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本研究目的係在釐清學校管理模式、教師教學投入、教學支援及學生偏差行為的內涵，進而驗證此四個變項之間的關係、確認本研究所建構之結構方程模式與觀察資料間的適配程度與模式是否成立。為了達成上述研究目的，研究者利用經濟合作暨發展組織（Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD）於2015年進行之實證調查活動，請學校校長或是由校長所指定之學校人士，依目前所服務學校的實際狀況進行填答，共計回收有效問卷14,530份。研究者挑選符合變項定義之題項為衡量變項，利用IBM SPSS Statistic 22.0統計軟 體進行描述性統計、探究性因素分析及信度分析，並利用AMOS進行結構方程模式驗證，以瞭解本研究所建構之方程模式是否適配。研究結果發現，本研究的七項假設皆成立，且建構之 結構方程模式達到適配標準。綜言之，研究支持：一、學校管理模式對教師教學投入、教學支援及學生偏差行為有直接影響；二、教師教學投入對學生偏差行為具有直接影響效果；三、教學支援對於學生偏差行為亦具有直接影響效果；四、教師教學投入與教學支援亦扮演中介變數角色，學校管理模式可以利用前述兩者作為中介變數，間接影響學生偏差行為表現狀況。 立基於上述研究結果發現，本研究提出相關建議供參。 This study examined the implications of school management, pedagogical input from teachers, teaching support, and student deviant behavior to construct a structural equation model and validating it using with observational data. The researcher used the empirical data provided in 2015 by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The researcher asked the school principal or a person designated by the principal to complete a questionnaire, and 14,530 valid questionnaires were retrieved. The OECD PISA 2015 School Questionnaire data were used to select topics that conformed to the definitions of the measurement variables. IBM SPSS Statistic 22.0 was used for descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability testing. SPSS AMOS was used for validation of the structural equation model in terms of goodness of fit. The results validated the seven proposed hypotheses and indicated that the developed structural equations achieved good model fit. Relevant conclusions and recommendations are presented herein on the basis of the research findings.

Improving the quality of Education leads to the improvement of the social and economic development rates of individuals and countries. Furthermore, few studies seek to identify effective practices in the pedagogical and management areas that can direct educational actors in their actions. Thus, this study aims to identify indicators and goals for increasing school performance in the subject of Portuguese in municipal lower secondary Education. These practices were identified based on the analysis of Brazilian municipal Schools of High Performance. Municipal schools were selected and grouped by socioeconomic level to measure efficiency through the two-stage DEA tool. The results show that the increase in current expenditure is not always accompanied by the improvement in the results. In addition, 45 indicators and goals that can increase the performance of schools in reading and writing teaching were found. They are related to the various actors of the educational process, namely: students, teachers and principals. Of these actors, some were related to the Principal’s management skills, reinforcing his/her role in promoting the quality of teaching.

Abstract: With the outbreak of social withdrawal due to the pandemic, many countries have undergone drastic transformations in various spheres. In education, face-to-face classes were transformed into distance learning. However, this sudden change caused several problems for students and teachers. Given these events, the purpose of this article was to propose exceptional actions to improve the transition from face-to-face classes to virtual classes. For this, the elements that positively and negatively impacted education in the Covid-19 pandemic were identified in the literature. These elements were then clustered into four strategies, these being: redesign of pedagogical practices, psychological and social support, technological infrastructure in virtual teaching, and school management to cope with the pandemic scenario. The multiple case study method was used, investigating five technical schools located in the state of São Paulo (Brazil). With this, it was possible to propose 10 exceptional actions aimed at the transition from face-to-face classes to virtual classes. The main novelty of this article was the proposition of actions to motivate the school community against the impacts of the pandemic, building memory in its agents, making them more prepared for unexpected events.

