that the risk of sexual abuse tends to be prioritized in early sexual-affective education. Sexual-affective development is often addressed from a moralistic standpoint, advising for instance that the genitals should be named only in the last levels of preschool and not when the other parts of the body are first named. From a health-promotional perspective on national childcare and early education, we here propose a broader view that takes fully into account the complexities around the social determinants of sexual-affective development. We conclude that an update of the preschool program is required, accompanied by continuous training for staff and families of infants.

Aunque el palmiche se ha estudiado en la alimentación de animales monogástricos, poco se conoce acerca de su viabilidad desde el punto de vista económico en pollos de ceba. Por ello, el estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar económicamente el empleo de harina de palmiche, del fruto de la palma real (Roystonea regia), en la alimentación de pollos de engorde. Se tomaron los datos de las dietas experimentales, así como de los resultados de comportamiento productivo de los animales, se tuvieron en cuenta los costos directos involucrados en la elaboración de la harina y se estimaron los costos de las dietas y los indicadores económicos de interés para los diferentes tratamientos (0, 5 %, 10 % y 15 % de inclusión de harina de palmiche en la ración). Además, se determinó la sostenibilidad económica del sistema ante la inclusión de la harina en la dieta. En todos los casos, los costos de la dieta y de alimentación disminuyeron cuando se incrementó la inclusión de la harina de palmiche. Los costos de alimentación por tonelada de peso vivo producido se redujeron en un 4,31 % y un 2,35 % para los tratamientos de 10 % y 15 % de inclusión de harina de palmiche en la ración, respectivamente. Se concluye que la inclusión de harina de palmiche hasta el 15 % en la dieta de pollos de ceba constituye una alternativa sostenible económicamente, más aún que se trata de un recurso alimenticio de producción local que contribuye a la sustitución de importaciones de materias primas tradicionales y costosas.