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The transhipment method is using a cable trolley system. The two ships are moving on parallel way inthe same direction, between them is suspended carrying the trolley wire. Transhipment of goods is made usingcontainer boxes which are caught by the trolley load jacks. The method offers the advantage of highproductivity, regardless of sea conditions. Basically, the system is usable at high degree of agitation of the sea.Slack in the cable carrier is assured by an automatic tension-adjusting device.

The paper presents the results of the research on the influence of the evolution hardness scheme rolled steel, for the cold-rolled strip steel St 12. St 12 is intended for the manufacture of cold rolled strip stamping properties environments. We studied three variants of rolling with the same degree of deformation. The total = 60% of the samples submitted to the research were divided into 3 groups. Samples from the first group were rolled with uniform reduction coefficient increased from the first to the last pass. Samples from the second group were rolled with constant coefficients decreased from the first to the last pass. Samples of the third group were rolled with uniform reduction coefficient decreased from the first to the last pass. By statistical processing of the experimental data was done correlation HRB = f (ε) using an equation like: HRB = HRB0 + a × εb from which the mathematical calculations specific led to obtain equations curves hardening for the three kinds of rolling schemes. Following research consisting in observing as steel hardening analyzed has a very high speed we can say that the limit of plasticity of the material cold rolling is more than 60% where cracks are observed.

The roll motion of the vehicle has an effect on the yaw natural frequency. Because the yaw natural frequency formula considering this effect is the solution to a quartic equation, the expression of the formula is thought to be complex and incomprehensible. Accordingly, a seemingly comprehensible approximate formula was suggested in the former paper. In this approximation process, it was assumed that the cornering forces of the front and rear wheels are generated simultaneously. On the other hand, a later report have indicated that the yaw resonance when the vehicle drives at a certain speed has a cornering forces phase difference of 90 degrees between the front and rear wheels. Therefore this paper formulates the yaw natural frequency and yaw damping ratio assuming the phase difference to be 90 degrees. As results of that, qualitatively, the design variables that dominate the characteristic equation are appropriately included in the yaw natural frequency and yaw damping ratio formulas, and quantitatively, the approximation error is reduced. Consequently, these formulas are believed to be more appropriate than the previously proposed formulas. These formulas indicate that, when the load distribution ratio of the front wheels becomes larger, the yaw natural frequency decreases and the yaw damping ratio increases. In addition, this paper also indicates the scope of these approximate formulas quantitatively.

In the article presents a new approach to processing results of geodetic observations of the highrise buildings displacements. As a result of three cycles of observations of the spatial position of deformation marks on the facade of high-rise buildings have been obtained displacements, the nature of which does not allow to correctly determine the nature of the deformation of the building. The obtained values of displacements may correspond to the roll, the bend or twist of the building, as well as combinations of these types of deformations. In this paper, we propose a method for analyzing displacements of a high-rise building with the approximation of the results of observations by spatial curves. The equations of a line, parabolic curve, helix and conical helix were investigated. The technique of construction of displacements approximation models was gave. The approach evaluating the quality of construction of the proposed models was considered. The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed methodic. On the example of results processing of the experimental observations performed construction of displacements models. The optimal solution is obtained using a helix equation. This equation can be used for calculating the twist and bend of structures and for predicting future displacements.

On the basis of catenary equation the swath configuration in the pickup zone has been simulated. It permits to an alyze the pickup process and the fingers — roll interaction in all pickup zones for the purpose of crop waste saving.

For the purpose of revealing the causes of grain loss after the canvas conveyer pick-up with roll, the interaction nature of its fingers in the pickup zone is determined. It is observed that the basic losses after the picker in the pickup zone of the roll are caused by its deformed fingers. The dependence of the grain loss on the deformation of picker’s fingers has been established.