The research presented in this article is part of an evaluation conducted by the DEPP (statistical service of the ministry of national education), entitled ELAINE (Évaluation longitudinale des activités liées au numérique éducatif) which aims to evaluate the digital plan launched in 2015 in France, whose objective was to provide schools and colleges with mobile digital equipment. The purpose of the research presented concerns the management of the school in terms of "digital" by the heads of secondary school to question the place taken by digital tools in their modes of communication. Since the 1990’s, school heads have seen their missions transformed with the granting of a status of management staff to which correspond strong responsibilities in terms of governance and steering of the school (Dutercq, 2016). School managers then position themselves as relay actors (Akrich, Callon and Latour, 1988) essential in the implementation of the public policy agenda in favour of digital technologies (Burban, 2016). What are the actions implemented to promote digital uses in the institution? In order to answer these questions, a questionnaire was sent by e-mail to the school heads or their assistants. 160 heads or assistants replied to the questionnaire.

This research aimed to identify and analyze the perception of the management team of a school of continuing education and the use of information and communication technologies and their contributions in the educational practices of the school. Were applied questionnaires with the management team, composed by the director and coordinator of the core educational guidance of a federal public school located in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul Within this study was evident in the responses of respondents who continuing education produces differences in pedagogical practice of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explored the relations between the practice of school culture and teacher professional development for peace education. Using the case of Sukma Bangsa School Pidie (SBS Pidie) in post-conflict Aceh, Indonesia, and the influence of school culture on teacher professional development as the theoretical framework, this paper provides a discussion of teacher professional development for peace education that is still lacking in the literature. The findings suggest that SBS Pidie teachers who participated in this study perceived that their school leadership had developed a school culture and clarity of stance that was conducive to their learning for peace. The culture in this school is based on a clear stance of the school on peace, and the practices that contribute to teacher professional development are manifested in the school management and its environment, facilitation for learning, and relationships between teachers. The findings also suggest that in post-conflict areas, school culture needs to be able to assist teachers in overcoming their conflict-related trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on analyzing the organization of a multidisciplinary team in charge of managing the school social climate policy, in a municipal high school located in an urban setting in Valdivia, Chile. The study addresses its conformation, as well as the barriers observed in the process of organizing and implementing the school social climate policy. To answer these questions a qualitative case study was carried out, which main tools were 3 participatory workshop meetings with the team, 4 semi-structured individual interviews with other educational actors and a group interview with 3 members of the student council. The information was subjected to content analysis. Results show the need for validation within the internal organization of an emerging school social climate team, in the midst of tensions and contradictions coming from the macro, meso, and microsystemic levels. The conflicts, inherent to the schools life, are manifested in the form of tensions between the order, functioning and organization of the school’s educational practice and the emerging fundamentals that the team tries to agree upon to guide the action, all this in a framework of interactions mediated by the exercise of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article problematizes the issue of discretionary action and the role of beliefs and the degree of knowledge and adherence of school principals, such as middle-level bureaucrats (BME), in the process of implementing inclusive special education policy in a municipal public system in Sao Paulo. The objectives are describing and analyzing the degree of understanding of school directors on the principles, objectives, implementation instruments and procedures of the inclusive special education policy; and to describe and analyze the patterns of adherence of school directors to the objectives, implementation instruments and procedures of the same policy. The investigation mobilized the analysis data referring to the responses of school principals to the questionnaires associated with Prova Brasil (2017). The results indicate that school managers recognize the importance to the school inclusion model for students who are the target audience of inclusive special education, but not for students without significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This case study focuses on two schools in Lebanon that have gained substantial recognition for providing high-quality education after their continuous success in the official General Secondary Exams. The supposed ethical leadership approach employed at these schools is studied here in order to examine whether it has played a role in their respective success. A number of stakeholders participated in the study through a survey, while eight people were interviewed including the two directors, the two principals, and the four coordinators. Further informal discussions were carried out with a couple of teachers outside the school premises. The analysis