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In this project investigates the heat transfer enhancement in solid cylindrical and cylindrical with perforated fins in inline and staggered arrangement in rectangular channel. The channel had a cross-sectional area of 250- 100 mm2. The experiments covered the following range: Reynolds number 13,500–42,000, the clearance ratio (C/H) 0, 0.33 and 1, the inter-fin spacing ratio (Sy/D) 1.944 and 3.417. Nusselt number and Reynolds number were considered as performance parameters. Correlation equations will be developed for the heat transfer and friction factor. Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis is done by using ANSIS FLUENT 14.5 software. The Numerical and computational analysis shows that the use of the cylindrical perforated pin fins leads to heat transfer enhancement than the solid cylindrical fins. Heat transfer Enhancement varies depending on the clearance ratio and inter-fin spacing ratio. Validation of Numerical and Computational Analysis will be done. more...

PurposeTextile industry is considered to be one of the largest consumers of water. There needs to be an alternative for water in textile wet processing. Solvent dyeing can be an approach to replace the use of water in dyeing for water conservation.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the dyeing of polyester was carried out using conventional and solvent dyeing methods. The solvent used was non-aqueous, deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared using choline chloride and urea. Dyeing parameters such as time, temperature and pH were optimized for a concentration of dye using the solvent and were compared with the conventional dyeing.FindingsThe prepared solvent was characterized in terms of Fourier-transform infrared resonance and1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance to analyze the reaction between choline chloride and urea. Dyeing performance in terms of K/S and fastness properties of dyed fabrics were evaluated and found to be at par against conventional dyeing.Originality/valueUse of DES as a dyeing medium is a novel approach in the textile industry. more...

bAim:/bDiagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) is difficult and there is an immediate need to develop a reliable diagnostic test.bMethods:/bA real-time immuno-PCR (RT-I-PCR) was developed to identify a cocktail of MPT-64 + ESAT-6 in both male/female UGTB patients comprising five confirmed cases, 40 clinically suspected cases and 37 non-TB controls, from whom mid-stream urine specimens were collected, while endometrial biopsies of female patients were obtained on day 1 of their menstrual cycle. Results obtained by RT-I-PCR were compared with I-PCR/ELISA and GeneXpert.bResults:/bA wide range (500 fg/ml-10 ng/ml) of MPT-64 + ESAT-6 was detected in UGTB specimens by RT-I-PCR, although ELISA showed a narrow range (2.5-11 ng/ml). Sensitivities of 80% and 82.2% were obtained by RT-I-PCR in clinically suspected and total UGTB cases, respectively, whereas 94.6% specificity was obtained. Concurrently, RT-I-PCR revealed significantly higher (p lt; 0.05-0.001) sensitivity than I-PCR/ELISA and GeneXpert.bConclusion:/bAfter improving the specificity, the authors may develop RT-I-PCR into a diagnostic kit.Urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) involves infection of the urinary tract and genital organs of male/female patients byiMycobacterium tuberculosis/ibacteria. Delayed diagnosis and therapy of UGTB lead to infertility and kidney failure. The routine tests used to detect the bacteria are not very sensitive due to low levels of bacteria present in UGTB specimens. Moreover, most nucleic acid amplification tests, such as PCR tests, give false-positive and false-negative results. The authors designed a real-time immuno-PCR test for detecting a cocktail ofiM. tuberculosis/iproteins in UGTB patients that revealed quite promising results, which were superior to immuno-PCR/ELISA and GeneXpert tests. After further improvement in the specificity and reduction of the price, this real-time immuno-PCR test could be used in routine diagnosis. more...

The eye and the kidney share structural and developmental similarities on a cellular and clinical level, and they are often affected by the same disease processes. Performing an eye exam to look for signs of conditions such as hypertension and diabetes can provide a helpful window into the health of the kidney. Patients with kidney transplants (KT) are a unique population that require close monitoring. These patients are maintained on a number of immunosuppressive medications and may face complications such as medication side effects, infections, and graft rejection. Patients with KT are at higher risk of both infectious and noninfectious eye conditions related to underlying systemic disease or use of immunosuppressive medications. Screening for eye conditions is important because preserving visual function is integral to quality of life, and also because the eye exam can help with early detection and treatment of systemic conditions. Here we describe some of the common eye findings and conditions in patients with KT. We recommend that patients with KT receive annual eye exams, and we hope that the information provided here can help nephrologists become more familiar with eye findings and identify situations where a referral to ophthalmology is warranted. more...

Although bivariate associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and eating disorders in adolescent girls and boys have been previously identified, the mechanistic link underlying the symptom-level associations remains unclear. We evaluated shared genetic and environmental influences on ADHD symptoms and disordered eating in 819 female and 756 male twins from the Swedish TCHAD cohort using bivariate models. Common additive genetic and unique environmental effects accounted for majority of ADHD and disordered eating associations in a differential manner. For girls, the strongest genetic correlation was observed for cognitive/inattention problems-bulimia (0.54), with genetic factors accounting for 67% of the phenotypic correlation. For boys, the strongest genetic correlations were observed for conduct problems-bulimia and hyperactivity-bulimia (~ 0.54), accounting for 83% and 95% of the phenotypic correlation, respectively. As per our findings, the risk of comorbidity and shared genetics highlights the need for preventative measures and specialized treatment for ADHD and disordered eating in both sexes. more...