This paper proposes a system utilizing a Renishaw XL80 positioning error measuring interferometer and sensitivity analysis design to measure six-degree-of-freedom (6 DOF) geometric errors of a machine tool’s linear guide. Each error is characterized by high independence with significantly reduced crosstalk, and error calculations are extremely fast and accurate. Initially, the real light path was simulated using Zemax. Then, Matlab’s skew ray tracing method was used to perform mathematical modeling and ray matching. Each error’s sensitivity to the sensor was then analyzed, and curve fitting was used to simplify and speed up the mathematical model computations. Finally, Solidworks was used to design the set of system modules, bringing the proposed system closer to a product. This system measured actual 6 DOF geometric errors of a machine tool’s linear guide, and a comparison is made with the Renishaw XL-80 interferometer measurements. The resulting pitch, yaw, horizontal straightness, and vertical straightness error deviation ranges are ±0.5 arcsec, ±3.6 arcsec, ±2.1 μm, and ±2.3 μm, respectively. The maximum repeatability deviations for the measured guide’s pitch, yaw, roll, horizontal straightness, vertical straightness, and positioning errors are 0.4 arcsec, 0.2 arcsec, 4.2 arcsec, 1.5 μm, 0.3 μm, and 3 μm, respectively.

Rolling back-up rolls require high fracture toughness, particularly in the shaft portion, and high-hardness in the sleeve portion. The rolls are classified into two types; one is an integrated type and the other is a shrink-fitted type consisting of a sleeve and a shaft. The shrink-fitted roll has several advantages, for example, suitable materials can be chosen and the shaft can be reused by replacing the damaged sleeve. However, during use if the residual permanent deflection occurs, the roll cannot be used anymore. In this paper, an elastic-contact finite element method FEM analysis is performed to explain the residual permanent deflection mechanism. It is found that the quasi-equilibrium stress zone with the residual displacement causes the permanent slippage in the axial direction. In a similar way, the interface creep in the circumferential direction can be also explained from the quasi-equilibrium stress zone with the residual displacement.

A method for simulating a web winding process and for predicting wound roll stresses is proposed. The simulation model is two-dimensional and is composed of a web and a core. The simulation was carried out on a FEM software to investigate effects of a slip between web layers, a core rigidity, and a leading edge of a wound web on the wound roll stress distributions. The results show that both the radial and circumferential stresses of the wound roll become extremely larger when the web layer slip is considered. While they decrease when the core rigidity becomes lower. The simulated stresses for no slip cases are compared with the results obtained by Hakiel model.

Autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) often carry video cameras as part of their payload. Outdoor video captured by such cameras can be used to estimate the attitude and altitude of the UAV by detecting the location of the horizon in the video frames. This paper presents a video frame processing algorithm for estimating the pitch and roll of a UAV, as well as its altitude. The frames are obtained from a downward pointing video camera equipped with a fisheye lens. These open-loop estimates can serve as redundant data used to implement graceful-degradation in the event that the main closed-loop control sensors fail, or for fault-tolerance purposes to augment inertial sensors for increased accuracy. The estimated values had a mean error of ±0.7 angular degrees for roll and ±0.9 angular degrees for pitch, while the altitude estimation from the video had a mean error of ±0.9 meters. The results are presented and compared to actual attitude and altitude values obtained from a traditional inertial measurement unit and, in the case of altitude comparison, an absolute air pressure sensor. The algorithm was developed on a personal computer to work at 10 frames per second and uses only simple image processing functions that can be deployed using open source libraries on lightweight computing boards capable of image processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prospects of roll-forming are analyzed. Requirements to the computer-aided design (CAD) of roll-forming equipment and tools are formulated. The CAD system developed by the MISiS is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automation of Technological & Business Processes / Avtomatizaciâ Tehnologiceskih i Biznes-Processov is the property of Odesa National University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A soft robot with locomotive abilities controlled by body deformations is modeled, analyzed, and then constructed in this study. The robot is composed of a thin steel shell, four sensors, and four shape memory alloy (SMA) springs. Due to the force exerted by the SMAs, the thin steel shell deforms and causes the robot to roll and move forward continuously. The study is conducted in four tiers. Initially, after producing a model of the soft robot, the constraint conditions of rolling actions from deformations are analyzed. Then, the relationship between the deformation and the heating time of SMAs is studied. A dynamic analysis on the rolling motion is presented based on the deformation of SMAs and the change in the robot's center of gravity. A dynamic simulation is also conducted to test the feasibility of the theory. The third tier consists of designing a closed-loop controller based on feedback data from the four deformable sensors, a feature that has never been applied to soft robots in previous studies. Finally, a prototype of the soft robot is built, and an experiment is conducted and compared to prove the validity of the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a key factor for the safety of electric vehicles, electric vehicles are focused on battery pack stability rather than vehicle dynamics. The stability of battery pack depends on the performance of suspensions and battery supporting system. Automobile suspensions can reduce the bumps and vibrations that come from road unevenness. Its purposes are to prevent the shock and vibration from transferring to the body, and reduce the vibration of the battery pack. To improve the performance of suspension systems of the electric vehicle and the stability of battery pack, the paper proposes a study on the interaction of electric vehicle roll and battery pack stability. 9-DOF vehicle vibration and roll model was established based on analysis of movement of the battery pack. Then simulation model was established to check the result to get the reasonable suspension stiffness by using Matlab/Simulink. The results show that the stiffness of the suspension is increased by configuring a high performance shock absorber and a short spring. Although it will inhibit roll, simply increasing the hardness of the shock absorber and the spring will cause a lot of negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the research on the influence of the evolution hardness scheme rolled steel, for the cold-rolled strip steel St 12. St 12 is intended for the manufacture of cold rolled strip stamping properties environments. We studied three variants of rolling with the same degree of deformation. The total = 60% of the samples submitted to the research were divided into 3 groups. Samples from the first group were rolled with uniform reduction coefficient increased from the first to the last pass. Samples from the second group were rolled with constant coefficients decreased from the first to the last pass. Samples of the third group were rolled with uniform reduction coefficient decreased from the first to the last pass. By statistical processing of the experimental data was done correlation HRB = f (ε) using an equation like: HRB = HRB0 + a × eb from which the mathematical calculations specific led to obtain equations curves hardening for the three kinds of rolling schemes. Following research consisting in observing as steel hardening analyzed has a very high speed we can say that the limit of plasticity of the material cold rolling is more than 60% where cracks are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power transformers (>10MVA) are typically shipped from the factory by rail or marine cargo ship. In these harsh shipping environments, transformers are subjected to a variety of vibrational and impact forces. If these forces are too great, the transformers could be damaged, resulting in premature failure. There are few guidelines that describe best practices for monitoring, and, more importantly, mitigating such stresses when shipping transformers. Furthermore, manufacturers, railways, and marine shipping companies do not always have this information available, particularly for refurbished units. This paper discusses the impact this documentation drought may have for the affected parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hummingbirds are nature's masters of aerobatic manoeuvres. Previous research shows that hummingbirds and insects converged evolutionarily upon similar aerodynamic mechanisms and kinematics in hovering. Herein, we use three-dimensional kinematic data to