reveals a strong link between the highly relationship-oriented work environment at the schools under study and their noticeable success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid integration of technology into educational environments during the pandemic period, the teaching processes in classrooms and private education institutions began to be carried out with technology support. Game-based animation learning designs in technology-supported educational environments provide an interesting and motivation-enhancing learning experience in developing students' education skills. In today's educational environments, 2D and 3D animation game designs are the unique technology-supported learning environments in teaching many different skills, behaviors, and concepts to individuals with special needs. Visual designs and animations are one of the technologies necessary to prepare individuals with special needs for an independent life. The accessibility of animation designs for teachers and families has gained significant importance during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Technology education supports the visual, listening, reading, writing, social, and communication skills of individuals with special needs, facilitates their independent life skills, and contributes to their development as a guide. This allows individuals to learn the targeted information more easily, permanently, and quickly. In this context, this study provides information on the use and accessibility of animation technology in special education, offers suggestions for the benefit of visual design and animation, which are among the assistive technologies, and gives insights into how school management is ready for digital education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia is the property of Centro Latinoamericano de Administracion para el Desarrollo (CLAD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The advance and influence of neoliberalisation processes has changed the way of understanding and managing the educational system under a New Public Management (NPM) of education that integrates the values of the free market, competitiveness, accountability, external evaluation, etc. The objective of this work is to analyse Andalusian headteachers' perceptions of their professional practices from within the context of neoliberal and neo-conservative processes. The methodology used is based on a qualitative research approach, where we analyse the implications of neoliberal processes and NPM in the school principalship in Andalusia (Spain). The sample of participants was consolidated into 15 principals belonging to public high schools. For data collection, in-depth interview was used. Information analysis applies content analysis and its assembly with the grounded theory. The results are expressed in four categories that refer to the implications of neoliberal processes and NGP in the school principalship. There is a tendency to redefine the role of the headteacher as a manager. The discussion and conclusions point out how the neoliberal processes and the NPM are reconfiguring the school principalship towards a "manager-administrator" profile, a management instrument with administrative functions and an agent for assessment in the school. In this context, there are also processes of confrontation and discomfort with these transformations in the principal's role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the development of boarding school management and its implications as an effort to improve the quality of Islamic school and their relevance to Islamic education goals. The research method used is field research with qualitative research. Data collection technique use observation, documentation and in-depth interviews while testing the validity of the data uses source triangulation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the Islamic boarding school model with the addition of a special program in the form of tahfidzul Qur'an and its implication is a real effort by schools in improving Islamic schools. It has significant relevance to the goals of Islamic education conceptually and the values ​​of Islamic education in Islamic school in fulfilling aspects of student management developed from the goals of national education.

Today’s school education is faced with many issues of adolescent behavior and deviation. Several innovations are implemented in order to minimize the negative impact of adolescence, one of them through public school management based on pesantren (SUBP). The purpose of this research to describe the management of the head of the SUBP school is reviewed from the aspects of planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling. This qualitative research method uses the head of school informant, deputy head, SUBP teacher, and student. To obtain data and information, interviews, observations and documentation analysis techniques are used. The findings of this study from the aspect of planning through the integration of the curriculum with local wisdom curriculum basic religius value, on the aspect of organizing the strengthening of character education through the organization of extracurricular activities, and personal organization of character education. The aspect of actuating of character education is internalized with intra-curricular activities and extracurricular activities. Whereas the aspect of controling of character education strengthening is carried out in the form of evaluation by teachers and schools, cultivation, as well as participation of students in religious events

The article presents the issue of school management during the epidemiological restrictions in Poland. The article is theoretical and empirical. The research assumptions were implemented through interviews with primary school headmasters. The interviews aimed at determining the general perspective about the management procedures imposed by the Ministry of National Education and GIS.