In the automotive industry, mechanical grinding is employed at finishing line rectification to remove defects left over from upstream, which may also result in microstructure modification within the near-surface region of the work piece and, consequently, affects its corrosion performance. The present work investigates the influence of mechanical grinding on the microstructure modification and corrosion behaviour of Al-Si-Mg (A356) alloy castings in order to advance the understanding of potential corrosion issues. It is found that a near-surface deformed layer with a maximum thickness of 3 μm, characterised by ultrafine equiaxed grains of 50-150 nm diameter, is introduced by the grinding process on α-aluminium matrix. The near-surface deformed layer has a significant impact on the corrosion behaviour of the alloy; specifically, preferential dissolution of the near-surface deformed layer occurs when exposed to NaCl solution, together with trenching of the aluminium matrix around the eutectic silicon particles. more...

Current studies are focusing on the anti-cancerous properties of natural bioactive compounds, primarily those included in the human diet. These compounds have the potential to alter the redox balance that can hinder cancer cell's growth. In cancer cells, an abnormal rate of ROS production is balanced with higher antioxidant activities, which if not maintained, results in cancer cells being prone to cell death due to oxidative stress. Here, we have analyzed the effects of Chrysin and Capsaicin on the HeLa cells viability and cellular redox signaling. Both these compounds stimulate cellular and mitochondrial ROS overproduction that perturbs the cellular redox state and results in mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Apart from this, these compounds induce cell cycle arrest and induce premature senescence, along with the overexpression of p21, p53, and p16 protein at lower concentration treatment of Chrysin or Capsaicin. Moreover, at higher concentration treatment with these compounds, pro-apoptotic activity was observed with the high level of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 along with suppression of the Bcl-2 protein levels. In-Silico analysis with STITCH v5 also confirms the direct interaction of Chrysin and Capsaicin with target protein p53. This suggests that Chrysin and Capsaicin trigger an increase in mitochondrial ROS, and p53 interaction leading to premature senescence and apoptosis in concentration dependent manner and have therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. more...

Driver behavior heterogeneity is a significant aspect to understand the individual behavioral variations and develop driver assistance systems. This study characterizes the heterogeneity in driving behavior using real-time driving performance features. In this context, the study investigates the extent of variations in the individual’s driving styles during routine driving. The driving styles are conceptualized using the vehicle kinematic data, that is, speed and accelerations performed during longitudinal control. The data is collected for 42 professional drivers using instrumented vehicle over a defined study stretch. An algorithm is developed for data extraction and total 7548 acceleration and 6156 braking maneuvers and corresponding driving performance features are extracted. The driving maneuver data are analyzed using the unsupervised techniques (PCA and K-means clustering) and three patterns of acceleration and braking are identified, which are further associated with two patterns of speed behavior. The results showed that each driver is found to exhibit different driving patterns in different driving regimes and no driver shows constantly safe or aggressive behavior. The aggression scores are found to be different among drivers, indicating the behavioral heterogeneity. This study results demonstrate that, driver’s level of aggression in different driving regimes is not constant and characterizing the driver by means of abstract driving features is not indicative of the diversified driving behavior. The proposed method identifies the individualized driving behaviors, reflecting the driver’s choice of driving maneuvers. Thus, the insights from the study are highly useful to design driver-specific safety models for driver assistance and driver identification. more...

LULC mapping is one of the most important applications of remote sensing. Land use widely used in the development of groundwater resources. The hydrogeological processes such as Infiltration, evapotranspiration, surface runoff etc. were controlled by land use. Surface cover provide roughness to the surfaces, reduce discharge there by increases the infiltration. In the forest areas, infiltration will be higher and runoff will be less whereas in urban areas rate of infiltration may decrease. Remote sensing techniques will give detailed information with respect to spatial distribution of land use and vegetation type in minimum time and low cost in comparison to other conventional data. Land Use Land Cover of study area has been analyzed for 2018 LISS III image. The investigated area shows that major portion in land use is Vegetation and Agriculture land 81%, Barren land covering area 14.12%, water body covering area 2.60% and settlement covering area 1.53%. more...

BackgroundElectrically stimulating the somatosensory cortex can partially restore the sense of touch. Though this technique bypasses much of the neuroaxis, prior studies with non-human primates have found that conscious detection of touch elicited by intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) lags behind the detection of vibration applied to the skin. These findings may have been influenced by a mismatch in stimulus intensity; typically, vibration is perceived as more intense than ICMS, which can significantly impact temporal perception.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to evaluate the relative latency at which intensity-matched vibration and ICMS are perceived in a human subject.MethodsA human participant implanted with microelectrode arrays in somatosensory cortex performed a reaction time task and a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task. In the reaction time task, the participant was presented with vibration or ICMS and verbal response times were obtained. In the TOJ task, the participant was sequentially presented with a pair of stimuli – vibration followed by ICMS or vice versa – and reported which stimulus occurred first.ResultsWhen vibration and ICMS were matched in intensity at a “high” stimulus level, the reaction time to vibration was 48 ms faster than ICMS. When both stimuli were perceived as lower in intensity, the difference in reaction time was even larger: vibration was perceived 90 ms before ICMS. However, in the TOJ task, vibratory and ICMS sensations arose at comparable latencies, with points of subjective simultaneity that were not significantly different from zero.ConclusionsBecause the perception of ICMS is slower than that of intensity-matched vibration, it may be necessary to stimulate at stronger ICMS intensities (thus decreasing reaction time) when incorporating ICMS sensory feedback into neural prostheses. more...

Ramps are a critical component of an interchange, which seek maximum driver attention to satisfy the deceleration and acceleration requirements. To improve safety and articulate significant...