begin to test for similar convergence of kinematics used for escape flight and to explore the effects of body size upon manoeuvring. We studied four hummingbird species in North America including two large species (magnificent hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens, 7.8 g, and blue-throated hummingbird, Lampornis clemenciae, 8.0 g) and two smaller species (broad-billed hummingbird, Cynanthus latirostris, 3.4 g, and black-chinned hummingbirds Archilochus alexandri, 3.1 g). Starting from a steady hover, hummingbirds consistently manoeuvred away from perceived threats using a drastic escape response that featured body pitch and roll rotations coupled with a large linear acceleration. Hummingbirds changed their flapping frequency and wing trajectory in all three degrees of freedom on a stroke-by-stroke basis, likely causing rapid and significant alteration of the magnitude and direction of aerodynamic forces. Thus it appears that the flight control of hummingbirds does not obey the 'helicopter model' that is valid for similar escape manoeuvres in fruit flies. Except for broad-billed hummingbirds, the hummingbirds had faster reaction times than those reported for visual feedback control in insects. The two larger hummingbird species performed pitch rotations and global-yaw turns with considerably larger magnitude than the smaller species, but roll rates and cumulative roll angles were similar among the four species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties and the structure of forming rolls from cast irons of different compositions are studied. A novel iron including a copper additive that lowers its chilling and raises the homogeneity of the structure is suggested for the roll cores. The use of such iron should raise the reliability of the rolls in operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maneuverability is one of the most important and least understood aspects of animal locomotion. The hydrofoil-like flippers of cetaceans are thought to function as control surfaces that effect maneuvers, but quantitative tests of this hypothesis have been lacking. Here, we constructed a simple hydrodynamic model to predict the longitudinal-axis roll performance of fin whales, and we tested its predictions against kinematic data recorded by on-board movement sensors from 27 free-swimming fin whales. We found that for a given swimming speed and roll excursion, the roll velocity of fin whales calculated from our field data agrees well with that predicted by our hydrodynamic model. Although fluke and body torsion may further influence performance, our results indicate that lift generated by the flippers is sufficient to drive most of the longitudinal-axis rolls used by fin whales for feeding and maneuvering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In twin-roll casting, as heat is transferred from melt to rolls, the melt is cooled, solidified and finally rolled to a specific thickness. Therefore, an efficient cooling system for the roll is very important for a stable operation of the process. In the present study, a composite roll with internal cooling channels was designed for twin-roll casting of magnesium alloy AZ31 by considering steady-state heat transfer between objects. The roll consisting of a steel core and a copper alloy sleeve was proposed to be assembled by thermal-shrinkage fitting. The fitting strength was examined by a series of stress analyses at stages of assembly as well as operation. The number of cooling channels and their cross sections were modified accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Setting metal cooling systems at the development of the technology for rolling of thin strips is much more topical problem at the functional hot rolling mill. The solution of this problem was modernization of mill cooling systems. The next step after modernization is to adjust this system. At the same time, an important factor is also the thermal condition of a working roll for hot rolling. Various approaches are currently known including two main ones: the heat balance method and the thermal conductivity equation use. The heat balance method allows calculation of the average integral temperature of a roll blanket which is most subject to a temperature change. This method will allow definition of a roll heat intensity and the average integral temperature which are required for use of the following method. The thermal conductivity equation method allows operation of the factors influencing roll temperature at the mathematical level. Due to the reconstruction of cooling systems there are restrictions of cooling liquid volumes. In that way, at the moment, it is required to make a mathematical model of the “stand — cooling means” system. To develop the working system model, we have used the Scilab software environment. By means of the created model, data on the average temperature of a working roll blanket and the coolant flow to a stand in time have been obtained. Introduction of this model for production will allow reduction of the average working roll temperature by 4 – 8 on average, and also to reduce a coolant flow by 7 - 10 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization methods of measuring the roll angle of an object in motion with the help of radio beacon systems are considered. The polarization properties of the beacon signals received on board the object and amplitude-phase processing of their orthogonal polarized components are used to accomplish this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article presents a new approach to processing results of geodetic observations of the highrise buildings displacements. As a result of three cycles of observations of the spatial position of deformation marks on the facade of high-rise buildings have been obtained displacements, the nature of which does not allow to correctly determine the nature of the deformation of the building. The obtained values of displacements may correspond to the roll, the bend or twist of the building, as well as combinations of these types of deformations. In this paper, we propose a method for analyzing displacements of a high-rise building with the approximation of the results of observations by spatial curves. The equations of a line, parabolic curve, helix and conical helix were investigated. The technique of construction of displacements approximation models was gave. The approach