Background: Well-being at school is a recurrent hot topic within the educational field as a crucial issue for societies. Teachers often face tension with pupils and colleagues. Well-being is very often considered an individual achievement requiring individual measurement and support. This paper, in contrast, applies an approach that supports an ecological perspective of school well-being, implying a complex and multi-dimensional development investment. Methods: The paper investigates an innovative program initiative aimed at providing support to 50 Italian schools that have been deemed as critical for specific aspects (pupils' levels of learning, discomfort among teachers, scarce innovativeness, etc.) through evaluative qualitative research. Results: This work sheds light on well-being as a dynamic construct created through an integrative effort in which many factors can play a role. These factors are the possibility of professional tutoring to help engage the school management and involve teachers in a bottom-up involvement, the development of creative initiatives and innovative projects to respond to context-based challenges and pupils' needs, and the availability of space and time for collective sharing of ideas among teachers. These processes are closely related to the concept of well-being, which appears to be a systemic construct, rather than an issue related to the single individual. Conclusions: Focusing on the representation of schools' managers and tutors involved in the program, this research illustrates the application of an ecological perspective that creates well-being through social and productive sustainability processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The complexity of the act of organizing the space in which the formal learning process takes place demands multidimensional perspectives. The objective of the research was to present the experience of the continuing education of the management team, based on listening to the voices of the participants, in the municipal public network of Messias, in the state of Alagoas. The methodology developed was based on a qualitative approach, with the objective of exploratory research. Data collection was carried out through the application of an online questionnaire with 50 (fifty) participants of the managers course in that municipality. The main results showed that the experience of continuing education for managers contributed with reflexive questions to the school organization process, dimensioning actions for collective work, for interpersonal relationships and for the effective work of the school and the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores factors that affect graduate quality in distributed learning during the Covid-19 pandemic period. We use survey research methods in conducting the research. We collected the data by distributing online questionnaires =to private high school and vocational high school teachers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There were 916 online questionnaires collected from respondents. All data were analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel. The results showed that the teacher quality, the learning process quality, and school management's quality had a significant effect on student independence and graduate quality. In this case, the level of student independence becomes a mediating variable that links the teacher quality, the learning process, and school management with the graduate quality in distance learning. Further research on the process of the effect of student independence on the graduate quality is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various changes in the spheres of education policy and school management over recent decades have sparked a renewed interest in the issue of school culture and its potential to understand processes of leadership and academic performance. What are the contributions and potentialities of organizational culture for understanding school organizations and their leadership processes? This article has two goals: (i) to identify trends and theoretical particularities inherent to the major approaches to organizational culture, focusing on research carried out in the school setting; (ii) to debate the heuristic usefulness of a theoretical proposal for studying organizational culture in the school setting. The article presents a multidimensional analysis of school organizational culture, considering political, social and educational factors, aiming to capture the unique nature of school cultures and their links to processes of leadership and management. By linking these to different leadership perspectives, this model may inspire further comparative study of educational management in an international context. This approach demonstrates the need to tailor models for analysing organizational culture to the school environment, to achieve a deeper and more solid understanding of school life and leadership and management phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to identify the determining factors in the performance of integrated vocational education schools, in addition to management characteristics and specificities. Design/methodology/approach -- By means of a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, a case study was conducted in two schools located in the cities of Cotia and São Roque. Findings -- The following factors were identified: engagement and commitment of teachers; motivation and focus of teachers and students; team of professionals; commitment and focus of students; family involvement; leadership and climate and selection of students. The following characteristics were observed: participative leadership associated with the use of management tools; pedagogical leadership in partnership with the school community; monitoring of student performance; performance assessment and training of teachers related to career plan; selection of students and actions along the community. Research limitations -- The results reflect the vision of the schools' managers and teachers and not that of the managing institution. There is no intention whatsoever to obtain generalization to other ETECs but rather inferences that could shed light on future studies. Practical implications -- This research ratifies what has already been proven in the literature, showing that there are no isolated factors that interfere with performance, but an interrelationship among them, given the characteristics and peculiarities of each school. Originality/value -- This study is expected to contribute to guiding school managers and teachers in the search for quality education, whether vocational or regular basic education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of fourth-generation industrialization, there will be great demand for a skilled workforceTo produce a skilled workforce, we need sustainable education with quality and equity. Conventional ways of delivering and managing education would not fulfil the demands of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). Disruptive technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), have great potential in revolutionizing the current educational setup. Therefore, this research work aims to present an overview of the capabilities of IoT applications in educational settings. Our research article digs into recent research carried out referring to IoT applications in education and provides a detailed insight into the topic from three different perspectives, i.e., from the perspective of school management, teachers, and learners. The present research explains the ways in which IoT has been applied for the benefit of school managers, teachers, and learners, showcased in the recent literature. The paper also sheds light on bottlenecks for IoT applications and explains security, privacy, scalability, reliability, and dehumanization as main constraints in IoT applications in educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia is the property of Publikasi Indonesia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışmanın amacı, okul yöneticilerinin duygusal zekâ düzeyleri ile onların işyeri mutlulukları arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Okul yöneticisi olarak, okul müdür ve müdür yardımcıları ele alınmış ve İstanbul ili Avrupa yakası okulları evreninde anket uygulanmıştır. Anket, kişisel bilgiler formu, duygusal zekâ ölçeği ve işyeri mutluluğu olmak üzere üç kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Uygulanan ankete 404 okul yöneticisi katılmış ve elde edilen veriler SPSS programı yardımı ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizlere göre, Okul yöneticilerini duygusal zekâ düzeyleri arttıkça, işyeri mutluluklarının da arttığı, yine tam tersi olarak duygusal zekâ düzeyleri düştükçe işyeri mutluluk düzeylerinin de düştüğü görülmüştür. Kendi duygularının veya başkalarının duygularının farkında olan, duygularını daha verimli kullanabilen, duygularını kontrol edip düzenleyebilen okul yöneticisinin işyeri mutluluğunun da artacağı beklenen bir sonuçtur. Yöneticilerin duygusal zekâ yeteneklerinin geliştirilmesi hem kendi işyeri mutluluklarına hem de tüm işyeri paydaşlarının işyeri mutluluklarına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

The research within this paper is motivated by the opinion that different organizational factors in primary education can have a stronger or weaker impact on the quality of the learning outcome. Organizational factors, criteria analyzed in this paper, are school management, school infrastructure, students’ foreknowledge, teacher competencies, curriculum content, student motivation, and the quality of the teaching process. Using SWARA (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) method of multi-criteria decision-making, the answers of elementary school principals, members of the panel of experts, were processed. The calculation within this method was performed using fuzzy numbers to ensure the reliability of expert evaluations. The results of the applied method, in the form of weighting coefficients of the criteria, indicate that school management has an influence on the selection and building of teachers’ competencies while the given competence can indirectly affect the overall success of students through the establishment of an adequate school infrastructure, which affects the knowledge quality. Knowing the factor that has the highest impact enables principals to manage this factor and contribute to enhancing the knowledge quality. This research contributes to raising awareness of the importance of particular organizational factors in elementary education and the need to improve them. First published online 28 October 2020

With the increase in studies about artificial intelligence (AI) in the educational field, many scholars in the field believe that the role of teachers, school and leaders in education will change. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to examine what possible scenarios are there with the arrival of AI in education and what kind of implications it can reveal for future of schools. The research was designed as a phenomenological study, a qualitative research method, in which the opinions of participants from different sectors were examined. The results show that schools and teachers will have new products, benefits and also face drawbacks with the arrival of AI in education. The findings point out some suggestions for use of AI and prevention of possible problems. While participants generally seem to have positive perceptions towards AI, there are also certain drawbacks, especially highlighted by teachers and academicians, regarding the future of teaching. Lawyers and jurists tend to focus more on legal grounds for AI in education and future problems, while engineers see AI as a tool to bring quality and benefit for all in the education sector.