evaluating the quality of construction of the proposed models was considered. The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed methodic. On the example of results processing of the experimental observations performed construction of displacements models. The optimal solution is obtained using a helix equation. This equation can be used for calculating the twist and bend of structures and for predicting future displacements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The processes of the formation of phase spatial structures (patterns) in the cross section of a light wave in a passive nonlinear ring resonator are considered. Analytical and numerical calculations are performed. The potential to form roll- and hexagon-type phase patterns, which are the product of competitive dynamics of nonlinear modes in a resonator, and more complex phase patterns associated with cooperative dynamics of nonlinear modes is demonstrated by numerical modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of Problem: There are different tooth brushing methods for removing dental plaque from tooth surfaces. The effectiveness of these methods, and the time needed for instruction, learning and using seem to be different. Also, it is possible that the effectiveness of each method reduces with time, based on its difficulty level and the reduction of the patient s attention in following the given instructions. Purpose: The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of six different accepted tooth brushing methods on total and specific teeth, as well as on special tooth surfaces. The research also compared the time needed for instruction, learning and using the methods. Materials and Methods: The study was designed as a single blind randomised controlled trial protocol to compare the six accepted tooth brushing methods: Roll, Bass, Charters (C), Modified Stillman (MS), and Modified Bass in two ways (MB1-MB2). 15 volunteers were selected from the basic science level dental students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All the six methods were instructed to each volunteer, using a randomly selected sequence. Each participant should, therefore, pass six consequent courses, by the same sequences as follow: 1st Visit: After polishing the teeth, the participant was asked to abstain any kind of tooth cleaning. - 2nd visit (48-72 hours later): O Leary Plaque Index (PI) was recorded and then the randomised selected method was instructed. Then, the participant brushed his/her teeth and PI was registered again. The time needed for instruction and using the method was registered too. The participant was then asked to use this newly learned tooth brushing method twice a day for 7±1 days. - 3rd visit (7±1 days later): PI was recorded. The teeth were polished. The participant was asked to abstain any kind of tooth cleaning for 48-72 hours, as washout period of the previous method and preparation period for the next method (2nd visit of the next course). The final stage was comparing the results, in which the effectiveness of each method was evaluated based on the mean percentage of plaque reduction after the first usage, and also the mean percentage of the plaque remained after using the method for 7±1 days. The time needed for instruction, learning and using the methods were also compared. The statistical analysis was done using the SPSS software and variance analysis (randomised block design). Results: Considering all the teeth and their total surfaces; after 1st usage, the methods of C and MB1 were statistically more effective than the other methods. But the difference between these two methods was not significant. Also after 7±1 days, the differences between all methods were not statistically significant. On the posterior teeth, after 1st usage and also after 7±1 days, the method of C was significantly more effective than the others, with the exception of MB1 for which their differences were not significant. Also MB1 was significantly more effective than the methods of Bass and Roll, but only after the 1st usage. On the anterior teeth, after 1st usage, method of C was statistically more effective than the methods of Bass, MB2 and MS. Also MB1 was significantly more effective than MB2 and MS. But after 7±1 days, the differences proved insignificant. Considering the specific surfaces of the teeth; on the proximal surfaces, after the 1st usage of the methods, the methods of C and MB1was significantly more effective than the others, except each other, which their difference was not significant. But after 7±1days the method of C was statistically more effective only than the methods of Bass, MB2 and MS, and the method of MB1was significantly more effective than MB2. On the buccal and lingual surfaces the differences were not statistically significant at both stage of evaluation. When statistically considering the time needed for instruction, learning and usage, the method of C needed more time than Bass and Roll methods. In the same way, MB1 needed more time than Roll method. The most time needed was related to MB2 which was more than the time needed for the methods of Bass, Roll and MS (P

These days we are witnessing an increase of container trafficin general and at sea in particular. In order to economizetheir business the ship owners are building bigger container vesselswhich can carry up to 8000 TEUs (Maersk line) and otherbig carriers are following suit. On the drawing board is the vesselof 12000 TEUs from the mentioned ship owner. Obviously,such large quantity of containers requires highly efficient lashingequipment in order to secure them, particularly thosestowed on the deck Under the deck, almost as a rule all contemporarycontainer ships have cell guides as securing devices.Attention in this work is focused on container lashing systemexposed on the ship's deck and the relevant forces acting on thelash system during transportation at sea. Once containers areloaded on the ship's deck they should be safely secured by oneof the lashing systems in order to prevent damage and that is theprincipal task of the lashing equipment engaged within theframe of the lash system. In order to fulfill its objective theforces acting on the container should be properly calculated.The acting forces, their influence and the way of calculatingthem have been explained for all the major ship movementsand suggestions for optimum lashing equipment are given.