The situation brought about by COVID-19 has transformed the way in which schools operate and the goals they have historically served. The objective of this research is to describe COVID-19 conditions that have an impact on the way contact in education is reflected upon and fostered, from the perspective of elementary school principals. Qualitative content analysis was conducted on in-depth interviews with principals from eight elementary schools in urban and rural areas in three regions of Chile. The results show that concern for content learning has given way to concern for students' socio-emotional well-being, and that in a COVID-19 context schools work differently depending on the area, with rural schools drawing on and strengthening their collaborative relationship with the community, while urban schools have focused on efficient use of digital technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe a proposal to address the problem of equity within large municipal school networks. A principal training program that uses a peer mentoring strategy is believed to be able to improve the performance of schools that consistently perform the worst. To make the case for the proposal, we discuss international experiences, recent work that identifies peers from geographically close schools that nonetheless perform very differently and report the results of novel empirical analyses that reveal systematic differences between principals of schools performing well and principals of schools at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private educational institutions are part of an increasingly competitive environment. In this sense, a phenomenon that needs to be monitored by school management is dropout. This research aimed to propose a plan to prevent school dropout associated with pedagogical reasons or causes. To this end, a qualitative exploratory documental research was carried out on the data made available by the institution on dropout, referring to the period from 2016 to 2019, and on the satisfaction of families with the school, covering the period from 2018 to 2020; a systematic review to survey the contributions of the literature on the subject; and a descriptive field research to analyze the perception of the families of students and professors about the pedagogical work carried out by the institution. As a result, some pedagogical dimensions relevant to the study of school dropout were found and local (by year of education) and global (segment) problems of the institution were identified that are related to its pedagogical product. Based on this, a prevention plan was developed for school dropout associated with pedagogical reasons or causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public schools are usually administrate by career teachers appointed or elected to it. The objective of this research is to understand how the learning of school managers takes place, regarding management practices, identifying their professional profiles, their difficulties, and ways found to overcome them in their daily lives.. The paper is characterized as a descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, developed through interviews with 15 managers from 14 high schools in a city in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre/RS. The interviewed managers reported as main difficulties: lack of human and financial resources, and difficulty in interpersonal relationships to ensure commitment of work teams. The result of the research allowed to conclude that the learning of the managers occurs as they begin to experience the new activity, in the exchange of experiences with managers of other schools or co-workers, therefore, the peer help prevails, in comparison. formal assistance from government structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research projects in the childhood school as a practice that promotes development in the context of the new National Curriculum Guidelines for Early Childhood Education (BRASIL, 2009) that surpass the content, anticipatory and prescriptive models of previous proposals. The research question that motivated this current article is: Which is the management role in the security of the childhood development? Studies of the Historical-Cultural Theory support the discussion, since, according to Vigotski (2018), the environment is a source of development. Make believe games as principal activities in early childhood age is a central category in this theoretical approach research. In this way, it discusses the school space to be organized in order to sharpen children's curiosity and transform it into a desire to know. Thus, they are caused by the environment that is intentionally organized for them to develop their projects, investigate and express their theories about the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, evaluation instruments applied by areas outside the school have multiplied in the country under the argument of measuring their quality. Establishing comparisons and rankings, such tools began to be used to reward or punish teachers and schools, whose pedagogical work was linked to success or failure in the tests applied. The aim of this study, in this sense, is to analyze the changes made in the career plan of the teaching profession of a municipal school system to insert the results of a student evaluation as a teaching bonus tool. Based on this, using a documental analysis, we reflect on how school management detaches itself from singular and social objectives in order to adapt to defined macro demands and become an instrument for the reproduction of economistic interests. Authors such as Dale (2010), Thenig (2006), Esquinsani and Dametto (2018) and Freitas (2012) are used as references, which are discussed in relation to the legal artifacts selected through hermeneutics-dialectic. With the analysis, it is identified that, in the case in question, the public power's desire to solve the problem of the quality of education resulted in an evaluation process that holds teachers accountable, directing school management to encourage the achievement of individual professional reward, contrary to democratic precepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The databases analyzed corresponding to Aguascalientes, Mexico, from a study carried out at the national level by the National Commission for the Continuous Improvement of Education. The results show that the challenge of designing and implementing a new educational setting did not change the usual functions of principals, but it did put them in another perspective. Thus, the conduct of planning actions for school work and teaching, carrying out accompaniment, monitoring and supervision activities, as well as the implementation of communication strategies and mechanisms with all educational actors has been the greatest challenge of the principals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents results of a research carried out with school managers who implemented programs to expand the school day in the elementary school stage. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the new demands that are presented for management in these contexts and the proposals for continuing education offered by the education systems for school managers. In the methodological path, a bibliographic and documentary study was carried out and, subsequently, interviews and ethnographic observation were carried out in the research schools. It starts from the perspective that two important movements have been observed in Brazilian education in the last few decades, the adoption of a managerialist model in its management and the definition of the school as a space to promote policies to combat poverty. In this sense, new and complex demands are presented for the school management, which becomes the focus of actions to implement this new agenda. The conclusions point to scenarios in which the focus of the school manager's work and training are based on strategic planning to achieve externally defined goals, on financial and personnel management assuming a central role in school work and distance from the perspective democratic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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